104-456: MSD may refer to: People [ edit ] Mahendra Singh Dhoni or MSD (born 1981), Indian cricketer Companies [ edit ] Merck Sharp and Dohme, an international name of Merck & Co. , the U.S. and Canada pharmaceutical company formerly related to German Merck KGaA MSD Capital , a private investment firm owned by personal computer entrepreneur Michael Dell MSD Ignition ,
208-518: A benzodiazepine (medication which acts through the GABA system) such as midazolam or alprazolam , even though they do not take these medications. Idiopathic hypersomnia lacks a clearly defining biological marker (i.e., HLA-DQB1 *0602 genotype in narcolepsy). Doctors can more carefully exclude these causes of EDS in order to more correctly diagnose IH. However, "even in the presence of other specific causes of hypersomnia, one should carefully assess
312-403: A goal keeper but later moved to play cricket on the suggestion of his coach Keshav Banerjee. From 2001 to 2003, Dhoni worked as a Travelling Ticket Examiner (TTE) at Kharagpur under South Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways . He played as a wicket-keeper for Commando cricket club from 1995 to 1998 and Central Coal Fields Limited (CCL) team in 1998. At CCL, he batted higher up
416-449: A peptide as it is trypsin -sensitive) in the CSF of affected patients. Although this substance requires further identification of its chemical structure, it is currently referred to as a "somnogen" because it has been shown to cause hyper-reactivity of GABA A receptors , which leads to increased sedation or somnolence. In essence, it is as though these patients are chronically sedated with
520-429: A batsman, he is recognized for his finishing skills in high-pressure situations. As a wicket-keeper, he has been praised for his fast reflexes behind the stumps while also being criticized for the lack of good technique. He is known for his unorthodox captaincy, approachability and has earned a reputation of being a successful leader. Dhoni is also known for his cool-headed demeanor on the field which has earned him
624-608: A company that specializes in automotive-ignition components; MSD stands for "multiple spark discharge" Motor Sports Developments, an automotive-engineering company based in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; see X25XE Computers [ edit ] Mass storage device , like a USB key Memory Stick Duo , a type of solid digital data storage device Microsoft Diagnostics , a computer diagnostic program shipped with various versions of DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems Modem Sharing Device MSD Super Disk ,
728-520: A floppy-disk drive for Commodore 8-bit systems miniSD/microSD Organizations [ edit ] Schools and school districts [ edit ] Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School , Florida, United States Stoneman Douglas High School shooting Marshall School District in Marshall, Arkansas, United States Maryland School for the Deaf , United States Milford School District ,
832-417: A high mean sleep efficiency. "Latency to REM sleep and percentages of light sleep and REM sleep were normal, compared with normal ranges." Despite this, one study has found increased sleep fragmentation in patients with IH without long sleep time, suggesting multiple possible presentations. Per ICSD-3 , five criteria must be met for a diagnosis of IH: The latest ICD-10 defines IH with long sleep time as
936-485: A lack of clear biologic markers" and a lack of "unambiguous diagnostic criteria." Because of the rarity of IH, research into the condition is limited "Patients are rare, researchers and scientists involved in the field are few and research findings are therefore scarce." "In Europe and in North America there is now a public health concern about helping patients and families affected by these rare diseases. Due to
1040-676: A league stage match against Mumbai Indians on 14 April 2024, helping his team secure a 20-run win, following his unbeaten four-ball 20. Dhoni holds an honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Parachute Regiment of the Indian Territorial Army (106 Para TA battalion). The honorary rank was presented to him by the Indian Army in 2011 for his service to the nation as a cricketer. After completing five parachute training jumps from Indian Army aircraft in
1144-486: A losing cause. Dhoni's contribution in the tournament included 488 runs in nine matches with five fifties, 17 catches and seven stumpings . Dhoni made it to the East Zone U-19 squad for the C. K. Nayudu Trophy in the 1999–2000 season and scored only 97 runs in four matches, as East Zone lost all the matches and finished last in the tournament. Dhoni made his Ranji Trophy debut for Bihar against Assam in
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#17327799396691248-447: A malfunction of the norepinephrine system and decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) histamine levels. Researchers have recently found an abnormal hypersensitivity to GABA (the major brain chemical responsible for sedation ) in a subset of patients with central hypersomnia i.e.: IH, narcolepsy without cataplexy and long sleepers. They have identified a small (500 to 3000 daltons ) naturally occurring bioactive substance (most likely
1352-579: A neurological disorder that is a rare sleep disorder characterized by prolonged sleep at night and extreme sleepiness during the day. There are no apparent causes. This disorder affects the ability to function. It is of central nervous system origin characterized by prolonged nocturnal sleep and periods of daytime drowsiness. Affected individuals experience difficulty with awakening in the morning and may have associated sleep drunkenness, automatic behaviors, and memory disturbances. This condition differs from narcolepsy in that daytime sleep periods are longer, there
