Misplaced Pages

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103-414: The MR engine family features 'under stress' manufacture, meaning while the block is being bored, a torque plate puts the block under stress. The block becomes temporarily distorted until the head is torqued onto it, at which point the block is pulled into the correct shape. The MR16DDT is a 1.6 L (1618 cc) DIG-T ( Direct Injection Gasoline - Turbocharged ) inline-four 16-valve engine, with

206-547: A bore x stroke of 79.7 mm × 81.1 mm (3.14 in × 3.19 in). It was first introduced in the Nissan Juke small SUV in the autumn of 2010. Output is 140 kW; 187 hp (190 PS) and 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft) of torque. The 2014 Juke NISMO RS FWD produced 158 kW; 212 hp (215 PS) and 285 N⋅m (210 lb⋅ft). In 2015, the Nissan Teana received this 1.6 Turbo as

309-649: A compact MPV version (the Nissan Almera Tino or Nissan Tino ) for the first time. The Nissan Wingroad continued to be sold as the Pulsar wagon or Almera Traveller in many countries. The original release Bluebird Sylphy had a vertical chrome grille with Nissan emblem on the bonnet. In February 2003, the Bluebird Sylphy received minor changes with a revised grille (with the Nissan emblem moved onto

412-576: A combined power of 179 PS (132 kW; 177 hp). Applications: The MR20DD S-Hybrid is a 2.0 L (1997 cc) Hybrid engine developed by Nissan with direct injection and twin variable valve timing control. The MR20DD S-Hybrid engine is MHEV "SU-LEV" certified in Japan, and produces 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) at 6000 rpm and 147 lb⋅ft (199 N⋅m) of torque at 4400 rpm. With synchronous electric motor and 48 V battery. Applications: The M9R and M9T are

515-552: A compression ratio of 11.2:1. In the Nissan Rogue Sport and second generation Kicks , a similar version produces 141 hp (105 kW; 143 PS) @6000   rpm and 140 lb⋅ft (190 N⋅m) @4000   rpm. The fifth generation Nissan Serena uses a version of this engine with a 12.5:1 compression ratio, outputting 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) @6000   rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) @4400   rpm. Applications: The MR20DD Hybrid

618-471: A different front end. Trim levels were LX, ST, Q and Ti. Engine choices consisted of the 1.6- and 1.8-litre petrols. Power output was 88 kW (118 hp) and 94 kW (126 hp). The four-door was available in four trim levels—an LX with the 1.6, the ST and Ti with the 1.8-litre engine as standard, and a Q version with the 1.8-litre and a sportier level of trim, including a rear spoiler and alloy wheels. In

721-442: A direct-injected engine refers to how the fuel is distributed throughout the combustion chamber: In the homogeneous charge mode , the engine operates on a homogeneous air/fuel mixture ( λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} ), meaning, that there is an (almost) perfect mixture of fuel and air in the cylinder. The fuel is injected at the very beginning of the intake stroke in order to give injected fuel

824-543: A facelifted model was introduced. The facelifted model was only available with a 1.6-litre engine. It continued to be available for sale, until the year 2011. Both versions came in manual and automatic transmissions. Nissan Sunny was only sold in the sedan variant, imported from Japan. In the Philippines, the pre-facelift N16 model was known as the Nissan Sentra Exalta (available from 2001 to 2003; Where

927-512: A family of straight-four 16-valve turbocharged diesel engines co-developed by Nissan and Renault , and also Mercedes-Benz Group in the case of the M9T/OM699. Following Renault's designation plan, the last letter (M9 R resp. M9 T ) is to indicate the swept volume of 2.0 L resp. 2.3 litres. Despite the similar names, the diesel engines are only loosely related to the MR gasoline engines. M9R

1030-530: A major cause of pollution for the region. Nissan Bluebird Sylphy The Nissan Sylphy ( Japanese : 日産・シルフィ , Hepburn : Nissan Shirufi ) is a compact car produced by the Japanese car maker Nissan since 2000 as the successor to the Nissan Pulsar . The Sylphy has also been marketed in export markets under several other nameplates, including Pulsar , Almera , Sunny and Sentra . For

1133-557: A new variant dubbed 'Luxury Navi Package' offered navigation and a reverse camera. In March 2012, the facelift G11 Sylphy was launched in Malaysia and was available with three variants: 2.0 XL Comfort and 2.0 XL Luxury and 2.0 XV Premium. In June 2012, revised 'Tuned by Impul' accessories were launched. In Russia, the Bluebird Sylphy was available between 2012 and 2018 as the Nissan Almera . Production started in fall of 2012 in

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1236-549: A power of 96 kW; 128 hp (130 PS), developed by Nissan , and first installed in the Nissan Tiida in 2004. In North America the output is 91 kW; 124 PS (122 hp) at 5500 rpm and 174 N⋅m (128 lb⋅ft) at 4800 rpm. From July 6, 2006, this engine is also fitted to Nissan Livina Geniss for China version and the Nissan Grand Livina for Indonesia and Malaysia. Output

