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95-635: Prosper Goubaux (1795–1858), a writer and professor of the University of Paris , had founded the Pension Saint-Victor in 1844. It provided board and lodging for students at the Collège Bourbon . Goubaux saw growth in industry, commerce, agriculture and applied sciences, and saw that parents wanted their children to be prepared for these occupations through special studies. However, contemporary state education ignored these needs and

190-480: A corporation associated with the cathedral school of Paris, it was considered the second-oldest university in Europe . Officially chartered in 1200 by King Philip II and recognised in 1215 by Pope Innocent III , it was nicknamed after its theological College of Sorbonne , founded by Robert de Sorbon and chartered by King Louis IX around 1257. Highly reputed internationally for its academic performance in

285-551: A Bull of 1231 to the masters and scholars of Paris. Not only did he settle the dispute, he empowered the university to frame statutes concerning the discipline of the schools, the method of instruction, the defence of theses, the costume of the professors, and the obsequies of masters and students (expanding upon Robert de Courçon's statutes). Most importantly, the pope granted the university the right to suspend its courses, if justice were denied it, until it should receive full satisfaction. The pope authorized Pierre Le Mangeur to collect

380-661: A century, people recognized that the new system was less favourable to study. The defeat of 1870 at the hands of Prussia was partially blamed on the growth of the superiority of the German university system of the 19th century, and led to another serious reform of the French university. In the 1880s, the "licence" (bachelor) degree is divided into, for the Faculty of Letters: Letters, Philosophy, History, Modern Languages, with French, Latin and Greek being requirements for all of them; and for

475-404: A chair in theology, the candidate had to be thirty years of age, with eight years of theological studies, of which the last three years were devoted to special courses of lectures in preparation for the mastership. These studies had to be made in the local schools under the direction of a master. In Paris, one was regarded as a scholar only by studies with particular masters. Lastly, purity of morals

570-557: A fair proportion of them pass the unusually difficult entrance examination of the École Polytechnique . The original premises were irregular in plan and too cramped for the student body, despite additions and rented properties on the Rue Pigalle and Rue de Clichy. In a session at the Hôtel de Ville on 10 July 1862 the college's board of directors agreed on a move to "spacious gardens" of 13,500 square metres (145,000 sq ft) in

665-562: A group of young activist intellectuals who were pupils of the Collège Chaptal and had a common interest in art. They were led by Luc Mériga (pseudonym of Maurice Liger). Magdeleine Paz was a member. The Ghilde Les Forgerons was active until 1919, and dissolved in 1920. Moujean was succeeded in 1887 by Ernest Charles Coutant, formerly director of the École Jean-Baptiste-Say. The college retained its unusual organization that let it give both primary and secondary education. The building

760-489: A mandate from an ecclesiastical authority. His action followed a violent incident between students and officers outside the city walls at a pub. In 1215, the Apostolic legate, Robert de Courçon , issued new rules governing who could become a professor. To teach the arts, a candidate had to be at least twenty-one, to have studied these arts at least six years, and to take an engagement as professor for at least two years. For

855-418: A moderate fee for the conferring of the license of professorship. Also, for the first time, the scholars had to pay tuition fees for their education: two sous weekly, to be deposited in the common fund. The university was organized as follows: at the head of the teaching body was a rector . The office was elective and of short duration; at first it was limited to four or six weeks. Simon de Brion , legate of

950-571: A new University of Paris was re-founded as a grouping of the Paris faculties of science, literature , law , medicine, Protestant theology and the École supérieure de pharmacie de Paris. It was inaugurated on November 19, 1896, by French President Félix Faure . In 1970, after the civil unrest of May 1968 , the university was divided into 13 autonomous universities, which today are the Sorbonne University , Panthéon-Sorbonne University ,

1045-543: A partner absconded with the school's funds. In 1848 he persuaded the City of Paris to take over responsibility for the school, while he continued as director. The study of Latin was introduced in 1850. That year the 6th year program was introduced, designed to prepare students for entry to the grandes écoles such as the École Polytechnique , École Centrale Paris and École des Mines de Paris . Subjects included technology, industrial economy, law and administration. In 1853