1456-819: A passive magnetic mount that can be activated or deactivated Master Scuba Diver , a certification level in recreational scuba diving Master of Science in Dentistry, a Dental degree Master of Sport Directorship (MSD) at Manchester Metropolitan University Mean Shortest Distance , in the context of the PGP Web of trust Minimum string distance, the number of insertions, deletions, or substitutions to transform one string into another in Typing#Minimum string distance error rate Moorside railway station , England National Rail station code Moscow Summer Time Most significant digit Topics referred to by
1560-444: A possible treatment for IH, especially for patients with subclinical hypothyroidism . This treatment does carry potential risks (especially for patients without hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothroidism), which include cardiac arrhythmia. Orexin-A has been shown to be strongly wake-promoting in animal models, but it does not cross the blood–brain barrier . Suvorexant , a orexin receptor antagonist , has been developed to limit
1664-461: A range from 25% to 66% without any clear mode of inheritance." IH has long been considered a rare disease , believed to be 10 times less frequent than narcolepsy. The prevalence of narcolepsy (with cataplexy) is estimated between 1/3,300 and 1/5,000. Although the true prevalence of IH is unknown, it is estimated at 1/10,000 to 1/25,000 for the long sleep form and 1/11,000 to 1/100,000 without long sleep. A more precise estimate "is complicated by
1768-600: A response to chronic illness. A case series in 2010 found that peripheral vascular symptoms, such as cold hands and feet (e.g., Raynaud syndrome ), were more common in people with IH than in controls. Other autonomic dysfunctional symptoms, such as fainting episodes , dizziness upon arising , possibly migrainous headaches, food cravings, and impotence may also be correlated with IH. Researchers have found that people reporting IH symptoms report high levels of autonomic dysfunction on par with other conditions of autonomic failure (i.e., MSA and diabetes ). As of 2019 there
1872-788: A school district in Milford, Delaware, United States Missouri School for the Deaf Moscow School District in Moscow, Idaho, United States Other organizations [ edit ] Meclîsa Sûriya Demokratîk or Syrian Democratic Council , the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces in Syria Metro de Santo Domingo , a rapid-transit system in Santo Domingo, the capital of
1976-569: A social democratic youth organization in Slovakia Mobile Security Deployments , the U.S. Diplomatic Security Service's tactical unit MSD (Межправительственный совет дорожников) or Intergovernmental Council of Roads, the road authority organisation of the Commonwealth of Independent States Science and medicine [ edit ] Macromolecular Structure Database , one of the services provided by
2080-518: A wake-promoting neurotransmitter in the brain. Modafinil and Armodafinil elevate hypothalamic histamine levels, and they are known to bind to the dopamine transporter, thereby inhibiting dopamine reuptake. Modafinil can cause uncomfortable side effects, including nausea , headache , and a dry mouth for some patients, while other patients report no noticeable improvement even on relatively high dosages. They may also "interact with low-dose contraceptives, potentially reducing efficacy, although
2184-524: Is a neurological disorder which is characterized primarily by excessive sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). Idiopathic hypersomnia was first described by Bedrich Roth in 1976, and it can be divided into two forms: polysymptomatic and monosymptomatic. The condition typically becomes evident in early adulthood and most patients diagnosed with IH will have had the disorder for many years prior to their diagnosis. As of August 2021 , an FDA -approved medication exists for IH called Xywav , which
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#17327799396692288-583: Is a serotonin antagonist that has "been shown to improve daytime alertness and subjective sleep quality in patients on their usual narcolepsy medications." It is intended as an adjunct (supplement to another main therapeutic agent), and although it is not available in the US, it is available in Europe. Antidepressants seems to have some therapeutic effects as they enhance synaptic levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. Further, different medicines are known to augment
2392-469: Is a hormone that the body produces to help regulate sleep. One small study, which used a dose of 2 mg slow-release melatonin at bedtime, found that 50% of participants had “shortened nocturnal sleep duration, decreased sleep inertia , and relieved daytime sleepiness.” Other studies have shown that melatonin synchronizes the circadian rhythms, and improves the “onset, duration and quality of sleep.” There have been some studies suggesting levothyroxine as
2496-481: Is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper . Dhoni is an unorthodox batsman who deviates from conventional coaching manuals to showcase his batting technique. Dhoni displays a proclivity for hitting full-length deliveries towards the Long-on , Long-off , and Midwicket regions , rather than the conventional Cover region. He plays pull shots and hook shots off short-pitched deliveries often putting pressure on
2600-535: Is also known to have mild stimulating effects. It is also known to augment the activity of methylphenidate. Caffeine is one of the safer nondopaminergic wake-promoting compounds. It is widely used but "has intolerable side effects at high doses (including cardiovascular), and it is generally not efficient enough for patients with hypersomnia or narcolepsy." Although it is commonly used by people with IH or narcolepsy, many people with these disorders report that it has only limited benefit on their sleepiness. Melatonin
2704-558: Is an oral solution of calcium , magnesium , potassium , and sodium oxybates ; in addition to several off-label treatments (primarily FDA-approved narcolepsy medications). Idiopathic hypersomnia may also be referred to as IH, IHS, or primary hypersomnia, and belongs to a group of sleep disorders known as central hypersomnias, central disorders of hypersomnolence, or hypersomnia of brain origin. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) defines idiopathic hypersomnia as EDS without narcolepsy or
