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95-564: The Monti Sabatini is a geologic region in Lazio , central Italy , a remnant of intense volcanism which started ca. 600,000 years ago, mainly with pyroclastic and maar forming eruptions which continued until 100,000 years ago. The region is classified as a dormant volcanic district. The mountains are part of the Lazio's Anti-Apennines . Included between the Monti Sabatini

190-837: A continuation of the Apennines of Abruzzo: the Reatini Mountains with Terminillo (2,213 m), Mounts Sabini, Prenestini , Simbruini and Ernici which continue east of the Liri into the Mainarde Mountains . The highest peak is Mount Gorzano (2,458 m) on the border with Abruzzo. The region's climate , monitored by several dozen meteorological stations (many of which managed by the Lazio Regional Hydrographic and Mareographic Office), shows considerable variability from area to area. In general, along

285-529: A land area of 17,242 km (6,657 sq mi) and it has borders with Tuscany , Umbria , and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. The region is mainly hilly (56%) and mountainous (26%), with some plains (20%) along the coast and the Tiber valley. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of sandy beaches, punctuated by

380-756: A limited part of the current region, between the lower course of the Tiber , the Tyrrhenian Sea , the Monti Sabini and the Pontine Marshes . At the end of the World War II and the fall of the Fascist regime , from the end of the 1950s Lazio and Italy saw rapid economic growth , in particular in Rome it is remembered as the period of the " Dolce Vita " in which Rome was the fulcrum of worldly life, of

475-519: A moral object, three elements which we shall find again in the Divine Comedy . Francesco da Barberino , a learned lawyer who was secretary to bishops , a judge , and a notary , wrote two little allegorical poems, the Documenti d'amore and Del reggimento e dei costumi delle donne . The poems today are generally studied not as literature, but for historical context. A fourth allegorical work

570-422: A population of 5,714,882 million (as of 31 December 2021), Lazio is the second-most populated region of Italy. The overall population density in the region is 341 inhabitants per km . However, the population density widely ranges from almost 800 inhabitants per km in the highly urbanized Rome metropolitan area to less than 60 inhabitants per km in the mountainous and rural province of Rieti . As of January 2023,

665-457: A strong linguistic and cultural identity, it is sometimes considered "a nation within a nation". Tuscany is the second-most-popular Italian region for travellers in Italy , after Veneto . The main tourist spots are Florence , Castiglione della Pescaia , Pisa , San Gimignano , Lucca , Grosseto and Siena . The town of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in

760-503: A title, usually without even a formal office. These rulers presided over the Florentine Renaissance . There was a return to the republic from 1494 to 1512, when first Girolamo Savonarola then Piero Soderini oversaw the state. Cardinal Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici retook the city with Spanish forces in 1512, before going to Rome to become Pope Leo X . Florence was dominated by a series of papal proxies until 1527 when

855-563: A vast alluvial plain surrounding the city of Rome, with an area of approximately 2,100 km (811 sq mi). The southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino , a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. The Preapennines of Latium, marked by the Tiber Valley and the Liri with the Sacco tributary, include on the right of

950-430: Is pasta . Dishes first attested inside the region's borders include: Guanciale is used in several sauces. Guanciale is the cut of pork obtained from the cheek of the pig, crossed by lean veins of muscle with a component of valuable fat, of a composition different from lardo ("back fat") and pancetta ("belly fat"): the consistency is harder than pancetta and it possesses a more distinctive flavor. Guanciale

1045-569: Is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres (8,900 square miles) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ). Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, artistic legacy, and its influence on high culture . It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and of the foundations of the Italian language . The prestige established by

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1140-516: Is a considerable proportion, but is justified by the presence of Rome, which is the core of public administration, media, utility, telecommunication, transport, tourism and other sectors. Many national and multinational corporations, public and private, have their headquarters in Rome ( ENI , Italiana Petroli , Enel , Acea , Terna , TIM , Poste italiane , Leonardo , ITA Airways , Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane , RAI ). Lazio's limited industrial sector and highly developed service industries allowed

1235-403: Is a thriving sector especially as regards tourism linked to art and monuments and places of interest in the region ( Rome in particular), religious tourism (Rome and the sanctuaries of Lazio), summer seaside tourism especially in upper and lower Lazio ( Santa Marinella , Ladispoli , Anzio , Nettuno , Sabaudia , San Felice Circeo , Terracina , Sperlonga , Gaeta ) and summer/winter tourism in

