134-525: Dawlah Islamiya , also called Islamic State of Lanao and formerly named as the Maute Group ( [mɐʔutɪ] or [mɐʔute̞] ), is a radical Islamist group composed of former Moro Islamic Liberation Front guerrillas and foreign fighters. Based in Lanao del Sur , it was founded by brothers Abdullah and Omar Maute . The organization, which also conducted a protection racket operation in
268-841: A "preeminent position of strength" in Islam around the world. The Wahhabi movement was part of the Islamic revivalist trends of the 18th and 19th centuries; such as the Mahdist movement in 19th century Sudan , Senussi movement in Libya , Fulani movement of Uthman Dan Fodio in Nigeria , Faraizi movement of Haji Shariatullah (1784–1840) in Bengal , the South Asian Mujahidin movement of Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi (1786–1831) and
402-477: A 10-point definition of Islamic extremism that he used to determine the case: In Charles Haddon-Cave 's findings he wrote: Extremist Islamic positions 118. In my view, the following constitute "extremist" Islamic positions (or indicia thereof). First, a 'Manichean' view of the world. A total, eternal 'Manichean' worldview is a central tenet of violent Islamic extremism. It divides the world strictly into 'Us' versus 'Them': those who are blessed or saved (i.e.
536-606: A Bangsamoro commander and burning civilian homes, killing an infant. Dawlah Islamiyah carried out the attacks after blaming the Bangsamoro for the military offensives against them. On January 3, 2024, two army intelligence operatives were killed during an ambush in Munai while gathering informations about suspects involved in the univeristy's bombing. Nine militants were killed by the military in Piagapo on January 26, 2024, during
670-596: A Western audience that is unfamiliar with Islamic terminology; even then, its use is limited and often appears as Salafi/Wahhabi )". A New York Times journalist writes that Saudis "abhor" the term Wahhabism , "feeling it sets them apart and contradicts the notion that Islam is a monolithic faith". Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud for example has attacked the term as "a doctrine that doesn't exist here" [in Saudi Arabia] and challenged users of
804-533: A conservative, strict, and fundamentalist branch of Sunnī Islam, with puritan views, believing in a literal interpretation of the Quran. The terms " Wahhabism " and " Salafism " are sometimes evoked interchangeably, although the designation " Wahhabi " is specifically applied to the followers of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and his reformist doctrines. The label "Wahhabi" was not claimed by his followers, who usually refer themselves as al-Muwaḥḥidūn ("affirmers of
938-741: A home-made bomb prematurely exploded in Datu Salibo . A soldier was killed and three injured during an operation in June. On September 11, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front clashed with Dawlah Islamiyah gunmen in Barangay Tuawayan, killing two of them. A one-month-old boy died during evacuations of civilians amid the fight. Eleven of the slain militants were killed by the 6th Infantry Division on December 3, 2023, including Alandoni Macadaya Lucsadatu, suspected to be
1072-536: A hunting on the alleged mastermind of the Mindanao University's attack. The operation resulted in the killing of leader Khadafi Mimbesa, Saumay Saiden, alleged mastermind in the university's bombing, and Abdul Hadi, who assembled the device used in the attack. Three other militants were killed in encounters days later. A gunfight erupted on February 18, 2024, in Barangay Ramain, which resulted in
1206-460: A leader. He was involved in the killing of a former militant who surrendered to authorities. Sixteen hours later, a bomb exploded during a Catholic Mass at the gymnasium of Mindanao State University in Marawi , killing four people and injuring several more. The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack. It was suspected that the attack was carried out by Dawlah Islamiya in retilation for
1340-824: A military base in Lanao del Sur . On 12 March, two IS-militants and two Philippine soldiers were killed and one soldier was injured during a gunfight in Pagayawan , Lanao del Sur . The attack was blamed on the Dawlah Islamiyah Ranao, a remnant of the Maute-Abu Sayaff Group that led the siege of Marawi in May 2017 . Days later on the 14 March four IS-linked Maute followers and three soldiers were killed while three other troops were missing following an intense firefight in barangay Dinaigan, Tubaran , Lanao del Sur , military officials said Friday. After
1474-893: A movement among Muslims advocating a return to the fundamental principles of an Islamic state in Muslim-majority countries . Meanwhile, Islamism constitutes a form of political Islam . However, both Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism can also be classified as subsets of Islamic extremism. Acts of violence committed by Islamic terrorists and jihadists are often associated with these extremist beliefs. The academic definition of radical Islam consists of two parts: UK High Courts have ruled in two cases on Islamic extremism, and provided definition. Aside from those, two major definitions have been offered for Islamic extremism, sometimes using overlapping but also distinct aspects of extreme interpretations and pursuits of Islamic ideology: There are two UK High Court cases that explicitly address
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#17327907669821608-482: A particular madhab . As the most prominent scholar who championed anti-madhab doctrines in the 20th century, Albani held that adherence to a madhab was a bid'ah (religious innovation). Albani went as far as to castigate Ibn Abd al-Wahhab as a "Salafi in creed, but not in Fiqh ". He strongly attacked Ibn Abd al-Wahhab on several points; claiming that the latter was not a mujtahid in fiqh and accused him of imitating
1742-636: A politico-religious alliance with the Saudi monarchy that lasted for more than 250 years. The Wahhabi movement gradually rose to prominence as an influential anti-colonial reform trend in the Islamic world that advocated the re-generation of the social and political prowess of Muslims . Its revolutionary themes inspired several Islamic revivalists , scholars, pan-Islamist ideologues and anti-colonial activists as far as West Africa . For more than two centuries, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings were championed as
1876-511: A sect with a "steadfastly fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in the tradition of Ibn Hanbal ". Supporters of the Wahhabi movement characterize it as being "pure Islam", indistinct from Salafism , and in fact "the true Salafist movement" seeking "a return to the pristine message of the Prophet " and attempted to free Islam from "superimposed doctrines" and superstitions". Opponents of
2010-757: A selective understanding of the Hanbalite works of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim . The Syrian - Albanian Salafi Muhaddith Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani ( d. 1999 ) publicly challenged the foundational methodologies of the neo-Wahhabite establishment. According to Albani, although Wahhabis doctrinally professed exclusive adherence to the Qur'an , the Hadith , and the Ijma of Salaf al-salih ; in practice they almost solely relied on Hanbali jurisprudence for their fatwas —acting therefore as undeclared partisans of
2144-570: A set of extremist beliefs, behaviors and ideologies within Islam . These terms remain contentious, encompassing a spectrum of definitions, ranging from academic interpretations of Islamic supremacy to the notion that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior. Political definitions of Islamic extremism, such as that employed by the government of the United Kingdom, characterize it as any form of Islam that opposes "democracy,