2808-429: Is another common side effect and may require additional treatment. Solriamfetol is a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy and obstructive sleep apnea. Pitolisant , a selective histamine 3 (H3) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist, was approved by FDA during August 2019. It works by increasing the synthesis and release of histamine,
2912-451: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Mahendra Singh Dhoni Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( / m ə ˈ h eɪ n d r ə ˈ s ɪ ŋ d h æ ˈ n ɪ / ; born 7 July 1981) is an Indian professional cricketer who plays as a right-handed batter and a wicket-keeper . Widely regarded as one of the most prolific wicket-keeper batsmen and captains , he represented
3016-469: Is no association with cataplexy, and the multiple sleep latency onset test does not record sleep-onset rapid eye movement sleep. Since the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood, treatment efforts have usually focused on symptom management. In August 2021, low-sodium oxybate (Xywav) became the first U.S. FDA-approved treatment for idiopathic hypersomnia. Wake-promoting medications used in narcolepsy are also commonly used off-label to help manage
3120-564: Is no evidence that such symptoms are related to IH. Unlike narcolepsy with cataplexy , which has a known cause ( autoimmune destruction of hypocretin-producing neurons), the cause of IH is largely unknown. As of 2012 , researchers have identified a few abnormalities associated with IH, which with further study may help to clarify the etiology. Destruction of noradrenergic neurons has produced hypersomnia in experimental animal studies, and injury to adrenergic neurons has also been shown to lead to hypersomnia. IH has also been associated with
3224-770: Is one of the most popular cricketers in the world. Dhoni was born on 7 July 1981 in Ranchi , Bihar (now in Jharkhand ) in a Hindu Rajput family to Pan Singh and Devaki Devi. His parents hailed from Lwali village in Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand ) and he was the youngest of three children. His family spells the surname as "Dhauni". The spelling "Dhoni" emerged due to a spelling mistake in his school certificates and, despite repeated attempts by his family, has never been rectified. Dhoni did his schooling at DAV Jawahar Vidya Mandir where he started playing football as
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3328-604: The 2002–03 Ranji Trophy and represented East Zone in the Deodhar Trophy where he started gaining recognition for his lower-order contribution as well as hard-hitting batting style. In the 2003/04 season, Dhoni scored a century (128*) against Assam in the first match of the Ranji ODI tournament and was part of the East Zone squad that won the Deodhar Trophy 2003–2004 season scoring 244 runs in four matches. In
3432-749: The 2007 Future Cup against South Africa in Ireland and the subsequent seven-match series against England. Dhoni was awarded an 'A' grade contract by BCCI in June 2007. Dhoni was appointed as the captain of the Indian squad for the inaugural World Twenty20 in September 2007. Dhoni led India to victory in the tournament after defeating Pakistan in the final. Dhoni was appointed as the captain of Indian cricket team in all formats later. On 2 September 2007, Dhoni equaled Adam Gilchrist 's international record for
3536-565: The 2017 ICC Champions Trophy in which India finished as runners-up . In August 2017, during the fifth and final ODI against Sri Lanka in Colombo , he became the first wicket-keeper to effect 100 stumpings in ODIs when he stumped Akila Dananjaya off Yuzvendra Chahal . He reached the milestone of effecting 400 dismissals in ODIs in February 2018, following the stumping of Aiden Markram in
3640-621: The Carlton Mid triangular series in Australia, India failed to win a single match with Dhoni himself managing just 70 runs from three innings at an average of 23.34. During the 2015 Cricket World Cup , Dhoni became the first Indian captain to win all group stage matches in a world cup. In the match against Zimbabwe at Auckland , he made 85 which was the highest score by an Indian captain in New Zealand. After beating Bangladesh in
3744-731: The Duleep Trophy finals, Dhoni represented East Zone and scored a fighting half-century in the second innings in a losing cause. Dhoni was identified as one of the emerging talents via the BCCI 's small-town talent-spotting initiative TRDW . In 2004, Dhoni was picked for the India A squad for a tour of Zimbabwe and Kenya . Against the Zimbabwe XI in Harare Sports Club , Dhoni effected seven catches and four stumpings. In
3848-551: The Indian Premier League (IPL), Dhoni plays for Chennai Super Kings (CSK), leading them to the final on ten occasions and winning it five times ( 2010 , 2011 , 2018 , 2021 and 2023 ). He has also led CSK to two Champions League T20 titles in 2010 and 2014 . Dhoni is amongst the few batsmen to have scored more than five thousand runs in the IPL, as well as being the first wicketkeeper to do so. In 2008, Dhoni
3952-507: The Indian cricket team and was the captain of the side in limited overs formats from 2007 to 2017 and in test cricket from 2008 to 2014. Dhoni has captained the most international matches and is the most successful Indian captain. He has led India to victory in the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 , the 2011 Cricket World Cup , and the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy , being the only captain to win three different limited overs ICC tournaments. He also led
4056-647: The 'Team of the Tournament' by the ICC. After the Champions Trophy, India toured West Indies for a tri-nation tournament against the hosts and Sri Lanka. Dhoni got injured at the start of the tournament thus ruling him out for most of the tournament and returned to play the final where he was adjudged Man of the match for scoring 45 runs off 52 balls including 16 runs in the final cricket to take India to victory by one wicket. In November 2013, Dhoni became