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1140-515: A result of being forced to pursue their studies in such shabby conditions. In 1966, after a student revolt in Paris, Christian Fouchet , minister of education, proposed "the reorganisation of university studies into separate two- and four-year degrees, alongside the introduction of selective admission criteria" as a response to overcrowding in lecture halls. Dissatisfied with these educational reforms, students began protesting in November 1967, at

1235-410: A tutor at the École des Arts Décoratifs in 1855, and taught there until 1899. He was a director of the school between 1870 and 1899. Train was a demanding teacher. He constantly complained about the lack of education of his pupils, who were required only to be able to read and write. In 1874 he proposed that, at least for the architecture course, there should be an entrance examination in geometry. This

1330-542: Is mentioned as early as 1345, the Scots college or Collegium scoticum was founded in 1325. The Lombard college or Collegium lombardicum was founded in the 1330s. The Collegium constantinopolitanum was, according to a tradition, founded in the 13th century to facilitate a merging of the eastern and western churches. It was later reorganized as a French institution, the Collège de la Marche-Winville . The Collège de Montaigu

1425-463: Is over 100 metres (330 ft) in length, flanked by square towers, The decor includes multi-colored geometric brick patterns, serrated cornices, wrought iron work and carved reliefs representing Trade, Industry, Science and Art. The pediment of the main entrance is crowned by a bust of Athena . The design was not a complete break from the barracks-style schools of the period, but Train had tried to make it more welcoming and modern. The finished building

1520-444: Is shown by a Bull of Innocent III. Consequently, the schools of Saint-Victor might well have contributed to its formation. Secondly, Denifle excludes the schools of Ste-Geneviève because there had been no interruption in the teaching of the liberal arts. This is debatable and through the period, theology was taught. The chancellor of Ste-Geneviève continued to give degrees in arts, something he would have ceased if his abbey had no part in

1615-539: The Decretum Gratiani brought about a division of the theology department. Hitherto the discipline of the Church had not been separate from so-called theology; they were studied together under the same professor. But this vast collection necessitated a special course, which was undertaken first at Bologna, where Roman law was taught. In France, first Orléans and then Paris erected chairs of canon law. Before

1710-461: The grandes écoles . Eugène Train designed a complex with three colleges – lower, middle and high – each arranged round a court. The colleges had separate entrances on the Boulevard des Batignolles, Rue de Rome and Rue Andrieux, and each had its own classrooms, study rooms and one or more amphitheaters. The colleges were connected by covered galleries to shared facilities in the center including

1805-457: The Abbey of Fontevrault etc. Three other men who added prestige to the schools of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève were William of Champeaux , Abélard , and Peter Lombard . Humanistic instruction comprised grammar , rhetoric , dialectics , arithmetic , geometry , music, and astronomy ( trivium and quadrivium ). To the higher instruction belonged dogmatic and moral theology , whose source

1900-1158: The Assas University , the Sorbonne Nouvelle University , the Paris Cité University , the PSL University , the Saclay University , the Nanterre University , the Sorbonne Paris North University , the Paris-East Créteil University and the Paris 8 University . The Chancellerie des Universités de Paris inherited the heritage assets of the University of Paris, including the Sorbonne building,

1995-538: The Collège Chaptal served children of more prosperous parents. An 1868 description said, With a large staff of well-paid professors and teachers, whose cost amounts to nearly 12,000 l. , this school now pays a surplus of over 8,200 l. per annum to the city funds. Among its professors are some of the most eminent in France, and they teach carefully and examine closely. For the six weeks preceding their vacation,

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2090-534: The Holy See in France, realizing that such frequent changes caused serious inconvenience, decided that the rectorate should last three months, and this rule was observed for three years. Then the term was lengthened to one, two, and sometimes three years. The right of election belonged to the procurators of the four nations . Henry of Unna was proctor of the University of Paris in the 14th century, beginning his term on January 13, 1340. The "nations" appeared in

2185-474: The Sorbonne the next day, and many students were arrested in the following week. Barricades were erected throughout the Latin Quarter , and a massive demonstration took place on 13 May, gathering students and workers on strike. The number of workers on strike reached about nine million by 22 May. As explained by Bill Readings: De Gaulle responded on May 24 by calling for a referendum, and [...]