1339-614: A replacement for the earlier 2.0-liter naturally aspirated engine. In 2013, it entered Renault 's lineup in the Sport Clio as the M5Mt , where it generates 147 kW; 197 hp (200 PS) and 240 N⋅m (177 lb⋅ft). Some of the pertinent features of the MR16DDT are: Applications: The MR18DE is a 1.8 L (1798 cc) version with bore and stroke of 84 mm × 81.1 mm (3.31 in × 3.19 in) and

1442-418: A richer air-fuel ratio at higher loads. In theory, a stratified charge mode can further improve fuel efficiency and reduce exhaust emissions, however, in practice, the stratified charge concept has not proved to have significant efficiency advantages over a conventional homogeneous charge concept, but due to its inherent lean burn, more nitrogen oxides are formed, which sometimes require a NOx adsorber in

1545-421: A spark-plug (due to a lack of fuel), the charge needs to be stratified (e. g. a small zone of fuel/air mixture around the spark plug needs to be created). To achieve such a charge, a stratified charge engine injects the fuel during the latter stages of the compression stroke. A "swirl cavity" in the top of the piston is often used to direct the fuel into the zone surrounding the spark plug . This technique enables

1648-512: A special swirl or tumble movement in order to direct the fuel towards the spark plug. This swirl or tumble movement must be retained for a relatively long period of time, so that all of the fuel is getting pushed towards the spark plug. This however reduces the engine's charging efficiency and thus power output. In practice, a combination of air-guided and wall-guided injection is used. There exists only one engine that only relies on air-guided injection. In engines with spray-guided direct injection,

1751-565: A study published in January 2020 in the journal Environmental Science and Technology , a team of researchers at the University of Georgia (USA) predicted that the increase in black carbon emissions from GDI-powered vehicles will increase climate warming in urban areas of the U.S. by an amount that significantly exceeds the cooling associated with a reduction in CO 2 . The researchers also believe

1854-438: A very high air ratio at its edges. The fuel can only be ignited in between these two "zones". Ignition takes place almost immediately after injection to increase engine efficiency. The spark plug must be placed in such a way, that it is exactly in the zone where the mixture is ignitable. This means that the production tolerances need to be very low, because only very little misalignment can result in drastic combustion decline. Also,

1957-467: Is "SU-LEV" certified in Japan, and produces 108 kW (145 hp; 147 PS) at 5600 rpm and 155 lb⋅ft (210 N⋅m) of torque at 4400 rpm in its first permutation, with a 11.2:1 compression ratio. Export models claim 102 kW (137 hp; 139 PS) at 5200 rpm and 147 lb⋅ft (199 N⋅m) at 4400 rpm. In 2016, it entered Renault 's lineup in the Koleos II as

2060-460: Is 79.7 mm × 90.1 mm (3.14 in × 3.55 in). It produces 96 kW; 128 hp (130 PS) at 6000 rpm and 174 N⋅m (128 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm, and has a compression ratio of 9.9:1. Applications: The MR18DDT is a 1.8 L (1797 cc) engine, different from the MR18DE and MRA8DE as it has a turbocharged, twin variable valve timing system on both

2163-498: Is 93 kW; 124 hp (126 PS) at 5200 rpm and 174 N⋅m (128 lb⋅ft) at 4800 rpm. For Brazil , this engine is fitted to the Tiida and Livina ranges, with Flex-fuel capability. Applications: The MRA8DE is a 1.8 L (1797 cc) engine, different from the MR18DE as it has a twin variable valve timing system on both the intake and exhaust valves and uses a diamond-like carbon coating. Bore and stroke

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2266-468: Is a 2.0 L (1997 cc) Hybrid engine developed by Nissan with direct injection and twin variable valve timing control. The MR20DD Hybrid engine is "SU-LEV" certified in Japan, and produces 144 PS (106 kW; 142 hp) at 6000 rpm and 147 lb⋅ft (199 N⋅m) of torque at 4400 rpm. with Synchronous Electric Motor produces 41 PS (30 kW; 40 hp) and 118 lb⋅ft (160 N⋅m) of torque and lithium-ion battery, for

2369-427: Is a mixture formation system for internal combustion engines that run on gasoline (petrol), where fuel is injected into the combustion chamber . This is distinct from manifold injection systems, which inject fuel into the intake manifold (inlet manifold). The use of GDI can help increase engine efficiency and specific power output as well as reduce exhaust emissions. The first GDI engine to reach production

2472-410: Is achieved in two-stroke GDI engines by injecting oil into the crankcase, resulting in a lower oil consumption than the older method of injecting oil mixed with fuel into the crankcase. Two types of GDI are used in two-strokes: low-pressure air-assisted, and high-pressure. The low-pressure systems—as used on the 1992 Aprilia SR50 motor scooter—uses a crankshaft-driven air compressor to inject air into

2575-569: Is an improved version of the Ficht system, which was released in 2003 and won an EPA Clean Air Excellence Award in 2004. Envirofit International , an American non-profit organisation, has developed direct injection retrofit kits for two-stroke motorcycles (using technology developed by Orbital Corporation Limited ) in a project to reduce air pollution in Southeast Asia. The 100-million two-stroke taxis and motorcycles in Southeast Asia are