4160-496: The 1999–2000 season, as an eighteen-year-old scoring 68 runs in the second innings. Dhoni finished the season with 283 runs in 5 matches. Dhoni scored his maiden first-class century while playing for Bihar against Bengal in the 2000–01 Ranji Trophy season. Apart from this century, his performance in the 2000/01 season did not include another score over fifty and in the 2001–02 Ranji Trophy season, he scored just five fifties in four Ranji matches. Dhoni's played for Jharkhand in
4264-758: The AVS and the FCRTT, while the capacity to fall asleep rapidly remained unchanged as evaluated by the MSLT. It raises the hypothesis that dopamine may play a role in the physiopathology of excessive daytime sleepiness of this condition. Carnitine has also been shown to improve narcolepsy symptoms (including daytime sleepiness) by increasing fatty-acid oxidation. Abnormally low levels of acylcarnitine have been observed in patients with narcolepsy. These same low levels have been associated with primary hypersomnia in general in mouse studies. "Mice with systemic carnitine deficiency exhibit
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4368-681: The Agra training camp, he became a qualified paratrooper in 2015. In August 2019, he completed a two-week stint with the Territorial Army in Jammu and Kashmir . While spending a day with the parachute regiment in Ranchi, Dhoni said, I wanted to become a soldier not a cricketer, "Since childhood I wanted to join the Army. Seeing the soldiers, I thought that one day I'll be the same". Dhoni holds
4472-639: The Dominican Republic Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand) Mission Science Division , a group of scientists, research fellows and young graduates working at the European Space Agency Mladí sociální demokraté or Young Social Democrats (Czech Republic) , a social democratic youth organization in the Czech Republic Mladí sociálni demokrati or Young Social Democrats (Slovakia) ,
4576-763: The European Bioinformatics Institute Major hypersomnolence disorder Marine sanitation device, used in the Regulation of ship pollution in the United States#Marine sanitation devices Mars solar date Mass spectrometric detector , a type of chromatography detector Mean squared displacement , a statistical measure of random motion Multiple sulfatase deficiency , a very rare form of metachromatic leukodystrophy Musculoskeletal disorders Other uses [ edit ] Magnetic switchable device ,
4680-510: The IPL across the first eight seasons for the Super Kings. Following the two-year suspension of Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals , two new franchises Rising Pune Supergiants and Gujarat Lions were established for the 2016 Indian Premier League season. Supergiants picked Dhoni as one of their five draft picks on 15 December 2015 for ₹ 125 million (US$ 1.5 million). He scored 574 runs in 30 matches across two seasons for
4784-683: The India A squad, he was picked in the ODI squad for the Bangladesh tour in December 2004. Dhoni made his debut in the first match of the series and was run out for a duck . Dhoni was picked for the subsequent ODI series against Pakistan . In the second match of the series in Visakhapatnam , Dhoni playing in his fifth one-day international, scored 148 runs off 123 deliveries which surpassed
4888-678: The Indian Premier League in 2016 and their return to win the title in 2018. The production house produced a Tamil language romantic drama LGM which was released on 28 July 2023. Dhoni performed a special cameo appearance in Vijay 's film G.O.A.T set to be released on 5 September 2024. Dhoni is one of the most popular cricketers in the world. He serves as a brand ambassador and endorses more than 35 brands across various segments. As of 2022 , Dhoni has more than 75 million followers on social media platforms and his brand value
4992-483: The Supergiants. Dhoni returned to CSK for the 2018 season . He scored 455 runs and led his team to its third IPL title. Dhoni led CSK to the title again in 2021 and was retained for ₹ 12 crore (US$ 1.4 million) before the auction for the 2022 season. Dhoni stepped down from captaincy ahead of that season and Ravindra Jadeja was appointed the new captain. However, a month later, Jadeja handed over
5096-531: The T20I squad for the series that followed and the Australia tour later that season. However, he was included in the squad for the ODI series in Australia. In the three-match series, Dhoni scored half-centuries in all three games with the latter two resulting in wins, helping India secure a 2–1 series victory, their first in a bilateral series on Australian soil and was named player of the series while also becoming
5200-408: The US. Selegiline , a monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, works by slowing the breakdown of certain substances in the brain (mostly dopamine, but also serotonin and norepinephrine). It may also be useful, as it is also a metabolic precursor of amphetamine and exerts most of its therapeutic effects through amphetamine metabolism. It is not commonly prescribed for people with narcolepsy because of
5304-559: The World Cup. Dhoni led India to victory in the 2016 Asia Cup where India remained unbeaten. Dhoni stepped down as captain of India in January 2017 ahead of the ODI series at home against England. In the second game of the series, he scored 134 off 122 balls, his tenth century in ODIs and his first in over three years. He was named as a wicket-keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' at
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#17327799396695408-450: The activity of one another like as seen in the case of fluoxetine which augmented the activity of methylphenidate when taken together. Bupropion , a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), which works by inhibiting the reabsorption of two important brain chemicals – norepinephrine and dopamine, is known to have wake-promoting effects. Fluoxetine , an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class