2280-517: The University of Bologna ) became the model for all later medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure , to signify they were under the protection of the church. Students followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the king's laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, and its official had to appeal to Church courts for justice. Students were often very young, entering

2375-400: The faculty of arts or letters . The territories covered by the four nations were: To classify professors' knowledge, the schools of Paris gradually divided into faculties. Professors of the same science were brought into closer contact until the community of rights and interests cemented the union and made them distinct groups. The faculty of medicine seems to have been the last to form. But

2470-828: The humanities ever since the Middle Ages – particularly in theology and philosophy – it introduced academic standards and traditions that have endured and spread, such as doctoral degrees and student nations . Notable popes , royalty , scientists, and intellectuals were educated at the University of Paris. A few of the colleges of the time are still visible close to the Panthéon and Jardin du Luxembourg : Collège des Bernardins (18 rue de Poissy, 5th arr. ), Hôtel de Cluny (6 Place Paul Painlevé, 5th arr.), Collège Sainte-Barbe (4 rue Valette, 5th arr.), Collège d'Harcourt (44 Boulevard Saint-Michel, 6th arr. ), and Cordeliers (21 rue École de Médecine, 6th arr.). In 1793, during

2565-520: The " La Sorbonne " brand, control of the inter-university libraries, and management of the staff of the Paris universities (until 2007). In 1150, the future University of Paris was a student-teacher corporation operating as an annex of the cathedral school of Paris . The earliest historical reference to it is found in Matthew Paris 's reference to the studies of his own teacher (an abbot of St Albans ) and his acceptance into "the fellowship of

2660-663: The "Island" and on the "Mount". "Whoever", says Crevier "had the right to teach might open a school where he pleased, provided it was not in the vicinity of a principal school." Thus a certain Adam , who was of English origin, kept his "near the Petit Pont "; another Adam, Parisian by birth, "taught at the Grand Pont which is called the Pont-au-Change " ( Hist. de l'Univers. de Paris, I, 272). The number of students in

2755-403: The 13th, including Collège d'Harcourt (1280) and the Collège de Sorbonne (1257). Thus the University of Paris assumed its basic form. It was composed of seven groups, the four nations of the faculty of arts, and the three superior faculties of theology, law, and medicine. Men who had studied at Paris became an increasing presence in the high ranks of the Church hierarchy; eventually, students at

2850-598: The 1962–63 academic year to 500,000 in 1967–68, but at the start of the decade, there were only 16 public universities in the entire country. To accommodate this rapid growth, the government hastily developed bare-bones off-site faculties as annexes of existing universities (roughly equivalent to American satellite campuses ). These faculties did not have university status of their own and lacked academic traditions and amenities to support student life or resident professors. One-third of all French university students ended up in these new faculties, and were ripe for radicalization as

2945-556: The Collège de Navarre; in 1677 it was awarded possession of the Collège des Lombards. A new Irish College was built in 1769 in rue du Cheval Vert (now rue des Irlandais), which exists today as the Irish Chaplaincy and Cultural centre. In the fifteenth century, Guillaume d'Estouteville , a cardinal and Apostolic legate , reformed the university, correcting its perceived abuses and introducing various modifications. This reform

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3040-681: The Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guinea, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Tunisia, and Niger among others. Eug%C3%A8ne Train Eugène Train (1832–1903) was a French architect who taught for many years at the École des Arts Décoratifs . He is known as an advocate of rationalist architecture, which he applied with large schools such as the Lycée Chaptal and Lycée Voltaire . Eugène Train was born in 1832 in Toul , Meurthe-et-Moselle. He

3135-594: The Faculty of Science, into: Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Natural Sciences; the Faculty of Theology is abolished by the Republic. At this time, the building of the Sorbonne was fully renovated. The student revolts of the late 1960s were caused in part by the French government's failure to plan for a sudden explosion in the number of university students as a result of the postwar baby boom . The number of French university students skyrocketed from only 280,000 during

3230-645: The French Revolution, the university was closed and, by Item 27 of the Revolutionary Convention, the college endowments and buildings were sold. A new University of France replaced it in 1806 with four independent faculties: the Faculty of Humanities ( French : Faculté des Lettres ), the Faculty of Law (later including Economics), the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Theology (closed in 1885). In 1896,

3325-653: The Polytechnic or other school that demanded advanced knowledge of mathematics. The college ran educational trips in the vacations where fifty of the top pupils were taken by a professor to visit an important center of industry or other interest, funded by the Paris Municipal Council. In 1879 the Chaptal students visited Le Havre . The Ghilde Les Forgerons (Guild of the Smiths) was founded in 1911 by