2278-564: A source as "petty criminals" at the time. However, other sources have described the Maute family as wealthy and politically-connected. The matriarch, Ominta Romato Maute, also known as Farhana Maute, owns property in Mindanao and Manila , and runs a construction business. She is related to politicians in Butig, Lanao del Sur and is considered influential. She has been described as the financier of
2412-694: A standard theological reference for the Athari creed. A number of Salafi and Wahhabi scholars have produced super-commentaries and annotations on the sharh , including Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz , Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani , Saleh Al-Fawzan , etc. and is taught as a standard text at the Islamic University of Madinah . David Commins describes the "pivotal idea" in Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching as being that "Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not ... misguided Muslims, but outside
2546-454: A state of martial law across the entire island of Mindanao with the possibility that it be expanded nationwide. Majority of the evacuees and refugees have been housed in different barangays in Iligan . On June 1, 2017, Iligan Mayor Celso G. Regencia issued an order to the residents, who legally possessed firearms, to shoot terrorists who trespass their properties. Omar Maute was killed by
2680-625: A universal individual religious obligation (fard al 'ayn)... Sixth, any interpretation of Shari'a (i.e. religious law laid down by the Qur'an and the Sunna) that required breaking the 'law of the land'... Seventh, the classification of all non-Muslims as unbelievers (kuffar)... Eighth, the extreme Salafist Islamism doctrine that the precepts of the Muslim faith negate and supersede all other natural ties, such as those of family, kinship and nation... Ninth,
2814-530: Is a conservative, Islahi (reform) movement within Sunnī Islam that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the "devout ancestors" ( Salaf al-Salih ). It has been described as the "fastest-growing Islamic movement"; with each scholar expressing diverse views across social, theological, and political spectrum. Salafis follow a doctrine that can be summed up as taking "a fundamentalist approach to Islam , emulating
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#17327907669822948-485: Is not a Muslim but an unbeliever. Once such people have received the call to "true Islam", understood it and then rejected it, their blood and treasure are forfeit. Clarifying his stance on Takfir , Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab states: "As for takfir , I only make takfir of whoever knows the religion of the Messenger and thereafter insults it, forbids people from it, and manifests enmity towards whoever practices it. This
3082-577: Is often mistakenly conflated with the Muwahhidun movement of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.) There is considerable confusion between Wahhabism and Salafism , but many scholars and critics draw clear distinctions between the two terms. According to analyst Christopher M. Blanchard, Wahhabism refers to "a conservative Islamic creed centered in and emanating from Saudi Arabia", while Salafism is "a more general puritanical Islamic movement that has developed independently at various times and in various places in
3216-573: Is that it is antigovernmental. Consequently, a government is a condition for radical Islam. However, even though the peace of Westphalia was established in 1648 and thus introduced the nation state , the writings of the formative centuries of Islamic history are influential to the contemporary writings that were coined radical after the concept of the nation state was established in the Muslim world as well. Key influences of radical Islam that stem from early Islam include: Islamic extremism dates back to
3350-410: Is the creator, the sustainer and the master of all affairs; they gave alms, they performed pilgrimage and they avoided forbidden things from fear of God". What made them pagans whose blood could be shed and wealth plundered was that they performed sacrifices, vows and supplications to other beings. According to Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, someone who perform such things even if their lives are otherwise exemplary;
3484-653: Is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world ". As part of the global " War on terror ", Wahhabism has been accused by the European Parliament , various Western security analysts, and think tanks like the RAND Corporation , as being "a source of global terrorism". Furthermore, Wahhabism has been accused of causing disunity in the Muslim community ( Ummah ) and criticized for its followers' destruction of many Islamic, cultural, and historical sites associated with
3618-700: Is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfīr (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either infidels ( kuffār ) or false Muslims ( munāfiḳūn ), and therefore deemed them worthy of death for their perceived apostasy ( ridda ). The Islamic tradition traces
3752-403: Is who I make takfir of. And most of the ummah, and all praise is for God, is not like this... We do not make takfeer except on those matters which all of the ūlemá have reached a consensus on." The disagreement between Wahhabis and their opponents over the definition of worship ( Ibadah ) and monotheism ( Tawhid ) has remained much the same since 1740, according to David Commins: "One of
3886-507: The Qur'an and hadith ". Abdallah al Obeid, the former dean of the Islamic University of Medina and member of the Saudi Consultative Council, has characterized the movement as "a political trend" within Islam that "has been adopted for power-sharing purposes", but not a distinct religious movement, because "it has no special practices, nor special rites, and no special interpretation of religion that differ from
4020-618: The Arabian Peninsula during the early 18th century, whose adherents described themselves as " Muwahhidun " (Unitarians). A young Hanbali cleric named Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792 CE /AH 1115–1206), the leader of the Muwahhidun and eponym of the Wahhabi movement, called upon his disciples to denounce certain beliefs and practices associated with cult of saints as idolatrous impurities and innovations in Islam ( bid'ah ). His movement emphasized adherence to
4154-666: The Armed Forces of the Philippines on October 16, 2017, along with former Abu Sayyaf chief Isnilon Hapilon . The group was later declared "practically wiped out" by the armed forces following the deaths of the seven Maute brothers. While the public was told not to worry about the group for now, younger members of the group might assume leadership. Remnants of the group were reportedly recruiting new members around Marawi in December 2017. The successor group has been labeled as
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4288-663: The British Raj as part of a wider "Wahhabi" conspiracy which was portrayed as extending from Bengal to Punjab . Despite sharing little resemblance with the doctrines of Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, outside observers of the Muslim world have frequently traced various religious purification campaigns across the Islamic World to Wahhabi influence. According to Qeyamuddin Ahmed: "In the eyes of the British Government,
4422-760: The Hanbali scholar Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328 CE / AH 661–728) who advocated a return to the purity of the first three generations ( salaf ) to rid Muslims of bid'a (innovation) and regarded his works as core scholarly references in theology. While being influenced by Hanbali school, the movement repudiated Taqlid to legal authorities, including oft-cited scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim ( d. 1350 CE /AH 751). Wahhabism has been variously characterized by historians as "orthodox", "puritan(ical)", or "revolutionary", while its adherents describe it as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure monotheistic worship". Socio-politically,