5512-532: The ascending reticular arousal system (ARAS) and activates the cortex via well-characterized thalamic and nonthalamic pathways through cholinergic and aminergic neurotransmission. The bottom-up pathway represents the leverage point for pharmaceutical interventions. It is complemented by a corticothalamic top-down pathway, which appears to be modifiable through noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. A single case report study indicates that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF rTMS) over
5616-555: The associated features of other sleep disorders . It occurs in the absence of medical problems or sleep disruptions, such as sleep apnea , that can cause secondary hypersomnia . Individuals with IH share common symptoms including excessive daytime sleepiness , sleep inertia , brain fog , and long sleep periods. Some studies have shown increased frequencies of palpitations, digestive problems, difficulty with body temperature regulation, and other symptoms in patients with IH. Anxiety and depression are frequent, and are likely to be
5720-404: The bowler to adjust their line and length accordingly. Dhoni holds the bat with a firm grip at the bottom of the handle, striking the ball with force and precision to clear the boundary. He is a powerful hitter of the ball and is one of the fastest men in running between the wickets. He plays the helicopter shot technique, taught to him by a fellow player and childhood friend Santosh Lal . As
5824-492: The captaincy back to Dhoni in the middle of the season. Dhoni led the franchise to victory again the following season . Under his captaincy, CSK became the most successful IPL franchise with five title wins and ten final appearances. Dhoni became the first player to play 200 T20 matches for CSK and holds the record for most appearances in the IPL. Ahead of the 2024 season , Dhoni handed over captaincy to Ruturaj Gaikwad . He marked his 250th appearance for CSK in this season, in
5928-574: The company in 2013. In February 2005, Dhoni played for India seniors in Challenger trophy , where he scored 102 against India B. Jharkhand State Cricket Association (JSCA) appointed him captain of the Jharkhand team in February 2017 for the 2017-18 Vijay Hazare trophy and on 25 February 2017, he scored his first ever domestic list-A century against Chhattisgarh and led the team to the quarter final where Jharkhand lost against Delhi . Dhoni
6032-476: The company. On 11 October 2022, Dhoni invested in Shaka Harry, a plant-based protein company. In 2019, Dhoni Entertainment entered into a long-term business agreement with Banijay Asia to produce content across various genres. The first show developed by the company was a documentary web series titled Roar of The Lion for Disney+ Hotstar in 2019 which dealt with the ban of Chennai Super Kings from
6136-441: The complexity of the disease, they often experience difficulties to be diagnosed and often face social and professional consequences." There is ongoing research into the efficacy of gamma aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptor antagonists for the treatment of IH. Research findings suggest that the GABA neurotransmitter system plays a significant role in the etiology of primary hypersomnias, such as IH and Narcolepsy Type 2. Given
6240-683: The contribution of these etiological factors to the complaint of EDS and when specific treatments of these conditions fail to suppress EDS, the additional diagnosis of IH should be considered." The severity of EDS can be quantified by subjective scales, such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale , and also by objective tests, like actigraphy , psychomotor vigilance task , maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) although as per latest research studies,
6344-1038: The drug improved severe sleep inertia in 71% of the hypersomnia patients. In July 2020, the FDA approved Xywav ™ (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates), an oral solution for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. Although behavioral approaches have not been demonstrated to improve clinical markers of IH, cognitive behavioral therapy has been found to potentially reduce depressive symptoms and improve self-efficacy in people with central disorders of hypersomnolence. IH can profoundly affect work, education, and quality of life due to excessive daytime somnolence. Patients will often need to adapt their lifestyle to avoid situations that might be dangerous while sleepy, such as high risk work, or driving. The risks associated with these activities have been found to be higher for patients with hypersomnias than for those with sleep apnea or severe insomnia. Typically,
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#17327799396696448-520: The earlier record for the highest score by an Indian wicket-keeper. Dhoni played in the Sri Lankan bilateral ODI series in October–November 2005 and was promoted to No. 3 in the batting order in the third ODI at Jaipur where he scored an unbeaten 183 runs off 145 balls, winning the game for India. The innings would surpass his earlier record for the highest score by an Indian wicket-keeper and
6552-536: The effectiveness of MSLT has been called into question. Several groups of researchers have found normal MSLT results in patients who otherwise seem to have IH. Therefore, when IH is suspected, researchers suggest appending a 24-hour continuous polysomnography to the standard overnight/MSLT study in order to record total sleep time. The recent studies have also found that reports of sleepiness in IH relate more to mental fatigue rather than physiological sleepiness per se and
6656-459: The excessive daytime sleepiness of IH. Stimulants tend to be less effective for IH than they are for narcolepsy and may be less well tolerated. The main treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness is done through central nervous system stimulants. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine are most used stimulants to controlled EDS. Increased dopamine release is felt to be the main property explaining wake-promotion from these medications. Insomnia