2678-525: Is available in Renault Laguna and Nissan X-Trail models. A 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) variant is also available on the Laguna GT. In both engines maximum power is achieved at 3750 rpm and maximum torque is available from 1750 rpm. In order to reduce vibrations, balance shafts are included in some versions of the engine. The 2.0 dCi engine in all its versions complies with

2781-579: Is built at Renault's Cleon factory in Normandy. As of late 2018, a new version of the M9R using adBlue and with slightly different internal dimensions replaced the original M9R. Features of the diesel engines include a cast-iron block, aluminium alloy cylinder head with double overhead camshafts, 16-valve layout and a bushes timing chain. The M9T is directed to heavier vehicles like the Nissan Navara or

2884-406: Is more limited for GDI, since there is a shorter period of time available to inject the required quantity of fuel. In manifold injection (as well as carburetors and throttle-body fuel injection), fuel can be added to the intake air mixture at any time. However a GDI engine is limited to injecting fuel during the intake and compression phases. This becomes a restriction at high engine speeds (RPM), when

2987-567: Is named M5Pt . Applications: The MR20DE , a 2.0 L (1997 cc) engine, was the first MR series engine developed by Nissan as a replacement for the QR20DE . It is an undersquare engine, its bore and stroke being 84 mm × 90.1 mm (3.31 in × 3.55 in), respectively. It was first introduced in the Lafesta and Serena MPVs and Renault Samsung SM5 in early 2005. In November 2006, it entered Renault 's lineup in

3090-731: Is sold as the Nissan Sunny in the Middle East, with a single trim that comes with a 1.5-litre engine. The Samsung SM3 is also sold as the Renault Scala in Mexico, Egypt and Colombia . The second-generation model was launched at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show . It uses an extended version of the B platform shared with the C11 Tiida and L10 Livina . Interior space is larger due to its enlarged wheelbase (2,700 mm) and

3193-575: The AvtoVAZ plant in Tolyatti . The car was available with the 1.6-liter 75 kW (102 hp) engine and either a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic transmission. It shared the same dashboard as well as the interior components from the Renault Logan . Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling The third-generation Sylphy was revealed at the 2012 Beijing Auto Show . The model

Nissan MR engine - Misplaced Pages Continue

3296-537: The Clio III as the M4R , where it generates 108 kW; 145 hp (147 PS). This engine is available with Nissan's XTRONIC CVT continuously variable transmission in several applications. A detuned version, with 98 kW; 131 hp (133 PS) instead of 108 kW; 145 hp (147 PS), was added to the new Bluebird Sylphy in late 2006. In the new Nissan X-Trail , Qashqai and C-Platform Sentra ,

3399-464: The Euro 4 and 5 standards for exhaust emissions. The 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) New Mégane and New Laguna respectively emitted 144 g (5.1 oz)/km and 154 g (5.4 oz)/km of CO 2 and the 129 kW (175 PS; 173 hp) version of New Laguna 2.0 dCi emits 159 g (5.6 oz)/km of CO 2 ; they all comply with the Euro 5 standards for exhaust emissions. In 2011

3502-549: The M5R , and is also in the eight generation Sentra , where it produces 148 hp (110 kW; 150 PS) @6400   rpm and 146 lb⋅ft (198 N⋅m) @4400   rpm with a compression ratio of 10.6:1. The Australian & New Zealand market Nissan Qashqai ST and Ti models use a variant of the MR20DD which achieves 106 kW (142 hp; 144 PS) at 6000 rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) at 4400 rpm and

3605-585: The Renault–Nissan Alliance , and first installed in the Renault Laguna in 2006. It is available in the 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) tune in Nissan Qashqai , Nissan X-Trail , Renault Mégane , Renault Koleos and Renault Laguna models. In this trim the engine achieves maximum power at 4000 rpm and maximum torque of 340 N⋅m (251 lb⋅ft) at 2000 rpm. A 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp) form with particulate filter

3708-697: The "Exalta" name was previously used at the luxurious versions of the B14 Sentra). This early model is similar to the JDM Bluebird Sylphy. Nissan Philippines then introduced a model with new headlights and tail lights. The Exalta name was dropped and was renamed back to Sentra. The B16 Sentra was introduced in the Philippines, where it is sold as the Sentra 200 and was sold alongside the Pulsar-based N16 model for awhile. Sales ended in

3811-640: The 1.5- QG15DE , 1.6- QG16DE , 1.8- QG18DE , and the 2.0-litre QR20DD . A five-speed manual transmission is only available for the 1.5-litre, the other models featuring a four-speed automatic transmission with the 2.0l motor mated to a CVT. The four-wheel drive version was only offered with the 1.8-litre model. In Sri Lanka, Nissan sold the Bluebird Sylphy G10 as the Nissan Sunny N16 in two trims: EX saloon and Super Saloon. While there were differences in measurements and exteriors,

3914-533: The 1970s, the United States manufacturers American Motors Corporation and Ford developed prototype mechanical GDI systems called Straticharge and Programmed Combustion (PROCO) respectively. Neither of these systems reached production. The 1996 Japanese-market Mitsubishi Galant was the first mass-produced car to use a GDI engine, when a GDI version of the Mitsubishi 4G93 inline-four engine