4556-464: The Islamic World . The cause of decline was identified as the departure of Muslims from true Islamic values brought about by the infiltration and assimilation of local, indigenous, un-Islamic beliefs and practices. The prescribed cure was the purification of Muslim societies through a return to "true Islam". The key programmes of these revival movements included: The Wahhabi movement was part of
4690-538: The Muwahidun movement historically were concerned primarily about Tawhid al-Rububiyya (Oneness of Lordship) and Tawhid al-Uloohiyya (Oneness of Worship) while the Salafiyya movement placed an additional emphasis on Tawhid al-Asma wa Sifat (Oneness of Divine Names and Attributes); with a literal understanding of God's Names and Attributes. The Wahhabi movement started as a revivalist and reform movement in
4824-586: The Padri movement (1803–1837) in Indonesia , all of which are considered precursors to the Arab Salafiyya movement of late nineteenth century. These movements sought an Islamic Reform , renewal and socio-moral re-generation of the society through a direct return to the fundamental Islamic sources ( Qur'an and Hadith ) and responded to the military, economic, social, moral, cultural stagnation of
4958-723: The Philippine National Police had defected and joined the group. The group pledged allegiance to the Islamic State in April 2015, along with the Ansar Khalifa Philippines terrorist organization, vowing to provide support for each other. However, according to former National Security Council senior consultant Ashley Acedillo, there are no indications that ISIS ever acknowledged the Maute group's pledge. Although some reports indicate that
5092-504: The Quran and hadith , and advocated the use of ijtihad . Eventually, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab formed a pact with a local leader, Muhammad bin Saud , offering political obedience and promising that protection and propagation of the Wahhabi movement meant "power and glory" and rule of "lands and men". 18th and 19th century European historians , scholars, travellers and diplomats compared
5226-621: The Salafi da'wa to their respective countries. Prominent amongst these disciples were the Syrian Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (1894–1976), Egyptian Muhammad Hamid al-Fiqi (1892–1959) and the Moroccan Taqi al-Din al-Hilali (1894–1987). The Syrian - Albanian Islamic scholar Al-Albani ( c. 1914–1999 ), an avid reader of Al-Manar and also student of Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar (disciple of Rida and Al-Qasimi),
5360-650: The Unification of Saudi Arabia , Wahhabis were able spread their political power and consolidate their rule over the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina . After the discovery of petroleum near the Persian Gulf in 1939, Saudi Arabia had access to oil export revenues, revenue that grew to billions of dollars. This money – spent on books, media, schools, universities, mosques, scholarships, fellowships, lucrative jobs for journalists, academics and Islamic scholars – gave Wahhabi ideals
5494-640: The early history of Islam and the first generation of Muslims ( Muhammad's family and his companions ) in Saudi Arabia. The contemporary period begins after 1924. With the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922), the Ottoman Caliphate was also abolished . This event heavily influenced Islamic thinking in general, but also what would later be coined radical Islamic thought. Key thinkers that wrote about Islam in
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5628-642: The early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites , Sunnīs , and Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community ( Ummah ) after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims. Shīʿas believe ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
5762-594: The fundamental principles of the Islamic religion . His works were generally short, full of quotations from the Quran and Hadith literature , such as his main and foremost theological treatise, Kitāb at-Tawḥīd ( Arabic : كتاب التوحيد ; "The Book of Oneness"). He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the uniqueness and oneness of God ( tawḥīd ), and denounced what he held to be popular religious beliefs and practices among Muslims that he considered to be akin to heretical innovation ( bidʿah ) and polytheism ( shirk ). Wahhabism has been described as
5896-421: The municipality of Butig , clashes on several occasions with the Armed Forces of the Philippines , the most significant of which began in May 2017 and culminated in the siege of Marawi . It is listed as a terrorist organization by the Philippines, Malaysia and New Zealand. The group, originally known as Dawlah Islamiya , was founded in 2012 by brothers Abdullah Maute and Omar Maute who were described by
6030-461: The " post-Wahhabi era " of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's annual commemoration of its founding day on 22 February since 2022, which marked the establishment of Emirate of Dir'iyah by Muhammad ibn Saud in 1727 and de-emphasized his pact with Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in 1744, has led to the official "uncoupling" of the religious clergy by the Saudi state. The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an exonym ; it
6164-561: The "Turaifie group" after its purported leader, Abu Turaifie. Abu Turaifie is the alias of Esmail Sheikh Abdulmalik, the leader of Jamaatul Muhaajireen Wal Ansar, a faction which split from the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters . In May 2018, the Philippine military alleged that Owayda Benito Marohomsar ( a.k.a. Abu Dar) was now the leader of the group. He had fled with dozens of Maute fighters during
6298-507: The "heartland" of Wahhabism. Journalist Karen House calls Salafi "a more politically correct term" for Wahhabi . In any case, according to Lacey, none of the other terms have caught on, and so like the Christian Quakers , Wahhabis have "remained known by the name first assigned to them by their detractors". However, the confusion is further aggravated due to the common practice of various authoritarian governments broadly using
6432-424: The "right kind" of Muslim) on the one hand and those who are to be damned for eternity (i.e. the "wrong kind" of Muslim and everyone else) on the other. For violent Islamic extremists, the "wrong kind" of Muslim includes moderate Sunni Muslims, all Shia Muslims, and many others who are "mete for the sword" and can be killed, and anyone who associates or collaborates with them. Additionally, this worldview often leads to
6566-648: The 20th century, and especially about jihad , include: Sayyid Qutb , an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was influential in promoting the Pan-Islamist ideology in the 1960s. When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser , Ayman al-Zawahiri formed the organization Egyptian Islamic Jihad to replace
6700-586: The Battle of Marawi and has since been active in recruiting new members using money looted from a local bank and the abandoned homes of wealthy residents. On 24 January 2019, a fierce gunfight between security forces of the 103rd Infantry Battalion and terrorists of the Maute group left three soldiers injured and three terrorists injured in Barangay Sumalindao, Sultan Dumalondong , Lanao del Sur . Days earlier five militants surrendered to military near