6760-605: The finals. In the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy , India lost to West Indies and Australia , though Dhoni scored a half-century against West Indies and failed to make it to the knock out stage. In the ODI series in South Africa in November 2006, Dhoni scored 139 runs in four matches in the series loss. In the test series that followed, Dhoni scored 114 runs in two tests including a first test victory in South Africa in
6864-670: The first match of the ODI series in May 2007 which fetched the Man of the Match award while also later winning the Man of the Series after the third game of the series was washed away. Dhoni played for ACC Asia XI cricket team in the Afro-Asia Cup , scoring 174 runs in three matches at an average of 87 including 139 off 97 balls in the third ODI. Dhoni was named vice-captain of the ODI team for
6968-461: The first test, but was ruled out of the third test with injury. Dhoni made his T20 international debut in December 2006 against South Africa at Johannesburg . Dhoni was subsequently named in the ODI team of the year by the ICC for 2006. India recorded identical 3–1 victory over West Indies and Sri Lanka in early 2007 with Dhoni averaging in excess of 100 in both the series. Subsequently, Dhoni
7072-723: The fourth Indian to score more than 1,000 ODI runs in Australia. In April 2019, he was named in India's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup . On 9 July 2019, Dhoni played in his 350th and final ODI in the semi-final loss against New Zealand . Dhoni announced his retirement from international cricket on 15 August 2020 as he had not played any international cricket since India's loss in the 2019 world cup semi-final. Dhoni played for Bihar state cricket team since 1999 before representing Jharkhand later. He has also played for Rajasthan Cricket Association President's XI, East zone and Rest of India in domestic cricket. In BCCI Corporate trophy , he played for Air India until his resignation from
7176-476: The group stage match against Afghanistan due to regular captain Rohit Sharma being unavailable, Dhoni became the first cricketer to lead India 200 times in ODIs. Dhoni aggregated 50 runs from three innings in the home series against West Indies . In the series, he effected the fastest stumping in the history of cricket, clocked at 0.08 seconds, when dismissing Keemo Paul . Dhoni was not selected for
7280-463: The high dosage required and potential for severe side effects. Atomoxetine (or reboxetine in Europe) is an adrenergic reuptake inhibitor which increases wakefulness (generally less strongly than the medications which act on dopamine) and which has been argued to have a "clear use in the therapeutic arsenal against narcolepsy and hypersomnia although undocumented by clinical trials." Ritanserin
7384-441: The highest averages in ODI cricket. Dhoni has scored more than 3200 runs across 377 T20 matches. Dhoni has taken 634 catches and effected 195 stumpings in his international career making him one of the most prolific wicket-keepers of all time. In 2007, Dhoni was appointed captain of the captain of the Indian team and served as the captain of all formats from 2008. He captained the Indian team in 332 matches including 200 ODIs and
7488-399: The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) might represent an alternative choice for symptom control in narcoleptic patients with cataplexy. rTMS may also exert intrinsic effects on hypersomnia in depressed adolescents. Mazindol is a stimulant similar to amphetamine that "has been shown to be effective in treating hypersomnia in narcoleptics." However, it is not currently approved in
7592-462: The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with the cathode over the contralateral orbit over 3 weeks period and found that seven of the eight participants (87.5%) reported improvement in their daytime sleepiness, including for up to two weeks after the end of the study. Neural networks that regulate arousal and sleep comprise a bottom-up (from the brainstem to the cortex) pathway and a top-down (corticothalamic) pathway. The bottom-up pathway emerges from
7696-622: The monicker "Captain cool". Dhoni married Sakshi Singh Rawat on 4 July 2010 in Dehradun . Dhoni and his wife have a daughter, Ziva Dhoni who was born on 6 February 2015. He lives in his farmhouse outside Ranchi. Dhoni is an automotive enthusiast and owns a number of bikes and cars in his collection. Dhoni has scored 4876 runs in Test matches at an average of 38 and 10773 runs at an average of above 50 in ODIs. He has scored 16 centuries and 106 fifties in his international career. Dhoni has one of
7800-406: The most dismissals in an innings in ODI by effecting six dismissals against England. Dhoni took his first and only wicket in international cricket on 30 September 2009 when he bowled Travis Dowlin of West Indies in the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy . However, he scored just three runs in the only match he batted with India crashing out of the series in the group stage after the match against Australia
7904-453: The natural effects of orexin in patients with insomnia. It is therefore possible that a orexin agonist may be similarly developed for the treatment of hypersomnia. Levodopa ( L -DOPA) is an amino acid and is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). As per a study of six narcoleptic patients it was found that L -DOPA improved vigilance and performance as evaluated by
8008-540: The order and helped the team qualify to the higher division. Based on his performance at club cricket, he was picked for the 1997/98 season of Vinoo Mankad Trophy under-16 championship. In the 1998–99, Dhoni played for Bihar U-19 team in the Cooch Behar Trophy and scored 176 runs in 5 matches. In the 1999–2000 Cooch Behar Trophy, the Bihar U-19 cricket team made it to the finals, where Dhoni made 84 in