4017-439: The 96 and 110 kW (131 and 150 PS; 129 and 148 hp) M9R engines has been updated with an optional package to lower exhaust emissions (Euro5) and fuel consumption . These engines are tagged "2.0 Energy dCi 130" resp. "2.0 Energy dCi 150", typically maximum power is available at 3750 rpm and maximum torque at a minimum of 1750 rpm. The package comprises: The CO 2 values were thus reduced to 118 g/km for

4120-543: The Almera, continued to produce three- and five-door hatchback versions. These European models featured slightly different frontal styling—a unique grille, bonnet and bumper accommodated the headlamp design shared with Japanese models. Some European markets also received an Almera sedan model, which featured the same frontal styling as the hatchbacks. British-made Almeras also saw some exports outside of Europe, mainly to Australia and with Pulsar badging. The new platform spawned

4223-601: The Bluebird Sylphy and sold it as the Nissan Bluebird . In Malaysia, the G11 Sylphy launched in June 2008. Two variants were offered: Comfort and Luxury. Both variants were powered by Nissan's MR20DE engine paired to a CVT. In June 2009, 'Tuned by Impul' accessories were made available and consisted of a front grille, front and rear lips, side skirts, a rear wing spoiler, suspension and alloy wheels. In January 2010,

Nissan MR engine - Misplaced Pages Continue

4326-672: The European market, Nissan sold the N16 series as the second generation Nissan Almera from 2000. Produced in the United Kingdom, the Almera range comprised three- and five-door hatchbacks and the less common sedan. Compared to other markets, the European-manufactured cars featured unique frontal styling — while the headlamps remained common with Japanese models — a restyled grille, bonnet, and bumper did feature. A facelift

4429-592: The G10/N16 range, particularly in export markets where the G11 was not offered. Although the release of the G11 series Sylphy and Tiida signified the withdrawal of the G10/N16 from many markets, it was facelifted for an October 2005 release as a budget model to sit beneath the G11 Sylphy and Tiida in Southeast Asian markets such as Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. This more substantial front-end facelift allowed for

4532-488: The Laguna both the 2.0 Energy dCi 130 and 2.0 Energy dCi 150. Towards the end of 2018, the 2-liter M9R engine became the "M9R Gen 5" when it received a thorough redesign to comply with the increasingly stringent anti-pollution regulations: first of all the engine dimensions were changed, from 84 mm × 90 mm (3.31 in × 3.54 in) to 85 mm × 88 mm (3.35 in × 3.46 in) - using

4635-627: The MR20DE produces 108 kW; 145 hp (147 PS) at 5100 rpm and 199 N⋅m (147 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4800 rpm. Middle East version of the MR20DE engine that goes in the Nissan Qashqai produces 110 kW; 148 hp (150 PS) at 5200 rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4400 rpm. Applications: The MR20DD is a 2.0 L (1997 cc) engine developed by Nissan with direct injection and twin variable valve timing control. The MR20DD engine

4738-647: The Middle East. In Sri Lanka, it is important to highlight that the EX saloon of the Nissan Sunny N16 came with a black grille with horizontal bars. It was not available in North America; instead, there was the Sunny-based Nissan Sentra (B15) . The Bluebird Sylphy was made available in a single body style, a well equipped small four-door sedan . The factory in the UK, where the N16 was manufactured as

4841-579: The Philippine market in 2014. In Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan, the Bluebird Sylphy is sold as the Nissan Sentra . For Indonesia, Nissan sold the Sentra between 2002 and 2004 in small numbers for private buyers in a single trim level, the 1.8 Super Saloon. It featured standard ABS, dual airbags, leather interior, and CD player with MP3. The facelifted model N16, the Sunny Neo

4944-662: The Pulsar. The change in name from Pulsar to Bluebird Sylphy in Japan came about as Nissan was about to phase out the long-running Bluebird , and this kept the old name alive. Export markets received this same vehicle under a myriad of alternative names: Almera in Europe and Brunei; Pulsar in Australasia; Sentra in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan; plus Sunny in Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, Sri Lanka and

5047-605: The Renault Master. It features a bore and stroke of 85 mm × 101.3 mm (3.35 in × 3.99 in) for a total displacement of 2,299 cc (2.3 L), balancer shafts, typical speeds are 3500 rpm for maximum power and 1250 rpm for maximum torque. Low output versions of the M9R for the Renault Trafic II at 66 and 85 kW (90 and 116 PS; 89 and 114 hp) had been replaced by

5150-664: The Renault R engine with the introduction of the Trafic III, while versions starting from 96 kW (131 PS; 129 hp) include VNT chargers. The top version of the Navara utilizes the M9T with twin-turbochargers and 190 PS (140 kW; 187 hp). During production period engines had been updated up to Euro 6 (in early 2017). The M9R is a 2.0 L (1995 cc) 16-valve turbocharged diesel engine developed by

5253-566: The air, as would be the case in a conventional Otto cycle engine, but is instead injected during the compression stroke a little in advance of the spark. Hesselman engines could use a wide variety of fuels, including gasoline, but generally ran on conventional diesel fuels. During World War II, most of the German aircraft engines used GDI, such as the BMW 801 radial engine, the German inverted V12 Daimler-Benz DB 601 , DB 603 and DB 605 engines, and