6834-463: The Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles. According to Qutb, the Muslim community ( Ummah ) has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to jahiliyah (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the sharia law . To restore Islam , bring back its days of glory, and free
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#17327907669826968-438: The Hanbali school. Albani's outspoken criticism embarrassed the Saudi clergy, who finally expelled him from the Kingdom in 1963 when he issued a fatwa permitting women to uncover their face, which ran counter to Hanbali jurisprudence and Saudi standards. In addition, Albani would also criticise Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab for his weakness in hadith sciences . He distinguished between Salafism and Wahhabism, criticizing
7102-441: The Islamic World and would attain the friendship of many Najdi scholars. With the support of the Third Saudi State by the 1920s, a concept of "Salafiyya" emerged on a global scale claiming heritage to the thought of 18th-century Islamic reform movements and the pious predecessors ( Salaf ). Many of Rida's disciples would be assigned to various posts in Saudi Arabia and some of them would remain in Saudi Arabia. Others would spread
7236-564: The Islamic world". However, many view Wahhabism as the Salafism native to Arabia. Ahmad Moussalli tends to agree Wahhabism is a subset of Salafism, saying "As a rule, all Wahhabis are salafists , but not all salafists are Wahhabis ." Quintan Wiktorowicz asserts modern Salafists consider the 18th-century scholar Muhammed bin 'Abd al-Wahhab and many of his students to have been Salafis. According to Joas Wagemakers, associate professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies at Utrecht University , Salafism consists of broad movements of Muslims across
7370-432: The Maute group had established links with the Abu Sayyaf and that there are "indications" that the group is aligning themselves with ISIS . On November 28, the Philippine government finally officially acknowledged that Maute is linked to ISIS in a live televised comment by President Rodrigo Duterte who also revealed the financing of the Davao City bombing by illegal drug money indicating the presence of narcoterrorism in
7504-482: The Maute group is regularly seen carrying black flags bearing the insignia of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria , Butig town mayor Ibrahim Macadato has stated that the group is not affiliated with ISIS, but are merely armed residents. However, training manuals and other documents for militants under the Islamic State were recovered from their captured camp, indicating that the group may be trying to link up with ISIS. A regional security expert in October 2016 stated that
7638-423: The Maute group was sophisticated in its use of social media and was able to attract students and teachers from the Mindanao State University in Marawi. This attracted various Wahhabi adherents in the Philippines to join their group. As ISIS suffers setbacks in Syria and Iraq, experts warn that hundreds of fighters from Indonesia and Malaysia will return to look for new opportunities to take the fight elsewhere, and
7772-438: The Maute group's activities, providing logistics and recruiting fighters. Because of the involvement of the entire Maute family, the rise of the Maute Group is described as the rise of family terrorism in the Philippines. Butig , the headquarters of the Maute group, is also a stronghold of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and both groups are tied by blood or marriage. Abdullah and Omar Maute are first cousins of Azisa Romato,
7906-476: The Maute group's pledge of loyalty to ISIS could serve as an incentive to join ranks with the organization. Since at least 2016, reports on jihadist activities in the Philippines and of Filipino fighters with ISIS indicate an increasing degree of coordination, cooperation, and cohesion between Southeast Asian jihadist militants and the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. The Maute group is said to be actively recruiting minors for service as " child warriors " and using
8040-405: The Muslim Brotherhood, like Yusuf al-Qaradawi . Saif al-Adel ( de facto ; 2022–present) 2002 – 2009) Abubakar Shekau † (2009–2021) a.k.a. LeT According to the British historian Mark Curtis , in his book Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam , Britain has been accused of consistently supporting radical Islam to combat secular nationalism. Because
8174-460: The Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for jihad against what he perceived as jahili government/society, and overthrow them. Qutbism , the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of
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#17327907669828308-449: The Philippines. On May 23, 2017, the Maute group attacked Marawi City and later besieged by the Armed Forces of the Philippines . The attack resulted in the destruction of homes, the deaths and wounding of soldiers, policemen, and civilians, torching of a mosque, and a hospital being overrun. The former leader of Abu Sayyaf , Isnilon Hapilon was seen with the group during the attack. The attack resulted in President Duterte declaring
8442-425: The Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers— al-salaf al-salih , the 'pious forefathers'....They reject religious innovation, or bidʻah , and support the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law)." The Salafi movement is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or quietists ), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the militant activists , who get involved in politics;
8576-560: The Salafi activists who have a long tradition of political activism, such as those that operate in organizations like the Muslim Brotherhood , the Arab world 's major Islamist movement . In the aftermath of widescale repressions after the Arab Spring , accompanied by their political failures, the activist-Salafi movements have undergone a decline. The most numerous are the quietists , who believe in disengagement from politics and accept allegiance to Muslim governments, no matter how tyrannical, to avoid fitna (chaos). The Wahhabi movement
8710-848: The Saudi Sheikhs would repay their debts by financing the Ahl-i-Hadith movement. The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia Ibn Baz strongly supported the movement, and prominent Ahl-i-Hadith scholars were appointed to teach in Saudi Universities. During the early 19th century, Egyptian Muslim scholar al-Jabarti had defended the Wahhabi movement. From the 19th century, prominent Arab Salafiyya reformers would maintain correspondence with Wahhabis and defend them against Sufi attacks. These included Shihab al Din al Alusi , Abd al Hamid al Zahrawi, Abd al Qadir al Jabarti, Abd al Hakim al Afghani, Nu'man Khayr al-Din Al-Alusi, Mahmud Shukri Al Alusi and his disciple Muhammad Bahjat al-Athari , Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi , Tahir al-Jaza'iri , Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib , Muhammad Hamid al Fiqi and most notably, Muhammad Rasheed Rida who
8844-450: The Wahhabi movement with various Euro-American socio-political movements in the Age of Revolutions . Calvinist scholar John Ludwig Burckhardt , author of the well-received works " Travels in Arabia " (1829) and " Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys " (1830), described the Muwahhidun as Arabian locals who resisted Turkish hegemony and its " Napoleonic " tactics. Historian Loius Alexander Corancez in his book " Histoire des Wahabis " described
8978-436: The Wahhabis and hence do not identify with them. These included significant contentions with Wahhabis over their unduly harsh enforcement of their beliefs, their lack of tolerance towards other Muslims and their deficient commitment to their stated opposition to taqlid and advocacy of ijtihad . In doctrines of 'Aqida (creed), Wahhabis and Salafis resemble each other; particularly in their focus on Tawhid . However,
