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33-756: The tunnel is part of the Gümüşova - Gerede Highway O-4 / E80 within the Trans-European Motorway project, which was carried out by the Turkish Bayındır and Italian Astaldi joint venture since April 16, 1993. The total cost of the tunnel is about US$ 300 million. It has twin 17-metre-wide (56 ft) bores carrying three lanes of traffic in each direction. The tunnel crosses the North Anatolian Fault . The November 12, 1999 Düzce earthquake (MW=7.2) caused substantial damage to

66-588: A graffito exists in which he referred to himself as Evliya-yı Gülşenî ("Evliya of the Gülşenî"). A devout Muslim opposed to fanaticism, Evliya could recite the Quran from memory and joked freely about Islam. Though employed as a clergyman and entertainer at the Imperial Court of Sultan Murad IV , Evliya refused employment that would keep him from travelling. Çelebi had studied vocal and instrumental music as

99-514: A large amount of buying and selling occurred in Mecca during the pilgrimage season. He wrote one of history's longest and most ambitious accounts of travel writing in any language, the Seyahatnâme . Although many of the descriptions in the Seyahatnâme were written in an exaggerated manner or were plainly inventive fiction or third-source misinterpretation, his notes remain a useful guide to

132-553: A pupil of a renowned Khalwati dervish by the name of 'Umar Gulshani, and his musical gifts earned him much favor at the Imperial Palace, impressing even the chief musician Amir Guna. He was also trained in the theory of music called ilm al-musiqi . His journal-writing began in Istanbul, with the taking of notes on buildings, markets, customs and culture, and in 1640 it was augmented with accounts of his travels beyond

165-616: A rival council at Philippopolis. Paulus stood firm against the Empress Aelia Eudoxia in her persecution of John Chrysostom in 403. Plato was a member of a synod that met in 518. Abramius took part in the synod called in 536 by Patriarch Menas of Constantinople . No longer a residential bishopric, Cratia is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . Under the Ottoman Empire , Gerede

198-2049: Is 1450 meters, and it is located on 407 square meter area. Esentepe Natural Park has te centennial trees which have long history. In 1988, after opening a 100-bed capacity 3-star hotel in Esentepe Natural Park, the number of foreign and domestic tourists has increased. Due to its nearness, the number of visitors coming from Ankara and Istanbul has also increased. Gerede has a very rich variety of flora and fauna . In this region red deer , roe deer , wild boar , grey wolf , red fox , golden jackal , marten , brown bear , European badger , hedgehog , shrew , Eurasian lynx , wild cat , jungle cat , hare , mole , stoat , weasel , mallard duck , common pochard , ruddy shelduck , red-breasted goose , greylag goose , golden eagle , eastern imperial eagle , greater spotted eagle , rough-legged buzzard , long-legged buzzard , common buzzard , Eurasian eagle-owl , long-eared owl , little owl , barn owl , European bee-eater , goldcrest , short-toed eagle , western marsh harrier , northern goshawk , Eurasian sparrowhawk , black kite , hen harrier , saker falcon , barbary falcon , Eurasian hobby , common kestrel , red-footed falcon , great spotted woodpecker , green woodpecker , hoopoe , blue-cheeked bee-eater , white stork , black stork , raven , common quail , partridge , common kingfisher , red squirrel , southern crested newt , banded newt , smooth newt , common toad , European green toad , European tree frog , European spadefoot toad , agile frog , long-legged wood frog , marsh frog , Caspian turtle , spur-thighed tortoise , stellion , slowworm , sheltopusik , Darevskia , European green lizard , Balkan green lizard , Ophisops elegans , common wall lizard , grass snake , Caspian whipsnake , Coronella austriaca , Aesculapian snake , Elaphe quatuorlineata , dice snake , otter , various rodents, various carps like fish and trouts are found. Vegetation

231-519: Is a town in Bolu Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey . It is located on the highway from Istanbul to Ankara (approximately 150 km (93.21 mi) from Ankara, where the road to the Black Sea coast branches off). It is the seat of Gerede District . Its population is 23,547 (2021). Elevation is about 1,300 m. The mayor is Mustafa Allar ( AKP ). In Roman times, the town

264-580: Is unclear whether he was in Istanbul or Cairo at the time. Çelebi claimed to have encountered Native Americans as a guest in Rotterdam during his visit of 1663. He wrote: "[they] cursed those priests, saying, 'Our world used to be peaceful, but it has been filled by greedy people, who make war every year and shorten our lives.'" While visiting Vienna in 1665–66, Çelebi noted some similarities between words in German and Persian , an early observation of

297-414: Is winter resistant conifer forests. On the mountains pure fir and spruce forests occupies a very large area. At lower elevations Scots pine , black pine , oak , beech , hornbeam , elm , maple , hazel etc. are found. Evliya %C3%87elebi Dervish Mehmed Zillî (25 March 1611 – 1682), known as Evliya Çelebi ( Ottoman Turkish : اوليا چلبى ), was an Ottoman explorer who travelled through