3420-409: The Republic three progressive degrees of instruction; the first for the knowledge indispensable to artisans and workmen of all kinds; the second for further knowledge necessary to those intending to embrace the other professions of society; and the third for those branches of instruction the study of which is not within the reach of all men". Measures were to be taken immediately: "For means of execution

3515-433: The University of Paris saw it as a right that they would be eligible to benefices. Church officials such as St. Louis and Clement IV lavishly praised the university. Besides the famous Collège de Sorbonne, other collegia provided housing and meals to students, sometimes for those of the same geographical origin in a more restricted sense than that represented by the nations. There were 8 or 9 collegia for foreign students:

3610-450: The applicant deserved it. The school of Saint-Victor, under the abbey, conferred the licence in its own right; the school of Notre-Dame depended on the diocese, that of Ste-Geneviève on the abbey or chapter. The diocese and the abbey or chapter, through their chancellor , gave professorial investiture in their respective territories where they had jurisdiction. Besides Notre-Dame, Ste-Geneviève, and Saint-Victor, there were several schools on

3705-609: The area between the Boulevard des Batignolles to the north, the newly opened Rue de Rome, the Rue de Bernoulli and the Rue Andrieux. The architect Eugène Train (1832–1930) was selected to build the new school following specifications defined by the city. Construction started in 1866, but was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Work resumed in 1871 and was completed in 1876. In 1869 changes were made to meet

3800-627: The army (Jourdain, Hist. de l'Univers. de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle , 132–34; Archiv. du ministère de l'instruction publique ). The ancient university disappeared with the ancien régime in the French Revolution . On 15 September 1793, petitioned by the Department of Paris and several departmental groups, the National Convention decided that independently of the primary schools, "there should be established in

3895-475: The assurance of military support, announced [general] elections [within] forty days. [...] Over the next two months, the strikes were broken (or broke up) while the election was won by the Gaullists with an increased majority. Following the disruption, de Gaulle appointed Edgar Faure as minister of education; Faure was assigned to prepare a legislative proposal for reform of the French university system, with

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3990-406: The boys of the upper division pay visits to industrial works, and take notice of the dimensions of the machinery, and of the parts of the works, from which they afterwards execute plans and elevations. Some of these drawings are accurately made and beautifully finished. The boys from this school are almost uniformly successful in obtaining admission to the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures , and

4085-520: The campus of the University of Paris in Nanterre ; indeed, according to James Marshall, these reforms were seen "as the manifestations of the technocratic-capitalist state by some, and by others as attempts to destroy the liberal university". After student activists protested against the Vietnam War , the campus was closed by authorities on 22 March and again on 2 May 1968. Agitation spread to

4180-677: The case of the Flagellants . Its patriotism was especially manifested on two occasions. During the captivity of King John, when Paris was given over to factions, the university sought to restore peace; and under Louis   XIV, when the Spaniards crossed the Somme and threatened the capital, it placed two hundred men at the king's disposal and offered the Master of Arts degree gratuitously to scholars who should present certificates of service in

4275-413: The city of Paris in 1863. Between 1863 and 1876 he designed and oversaw construction of the new Lycée Chaptal . The original premises of the school were irregular in plan and too cramped for the student body. Train was selected to build the new school following specifications defined by the city. Construction started in 1866, but was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Work resumed in 1871 and

4370-415: The classics with courses in French, modern languages and science, was revolutionary. At the time, most learned men thought that a classical education gave a solid, moral basis. Without it the only end in life would be to make money. Goubaux asserted that models of virtue and heroism could be found outside the poems of Virgil and Homer, and that the study of science and of all of creation was more valuable than

4465-492: The corporation to operate under ecclesiastic law which would be governed by the elders of the Notre-Dame Cathedral school , and assured all those completing courses there that they would be granted a diploma. The university had four faculties : Arts , Medicine, Law, and Theology. The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of

4560-406: The courses were codified and defined in detail. Latin was definitely established in 1853 to meet the needs of the baccalauréat of sciences. Pupils were required to study that language if they wanted to continue beyond the fourth year. Goubaux died in 1858 and was succeeded by M. Moujean, who directed the college until 1887. It was during his tenure that Chaptal became firmly established as one of