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5356-538: The biggest boot (504 liters) in its class. In Japan, it replaced the Nissan Sunny (B15) and the previous Bluebird Sylphy as Nissan's compact sedan. The Bluebird Sylphy uses the same engine as the Nissan Tiida/Versa/Latio, which is the 1.5-litre HR15DE engine and the all-new 2.0-litre MR20DE engine. The 2.0-litre version uses Nissan's Xtronic CVT . Starting from 2008, the Bluebird Sylphy

5459-543: The bottom of the rear bumper. Trim levels consisted of the 1.6XE, 2.0XE, 2.0XL, 2.0XV and 2.0XV Navi. Engine and gearbox options consisted of the 1.6-liter HR16DE and the 2.0-litre MR20DE paired to a 5-speed manual, 4-speed automatic, or a CVT gearbox. Production for the Classic Sylphy ended in late 2018 after a shortened 2019 model year was produced. The G11 generation Sylphy was rebadged by Dongfeng and engineered into an electric vehicle starting from 2018, with

5562-479: The catalyst itself. This reaction transforms most of the nitrogen oxides into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. This engine debuted in two power levels, 160 and 200 PS (118 and 147 kW; 158 and 197 hp), in the Renault Talisman II 2.0 Blue dCi which was produced from December 2018. In December 2020 a single 190 PS version replaced both of the earlier versions. The engine is fitted to

5665-528: The cylinder head. A low-pressure injector then sprays fuel into the combustion chamber, where it vaporizes as it mixes with the compressed air. A high-pressure GDI system was developed by German company Ficht GmbH in the 1990s and introduced for marine engines by Outboard Marine Corporation (OMC) in 1997, in order to meet stricter emissions regulations. However, the engines had reliability problems and OMC declared bankruptcy in December 2000. The Evinrude E-Tec

5768-444: The cylinder, which can force the ignitable parts of the mixture so far away from the spark plug, that it cannot ignite the air/fuel mixture anymore. Other devices which are used to complement GDI in creating a stratified charge include variable valve timing , variable valve lift , and variable length intake manifold . Also, exhaust gas recirculation can be used to reduce the high nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions that can result from

5871-400: The desired distribution of fuel throughout the combustion chamber are either spray-guided , air-guided , or wall-guided injection. The trend in recent years is towards spray-guided injection, since it currently results in a higher fuel efficiency. In engines with wall-guided injection, the distance between spark plug and injection nozzle is relatively high. In order to get the fuel close to

5974-413: The distance between spark plug and injection nozzle is relatively high. However, unlike in wall-guided injection engines, the fuel does not get in contact with (relatively) cold engine parts such as cylinder wall and piston. Instead of spraying the fuel against a swirl cavity, in air-guided injection engines the fuel is guided towards the spark plug solely by the intake air. The intake air must therefore have

6077-425: The distance between spark plug and injection nozzle is relatively low. Both the injection nozzle and spark plug are located in between the cylinder's valves. The fuel is injected during the latter stages of the compression stroke, causing very quick (and inhomogeneous) mixture formation. This results in large fuel stratification gradients, meaning that there is a cloud of fuel with a very low air ratio in its centre, and

6180-458: The duration of each combustion cycle is shorter. To overcome this limitation, some GDI engines (such as the Toyota 2GR-FSE V6 and Volkswagen EA888 I4 engines) also have a set of manifold fuel injectors to provide additional fuel at high RPM. These manifold fuel injectors also assist in cleaning carbon deposits from the intake system. Gasoline does not provide the same level of lubrication for

6283-418: The engine, therefore Junkers developed a GDI system to prevent this issue. A demonstration of this prototype engine to aviation officials was performed shortly before development ceased due to the end of World War I. The Hesselman engine is a hybrid engine design which was in production by various manufacturers from 1925 to 1951. In a Hesselman engine fuel is not injected during the suction stroke along with

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6386-513: The exhaust system to meet emissions regulations. The use of NOx adsorbers can require low sulphur fuels, since sulphur prevents NOx adsorbers from functioning properly. GDI engines with stratified fuel injection can also produce higher quantities of particulate matter than manifold injected engines, sometimes requiring particulate filters in the exhaust (similar to a diesel particulate filter ) in order to meet vehicle emissions regulations. Therefore several European car manufacturers have abandoned

6489-415: The first successful prototype in 1894. An early prototype of a GDI engine was built in Germany in 1916 for the Junkers airplane. The engine was initially designed as a diesel engine, however it switched to being designed for gasoline when the German ministry of war decreed that aircraft engines must run on either gasoline or benzene. Being a crankcase-compression two-stroke design, a misfire could destroy

6592-419: The fitment of reshaped headlamps, a revised front bumper and fenders, and a new grille and bonnet. In Japan, the Nissan Revival Plan was implemented, and saw the reorganization of Nissan's Japanese dealership network, introducing Nissan Red Stage as the sole provider of all Sunny/Pulsar vehicle platforms formerly available at Nissan Satio/Nissan Cherry/Nissan Prince locations. Engine choices consisted of