9112-410: The Western usage of the term itself has been a misnomer . Stating that the terminology itself is indefinable, Mohammed bin Salman said: "When people speak of Wahhabism, they don't know exactly what they are talking about." On the other hand, according to authors at Global Security and Library of Congress the term is now commonplace and used even by Wahhabi scholars in the Najd, a region often called
9246-458: The actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an apologist . He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān ( In the shade of the Qurʾān ) and his 1966 manifesto Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq ( Milestones ), which lead to his execution by
9380-410: The broader traditionalist scholarship active across the Indian subcontinent , Iraq , Syria , Egypt , Yemen , etc. The Hanafite scholar Ibn Abi al-Izz 's sharh (explanation) on Al-Tahawi 's creedal treatise Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya proved popular with the later adherents of the Muwahidun movement; who regarded it as a true representation of the work, free from Maturidi influences and as
9514-420: The citing with approval the fatwa (legal opinions) of Islamic scholars who espouse extremist views, including those that advocate violence or terrorism... Tenth, any teaching which, expressly or implicitly, encourages Muslims to engage in, or support, terrorism or violence in the name of Allah. According to the academic definition of radical Islam, the second condition for something to be called radical Islam,
9648-402: The clash. However, it was later confirmed that he escaped alive, as he was later seen in a video footage found on a cellphone captured by Philippine government troops during the Battle of Marawi. In November 2016, the Maute group seized the town of Butig , but were dislodged from their positions by Philippine security forces after about a week of fighting. CNN has reported that two officers of
9782-544: The country without a permit. He was arrested after several days of intensive surveillance conducted by members of the PNP Regional Intelligence Unit 9 at the appliance store of his Pakistani uncle in the said city. The authorities suspect that the group planned to make an attack similar to the 2019 Indanan bombings . On 21 June, an Indonesian militant who fought alongside the Maute Group during
9916-444: The criterion for one's standing as either a Muslim or an unbeliever was correct worship as an expression of belief in one God ... any act or statement that indicates devotion to a being other than God is to associate another creature with God's power, and that is tantamount to idolatry ( shirk ). Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included in the category of such acts popular religious practices that made holy men into intercessors with God. That
10050-555: The dead – are acts of shirk and in violation of the tenets of Tawhid (monotheism). Based on the doctrine of Tawhid espoused in Kitab al-Tawhid , the followers of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab referred themselves by the designation " Al-Muwahhidun " (Unitarians). The essence of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's justification for fighting his opponents in Arabia can be summed up as his belief that the original pagans fought by Muhammad "affirmed that God
10184-740: The doctrinal followers of Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab , who tend to all reject the label. Since the colonial period , the Wahhabi epithet has been commonly invoked by various external observers to erroneously or pejoratively denote a wide range of reform movements across the Muslim world . During the colonial era , the British Empire had commonly employed the term to refer to those Muslim scholars and thinkers seen as obstructive to their imperial interests; punishing them under various pretexts. Many Muslim rebels inspired by Sufi Awliyaa (saints) and mystical orders , were targeted by
10318-704: The early Wahhabi scholars had not elucidated the details of Athari theology such as Divine Attributes and other creedal doctrines. Influenced by the scholars of the Salafiyya movement, the later Wahhabis would revive Athari theological polemics beginning from the mid-twentieth century; which lead to charges of anthropomorphism against them by opponents such as Al-Kawthari . By contrast, the creedal treatises of early Wahhabis were mostly restricted to upholding Tawhid and condemning various practices of saint veneration which they considered as shirk (polytheism). They also staunchly opposed Taqlid and advocated Ijtihad . Hammad Ibn 'Atiq ( d. 1883 CE /AH 1301 )
10452-438: The extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points. By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the Islamic heartlands . The memory of
10586-771: The former's ideas highly popular amongst Salafi religious students across the World, including Saudi Arabia. In theology , Wahhabism is closely aligned with the Athari (traditionalist) school which represents the prevalent theological position of the Hanbali legal school . Athari theology is characterized by reliance on the zahir (apparent or literal) meaning of the Qur'an and hadith , and opposition to rational argumentation in matters of 'Aqidah (creed) favored by Ash'arite and Maturidite theologies. However, Wahhabis diverged in some points of theology from other Athari movements. Muhammad Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab did not view
10720-636: The global expression of Islam." 22 months after the September 11 attacks , when the FBI considered al-Qaeda as "the number one terrorist threat to the United States", journalist Stephen Schwartz and U.S. Senator Jon Kyl have explicitly stated during a hearing that occurred in June 2003 before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the U.S. Senate that "Wahhabism
10854-657: The government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas for the Islamic revival that he yearned for. The Qutbist ideology has been influential on jihadist movements and Islamic terrorists that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda , as well as the Salafi-jihadi terrorist group ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh . Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki . Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded
10988-597: The group. In 2023, the group had a resurgence and took up the name Dawlah Islamiya, and the Philippine government announced that militants who survived were reorganizing to revive the group. On March 21, two militants were killed and four injured during a ground and air operation in Maguindanao del Sur and North Cotabato . A police operation was carried out against the group on April 2 in Bubong , Lanao del Sur. Three militants were killed and seven arrested, while an officer
11122-502: The ignoring or flouting of the strict regulations governing the conduct of armed jihad, i.e. the stipulations in the Qur'an and the Sunna for the ethics of conducting qital set out above. Thus, the use of excessive violence, attacks on civilians, indiscriminate 'suicide' violence and the torture or the murder of prisoners would constitute violation of these regulations of jihad... Fifth, advocating armed fighting in defence of Islam (qital) as
11256-513: The issue of God's Attributes and Names as a part of Tawhīd (monotheism), rather he viewed it in the broader context of aqāʾid (theology). While his treatises strongly emphasised Tawhid al-ulūhiyya (monotheism in Worship), Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab did not give prominence to the theology of God's Names and Attributes that was central to Ibn Taymiyya and the Salafi movement. Following this approach,