1330-517: Is blind to blasons but not to a good heart when it finds one: when it succeeds it is the result of the spiritual, not physical affinity between two souls. Guinizzelli's democratic view can be better understood in the light of the greater equality and freedom enjoyed by the city-states of the center-north and the rise of a middle class eager to legitimise itself in the eyes of the old nobility, still regarded with respect and admiration but dispossessed of its political power. Guinizelli's Canzoni make up

1425-709: Is even less with 7%, compared with 12% from tourism. Since a large part of Lazio's GDP is produced by the service sector , with high value added . Firms are often small to medium in size and operate in the There is some R&D activity in high technology : IBM ( IBM Rome Software Lab ), Ericsson , Leonardo Electronics (Rome-Tiburtina, Rome-Laurentina, Pomezia , Latina ), Rheinmetall ("Radar House") and tire industry: Bridgestone (R&D center in Rome and proving grounds in Aprilia ). The most distinctive industry in Lazio

1520-524: Is immensely vast and rich in cultural diversity. Some of the greatest artists and historical figures lived and worked in Rome, particularly during the Italian Renaissance period, such as Donato Bramante , Raphael , Leonardo da Vinci , Filippo Brunelleschi , Donatello , Michelangelo , Caravaggio , Gian Lorenzo Bernini , Francesco Borromini , Pietro da Cortona , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Peter Paul Rubens , Anthony van Dyck and Diego Velázquez . In remote antiquity, Lazio ( Latium ) included only

1615-613: Is indelibly connected with the name of Guido d'Arezzo , the 11th-century monk who invented modern musical notation and the do-re-mi system of naming notes of the scale; Lucca hosted possibly the greatest Italian composer of Verismo , Giacomo Puccini together with Alfredo Catalani , while Pietro Mascagni was born in Livorno ; and Siena is well known for the Accademia Musicale Chigiana , an organization that currently sponsors major musical activities such as

1710-520: Is made from Moraiolo, Leccino and Frantoiano olives. White truffles from San Miniato appear in October and November. Beef of the highest quality comes from the Chiana Valley , specifically, a breed known as Chianina used for Florentine steak . The indigenous Cinta Senese breed of pork is also produced. Wine is a famous and common produce of Tuscany. The red wine Chianti is perhaps

1805-575: Is one of the most visited regions in Italy and Europe and one of the first in terms of number of international presences. Rome is the most visited city in Italy with around 30 million visitors per year. Among the most visited sites of interest include the Colosseum and Imperial fora , Castel Sant'Angelo and the complex of Hadrian's Villa and Villa d'Este , among the museum itineraries the Pantheon ,

1900-486: Is production of household chemicals, pharmaceutical, hygiene goods and medical products: Sigma-Tau , Johnson & Johnson , Procter & Gamble , Colgate Palmolive , Henkel , Pfizer , Abbott , Catalent , Angelini , Menarini , Biopharma, Wepa . From fruits the most important are kiwifruit (1st place in Italy) and hazel nuts "Nocciola romana". Italy itself is the second largest producer of kiwifruit worldwide and

1995-419: Is salted pork fat, different from bacon , which is smoked. It is a typical product of Lazio, Umbria and Abruzzo . Another important ingredient is pecorino romano cheese . Vegetables are common, artichokes (" carciofi ") being among the most popular: Other popular vegetables are romanesco broccoli , asparagus , fava bean , cima di rapa , romaine lettuce , pumpkin , zucchini and chicory . In

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2090-619: Is the Lake Bracciano , which is a volcanotectonic depression formed about 3.7 Ma, and the Lake Martignano . The sedimentary base of the Sabatini complex lies buried under 200 m (660 ft) of volcanic ash and rocks . The highest point is Monte Rocca Romana (a postcaldera stratocone ), at 612 m (2,008 ft). Other mountains in the area include Monti della Tolfa , Monte Soratte , and more southwards, by

2185-530: Is the one with the highest number of hours of sunshine and days with clear skies during the year. The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium , the region of the Latins , Latini in the Latin language spoken by them and passed on to the Latin city-state of Ancient Rome . Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic , including, for example, Etruscans, Sabines and other Italics besides