4655-534: The department and the municipality of Paris are authorized to consult with the Committee of Public Instruction of the National Convention, in order that these establishments shall be put in action by 1 November next, and consequently colleges now in operation and the faculties of theology, medicine, arts, and law are suppressed throughout the Republic". This was the death-sentence of the university. It

4750-536: The drawing rooms was raised by one floor to create dormitories. The college was designated a historical monument in 1992 and is indexed in the Base Mérimée , a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture , under the reference PA00088868 . For the years 2008 to 2014 the lycée ranked 8th out of 109 at the departmental level in terms of quality of education, and 106th at

4845-496: The elect Masters" there in about 1170, and it is known that Lotario dei Conti di Segni, the future Pope Innocent III , completed his studies there in 1182 at the age of 21. Its first college was the Collège des Dix-Huit , established in 1180 by an Englishman named Josse and endowed for 18 poor scholars. The corporation was formally recognised as an " Universitas " in an edict by King Philippe-Auguste in 1200: in it, among other accommodations granted to future students, he allowed

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4940-585: The end of the twelfth century, the Decretals of Gerard La Pucelle , Mathieu d'Angers , and Anselm (or Anselle) of Paris , were added to the Decretum Gratiani. However, civil law was not included at Paris. In the twelfth century, medicine began to be publicly taught at Paris: the first professor of medicine in Paris records is Hugo, physicus excellens qui quadrivium docuit . Professors were required to have measurable knowledge and be appointed by

5035-433: The four faculties were already formally established by 1254, when the university described in a letter "theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and rational, natural, and moral philosophy". The masters of theology often set the example for the other faculties—e.g., they were the first to adopt an official seal. The faculties of theology, canon law, and medicine, were called "superior faculties". The title of " Dean " as designating

5130-455: The head of a faculty, came into use by 1268 in the faculties of law and medicine, and by 1296 in the faculty of theology. It seems that at first the deans were the oldest masters. The faculty of arts continued to have four procurators of its four nations and its head was the rector. As the faculties became more fully organized, the division into four nations partially disappeared for theology, law and medicine, though it continued in arts. Eventually

5225-403: The help of academics. Their proposal was adopted on 12 November 1968; in accordance with the new law, the faculties of the University of Paris were to reorganize themselves. This led to the division of the University of Paris into 13 universities. In 2017, Paris 4 and Paris 6 universities merged to form the Sorbonne University . In 2019, Paris 5 and Paris 7 universities merged to form

5320-555: The higher faculties. The students were divided into four nationes according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, Picardy, and England. The last came to be known as the Alemannian (German) nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English–German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. The faculty and nation system of the University of Paris (along with that of

5415-541: The injury. Besides its teaching, the University of Paris played an important part in several disputes: in the Church, during the Great Schism ; in the councils, in dealing with heresies and divisions; in the State, during national crises. Under the domination of England it played a role in the trial of Joan of Arc . Proud of its rights and privileges, the University of Paris fought energetically to maintain them, hence

5510-408: The leading public educational establishments in France. By 1867 the school had 1,055 pupils. In 1868 the educationalist Matthew Arnold wrote that the college had 1,000 scholars, of whom 600 were boarders and paid £40 per year. It was one of the two great municipal schools of Paris, the other being the École Turgot . The École Turgot was a day school, mainly for the sons of small tradespeople, while

5605-615: The links between the crowns of France and Navarre, it quickly accepted students from other nations. The establishment of the College of Navarre was a turning point in the university's history: Navarra was the first college to offer teaching to its students, which at the time set it apart from all previous colleges, founded as charitable institutions that provided lodging, but no tuition. Navarre's model combining lodging and tuition would be reproduced by other colleges, both in Paris and other universities . The German College, Collegium alemanicum

5700-483: The long struggle against the mendicant orders on academic as well as on religious grounds. Hence also the shorter conflict against the Jesuits , who claimed by word and action a share in its teaching. It made extensive use of its right to decide administratively according to occasion and necessity. In some instances it openly endorsed the censures of the faculty of theology and pronounced condemnation in its own name, as in

5795-433: The name University . Henry Denifle and some others hold that this honour is exclusive to the school of Notre-Dame (Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis), but the reasons do not seem convincing. He excludes Saint-Victor because, at the request of the abbot and the religious of Saint-Victor, Gregory IX in 1237 authorized them to resume the interrupted teaching of theology. But the university was largely founded about 1208, as