11390-586: The issue of Islamic extremism. The judge refers to several grounds: section 20 of the 2006 Act; the definition of "terrorism" in section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and the decision of the Supreme Court in R v Gul . Begg, a prominent Muslim public figure and Imam at Lewisham Islamic Centre since 1998 lost his 2016 court case of Libel against the BBC . This case is noteworthy because the judge lists
11524-677: The killing of six soldiers and three militants. Three other soldiers were injured. Two days later, the group carried out a grenade attack against a military base in Aguak, Maguindanao del Sur, wounding three soldiers. On February 26, three other militants were killed and three soldiers injured in Barangay Matampay during a pursuit operation against seven militants who managed to flee during the February 18 firefight. On March 17, 2024, ten Dawlah Islamiya gunmen carried out an ambush against
11658-731: The killing of their militants. Between December 7 and 9, a joint operation between the army and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Dalgan, executed by air and ground attacks, killed nine militants and wounded ten more. Eight Moro Islamic Liberation Front members were killed during the shootouts . Dawlah Islamiyah gunmen also killed five civilians in Pagalungan before fleeing on riverboats . On December 7, they also carried out another attack in Pagalungan, killing
11792-471: The label "Wahhabi extremists" for all opposition, legitimate and illegitimate, to justify massive repressions on any dissident. (Another movement, whose adherents are also called "Wahhabi" but whom were Ibaadi Kharijites , has caused some confusion in North and sub-Saharan Africa, where the movement's leader – Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd al-Rahman – lived and preached in the eighth century CE . This movement
11926-572: The latter while supporting the former. He had a complex relationship to each movement. Although he praised Ibn Abd al-Wahhab in general terms for his reformist efforts and contributions to the Muslim Ummah , Albani nonetheless censured his later followers for their harshness in Takfir . In spite of this, Albani's efforts at hadith revivalism and his claims of being more faithful to the spirit of Wahhabism than Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself; made
12060-479: The leader of radical Islam. Wahhabi [REDACTED] Politics portal Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Others In terms of Ihsan : Wahhabism ( Arabic : ٱلْوَهَّابِيَّة , romanized : al-Wahhābiyya ) is a religious revivalist movement within Sunni Islam named after the 18th-century Hanbali scholar Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab . It
12194-411: The main body of Sunni Islam ". The term "Wahhabism" has frequently been used by external parties as a sectarian and Islamophobic slur . The term used in this manner "most frequently used in countries where Salafis are a small minority" with the intent of "conjuring up images of Saudi Arabia" and foreign interference. Labelling by the term "Wahhabism" has historically been expansive beyond
12328-576: The members of the movement historically identified themselves as " Muwahhidun ", Muslims, etc. and more recently as "Salafis" . According to Robert Lacey "the Wahhabis have always disliked the name customarily given to them" and preferred to be called Muwahhidun (Unitarians). Another preferred term was simply "Muslims", since they considered their creed to be the "pure Islam". However, critics complain these terms imply that non-Wahhabi Muslims are either not monotheists or not Muslims . Additionally,
12462-405: The menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered. The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to survive into modern times. [REDACTED] Politics portal The Salafiyya movement
12596-712: The mid-19th century in Bhopal , it places great emphasis on hadith studies and condemns imitation to the canonical law schools. They identify with the early school of Ahl al-Hadith . During the late 19th century, Wahhabi scholars would establish contacts with Ahl-i-Hadith and many Wahhabi students would study under the Ahl-i-Hadith ulama , and later become prominent scholars in the Saudi Wahhabi establishment. The Wahhabi and Ahl-i-Hadith movements both oppose Sufi practices such as visiting shrines and seeking aid at
12730-889: The military from the 40th Infantry Battalion on the highway of Tuayan 1 in Datu Hoffer Ampatuan , Maguindanao del Sur. Four soldiers were killed. Three militants were killed and a soldier was injured during a shootout in Lanao del Norte on April 13, 2024. On April 29, units from the 103rd Infantry Brigade engaged twelve militants led by leader Nasser Daud in a 45-minute firefight in Barangay Cadayonan in Munai , Lanao del Norte. Three militants were killed and two soldiers injured. A second encounter later erupted in Barangay Maganding, also in Munai town, during
12864-427: The movement and what it stands for label it as "a misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islam's capacity for adaption to diverse and shifting circumstances". The term "Wahhabism" has also become as a blanket term used inaccurately to refer to "any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of
12998-438: The movement as an Asiatic revolution that sought a powerful revival of Arab civilisation by establishing a new order in Arabia and cleansing all the irrational elements and superstitions which had been normalised through Sufi excesses from Turkish and foreign influences. Scottish historian Mark Napier attributed the successes of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's revolution to assistance from "frequent interpositions of Heaven". After
13132-523: The movement represented the first major Arab -led revolt against the Turkish, Persian and foreign empires that had dominated the Islamic world since the Mongol invasions and the fall of Abbasid Caliphate in the 13th century; and would later serve as a revolutionary impetus for 19th-century pan-Arab trends. In 1744, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab formed a pact with a local leader, Muhammad bin Saud , establishing
13266-492: The new contemporary demands and problems faced by Muslims living in a modern age through a pragmatic, juristic path faithful to the rich Islamic tradition. However, as other Salafi movements got increasingly sidelined by the Saudi-backed neo-Wahhabi Purists ; the legal writings that were made easily accessible to the general public became often rigidly literalist and intolerant of the wider Sunni legal tradition, limited to
13400-827: The non-passage of the Bangsamoro Basic Law as propaganda. In April 2016, they abducted six sawmill workers from Butig, two of whom were later found beheaded. The group is also suspected of being behind a failed bomb plot in close proximity to the US embassy in Manila in November 2016. On October 4, 2016, three men linked to the Maute group were arrested in connection with the 2016 Davao City bombing . The men were TJ Tagadaya Macabalang, Wendel Apostol Facturan, and Musali Mustapha. Defence Secretary Delfin Lorenzana said that
13534-660: The notion of " Salafi Manhaj " was consolidated. Original Salafiyya and its intellectual heritage were not hostile to competing Islamic legal traditions. However, critics argue that as Salafis aligned with Saudi promoted neo-Wahhabism, religious concessions for Saudi political patronage distrted the early thrust of the renaissance movement. The early Salafiyya leaders like Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Shawkani ( d. 1835 CE /AH 1250 ), Ibn al-Amir Al-San'ani ( d. 1810 CE /AH 1225 ), Muhammad Rashid Rida ( d. 1935 CE /AH 1354 ), etc. advocated Ijtihad (independent legal research) of Scriptures to solve