2280-488: Is vested in the Regional Council ( Consiglio Regionale ). Rome is centre-left politically oriented by tradition, while the rest of Lazio is centre-right oriented. In the 2008 general election , Lazio gave 44.2% of its vote to the centre-right coalition, while the centre-left block took 41.4% of vote. In the 2013 general election , Lazio gave 40.7% of its vote to the centre-left block coalition, 29.3% to

2375-408: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake . Agriculture, crafts, animal husbandry and fishery are the main traditional sources of income. Agriculture is characterized by the cultivation of wine grapes, fruit, vegetables and olives. Lazio is the main growing region of kiwi in Italy. Approximately 73% of the working population are employed in the services sector, which contribute 85.8% of regional GDP; this

2470-825: The Byzantine Empire , the region became the property of the Eastern Emperor as the Duchy of Rome . However, the long wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Pope acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome. The strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords ( Baroni ) and

2565-506: The Gardens of Bomarzo , the Abbey of Fossanova , Monte Cassino Abbey and Farfa Abbey . Lazio has many small and picturesque villages, 25 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of

2660-652: The Goths (Eastern - Ostrogoths and Western - Visigoths ), then was re-conquered by the revived Eastern Roman Empire (later Byzantine Empire ) under the Emperor Justinian . In the years following 572, the Lombards arrived and designated Lucca the capital of their subsequent Tuscia . Pilgrims travelling along the Via Francigena between Rome and France brought wealth and development during

2755-557: The Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea , among which is the Tuscan Archipelago , of which the most significant island is Elba . Tuscany has an area of approximately 22,993 square kilometres (8,878 sq mi). Surrounded and crossed by major mountain chains and with few (but fertile) plains, the region has a relief that is dominated by hilly country used for agriculture . Hills make up nearly two-thirds (66.5%) of

2850-916: The Monti Cornicolani . 42°10′N 12°15′E  /  42.167°N 12.250°E  / 42.167; 12.250 Lazio Lazio is rich in a multi-millennial heritage: it was the home of the Etruscan civilization , then stood at the center of the Roman Republic , of the Roman Empire , of the Papal States , of the Kingdom of Italy and of the Italian Republic . The historical, artistic, cultural, architectural, archaeological and religious heritage of Lazio

2945-566: The Romans by the first century BCE. From the Etruscans, Tuscany took the name of Etruria, Tuscia for the Romans and subsequently Tuscania and Tuscany. While the areas of north-western Tuscany were inhabited by the ancient Ligures . In northwestern Tuscany, the area between the Arno and Magra rivers was culturally aligned with the Etruscans in the early Iron Age, and came under Ligurian control in

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3040-450: The chyme (mass of partly digested food) is left inside. Typical dishes of this style are: Traditional meat dishes include saltimbocca alla romana (veal wrapped with prosciutto di Parma DOP and sage and cooked in white wine, butter and flour) and abbacchio alla romana (roasted lamb with garlic, rosemary, pepper and chopped prosciutto ). The region gives its name to the professional football club SS Lazio that plays in

3135-545: The coast , there is a mediterranean climate , the temperature values vary between 9–10 °C (48–50 °F) in January and 24–25 °C (75–77 °F) in July. Towards the interior, the climate is more continental and, on the hills, winters are cold and at night, temperatures can be quite frigid. With particular regard to the sunshine duration , it should also be noted that, among the regional capital cities in Italy, Rome

3230-804: The medieval period . The food and shelter required by these travellers fuelled the growth of communities around churches and taverns. The conflict between the Guelphs and Ghibellines , factions supporting the Papacy or the Holy Roman Empire in central and northern Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries, split the Tuscan people. The two factions gave rise to several powerful and rich medieval communes in Tuscany: Arezzo , Florence , Lucca , Pisa , and Siena . Balance between these communes

3325-686: The province of Pistoia : In the province of Prato : In the province of Siena : Apart from standard Italian , the Tuscan dialect ( dialetto toscano ) is spoken in Tuscany. The Italian language is based historically on literary Tuscan, specifically the Florentine dialect . It became the language of culture for all the people of Italy, thanks to the prestige of the masterpieces of Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini . It would later become