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5890-429: The national level. In 2015 L'Étudiant gave the following rankings compared to selected schools for the 2014 course: University of Paris The University of Paris (French: Université de Paris ), known metonymically as the Sorbonne ( French: [sɔʁbɔn] ), was the leading university in Paris , France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution . Emerging around 1150 as

5985-444: The needs of pupils destined for commercial careers. Students who had not studied Latin could now continue into their fifth year with senior commercial studies. 6,587 youths were educated at the Collège Chaptal between 1867 and 1877. Of these, three quarters engaged in trade, 7% in manual labor, 2% in the liberal professions, and the remainder went on the university in France or abroad. There were more than 1,300 pupils by 1878. The school

6080-625: The new Paris Cité University , leaving the number of successor universities at 11. The successor universities to the University of Paris are now split over of the Île-de-France region. Most of these successor universities have joined several groups of universities and higher education institutions in the Paris region, created in the 2010s. The Sorbonne has educated 11 French presidents , almost 50 French heads of government, three Popes ( Innocent III , Celestine II , and Adrian IV ), and many other political and social figures. The Sorbonne has also educated leaders of Albania, Canada,

6175-852: The oldest one was the Danish college, the Collegium danicum or dacicum , founded in 1257. Swedish students could, during the 13th and 14th centuries, live in one of three Swedish colleges, the Collegium Upsaliense , the Collegium Scarense or the Collegium Lincopense , named after the Swedish dioceses of Uppsala , Skara and Linköping . The Collège de Navarre was founded in 1305, originally aimed at students from Navarre , but due to its size, wealth, and

6270-410: The owners nor the dangers of the world. Thus were founded the colleges (colligere, to assemble); meaning not centers of instruction, but simple student boarding-houses. Each had a special goal, being established for students of the same nationality or the same science. Often, masters lived in each college and oversaw its activities. Four colleges appeared in the 12th century; they became more numerous in

6365-633: The queen led to suspension of the courses. The pope intervened with a bull that began with lavish praise of the university: "Paris", said Gregory IX , "mother of the sciences, is another Cariath-Sepher, city of letters". He commissioned the Bishops of Le Mans and Senlis and the Archdeacon of Châlons to negotiate with the French Court for the restoration of the university, but by the end of 1230 they had accomplished nothing. Gregory IX then addressed

6460-469: The refectory, gymnasium, drawing rooms and lecture halls for physics and chemistry. The facade on the Boulevard des Batignolles included the administrative offices. The buildings were modern, with radiators for heating, ventilation, water tanks and gas lighting. Giandomenico Facchina contributed mosaics. The facade on the Boulevard des Batignolles combines Romanesque and the Renaissance elements. It

6555-557: The revolutionaries, led by informal action committees, attacked and burned the Paris Stock Exchange in response. The Gaullist government then held talks with union leaders, who agreed to a package of wage-rises and increases in union rights. The strikers, however, simply refused the plan. With the French state tottering, de Gaulle fled France on May 29 for a French military base in Germany. He later returned and, with

6650-468: The school at 13 or 14 years of age and staying for six to 12 years. Three schools were especially famous in Paris: the palatine or palace school , the school of Notre-Dame , and that of Sainte-Geneviève Abbey . The latter two, although ancient, were initially eclipsed by the palatine school, until the decline of royalty brought about its decline. The first renowned professor at the school of Ste-Geneviève

6745-596: The school of the capital grew constantly, so that lodgings were insufficient. French students included princes of the blood , sons of the nobility, and ranking gentry. The courses at Paris were considered so necessary as a completion of studies that many foreigners flocked to them. Popes Celestine II , Adrian IV and Innocent III studied at Paris, and Alexander III sent his nephews there. Noted German and English students included Otto of Freisingen , Cardinal Conrad, Archbishop of Mainz , St. Thomas of Canterbury , and John of Salisbury ; while Ste-Geneviève became practically

6840-653: The second half of the twelfth century. They were mentioned in the Bull of Honorius III in 1222. Later, they formed a distinct body. By 1249, the four nations existed with their procurators, their rights (more or less well-defined), and their keen rivalries: the nations were the French, English, Normans, and Picards. After the Hundred Years' War, the English nation was replaced by the Germanic. The four nations constituted

