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84-727: Maguindanao ( locally [maˈɡindɐnaʊ, -ginˈdanaʊ] ; Maguindanaon : Dairat nu Magindanaw ; Iranun : Perobinsia a Magindanao ; Filipino : Lalawigan ng Maguindanao ) was a province of the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). From 2014 to 2022, its provincial capital was Buluan , but the legislative branch of government, the Maguindanao Provincial Board , convened at

168-592: A "new man" who exists outside of the heterosexual ideal of a "real man patterned on being strong, aggressive, and skilled in the art of war". Same-gender marriage is permitted by the NPA. In 1998, the CPP released the document On Proletarian Relationship of the Sexes , which outlined how romantic relationships and marriages should work under the army. The document also covered same-gender relationships, and with its implementation,

252-417: A communist revolution. To the NPA, one's ability and willingness to serve the cause takes precedence over one's sexual orientation and gender identity; the CPP had recognized "the right to form samesex relationships and changing one's gender" since 1992. Kaira Zoe Alburo writes that gay NPA recruits challenge the concept of a hegemonic, "heterosexualized" masculinity in the army in that by enlisting, they create

336-415: A decline in NPA strength until 2009. During the administration of Benigno Aquino III , OBL2 was replaced by Oplan Bayanihan , which had a more "people-centered" approach compared to OBL's military-heavy tactics. NPA membership, at this time, steadily rose. By 2017, NPA strength had surpassed the previous 2005 peak by 3%. As of 2018, its strength is tallied at greater than the 5,600 rifles recorded in

420-622: A former barangay in Maganoy which is now part of the municipality of Datu Hoffer Ampatuan . Datumanong's successor Zacaria Candao, on the other hand, held office at P.C. Hill, the site of the former headquarters of the Philippine Constabulary in Cotabato City , an autonomous chartered city not under Maguindanao's provincial jurisdiction. In 1977 following the resignation of Candao, President Ferdinand Marcos moved

504-506: A law amending P.D. No. 1170 of 1977 or the passage of a supporting Sangguaniang Panlalawigan (SP) resolution, the next governor, Andal Ampatuan Sr. (governor from 2001 to 2008), and his successor, son Sajid Ampatuan (2008–2009), held office in the Ampatuan clan stronghold of Shariff Aguak (renamed from Maganoy in 1996), citing security concerns connected to clan rivalry. A new ₱ 218-million provincial capitol complex, inaugurated in 2009 in

588-631: A legitimate military target. By 1991, the CPP central committee had assessed the mistakes of the previous decade and carried out the Second Great Rectification Movement from 1992 until declaring a success in 1998. The Second Great Rectification Movement, however, saw splits in the CPP ranks, with rejectionists such as Filemon Lagman , Romulo Kintanar, Etta Rosales , and others leaving the CPP and forming their own groups based on ideological differences. The Alex Boncayao Brigade , notorious for its partisan activities, left

672-517: A press conference past 7 am, Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita announced Proclamation No. 1959 declaring a state of martial law and suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in the province of Maguindanao, except for certain areas identified as bailiwicks of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) separatists. The declaration of martial law led to the "arrests without warrants" of other members of

756-465: A single guerrilla front despite the AFP's efforts of concentrating its forces in 300 to 600 barrios at any given time. In 2005, the NPA reported that its strength had surpassed its previous peak in 2005. Arroyo, at this time, had replaced OBL1 with Oplan Bantay Laya 2 , which aimed at "ending the revolutionary movement by 2010". OBL2, along with what the CPP identified as "conservatism" in the ranks, led to

840-521: A terrorist organization in the Philippines on December 9, 2020. The Manila Regional Trial Court has junked a proscription case by the Department of Justice seeking to designate the CPP-NPA as a terrorist organization on September 22, 2022. The court concluded that the constitution and program of the CPP-NPA, including its justification for armed struggle, fall under "rebellion" and do not constitute

924-467: A written l , and the prevalence by which it is used or is dominant denotes the local dialects of Maguindanaon. /l/ may also be heard as a retroflex [ɭ] in intervocalic positions. The Laya (Raya) or lowland dialect of Maguindanaon, spoken in and around Cotabato City, prefers the flapped r over l , while the more conservative upland variety spoken in Datu Piang and inland areas favors l . As in

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1008-822: Is a party to ongoing peace talks between the People's Democratic Government and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Peace negotiations have reached an impasse, with the Rodrigo Duterte administration unilaterally announcing the termination of peace talks in 2019. Negotiations between the GRP and the NDFP stalled on signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on Socio-Economic Reforms (CASER), and

1092-544: Is the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). It acts as the CPP's principal organization, aiming to consolidate political power from what it sees as the present "bourgeois reactionary puppet government" and to aid in the " people's democratic revolution". Founded on March 29, 1969, by the collaboration of Jose Maria Sison and former members of the Hukbalahap led by Bernabe Buscayno ,

1176-578: Is the native language of the Maguindanaon people of the province of Maguindanao located in the west of Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines. It was the language of the Sultanate of Maguindanao , which lasted until near the end of the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. The earliest works on the language by a European were carried out by Jacinto Juanmartí, a Catalan priest of