8112-849: The pilot study, clarithromycin improved subjective sleepiness in GABA-related hypersomnia. In 2013, a retrospective review evaluating longer-term clarithromycin use showed efficacy in a large percentage of patients with GABA-related hypersomnia. A 2021 Cochrane study determined that the evidence is inadequate to definitively determine the efficacy of clarithromycin in the management of idiopathic hypersomnia. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2021 clinical practice guidelines conditionally suggested its use, especially for those who don't respond to other therapies. Dr. Ferini-Strambi and his colleagues in Milan, Italy, performed neurologic examinations by applying anodal tDCS by placing one electrode over
8216-455: The possible role of hyperactive GABA A receptors in IH, medications that could counteract this activity are being studied to test their potential to improve sleepiness. These currently include clarithromycin and flumazenil . Flumazenil , a GABA A receptor antagonist is approved by the FDA for use in anesthesia reversal and benzodiazepine overdose . Research has shown that flumazenil provides relief for most patients whose CSF contains
8320-800: The post of vice-president in India Cements Ltd , the company owned by former BCCI president N. Srinivasan . Dhoni is a co-owner of Chennai -based football club Chennaiyin FC , a franchise of the Indian Super League . He also co-owns Ranchi-based hockey club Ranchi Rays , a franchise of the Hockey India League . In February 2016, Dhoni launched lifestyle brand SEVEN which he co-owns while also serving as its brand ambassador. In 2019, Dhoni invested in vehicle re-seller CARS24 and simultaneously became brand ambassador of
8424-415: The quarter finals, he became the third overall and the first non-Australian captain to win 100 ODI matches. India lost to eventual champions Australia in the semi-finals with Dhoni having a good series, scoring 237 runs in six innings at an average of 59.25 and a strike rate of 102.15 and thus, became only the second Indian captain to have an average over 50 and strike rate over 100 in a particular season of
8528-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title MSD . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MSD&oldid=1185030787 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
8632-432: The scientific data supporting this claim is weak and rests on poorly documented anecdotes." Sodium oxybate (Xyrem) is an orphan drug which was designed specifically for the treatment of narcolepsy. Common side effects include nausea , dizziness , and hallucinations . A 2016 study by Leu-Semenescu et al. found sodium oxybate reduced daytime sleepiness in IH to the same degree as in patients with narcolepsy type 1, and
8736-479: The second India batsman after Sachin Tendulkar to aggregate more than thousand runs in ODIs against Australia. India toured South Africa and New Zealand in the 2013–14 season. Though Dhoni scored 84 runs at an average of 48 including one half-century against South Africa and 272 runs with three consecutive 50-plus scores against New Zealand, India lost both the series. Dhoni himself reached 8000 runs in ODI in
8840-613: The second test in Faisalabad . He scored 106 runs across three tests in the home series against England in March 2006 and 177 runs in five ODI series that followed. Dhoni dropped multiple catches and missed dismissal chances including a key stumping opportunity of Andrew Flintoff which led to criticism of his wicket-keeping. In the DLF Cup 2006-07 , Dhoni scored 43 runs as the team lost twice in three games and did not qualify for
8944-555: The series against New Zealand. Dhoni led India in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 where India finished as runners-up after losing to Sri Lanka in the final. He was named as captain and wicket-keeper of the 'Team of the Tournament' by the ICC. India won the away ODI series in England in 2014 and series against West Indies in India where Dhoni scored 146 runs across the five innings he batted. Dhoni played his last series during India's tour of Australia in December 2014. Following
9048-615: The subjective scales like ESS, IH symptom diary (IHSD) and PGIC better captures the severity of symptoms consistently. It is also important to note that whereas narcolepsy is strongly associated with the HLA-DQB1 *0602 genotype , "HLA typing is of no help in the positive diagnosis of idiopathic hypersomnia." This is "despite some reports that suggest an increase [ sic ] frequency of HLA Cw2 and DRS in idiopathic hypersomnia subjects." In patients with IH, polysomnography typically shows short sleep latency, increased mean slow wave sleep, and
9152-452: The symptoms of IH begin in adolescence or young adulthood, although they can begin at a later age. After onset, hypersomnia often worsens over several years, but it is often stable by the time of diagnosis and appears to be a lifelong condition. Spontaneous remission is only seen in 10–15% of patients. According to the limited epidemiological data that exists, IH "has more of a female preponderance (1.8/1)." Family cases are frequent, in
9256-710: The teams that won the Asia Cup in 2010 , 2016 and was a member of the title winning squad in 2018 . Born in Ranchi , Dhoni made his first class debut for Bihar in 1999. He made his debut for the Indian cricket team on 23 December 2004 in an ODI against Bangladesh and played his first test a year later against Sri Lanka . In 2007, he became the captain of the ODI side before taking over in all formats by 2008. Dhoni retired from test cricket in 2014 but continued playing in limited overs cricket till 2019. He has scored 17,266 runs in international cricket including 10,000 plus runs at an average of more than 50 in ODIs. In
9360-405: The third ODI of the South Africa tour . Though he had a relatively mediocre series scoring 79 runs in two innings at a strike rate of 63.20 during India's 2018 tour of England , he went past 10,000 ODI runs, becoming the fourth Indian and twelfth overall to do so. In the 2018 Asia Cup title winning campaign, he scored just 77 runs in four innings at an average of 19.25. While captaining in
9464-467: The third Test in Melbourne , Dhoni announced his retirement from the format. In his last test, he effected nine dismissals (eight catches and a stumping), and in the process, went past Kumar Sangakkara 's record for most stumpings in international cricket and also set a record for effecting the most dismissals in a match by an Indian wicketkeeper until it was broken by Wriddhiman Saha in 2018. In