3420-673: The ski resorts of the Lazio Apennines ( Monte Terminillo , Leonessa , Cittareale , Monte Livata, Campo Staffi and Campocatino, Altipiani di Arcinazzo ). Other points of interest in the region are the area of the Roman Castles , located south-east of the city of Rome, around the Alban Hills , made up of a group of towns and cities, partly in the territory of Latium Vetus , surrounded by the Roman Campagna . Also

3515-418: The 13th century, there were several major allegorical poems . One of these is by Brunetto Latini , who was a close friend of Dante. His Tesoretto is a short poem, in seven-syllable verses, rhyming in couplets, in which the author professes to be lost in a wilderness and to meet with a lady, who represents Nature, from whom he receives much instruction. We see here the vision, the allegory, the instruction with

3610-475: The Italian Serie A . The region has two professional clubs in the top flight, the other being AS Roma , who also play in the highest division of Italian football. Combined, the two have won five Italian championships with Roma winning three and Lazio two. The main sports stadium in Lazio is Stadio Olimpico in Rome which has housed both teams for a prolonged time and hosts Derby della Capitale between

3705-622: The Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 615,108 foreign-born immigrants live in Lazio, equal to 11.1% of the total regional population. Lazio has a system of representative democracy in which the President of the Region ( Presidente della Regione ) is the head of government and of a pluriform multi-party system . Executive power is vested in the regional government ( Giunta Regionale ) and legislative power

3800-514: The Latini, the latter were the dominant constituent. In Roman mythology , the tribe of the Latini took their name from King Latinus . Apart from the mythical derivation of Lazio given by the ancients as the place where Saturn , ruler of the golden age in Latium, hid (latuisset) from Jupiter there, a major modern etymology is that Lazio comes from the Latin word "latus", meaning "wide", expressing

3895-741: The Papal States, so that these territories became provincial administrations of St. Peter's estate; governors in Viterbo , in Marittima and Campagna , and in Frosinone administered them for the papacy. Lazio was part of the short-lived Roman Republic , after which it became a puppet state of the First French Republic under the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte . Lazio was returned to the Papal States in October 1799. In 1809, it

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3990-622: The Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Innocent III tried to strengthen his own territorial power, wishing to assert his authority in the provincial administrations of Tuscia, Campagna and Marittima through the Church's representatives, in order to reduce the power of the Colonna family . Other popes tried to do the same. During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France (1309–1377),

4085-457: The Sicilians was led by Dante da Maiano , but its literary originality took another line – that of humorous and satirical poetry. The democratic form of government created a style of poetry that stood strongly against the medieval mystic and chivalrous style. Devout invocation of God or a lady came from the cloister and the castle ; in the streets of the cities everything that had gone before

4180-750: The Siena Music Week and the Alfredo Casella International Composition Competition. Other important musical centres in Tuscany include Pisa and Grosseto . Several famous writers and poets are from Tuscany, most notably Florentine author Dante Alighieri . Tuscany's literary scene particularly thrived in the 13th century and the Renaissance. In Tuscany, especially in the Middle Ages, popular love poetry existed. A school of imitators of

4275-401: The Tiber, three groups of mountains of volcanic origin: the Volsini , Cimini and Sabatini , whose largest former craters are occupied by the Bolsena , Vico and Bracciano lakes. To the south of the Tiber, other mountain groups form part of the Preapennines: the Alban Hills , also of volcanic origin, and the calcareous Lepini , Ausoni and Aurunci Mountains . The Apennines of Latium are

4370-422: The Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. Lazio GDP growth from 2013 to 2017 in euro : In 2019 there were 657,855 companies, 10.8% of the national total. The table below shows the GDP, produced in Lazio at current market prices in 2006, expressed in millions of euros, broken down into the main economic macro-activities: The unemployment rate stood at 7.7% in 2022. With

4465-572: The Tuscan dialect's use in literature by Dante Alighieri , Petrarch , Giovanni Boccaccio , Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini led to its subsequent elaboration as the language of culture throughout Italy. It has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science, and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti . Tuscany is also known for its wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano , Brunello di Montalcino and white Vernaccia di San Gimignano . Having

4560-444: The added lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium, the older, smaller region. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria . The emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia , dividing it into eleven regions. The part of today's Lazio south of the Tiber river – together with the present region of Campania immediately to