13668-484: The oasis town of al-Ta'if. The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate Ibadi Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the 'Abbasid period . Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate,
13802-580: The official creed in the three Saudi States. As of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman have led to widespread crackdowns on Islamists in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Arab world . By 2021, the waning power of the religious clerics brought about by the social, economic, political changes, and the Saudi government's promotion of a nationalist narrative that emphasizes non-Islamic components, led to what has been described as
13936-713: The origin of the Kharijities to the battle between ʿAlī and Mu'awiya at Siffin in 657 CE. When ʿAlī was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. "Judgement belongs to God alone" (لاَ حُكْمَ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists. They also called themselves al-Shurat ("the Vendors"), to reflect their willingness to sell their lives in martyrdom . These original Kharijites opposed both ʿAlī and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by ʿAlī, who
14070-456: The overall current of various Islamic revivalist trends in the 18th century. It would be influenced by and in turn, influence many other Islamic reform-revivalist movements across the globe. The Ahl-i Hadith movement of Indian subcontinent was a Sunni revivalist movement inspired by the thoughts of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi , al-Shawkani , and Syed Ahmad Barelvi . They condemned taqlid and advocated ijtihad based on scriptures. Founded in
14204-462: The pale of Islam altogether." This put Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching at odds with that of those Muslims who argued that the " shahada " (i.e., the testimony of faith; "There is no god but God, Muhammad is his messenger") alone made one a Muslim, and that shortcomings in that person's behavior and performance of other obligatory rituals rendered them "a sinner", but "not an unbeliever." "Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab did not accept that view. He argued that
14338-432: The peculiar features of the debate between Wahhabis and their adversaries is its apparently static nature... the main points in the debate [have] stay[ed] the same [since 1740]." According to another source, Wahhabi jurists were unique for their literal interpretation of the Qur'an and Sunnah which tended to re-inforce local practices of the region of Najd. Whether the teachings of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab included
14472-749: The pious ancestors"), "the reform or Salafi movement of the Sheikh" (the sheikh being Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab), etc. Their self-designation "People of the Sunnah" was important for Wahhabism's authenticity, because during the Ottoman period only Sunnism was the legitimate doctrine. Other writers such as Quinton Wiktorowicz, urge use of the term "Salafi" , maintaining that "one would be hard pressed to find individuals who refer to themselves as Wahhabis or organizations that use Wahhabi in their title, or refer to their ideology in this manner (unless they are speaking to
14606-571: The pursuit of escaped militants, in which two more militants were killed and a soldier was injured. Daud escaped from the scene. On May 24, 2024, two militants wanted for high-profile crimes were killed during a shootout with security forces in Barangay Talcon . On July 20, a military vehicle was ambushed by twenty militants, resulting in a shootout in which a soldier was killed and another wounded. Islamic extremism Islamic extremism , Islamist extremism or radical Islam refers to
14740-501: The rebels siege of Marawi in 2017 . The Taguig Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 266 has found Muhammad Ilham Syahputra guilty of the illegal possession of a handgun when he was arrested on November 1, 2017. 14 soldiers killed, 12+ injured 1 police officer injured 11 civilians killed, 50+ injured Between 2020 and 2022, at least 39 militants, six soldiers, three police officers and a number of civilians were killed, mainly during army's operations aimed at capturing surviving members of
14874-564: The rejection of pluralism and the denial of any legitimate interpretations of Islam that differ from their own extremist beliefs. Second, the reduction of jihad (striving in God's cause) to qital (armed combat) ('the Lesser Jihad')... Third, the ignoring or flouting of the conditions for the declaration of armed jihad (qital), i.e. the established Islamic doctrinal conditions for the declaration of armed combat (qital) set out above... Fourth,
15008-513: The rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs." In 2019, the United States Institute of Peace issued a report on extremism in fragile states , advocating the establishment of a shared understanding, operational framework for prevention, and international cooperation. Islamic extremism is different from Islamic fundamentalism or Islamism . Islamic fundamentalism refers to
15142-501: The secular nationalists threatened to seize the resources of their countries and use it for internal development, which was not accepted by England. The United States, like Britain before it, has been accused of historically supporting radical Islam in the face of secular nationalism, seen as a major threat to Western colonial dominance. Chomsky and coauthors accuse Israel of destroying Egypt and Syria in 1967, two bastions of secular Arab nationalism opposed to Saudi Arabia, which they view as
15276-633: The singularity of God"), but is rather employed by Western scholars as well as his critics. Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within Sunnī Islam favored by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf has achieved what the French political scientist Gilles Kepel defined as a "preeminent position of strength in
15410-419: The speculation of the death of the leader of this group a DNA test released in April confirmed that Maute leader Owayda Marohomsar, alias Abu Dar, was one of the four terrorists killed. On 19 June, a Pakistani member called Waqar Ahmad, 36, was arrested and later deported. Morente said Ahmad was to undergo deportation proceedings for being an undesirable alien due to his alleged terrorist links and for working in
15544-535: The term and instead often refer themselves as "Salafi" (a term also used by followers of other Islamic reform movements as well). The term "Wahhabi" should not be confused with Wahbi , which is the dominant creed within Ibadism . Alongside its basic definition as an 18th century reformist/revivalist movement, the Wahhabi movement has also been characterized as a "movement for sociomoral reconstruction of society", "a conservative reform movement", and
15678-472: The term to locate any "deviance of the form of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia from the teachings of the Quran and Prophetic Hadiths ". Professor Ingrid Mattson stated that " Wahhbism is not a sect: It is a social movement that began 200 years ago to rid Islam of rigid cultural practices that had [been] acquired over the centuries." In an interview given to The Atlantic magazine in 2018, Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman asserted that
15812-489: The terms Muwahhidun and Unitarians are associated with other sects, both extant and extinct. Other terms Wahhabis have been said to use and/or prefer include Ahl al-Hadith ("People of the Hadith"), Salafi dawah ("Salafi preaching"), or al-da'wa ila al-tawhid ("preaching of monotheism" for the school rather than the adherents), al-Tariqa al-Muhammadiyya ("the path of Muhammad"), al-Tariqa al-Salafiyya ("the way of