6935-435: The seminary for Denmark . The chroniclers of the time called Paris the city of letters par excellence, placing it above Athens , Alexandria , Rome, and other cities: "At that time, there flourished at Paris philosophy and all branches of learning, and there the seven arts were studied and held in such esteem as they never were at Athens, Egypt, Rome, or elsewhere in the world." ("Les gestes de Philippe-Auguste"). Poets extolled

7030-401: The students demanded lower. This tension between scholars and citizens would have developed into a sort of civil war if Robert de Courçon had not found the remedy of taxation. It was upheld in the Bull of Gregory IX of 1231, but with an important modification: its exercise was to be shared with the citizens. The aim was to offer the students a shelter where they would fear neither annoyance from

7125-561: The study of Livy or Tacitus. In France, surely public education should also include the study of France, the French language and French literature. Abel-François Villemain , the Minister of Education, said "A French college in France, never!" The city of Paris proved more open than the state to the ideas advanced by Goubaux, and allowed him to open the establishment called at first the École municipale Francois I , changed to Collège Chaptal in 1848. Courses began on 7 October 1844. The school

7220-503: The superior faculties included only doctors, leaving the bachelors to the faculty of arts. At this period, therefore, the university had two principal degrees , the baccalaureate and the doctorate. It was not until much later that the licentiate and the DEA became intermediate degrees. The scattered condition of the scholars in Paris often made lodging difficult. Some students rented rooms from townspeople, who often exacted high rates while

7315-528: The university in their verses, comparing it to all that was greatest, noblest, and most valuable in the world. To allow poor students to study the first college des dix-Huit was founded by a knight returning from Jerusalem called Josse of London for 18 scholars who received lodgings and 12 pence or denarii a month. As the university developed, it became more institutionalized. First, the professors formed an association, for according to Matthew Paris , John of Celles , twenty-first Abbot of St Albans , England,

7410-402: The university organization. In 1200, King Philip II issued a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris," which affirmed that students were subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The provost and other officers were forbidden to arrest a student for any offence, unless to transfer him to ecclesiastical authority. The king's officers could not intervene with any member unless having

7505-403: The university. Applicants had to be assessed by examination ; if successful, the examiner, who was the head of the school, and known as scholasticus , capiscol , and chancellor, appointed an individual to teach. This was called the licence or faculty to teach. The licence had to be granted freely. No one could teach without it; on the other hand, the examiner could not refuse to award it when

7600-685: Was Hubold , who lived in the tenth century. Not content with the courses at Liège , he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of Ste-Geneviève, and attracted many pupils via his teaching. Distinguished professors from the school of Notre-Dame in the eleventh century include Lambert, disciple of Fulbert of Chartres ; Drogo of Paris ; Manegold of Germany ; and Anselm of Laon . These two schools attracted scholars from every country and produced many illustrious men, among whom were: St. Stanislaus of Szczepanów , Bishop of Kraków; Gebbard, Archbishop of Salzburg ; St. Stephen, third Abbot of Cîteaux ; Robert d'Arbrissel , founder of

7695-460: Was admitted as a member of the teaching corps of Paris after he had followed the courses ( Vita Joannis I, XXI, abbat. S. Alban ). The masters, as well as the students, were divided according to national origin,. Alban wrote that Henry II, King of England , in his difficulties with St. Thomas of Canterbury, wanted to submit his cause to a tribunal composed of professors of Paris, chosen from various provinces (Hist. major, Henry II, to end of 1169). This

7790-402: Was admitted to the École des Arts Décoratifs in 1850, and studied under Adolphe-Marie-François Jaÿ. In 1852 he moved to the École des Beaux-Arts , where he studied under Charles-Auguste Questel . Eugène Train received the second Prix de Rome in 1859. He became one of the leaders of the rationalist school of French architecture, particularly with his educational buildings. Train became

7885-404: Was as important as reading. The licence was granted, according to custom, gratuitously, without oath or condition. Masters and students were permitted to unite, even by oath, in defence of their rights, when they could not otherwise obtain justice in serious matters. No mention is made either of law or of medicine, probably because these sciences were less prominent. In 1229, a denial of justice by