4655-459: The areas around Lake Bracciano and Lake Bolsena , Lazio is home to 14 lakes of volcanic origin. One of the most important archaeological park in Italy is Ostia Antica , known as the port of ancient Rome, Ostia was a city of the Latium Vetus, located near the mouth of the Tiber river . Civita di Bagnoregio , also known as "the dying city", has become a popular tourist destination in the country. According to Istat data relating to 2018, Lazio

4750-428: The bible of Dolce Stil Novo , and one in particular, "Al cor gentil" ("To a Kind Heart") is considered the manifesto of the new movement which would bloom in Florence under Cavalcanti , Dante and their followers. His poetry has some of the faults of the school of d'Arezzo. Nevertheless, he marks a great development in the history of Italian art, especially because of his close connection with Dante's lyric poetry . In

4845-409: The capital, Florence , Empoli , and Pisa . The climate is fairly mild in the coastal areas, and is harsher and rainy in the interior, with considerable fluctuations in temperature between winter and summer, giving the region a soil-building active freeze-thaw cycle, in part accounting for the region once having served as a key breadbasket of ancient Rome . The pre-Etruscan history of the area in

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4940-460: The central European Urnfield culture system. Following this, at the beginning of the Iron Age , the Villanovan culture ( c.  900  – c.  700 BC), regarded as the oldest phase of Etruscan civilization , saw Tuscany, and the rest of Etruria, taken over by chiefdoms . City-states developed in the late Villanovan (paralleling Greece and the Aegean) before " Orientalization " occurred. The Etruscans (Latin: Tusci ) created

5035-421: The centre-right coalition and 20.2 to the Five Star Movement . The current president of Lazio is Francesco Rocca , independent politician and former president of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , in office in the centre-right coalition . Lazio is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan (province-level) city : One of the most famous forms of food in Lazio

5130-542: The citizens declared the republic again, only to have it taken from them again in 1530 after a siege by an Imperial and Spanish army. At this point Pope Clement VII and Charles V appointed Alessandro de' Medici as the first formal hereditary ruler. The Sienese commune was not incorporated into Tuscany until 1555, and during the 15th century, Siena enjoyed a cultural 'Sienese Renaissance' with its own more conservative character. Lucca remained an independent republic until 1847 when it became part of Grand Duchy of Tuscany by

5225-405: The country be ruled by his son. The dynasty of the Lorena ruled Tuscany until 1860, except during the Napoleonic period , when most of the country was annexed to the French Empire . After the Second Italian War of Independence , a revolution evicted the last Grand Duke, and after a plebiscite, Tuscany became part of the new Kingdom of Italy . From 1864 to 1870 Florence became the second capital of

5320-432: The cuisine of Lazio, spices are widely used. Among the most used are lesser cat-mint , called in Rome " mentuccia " (for artichokes and mushrooms), squaw mint , called in Rome " menta romana " (for lamb and tripe), laurel , rosemary , sage , juniper , chili and grated truffle . Although Roman and Lazio cuisine use cheap ingredients like vegetable and pasta, poor people needed a source of protein. Therefore, they used

5415-436: The feudal lords' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome. Small communes, and Rome above all, opposed the lords' increasing power, and with Cola di Rienzo , they tried to present themselves as antagonists of the ecclesiastical power. However, between 1353 and 1367, the papacy regained control of Lazio and the rest of the Papal States . From the middle of the 16th century, the papacy politically unified Lazio with

5510-420: The first major civilization in this region, large enough to establish a transport infrastructure, to implement agriculture and mining and to produce vibrant art. The Etruscans lived in the area of Etruria well into prehistory. The civilization grew to fill the area between the Arno and Tiber from the tenth century BCE, reaching its peak during the seventh and sixth centuries B.C., finally succumbing to

5605-423: The first year." In 1630, Florence and Tuscany were once again ravaged by the plague . Tuscany, especially Florence , is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance . Though "Tuscany" remained a linguistic, cultural, and geographic conception rather than a political reality, in the 15th century, Florence extended its dominion in Tuscany through the annexation of Arezzo in 1384, the purchase of Pisa in 1405, and

5700-400: The headlands of Cape Circeo (541 m) and Gaeta (171 m). The Pontine Islands , which are part of Lazio, are off Lazio's southern coast. Behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale (the continuation of the Tuscan Maremma), a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains (616 m). The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna ,