330-716: The Ottoman court , his father, Dervish Mehmed Zilli, as a jeweller, and his mother as an Abkhazian relation of the grand vizier Melek Ahmed Pasha . In his book, Evliya Çelebi traces his paternal genealogy back to Ahmad Yasawi , the earliest known Turkic poet and an early Sufi mystic. Evliya Çelebi received a court education from the Imperial ulama (scholars). He may have joined the Gulshani Sufi order, as he shows an intimate knowledge of their khanqah in Cairo , and

363-607: The Parthenon 's sculptures and described the building as "like some impregnable fortress not made by human agency." He composed a poetic supplication that the Parthenon, as "a work less of human hands than of Heaven itself, should remain standing for all time." Of oil merchants in Baku Çelebi wrote: "By Allah's decree oil bubbles up out of the ground, but in the manner of hot springs, pools of water are formed with oil congealed on

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396-645: The Second Council of Constantinople (553), Georgius at the Third Council of Constantinople (680–681), Constantinus or Constans at the Second Council of Nicea (787), Basilius at the Council of Constantinople (869) , as well as at the Council of Constantinople (879) . In addition, Philetus was one of the Eastern Arian bishops who withdrew from the Council of Sardica in about 344 and set up

429-671: The "Kılab" or Llapi river as having its source in Arnavudluk (Albania) and by extension the Sitnica as being part of that river. Çelebi also included the central mountains of Kosovo within Arnavudluk. Çelebi travelled extensively throughout Albania , visiting it on 3 occasions. He visited Tirana , Lezha , Shkodra and Bushat in 1662, Delvina , Gjirokastra , Tepelena , Skrapar , Përmet , Berat , Kanina , Vlora , Bashtova, Durrës , Kavaja , Peqin , Elbasan , and Pogradec in 1670. In 1667 Çelebi expressed his marvel at

462-575: The 17th century, mentioned the northeast of Bulgaria as the Uz (Oğuz) region, and that a Turkish speaking Muslim society named Çıtak consisting of medium-sized, cheerful and strong people lived in Silistra , and also known as the "Dobruca Çitakları" in Dobruja . He also emphasizes that "Çıtaklar" is made up of a mixture of Tatars , Vlachs , and Bulgarians . In 1660 Çelebi went to Kosovo and referred to

495-453: The Crimea but only 187,000 free Muslims. In contrast to many European and some Jewish travelogues of Syria and Palestine in the 17th century, Çelebi wrote one of the few detailed travelogues from an Islamic point of view. Çelebi visited Palestine twice, once in 1649 and once in 1670–1. An English translation of the first part, with some passages from the second, was published in 1935–1940 by

528-610: The Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi . Four months following the initial opening, on May 7, the Ankara-Istanbul direction (3,125 m (10,253 ft)) became operational. Speed in the tunnel is limited to 70 km/h (43 mph). Dangerous goods carriers are not permitted to use the tunnel. [REDACTED] Media related to Mount Bolu Tunnel at Wikimedia Commons Gerede Gerede

561-694: The central part of the region as Arnavud (آرناوود) and noted that in Vushtrri its inhabitants were speakers of Albanian or Turkish and few spoke Bosnian . The highlands around the Tetovo , Peja and Prizren areas Çelebi considered as being the "mountains of Arnavudluk". Çelebi referred to the "mountains of Peja" as being in Arnavudluk (آرناوودلق) and considered the Ibar river that converged in Mitrovica as forming Kosovo's border with Bosnia . He viewed

594-705: The confines of the city. The collected notes of his travels form a ten-volume work called the Seyahâtname ("Travelogue"). Departing from the Ottoman literary convention of the time, he wrote in a mixture of vernacular and high Turkish, with the effect that the Seyahatname has remained a popular and accessible reference work about life in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century, including two chapters on musical instruments . Evliya Çelebi died in 1684, it

627-407: The culture and lifestyles of the 17th century Ottoman Empire. The first volume deals exclusively with Istanbul, the final volume with Egypt. Currently there is no English translation of the entire Seyahatnâme , although there are translations of various parts. The longest single English translation was published in 1834 by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall , an Austrian orientalist: it may be found under

660-434: The name "Evliya Efendi." Von Hammer-Purgstall's work covers the first two volumes (Istanbul and Anatolia ) but its language is antiquated. Other translations include Erich Prokosch's nearly complete translation into German of the tenth volume, the 2004 introductory work entitled The World of Evliya Çelebi: An Ottoman Mentality written by Robert Dankoff , and Dankoff and Sooyong Kim's 2010 translation of select excerpts of