15946-549: The third and last group are the jihadists , who constitute a minority. Most of the violent Islamist groups come from the Salafi-Jihadist movement and their subgroups. In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of Islamic extremist movements and terrorist organizations targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as al-Qaeda , ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh , Boko Haram , etc. The second largest group are
16080-399: The tombs of Islamic saints . Both the movements revived the teachings of the medieval Sunni theologian and jurist, Ibn Taymiyya, whom they both consider a Shaykh al-Islam . Suffering from the instabilities of 19th-century Arabia, many Wahhabi ulama would make their way to India and study under Ahl-i-Hadith patronage. After the establishment of Saudi Arabia and the subsequent oil boom ,
16214-567: The wife of the late MILF Vice Chairman for Military Affairs Alim Abdul Aziz Mimbantas, who is buried in Butig. The Maute brothers themselves were once members of the MILF. Philippine Army sources state that their initial encounter with the Maute group involved a firefight in 2013 when the insurgents attacked a security checkpoint the government troops were manning in Madalum, Lanao del Sur . The group
16348-409: The word Wahabi was synonymous with 'traitor' and 'rebel' ... The epithet became a term of religio-political abuse." In general, the so-called Wahhabis do not like – or at least did not like – the term. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab was averse to the elevation of scholars and other individuals, including using a person's name to label an Islamic school ( madhhab ). Due to its perceived negative overtones,
16482-531: The world who aspire to live according to the precedents of the Salaf al-Salih ; whereas "Wahhabism" – a term rejected by its adherents – refers to the specific brand of reformation ( islah ) campaign that was initiated by the 18th century scholar Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab and evolved through his subsequent disciples in the central Arabian region of Najd. Despite their relations with Wahhabi Muslims of Najd; other Salafis have often differed theologically with
16616-486: Was an adherent to the Salafiyya methodology. Encouraged by their call for hadith re-evaluation and revival, he would invest himself in Hadith studies , becoming a renowned Muhaddith . He followed in the footsteps of the ancient Ahl al-Hadith school and took the call of Ahl-i-Hadith . In the 1960s, he would teach in Saudi Arabia making a profound influence therein. By the 1970s, Albani's thoughts would gain popularity and
16750-549: Was considered as the "leader of Salafis". All these scholars would correspond with Arabian and Indian Ahl-i-Hadith scholars and champion the reformist thought. They shared a common interest in opposing various Sufi practices, denouncing blind following and reviving correct theology and Hadith sciences . They also opened Zahiriyya library , Salafiyya library, Al Manar Library, etc., propagating Salafi thought as well as promoting scholars like Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Hazm. Rashid Rida would succeed in his efforts to rehabilitate Wahhabis in
16884-594: Was founded and spearheaded by the Ḥanbalī scholar and theologian Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab , a religious preacher from the Najd region in central Arabia , and was instrumental in the rise of the House of Saud to power in the Arabian peninsula. Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab sought to revive and purify Islam from what he perceived as non-Islamic popular religious beliefs and practices by returning to what, he believed, were
17018-576: Was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the Umayyads , but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the Second Fitna (the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured
17152-503: Was initially established in the central Arabian region of Najd and later spread to other parts of the Arabian Peninsula , and is today followed primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar . The Wahhabi movement staunchly denounced rituals related to the veneration of Muslim saints and pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines , which were widespread amongst the people of Najd. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers were highly inspired by
17286-691: Was not used by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers, who typically refer themselves as " Salafi" , "Sunni" or " Muwahhidun ". The term "Wahhabi" was probably first used by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Wahhab , a staunch opponent of his brother's views until 1776 CE /AH 1190, who declared the Wahhabi movement as the personal interpretation of its leader. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his movement's early followers referred to themselves as "al-muwahhidun" (monotheists; Arabic : الموحدون , lit. '"one who professes God's oneness" or "Unitarians"' derived from Tawhid (the oneness of God). The movement's present-day followers continue to reject
17420-576: Was one of the first Wahhabi scholars who seriously concerned himself with the question of God's Names and Attributes; a topic largely neglected by the previous Wahhabi scholars whose primary focus was limited to condemning idolatry and necrolatry. Ibn 'Atiq established correspondence with Athari scholars like Sīddïq Hasān Khán, an influential scholar of the Ahl al-Hadith movement in the Islamic principality of Bhopal . In his letters, Ibn 'Atiq praised Nayl al-Maram , Khan's Salafi commentary on Qur'an , which
17554-651: Was published via prints in Cairo . He solicited Khan to accept his son as his disciple and requested Khan to produce and send more commentaries on the various treatises of Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim. Khan accepted his request and embarked on a detailed study of the treatises of both the scholars. Hammad's son Sa'd ibn Atiq would study under Khan and various traditionalist theologians in India. Thus, various Wahhabi scholars began making efforts to appropriate Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's legacy into mainstream Sunni Islam by appropriating them to
17688-604: Was the core of the controversy between him and his adversaries, including his own brother." In Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's major work, a small book called Kitab al-Tawhid , he states that 'Ibādah (Worship) in Islam consists of conventional acts of devotion such as the five daily prayers ( salat ); fasting for the holy month of Ramadan ( Sawm ); Dua (supplication); Istia'dha (seeking protection or refuge); Isti'âna (seeking help), and Istigātha to Allah (seeking benefits and calling upon Allah alone). Directing these deeds beyond Allah – such as through du'a or Istigāthā to
17822-411: Was thought to have over 100 members then and were supplied with equipment by a foreign terrorist. They are said to be affiliated with Jemaah Islamiya , a Southeast Asian Islamist terrorist group. The group was involved in a clash with Philippine Army troops in February 2016 that led to the capture of their headquarters in Butig, Lanao del Sur . It was initially reported that Omar Maute was killed in
17956-729: Was wounded. Sixteen days later, another gunman was killed by the army in an encounter in Pagayawan . On April 18, Dawlah Islamiyah and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters militants carried out a bombing attack on a bus in Isulan , Sultan Kudarat , wounding seven civilians. Between June and December 2023, twenty-one senior members of the group were killed during security operations in Mindanao. Several commanders were among those killed, including leader Abu Zacharia. On October 29, 2023, senior commander Samaon Odin Amil accidentally killed himself after
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