5795-455: The historical centre of San Gimignano (1990); the historical centre of Siena (1995); the historical centre of Pienza (1996); the Val d'Orcia (2004), the Medici Villas and Gardens (2013), and Montecatini Terme as part of the Great Spa Towns of Europe (2021). Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves , making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations. In 2018, Florence alone had over 5 million arrivals, making it

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5890-404: The idea of "flat land" meaning the Roman Campagna . Much of Lazio is in fact flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites , the Marsi , the Hernici , the Aequi , the Aurunci and the Volsci , all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum,

5985-423: The introduction of aqueducts and sewers, and the construction of many buildings, both public and private. However, many of these structures have been destroyed by erosion due to weather. The Roman civilization in the West of the Roman Republic and later Roman Empire collapsed in the fifth century, and the region fell briefly to barbarians migrating through the Empire from Eastern Europe and Central Asia of

6080-413: The kingdom. Under Benito Mussolini , the area came under the dominance of local Fascist leaders such as Dino Perrone Compagni (from Florence), and Costanzo and Galeazzo Ciano (from Livorno ). Following the fall of Mussolini and the armistice of 8 September 1943, Tuscany became part of the Nazi-controlled Italian Social Republic and was conquered almost totally by the Anglo-American forces during

6175-497: The late Iron Age. One reason for the eventual demise of this civilization was the increasing absorption by surrounding cultures, including the adoption of the Etruscan upper class by the Romans. Soon after absorbing Etruria (to the north, northeast, east, and a strip to the south), Rome established the cities of Lucca , Pisa , Siena , and Florence , endowed the area with new technologies and development, and ensured peace. These developments included extensions of existing roads,

6270-406: The main cities, such as Florence and Siena , but also in smaller villages scattered around the region, such as San Gimignano . Tuscany has a unique artistic legacy, and Florence is one of the world's most important water-colour centres, even so that it is often nicknamed the "art palace of Italy" (the region is also believed to have the largest concentration of Renaissance art and architecture in

6365-425: The medieval period and the Renaissance, four main Tuscan art schools competed against each other: the Florentine School , the Sienese School , the Pisan School, and the Lucchese School . In the province of Arezzo : In the province of Florence : In the Province of Grosseto : In the province of Livorno : In the province of Lucca : In the province of Massa and Carrara : In the province of Pisa : In

6460-471: The middle and late Bronze parallels that of the archaic Greeks . The Tuscan area was inhabited by peoples of the so-called Apennine culture in the second millennium BC ( c.  1400  – c.  1150 BC) who had trading relationships with the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations in the Aegean Sea , and, at the end of the Bronze Age, by peoples of the so-called Proto-Villanovan culture ( c.  1100  – c.  900 BC) part of

6555-420: The most well-known internationally. Due to the many British tourists who come to the area where Chianti wine is produced this specific area has been nicknamed " Chiantishire ". Between 1851 and 1860, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , an independent Italian state until 1859 when it joined the United Provinces of Central Italy , produced two postage stamp issues which are among the most prized classic stamp issues of

6650-436: The new consumer society , the desire for life, beauty and entertainment exploded, becoming the " Hollywood on the Tiber ". Today, Lazio is a large center of services and international trade , industry , public services and tourism , supported by an extensive network of transport infrastructures thanks to its geographical position in the center of Italian Peninsula and the presence of Rome within it. Lazio comprises

6745-417: The official language of all the Italian states and of the Kingdom of Italy , when it was formed. Many Tuscan terms are also common in the dialects of Umbria and some parts of Emilia Romagna . Tuscany has a rich ancient and modern musical tradition, and has produced numerous composers and musicians, including Giacomo Puccini and Pietro Mascagni . Florence is the main musical centre of Tuscany. The city

6840-646: The position of industry, favouring the areas with the best links to Rome and those near the Autostrada del Sole , especially around Frosinone . Additional factor was cheap energy supply from Latina Nuclear Power Plant and Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant , which are now out of the operation after Italian nuclear energy referendum. Industry contributes a small part of GDP: its share is 8.9% compared to 25.0% in Veneto and 24.0% in Emilia-Romagna . In Rome it