6695-402: The five-door range there was no LX version. Nissan launched the hatchback model with the ST trim level and a sporty Q version. As such, all hatches were 1.8-litre powered. The base-model LX sedan came with a driver's airbag, air-conditioning, remote locking and power mirrors, although no anti-lock brakes (ABS) or power windows were offered. The ST five-door gained an extra front airbag , whereas

6798-427: The following vehicles: The M9T is a version specifically designed for light commercial vehicles that is manufactured by Renault in Cléon . It was introduced on the Renault Master and its badge engineered derivatives, initially with power ranging from 75 kW (101 hp) to 110 kW (150 hp), and torque ratings starting at 185 N⋅m (136 lbf⋅ft) up to 350 N⋅m (260 lbf⋅ft). Later, it

6901-465: The following years. The Mitsubishi GDI technology was also licensed by Peugeot, Citroën, Hyundai, Volvo and Volkswagen. The 2005 Toyota 2GR-FSE V6 engine was the first to combine both direct and indirect injection. The system (called "D-4S") uses two fuel injectors per cylinder: a traditional manifold fuel injector (low pressure) and a direct fuel injector (high-pressure) and is used in most Toyota engines. In Formula One racing, direct injection

7004-407: The four-door model did not have one as standard. In Ti form, the four-door gained both front airbags, ABS, climate control air-conditioning, alloy wheels and power windows. The Q model was similar to the Ti four-door, although there were slight discrepancies between the sedan and hatch, with the latter version having an extra air-bag and 15-inch alloy wheels versus the 14-inch alloys on the sedan. For

7107-443: The fuel cools down the spark plug, immediately before it is exposed to combustion heat. Thus, the spark plug needs to be able to withstand thermal shocks very well. At low piston (and engine) speeds, the relative air/fuel velocity is low, which can cause fuel to not vaporise properly, resulting in a very rich mixture. Rich mixtures do not combust properly, and cause carbon build-up. At high piston speeds, fuel gets spread further within

7210-494: The fuel on the relatively cold piston cool down so much, that they cannot combust properly. When switching from low engine load to medium engine load (and thus advancing the injection timing), some parts of the fuel can end up getting injected behind the swirl cavity, also resulting in incomplete combustion. Engines with wall-guided direct injection can therefore suffer from high hydrocarbon emissions. Like in engines with wall-guided injection, in engines with air-guided injection,

7313-401: The gasoline fuel separately pressurised to 1000psi and admitted into the cylinder 'at the moment of highest compression' by a small rotary valve, with simultaneous ignition by a spark plug and trembler coil allowing sparking to continue throughout the combustion phase. The fuel being injected was described as being in vapour phase having been heated by the engine cylinder. The pressure of the fuel

7416-576: The grille) and an all-new rear end with J31 Teana -inspired tail lights. This update also applied to the Sunny and Sentra models in Southeast Asia. Australian Pulsar sedans received the same update, although a horizontally-stated grille featured instead. In October 2005, the second generation Nissan Bluebird Sylphy (G11 series) was previewed at the Tokyo Motor Show . In Japan, the Nissan Tiida hatchback and Tiida Latio sedan replaced also replaced

7519-597: The homogeneous charge mode. The stratified charge mode creates a small zone of fuel/air mixture around the spark plug, which is surrounded by air in the rest of the cylinder. This results in less fuel being injected into the cylinder, leading to very high overall air-fuel ratios of λ > 8 {\displaystyle \lambda >8} , with mean air-fuel ratios of λ = 3...5 {\displaystyle \lambda =3...5} at medium load, and λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} at full load. Ideally,

7622-574: The injector components as diesel, which sometimes becomes a limiting factor in the injection pressures used by GDI engines. The injection pressure of a GDI engine is typically limited to approximately 20 MPa (2.9 ksi), to prevent excessive wear on the injectors. While this technology is credited with boosting fuel efficiency and reducing CO 2 emissions, GDI engines produce more black carbon aerosols than traditional port fuel injection engines. A strong absorber of solar radiation, black carbon possesses significant climate-warming properties. In

7725-443: The intake and exhaust ports open during the exhaust stroke, in order to improve the flushing of exhaust gases from the cylinder. This results in some of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder and then exiting the cylinder, unburned, through the exhaust port. With direct injection, only air (and usually some oil) comes from the crankcase, and fuel is not injected until the piston rises and all ports are closed. Crankcase lubrication

7828-462: The intake and exhaust valves and uses a diamond-like carbon coating. Bore and stroke is 79.7 mm × 90.1 mm (3.14 in × 3.55 in). It produces 165–221 kW; 222–296 hp (225–300 PS) at 6000 rpm and 300–420 N⋅m (221–310 lb⋅ft) at 3600 rpm, and has a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is used in the Renault and Alpine vehicles since 2015, where it

7931-406: The interiors were mostly the same. Nissan offered various models with different nameplates like Bluebird, Sylphy, and Cefiro, each having modified specifications. It's important to note that these nameplates didn't exactly match the global models with the same names. The EX saloon had a black grill and was offered with the 1.3 L QG13DE engine. In Thailand, where the Sunny name was used, alongside