9568-423: The three matches of the series with a century in the first ODI at Chennai. Dhoni led India to victory in the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy and became the first and the only captain in international cricket to claim all ICC limited overs trophies. In the rain-shortened final against England, India won by five runs on DLS method though Dhoni himself was out for a duck. He was also named as captain and wicketkeeper of
9672-514: The tri-nation tournament involving Kenya, India A and Pakistan A, Dhoni helped India A chase down their target of 223 against Pakistan A with a half-century and scored 362 runs in six innings at an average of 72.40 with back to back centuries. The Indian ODI team in the early 2000s saw Rahul Dravid as the wicket-keeper to ensure that the wicket-keeper spot didn't lack in batting talent and also tried other wicket-keeper/batsmen like Parthiv Patel and Dinesh Karthik . With Dhoni performing well for
9776-420: The unknown "somnogen" that enhances the function of GABA A receptors , making them more susceptible to the sleep-inducing effect of GABA. For one patient, daily administration of flumazenil by sublingual lozenge and topical cream has proven effective for several years. A 2014 case report also showed improvement in IH symptoms after treatment with a continuous subcutaneous flumazenil administration. The patient
9880-611: Was acquired by Chennai Super Kings (CSK) for US$ 1.5 million during the auction for the inaugural season of the Indian Premier League (IPL). He was the most expensive signing in the auction. Dhoni scored 414 runs to lead CSK to the finals in the first season of IPL. Under his captaincy, CSK won the 2010 edition and qualified for Champions League Twenty20 . Chennai won the 2010 Champions league . Dhoni scored 392 runs and led CSK to its second consecutive IPL title in 2011 . Dhoni led CSK to its second Champions League Twenty20 title in 2014 . Dhoni scored 2987 runs from 129 matches in
9984-403: Was awarded India's highest sport honor Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award by Government of India . He received the fourth highest civilian award Padma Shri in 2009 and third highest civilian award Padma Bhushan in 2018. Dhoni holds an honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the Parachute Regiment of the Indian Territorial Army which was presented to him by the Indian Army in 2011. He
10088-539: Was awarded a "B" grade contract by the BCCI. Dhoni made his test debut in the same month against Sri Lanka during their tour of India at Chennai . Dhoni scored 30 runs in his debut match, that was marred by rain and ended in a draw. Dhoni made his maiden half-century in the second test leading to an Indian win. Dhoni played all the matches in the subsequent tour of Pakistan scoring 219 runs in five ODI matches and 179 runs in five tests including his maiden test century in
10192-564: Was described in Wisden Almanack as 'Uninhibited, yet anything but crude'. It was also the highest individual score in ODI cricket in a run chase, a record which was broken seven years later by Shane Watson . Dhoni ended the series with the highest aggregate of 346 runs and was awarded the Man of the series . Dhoni became a regular in the Indian side after the home series against South Africa in November 2005. In December 2005, Dhoni
10296-492: Was named as captain and wicket-keeper of the ICC ODI Team of the year. Dhoni led the Indian squad for the 2011 Cricket World Cup co-hosted by India. India won its second ever ODI world cup after defeating Sri Lanka in the final with Dhoni being named man of the match for scoring an unbeaten 91. In December 2012, Pakistan toured India for a bilateral series for the first time in five years and Dhoni top-scored in all
10400-695: Was one of the most prolific and successful captains of all time. Dhoni was awarded an honorary doctorate by De Montfort University in 2011. In 2019, Jharkhand Cricket Association named the JSCA stadium 's south stand after Dhoni. In 2023, the Mumbai Cricket Association (MCA) decided to honour him by dedicating seats (J282–J286) at the Wankhede Stadium where he hit the winning shot in 2011 World Cup final . Major hypersomnolence disorder Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH)
10504-406: Was part of the squad for 2007 Cricket World Cup in which India unexpectedly crashed out in the group stage after losses to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka with Dhoni scoring ducks in both these matches and just 29 runs in the tournament. As a result, Dhoni's house in Ranchi was vandalized and damaged by activists of JMM and security was tightened for his family. Dhoni scored 91* against Bangladesh in
10608-467: Was projected to be $ 80.3 million by Duff and Phelps . Dhoni's popularity is often compared to Sachin Tendulkar, the highest run scorer in international cricket. The No.7 jersey has been made popular by Dhoni which was retired in 2023 by BCCI. Dhoni has developed a special connection with the city of Chennai whose IPL franchise he represents with fans calling him 'Thala' meaning leader in Tamil. Dhoni
10712-400: Was treated with a short-term subcutaneous administration through 96-hour continuous low dose (4 mg/day) infusion of flumazenil, followed by a slow-release long term subcutaneous administration through flumazenil implant. Clarithromycin , an antibiotic approved by the FDA for the treatment of infections, was found to return the function of the GABA system to normal in patients with IH. In
10816-473: Was washed out. Dhoni averaged more than 60 in the 2008-09 season . Dhoni scored two centuries during Sri Lanka's tour of India in November 2009 which India won to achieve the top ranking in ICC test ranking for the first time in its history. Dhoni had an excellent year in ODIs in 2009, scoring 1198 runs in just 24 innings, at an average of 70.43 and topped the ICC ODI batsman rankings for several months. He
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