6935-489: The prodigious expression of art and architecture in Florence. His famous descendant Catherine de' Medici married Prince Henry (later King Henry II ) of France in 1533. The Black Death epidemic hit Tuscany starting in 1348. It eventually killed 70% of the Tuscan population. According to Melissa Snell, "Florence lost a third of its population in the first six months of the plague, and from 45% to 75% of its population in

7030-507: The region to well outperform the Italian economy in 2009 in the heart of the global financial crisis, but it was strongly affected by the COVID-19 crisis of 2020–2021 due to the lock-downs. Industrial development in Lazio is limited to the areas south of Rome. Communications and – above all – the setting of the border of the Cassa del Mezzogiorno some kilometers south of Rome have influenced

7125-519: The region's total area, covering 15,292 square kilometres (5,904 sq mi), and mountains (of which the highest are the Apennines ), a further 25%, or 5,770 square kilometres (2,230 sq mi). Plains occupy 8.4% of the total area—1,930 square kilometres (750 sq mi)—mainly around the valley of the Arno . Many of Tuscany's most significant cities lie on the banks of the Arno, including

7220-523: The region, with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals. The Maremma region , Siena , Lucca , the Chianti region , Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers. Eight Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic Centre of Florence (1982); the Cathedral square of Pisa (1987);

7315-584: The so-called "quinto quarto" ("fifth quarter"), leftovers from animal carcasses that remained after the sale of prized parts to the wealthy. Quinto quarto includes tripe (the most valuable part of reticulum , also called " cuffia ", " l'omaso " or " lampredotto "), kidneys (which need to be soaked for a long time in water with lemon to remove urine smell), heart, liver, spleen, sweetbreads (pancreas, thymus and salivary glands), brain, tongue, ox tail, trotters and pajata ( intestines of calf, fed only with its mother's milk). The intestines are cleaned and skinned but

7410-588: The southeast of Lazio and the seat of Neapolis – became Region I ( Latium et Campania ), while modern Upper Lazio became part of Regio VII – Etruria , and today's Province of Rieti joined Regio IV – Samnium . After the Gothic conquest of Italy at the end of the fifth century, modern Lazio became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom , but after the Gothic War between 535 and 554 and conquest by

7505-616: The summer of 1944. Following the end of the Social Republic and the transition from the Kingdom to the modern Italian Republic , Tuscany once more flourished as a cultural centre of Italy. Since the establishment of the regional government in 1970, Tuscany has always been ruled by centre-left governments. Tuscany has an immense cultural and artistic heritage, expressed in the region's churches, palaces, art galleries, museums, villages, and piazzas. Many of these artifacts are found in

7600-565: The suppression of a local resistance there (1406). Livorno was bought in 1421 and became the harbour of Florence. From the leading city of Florence, the republic was from 1434 onward dominated by the increasingly monarchical Medici family. Initially, under Cosimo , Piero the Gouty , Lorenzo and Piero the Unfortunate , the forms of the republic were retained and the Medici ruled without

7695-774: The two clubs. The stadium also hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1990 FIFA World Cup final . Outside of Rome the football scene has another club playing in the Serie A, that being Frosinone . Lazio hosts no top-line motorsports events, but the Vallelunga circuit previously hosted the Superbike World Championship in motorcycle racing . Rome is home to many international sporting events and competitions, including: Tuscany Tuscany ( / ˈ t ʌ s k ə n i / TUSK -ə-nee ; Italian : Toscana , Italian: [tosˈkaːna] )

7790-674: The will of its people. Piombino and other strategic towns constituted the tiny State of the Presidi under Spanish control. In the 16th century, the Medicis , rulers of Florence, annexed the Republic of Siena , creating the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The Medici family became extinct in 1737 with the death of Gian Gastone , and Tuscany was transferred to Francis , Duke of Lorraine and husband of Austrian Empress Maria Theresa , who let

7885-476: The work of Cecco Angiolieri of Siena, the oldest humorist we know, a far-off precursor of François Rabelais and Michel de Montaigne . Another type of poetry also began in Tuscany. Guittone d'Arezzo made art abandon chivalry and Provençal forms for national motives and Latin forms. He attempted political poetry, and although his work is often obscure, he prepared the way for the Bolognese school. Bologna

7980-542: The world's 51st most visited city . Roughly triangular in shape, Tuscany borders the regions of Liguria to the northwest, Emilia-Romagna to the north, Marche and Umbria to the east, and Lazio to the south and southeast. The comune (municipality) of Badia Tedalda , in the Tuscan Province of Arezzo , has an exclave named Ca' Raffaello within Emilia-Romagna. Tuscany has a western coastline on