8034-729: The local market, the Malaysian-built N16 was made available until 2014 as the Sentra Sport 1.6 in Comfort and Luxury trim levels. It is unrelated to the North American Sentra. In Australia and New Zealand, Nissan continued to use the Pulsar name for the N16 series. The four-door sedan sourced from Japan and the five-door hatchback from the UK (a rebadged Almera) were offered. Consequently, each body style has

8137-562: The misleading title of Forced Induction Engine whereas it was only the admission of the fuel that was forced. He revealed details of his prototype engine early in 1912, and the design was further developed by the large scale engine builder F. E. Baker Ltd during 1912 and the results displayed on their stand at the Olympia Motor Cycle show in November 1912. The engine was a high compression four-stroke motorcycle engine, with

8240-596: The model renamed to E11K under the Junfeng electric car sub-brand. The E11K is available with a 451 km range 60.43 kW battery and a 405km range 57.757 kW battery as of 2022. Styling-wise, the E11K still retains the exterior styling of the 2009 to 2018 Nissan Bluebird Sylphy; it remained in production with no further facelifts as of late 2022. The Sylphy was also sold in some Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Taiwan. The Yulon Motor Company of Taiwan manufactured

8343-439: The most time to mix with the air, so that a homogeneous air/fuel mixture is formed. This mode allows using a conventional three-way catalyst for exhaust gas treatment. Compared with manifold injection, the fuel efficiency is only very slightly increased, but the specific power output is better, which is why the homogeneous mode is useful for so-called engine downsizing . Most direct-injected passenger car petrol engines use

8446-463: The same bore as the larger M9T but with nearly no change in displacement, which increases by 2 cc to 1997 cc. Another important innovation introduced with this update was the BluedCi technology, which involves the installation of a small tank of adBlue, a chemical additive that is injected upstream of the catalyst and which, when combined with the exhaust gas, causes a reaction chemistry within

8549-612: The sedan, the five-door was also sold (imported from the UK). Consequently, each body style has a different front end. China, Singapore and Sri Lanka also received the sedan model only under the Sunny name. In China, it was produced by the Dongfeng Motor Company , a joint venture with Nissan. In Singapore, the N16 succeeded the B15 model in the year 2000. It was available in two engine variants, both 1.5-litre and 1.6-litre. In 2004,

8652-415: The shift from traditional port fuel injection (PFI) engines to the use of GDI technology will nearly double the premature mortality rate associated with vehicle emissions, from 855 deaths annually in the United States to 1,599. They estimate the annual social cost of these premature deaths at $ 5.95 billion. One of the early inventors trying gasoline direct injection was Dr Archibald Low who gave his engine

8755-566: The similar-layout Junkers Jumo 210 G, Jumo 211 and Jumo 213 inverted V12 engines. Allied aircraft engines that used GDI fuel injection systems were the Soviet Union Shvetsov ASh-82 FNV radial engine and the American 54.9 litre displacement Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone 18-cylinder radial engine. The German company Bosch had been developing a mechanical GDI system for cars since the 1930s and in 1952 it

8858-516: The spark plug, it is sprayed against a swirl cavity on top of the piston (as seen in the picture of the Ford EcoBoost engine on the right), which guides the fuel towards the spark plug. Special swirl or tumble air intake ports aid this process. The injection timing depends upon the piston speed, therefore, at higher piston speeds, the injection timing, and ignition timing need to be advanced very precisely. At low engine temperatures, some parts of

8961-476: The stratified charge concept or never used it in the first place, such as the 2000 Renault 2.0 IDE petrol engine ( F5R ), which never came with a stratified charge mode, or the 2009 BMW N55 and 2017 Mercedes-Benz M256 engines dropping the stratified charge mode used by their predecessors. The Volkswagen Group had used fuel stratified injection in naturally aspirated engines labelled FSI , however, these engines have received an engine control unit update to disable

9064-434: The stratified charge mode. Turbocharged Volkswagen engines labelled TFSI and TSI have always used the homogeneous mode. Like the latter VW engines, newer direct injected petrol engines (from 2017 onwards) usually also use the more conventional homogeneous charge mode, in conjunction with variable valve timing, to obtain good efficiency. Stratified charge concepts have mostly been abandoned. Common techniques for creating

9167-590: The third-generation model (B17) introduced in 2012, the Sylphy model was merged with the B17 Sentra , meaning it is no longer a standalone model. Until 2012, it is known as the Nissan Bluebird Sylphy ( Japanese : 日産・ブルーバードシルフィ , Hepburn : Nissan Burūbādo Shirufi ) in Japan. The initial Bluebird Sylphy nameplate was a continuation for the larger Bluebird which was phased out in 2001. It

9270-434: The throttle valve remains open as much as possible to avoid throttling losses. The torque is then set solely by means of quality torque controlling, meaning that only the amount of injected fuel, but not the amount of intake air is manipulated in order to set the engine's torque. Stratified charge mode also keeps the flame away from the cylinder walls, reducing the thermal losses. Since mixtures too lean cannot be ignited with