7980-672: Was founded by the Archbishop of Rouen in the 14th century, and reformed in the 15th century by the humanist Jan Standonck , when it attracted reformers from within the Roman Catholic Church (such as Erasmus and Ignatius of Loyola ) and those who subsequently became Protestants ( John Calvin and John Knox ). At this time, the university also went the controversy of the condemnations of 1210–1277 . The Irish College in Paris originated in 1578 with students dispersed between Collège Montaigu, Collège de Boncourt, and

8075-446: Was less an innovation than a recall to observance of the old rules, as was the reform of 1600, undertaken by the royal government with regard to the three higher faculties. Nonetheless, and as to the faculty of arts, the reform of 1600 introduced the study of Greek, of French poets and orators, and of additional classical figures like Hesiod , Plato , Demosthenes , Cicero , Virgil , and Sallust . The prohibition from teaching civil law

8170-507: Was likely the start of the division according to "nations," which was later to play an important part in the university. Celestine III ruled that both professors and students had the privilege of being subject only to the ecclesiastical courts, not to civil courts. The three schools: Notre-Dame, Sainte-Geneviève, and Saint-Victor, may be regarded as the triple cradle of the Universitas scholarium , which included masters and students; hence

8265-421: Was never well observed at Paris, but in 1679 Louis XIV officially authorized the teaching of civil law in the faculty of decretals . The "faculty of law" hence replaced the "faculty of decretals". The colleges meantime had multiplied; those of Cardinal Le-Moine and Navarre were founded in the fourteenth century. The Hundred Years' War was fatal to these establishments, but the university set about remedying

8360-520: Was not to be restored after the Revolution had subsided, no more than those of the provinces. The university was re-established by Napoleon on 1 May 1806. All the faculties were replaced by a single centre, the University of France . The decree of 17 March 1808 created five distinct faculties: Law, Medicine, Letters/Humanities, Sciences, and Theology; traditionally, Letters and Sciences had been grouped together into one faculty, that of "Arts". After

8455-420: Was planned for 1,000 pupils, but had 1,300 in 1877, 1,500 in 1900 and 1,900 in the 1980s. This growth was made possible by the decline in numbers of resident students, so dormitories could be transformed into classrooms. Before becoming the Lycée Chaptal in 1945, the municipal college was administered under a special statute, with highly qualified teachers, and included classes to prepare students for admission to

8550-399: Was praised for its design and appearance, and for achieving good quality at low cost. In 1881 the library was moved into the chapel and in 1885 a large gym was built on the Rue Andrieux. Since then there have been relatively few changes. The chapel was replaced by a concrete building holding the documentation and information centers, with a second gym in the basement. The building that holds

8645-418: Was prosperous, with fees covering expenses. An 1880 description of the school said it was very similar to the best German Realschule . The regular five-year course covered religious instruction, mathematics, physics, natural sciences, French language and literature, modern languages, history, geography, industrial and artistic drawing, music, gymnastics and military exercises. A sixth year prepared students for

8740-407: Was resisted by Laurent-Jan, who did not want any obstacles to admission to his school. Train also asked in 1874 whether the school could teach students the basic principles of fabrication and coloration so they could design carpets, wall hangings and stained-glass windows. This represented a new departure for the school, which had avoided specialized training until then. Train became an architect of

8835-444: Was solely concerned with classical literary studies. Goubaux wanted to create a college for the sons of the prosperous middle classes, from whom would come the heads of the great commercial and industrial enterprises. It would teach boys to understand their times, and to appreciate the great achievements of modern civilization, while also being aware of literature and the arts. The idea of vocational education, and of replacing study of

8930-625: Was supervised by a board composed of the director, Prosper Gobaux, and six members of the municipal council. It was located on a site between the Rue Blanche and Rue de Clichy. The school did not conform to the normal pattern of state schools. In its lower, or preparatory classes it gave elementary primary education. In its middle classes it gave advanced primary education, and in its upper classes it gave scientific secondary education. There were also elements of classical secondary education, since it gave some Latin classes. Goubaux ran into debt when

9025-640: Was the Scriptures and the Patristic Fathers. It was completed by the study of Canon law . The School of Saint-Victor arose to rival those of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève. It was founded by William of Champeaux when he withdrew to the Abbey of Saint-Victor. Its most famous professors are Hugh of St. Victor and Richard of St. Victor . The plan of studies expanded in the schools of Paris, as it did elsewhere. A Bolognese compendium of canon law called

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