693-704: The regions. By the time of Çelebi's arrival, many of the towns visited were affected by the Cossacks, and the only place in Crimea he reported as safe was the Ottoman fortress at Arabat . Çelebi wrote of the slave trade in the Crimea: A man who had not seen this market, had not seen anything in this world. A mother is severed from her son and daughter there, a son—from his father and brother, and they are sold amongst lamentations, cries of help, weeping and sorrow. Çelebi estimated that there were about 400,000 slaves in

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726-829: The relationship between what would later be known as two Indo-European languages . Çelebi visited Crete and in book II describes the fall of Chania to the Sultan; in book VIII he recounts the Candia campaign . During his travels in the Balkan regions of the Ottoman Empire Çelebi visited various regions of the modern-day Croatia including northern Dalmatia , parts of Slavonia , Međimurje and Banija . He recorded variety of historiographic and ethnographic sources. They included descriptions of first-hand encounters, third-party narrator witnesses, and invented elements. Çelebi traveled to Circassia as well, in 1640. He commented on

759-485: The self-taught Palestinian scholar Stephan Hanna Stephan who worked for the Palestine Department of Antiquities . Significant are the many references to Palestine, or "Land of Palestine", and Evliya notes, "All chronicles call this country Palestine." Evliya reported that the sheriffs of Mecca promoted trade in the region by encouraging fairs from the wealthy merchants. Evliya went on to explain that

792-548: The surface like cream. Merchants wade into these pools and collect the oil in ladles and fill goatskins with it, these oil merchants then sell them in different regions. Revenues from this oil trade are delivered annually directly to the Safavid Shah ." Evliya Çelebi remarked on the impact of Cossack raids from Azak upon the territories of the Crimean Khanate , destroying trade routes and severely depopulating

825-489: The ten volumes, An Ottoman Traveller: Selections from the Book of Travels of Evliya Çelebi . Evliya is noted for having collected samples of the languages in each region he traveled in. There are some 30 Turkic dialects and languages cataloged in the Seyahatnâme . Çelebi notes the similarities between several words from the German and Persian , though he denies any common Indo-European heritage. The Seyahatnâme also contains

858-524: The territory of the Ottoman Empire and neighboring lands during the empire's cultural zenith. He travelled for over 40 years, recording his commentary in a travelogue called the Seyahatnâme ("Book of Travel"). The name Çelebi is an honorific meaning "gentleman" or "man of God". Evliya Çelebi was born in Istanbul in 1611 to a wealthy family from Kütahya . Both his parents were attached to

891-467: The town's celebrated bridge , 28 meters long and 20 meters high. Çelebi wrote that it "is like a rainbow arch soaring up to the skies, extending from one cliff to the other. ...I, a poor and miserable slave of Allah, have passed through 16 countries, but I have never seen such a high bridge. It is thrown from rock to rock as high as the sky." Evliya Çelebi, who traveled around Anatolia and the Balkans in

924-406: The tunnel and viaducts, which were under construction at the time of the earthquake. On September 4, 2005 the excavation of the tunnel in the Istanbul - Ankara direction was finished. The excavation for the tunnel in the Ankara-Istanbul direction was completed by the beginning of August 2005. The Istanbul-Ankara direction (3,014 m (9,888 ft)) was opened to traffic on January 23, 2007 by

957-540: The women's beauty and talked about the absence of mosques and bazaars despite being a Muslim country. He talks about the hospitality of Circassians and mentions that he could not write the Circassian language using letters, and compared the language to a "magpie shout". Evliya Çelebi visited the town of Mostar , then in Ottoman Bosnia . He wrote that the name Mostar means "bridge-keeper", in reference to

990-415: The wood of Esentepe . A number of Turkish football teams have their summer training camps here, attracted by the fresh mountain air. Esentepe also has ski slopes and cross-country skiing in winter. History of Gerede district in which Esentepe Natural Park is located goes back to AC 3-4th century. Esentepe Natural Park is a beautiful place in which unique antique trees. The height of the Esentepe Natural Park

1023-535: Was an established town and was visited by the 16th-century traveller Evliya Çelebi , who described a town of 1,000 homes and 10 mosques, with a military base. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Gerede was part of the Kastamonu Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire . For many the name Gerede evokes Hüsrev Gerede , a key companion of Atatürk in the Turkish War of Independence (of 1919-1922). He

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1056-550: Was called Cratia (Κρατεία) and was part of the Roman province of Honorias , whose capital was Claudiopolis in Honoriade . Cratia was a metropolitan see, also called Flaviopolis or Flavianopolis. The names of some its bishops are known because of their participation in ecumenical councils : Epiphanius at the Council of Ephesus (431), Genethlius represented by the priest Eulogius at the Council of Chalcedon (451), Diogenes at

1089-437: Was later given the surname Gerede for his success in leading the town's rebellion against the occupying forces during that conflict. Gerede today is a small town with a number of tanneries and leather workshops, but even though the highway is so close the town is growing slowly, perhaps because of the forbidding climate. Gerede has many high meadows ( yayla ) and places in the forest for walking and picnics, particularly near

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