9373-617: The ultra lean combustion. Gasoline direct injection does not have the valve cleaning action that is provided when fuel is introduced to the engine upstream of the cylinder. In non-GDI engines, the gasoline traveling through the intake port acts as a cleaning agent for contamination, such as atomized oil. The lack of a cleaning action can cause increased carbon deposits in GDI engines. Third party manufacturers sell oil catch tanks which are supposed to prevent or reduce those carbon deposits. The ability to produce peak power at high engine speeds (RPM)

9476-515: The use of ultra-lean mixtures that would be impossible with carburetors or conventional manifold fuel injection. The stratified charge mode (also called "ultra lean-burn" mode) is used at low loads, in order to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. However, the stratified charge mode is disabled for higher loads, with the engine switching to the homogeneous mode with a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of λ = 1 {\displaystyle \lambda =1} for moderate loads and

9579-675: Was also available for overseas markets as the Nissan Sylphy. The Sylphy was sold in China from 2006 to 2018 under the Sylphy Classic name. In terms of styling, the Chinese variant had amber turn signals on the front compared to clear ones sold in international markets. The rear was the same style as international variants until 2008 where it was given a facelift for 2009. The rear was given new taillights as well as an extra fog lamp on

9682-850: Was also introduced to the Nissan Navara and the Mercedes-Benz X-Class . Nissan calls it the YS23 while in Mercedes-Benz vehicles, it is named the OM699 . The engines with lower power ratings feature a single fixed geometry turbocharger, while the more powerful versions have a variable-geometry turbocharger or twin-turbochargers . The engines are compliant with the Euro 6 emission regulations . Applications: Gasoline Direct Injection Gasoline direct injection ( GDI ), also known as petrol direct injection ( PDI ),

9785-426: Was automatically added to the fuel mixture, obviating the need for owners to mix their own two-stroke fuel blend. The 1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL also used an early Bosch mechanical GDI system, therefore becoming the first four-stroke engine to use GDI. Up until the mid-2010s, most fuel-injected cars used manifold injection, making it quite unusual that these early cars used an arguably more advanced GDI system. During

9888-489: Was introduced in 1925 for a low-compression truck engine. Several German cars used a Bosch mechanical GDI system in the 1950s, however usage of the technology remained rare until an electronic GDI system was introduced in 1996 by Mitsubishi for mass-produced cars. GDI has seen rapid adoption by the automotive industry in recent years, increasing in the United States from 2.3% of production for model year 2008 vehicles to approximately 50% for model year 2016. The 'charge mode' of

9991-481: Was introduced on the two-stroke engines in the Goliath GP700 and Gutbrod Superior. This system was basically a high-pressure diesel direct-injection pump with an intake throttle valve set up. These engines gave good performance and had up to 30% less fuel consumption over the carburetor version, primarily under low engine loads. An added benefit of the system was having a separate tank for the engine oil which

10094-518: Was introduced. It was subsequently brought to Europe in 1997 in the Carisma . It also developed the first six-cylinder GDI engine, the Mitsubishi 6G74 V6 engine, in 1997. Mitsubishi applied this technology widely, producing over one million GDI engines in four families by 2001. Although in use for many years, on 11 September 2001 MMC claimed a trademark for the acronym 'GDI'. Several other Japanese and European manufacturers introduced GDI engines in

10197-437: Was made compulsory for the 2014 season , with regulation 5.10.2 stating: "There may only be one direct injector per cylinder and no injectors are permitted upstream of the intake valves or downstream of the exhaust valves." There are additional benefits of GDI for two-stroke engines , relating to scavenging of the exhaust gases and lubrication of the crankcase. The scavenging aspect is that most two-stroke engines have both

10300-596: Was powered by the 1.6-litre engine was and intended for taxi use only. After the Japanese production ended in 2005, the N16 maintained in production in Malaysia and the Philippines as the Sentra—albeit, sporting new front-end styling treatment. The models for Malaysia are SG and SG-L, with the choice of Comfort or Luxury Package. The Sunny continued to be offered in Singapore until 2011 in the following trim levels: EX Saloon, Super Saloon, and Luxury Edition. Exclusive for

10403-399: Was regulated at the fuel pump, and the amount of fuel admitted was controlled by mechanical means at the rotary admission valve. It seems this radical design wasn't taken further by F. E. Baker. Although direct injection has only become commonly used in gasoline engines since 2000, diesel engines have used fuel directly injected into the combustion chamber (or a pre-combustion chamber) since

10506-773: Was released in 2003, with production continuing until the Almera's demise in 2006. From 2006, a derivative of the Bluebird Sylphy, the Renault Samsung SM3 was sold in Ukraine and Russia as the Nissan Almera Classic. The same year, the car was launched in Central and South America as Nissan Almera, (except in Chile where it was sold as a Samsung). Also since 2007, the Renault Samsung SM3

10609-520: Was renamed the Sylphy for the third-generation model in 2012. Nissan launched the G10 or N16 series Bluebird Sylphy in August 2000 as replacement in the Japanese market for the Nissan Pulsar (N15), and it was exclusive to Japanese dealerships called Nissan Blue Stage . The model code of "G10" used in Japan differed from most other markets which retained the legacy N-series (N16) naming scheme inherited from

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