8075-633: The world's most precious works of art. Such museums include the Uffizi , which keeps Botticelli's The Birth of Venus , the Palazzo Pitti , and the Bargello , to name a few. Most of the frescos, sculptures, and paintings in Tuscany are held in the region's abundant churches and cathedrals, such as Florence Cathedral , Siena Cathedral , Pisa Cathedral and the Collegiata di San Gimignano . In

8170-583: The world). Painters such as Cimabue and Giotto , the fathers of Italian painting, lived in Florence and Tuscany, as well as Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano , renewers of architecture and sculpture; Brunelleschi , Donatello and Masaccio , forefathers of the Renaissance; Ghiberti and the Della Robbias , Filippo Lippi and Angelico ; Botticelli , Paolo Uccello , and the universal genius of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo . The region contains numerous museums and art galleries, many housing some of

8265-562: The world, and include the most valuable Italian stamp. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent Italian state from 1569 to 1859 but was occupied by France from 1808 to 1814. The Duchy comprised most of the present area of Tuscany, and its capital was Florence. In December 1859, the Grand Duchy officially ceased to exist, being joined to the duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which

8360-508: Was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later in March 1860. In 1862 it became part of Italy and joined the Italian postal system. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 117.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 6.7% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 31,400 euros or 104% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee

8455-579: Was annexed to the French Empire under the name of the Department of Tibre , but returned to the Pope's control in 1815. On 20 September 1870 the capture of Rome , during the reign of Pope Pius IX , and France's defeat at Sedan , completed Italian unification , and Lazio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy . In 1927, the territory of the province of Rieti, belonging to Umbria and Abruzzo , joined Lazio. Towns in Lazio were devastated by

8550-566: Was at the heart of much of the Western musical tradition. It was there that the Florentine Camerata convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging, resulting in the first operas , fostering the further development of the operatic form, and the later developments of separate "classical" forms such as the symphony . There are numerous musical centres in Tuscany. Arezzo

8645-470: Was ensured by the assets they held: Pisa, a port; Siena, banking; and Lucca, banking and silk. But by the time of the Renaissance , Florence had become the cultural capital of Tuscany. One family that benefitted from Florence's growing wealth and power was the ruling Medici family . Its scion Lorenzo de' Medici was one of the most famous of the Medici. The legacy of his influence is visible today in

8740-630: Was surpassed only by China . Infrastructure which has been used for grape growing was easily adapted for kiwifruit cultivation. Only sheep and buffalo herds are significant nationwide. Both are kept predominantly for milk, which is used in the production of pecorino romano and mozzarella di bufala cheese. Sheep herds are the 3rd nationwide after Sardinia and Sicily . 40% of sheep are bred in province of Viterbo . Vineyards cover 47,884 hectares (118,320 acres) in Lazio. 90% of wines are white. In production of quality wine Lazio has rank 14 of 20 with 190.557 hl. There are 3 DOCG wines: Tourism in Lazio

8835-517: Was the Intelligenza , which is sometimes attributed to Compagni but is probably only a translation of French poems. In the 15th century, humanist and publisher Aldus Manutius published the Tuscan poets Petrarch and Dante Alighieri ( Divine Comedy ), creating the model for what became a standard for modern Italian. Simplicity is central to Tuscan cuisine . Legumes , bread, cheese, vegetables, mushrooms, and fresh fruit are used. Olive oil

8930-428: Was the city of science, and philosophical poetry appeared there. Guido Guinizelli was the poet after the new fashion of the art. In his work, the ideas of chivalry are changed and enlarged. Only those whose heart is pure can be blessed with true love, regardless of class. He refuted the traditional credo of courtly love , for which love is a subtle philosophy only a few chosen knights and princesses could grasp. Love

9025-399: Was treated with ridicule or biting sarcasm . Folgóre da San Gimignano laughs when in his sonnets he tells a party of Sienese youths the occupations of every month in the year, or when he teaches a party of Florentine lads the pleasures of every day in the week. Cenne della Chitarra laughs when he parodies Folgore's sonnets. The sonnets of Rustico di Filippo are half-fun and half-satire, as is

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