1260-492: Is the only Muslim-majority province of the four created out of the original Cotabato Province. In 1989, majority of its voters opted to join the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao but Cotabato City did not. Despite this, the city would later serve as the provisional capital of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and host line agency offices for the province. On August 23, 1992, 16 senior officers of

1344-405: The 18th Congress , two new House bills were filed: one by First District Rep. Datu Roonie Sinsuat Sr., Sema's successor, seeking the creation of Western Maguindanao ; another by Second District Rep. Esmael Mangudadatu with same naming proposal as Sema. A substitute bill was later authored by both Maguindanao representatives along with Tarlac Third District Rep. Noel Villanueva, and approved in

1428-827: The Ampatuan clan who have been linked to the November 23 massacre of 58 civilians. On August 15, 2011, Mangudadatu and his convoy were ambushed as they were on their way to his birthday celebration. On January 25, 2015, 44 members of the Special Action Force were killed after they killed the Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist Zulkifli Abdhir aka Marwan, by allegedly Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters in Mamasapano, Maguindanao . In February 2016, Maguindanao experienced

1512-547: The Corazon Aquino administration's counter-insurgency program, Oplan Lambat Bitag , managed to severely harm the NPA and the CPP as a whole. In 1989, the NPA assassinated U.S. Army Colonel James "Nick" Rowe , founder of the U.S. Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) course. Colonel Rowe was part of a military assistance program to the Philippine Army. The NPA asserts that this made him

1596-742: The Maranao language , Maguindanaon pronouns can be also free or bound to the word/morpheme before it. Maguindanaon numerals: Maguindanao is written with the Latin script, and used to be written with the Jawi script . Among works on the language published by Jacinto Juanmartí, his sacred history Compendio de historia universal contains Maguindanao texts in both Jawi and the Latin script. New People%27s Army Former parties Former parties Former parties The New People's Army ( Filipino : Bagong Hukbong Bayan ; abbreviated NPA or BHB )

1680-598: The Society of Jesus who worked in the Philippines in the second half of the 19th century. Aside from a number of Christian religious works in the language, Juanmartí also published a Maguindanao–Spanish/Spanish–Maguindanao dictionary and reference grammar in 1892. Shortly after sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States in 1898 as a result of the Spanish–American War ,

1764-466: The Supreme Court , in an 8–6 vote, nullified the province's creation, restoring its municipalities to Maguindanao, ruling that "Only Congress can create provinces and cities because the creation of provinces and cities necessarily includes the creation of legislative districts". On November 23, 2009, a 2010 gubernatorial election caravan supporting Esmael Mangudadatu , vice mayor of Buluan ,

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1848-619: The 2010 gubernatorial election, cited security concerns when he decided to work from a "satellite office," named the Rajah Buayan Silongan Peace Center, in his hometown of Buluan ; this move was supported by Resolution No. 5, series 2010, of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) of Maguindanao. SP Resolution No. 78, dated May 3, 2011, further allowed the transfer of the legislative branch of the provincial government ( Sangguniang Panlalawigan ) to

1932-746: The American administration began publishing a number of works on the language in English, such as a brief primer and vocabulary in 1903, and a translation of Juanmartí's reference grammar into English in 1906. A number of works about and in the language have since been published by Filipino and foreign authors. Maguindanao has 3 major dialects: Ilud, Laya, and Biwangen. Maguindanao dialects are: The vowels [e] and [o] only occur in loanwords from Spanish through Tagalog or Cebuano and from Malay. The phonemes /z/ and /dʒ/ only appear in loanwords. The sound [dʒ] also appears an allophonic realization for

2016-498: The COMELEC was preparing for the 2022 general election . RA No. 11550 was ratified on September 17, 2022, in a plebiscite, thus dividing Maguindanao. Among the province-wide plebiscites, it was the most participated in terms of number of registered and actual voters, with the voter turnout as the second highest, only behind that of the 1998 plebiscite creating and taking Compostela Valley from Davao del Norte . With that division,

2100-561: The CPP is in absolute command of the NPA, outlining that its most pressing task is to "defeat and destroy the US-created and US-supported reactionary Armed Forces of the Philippines . Since then, it has continued to wage a protracted people's war through the use of guerrilla tactics , while steadily expanding. In 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo requested for the United States Department of State to declare

2184-731: The CPP with Lagman and formed the Revolutionary Proletarian Army . In 1998, the GRP and NDFP signed the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CAHRIHL), which establishes rules of engagement for both parties in accordance to international rules of war. The NPA, as a signatory to CAHIRHL, is bound to international agreements stated in the Geneva Convention and thus follows rules set for prisoners of war, command-detonated explosives, and similar rules of engagement. Since then, rejectionists have been met with reprisals. Lagman

2268-448: The CPP's 1985 plenum. The Central Committee has stated in its 2017 Congress that it has a five-year plan with aims to "carry forward the antifascist, antifeudal and anti-imperialist movement and overthrow the tyrannical US-Duterte regime, and bring the protracted people's war to the advanced phase of the strategic defensive, in order to reach the threshold of the strategic stalemate". The five-year plan: The CPP five-year plan emphasizes

2352-518: The CPP's program for a People's Democratic Revolution. In the Declaration of the New People's Army , Amado Guerrero outlined the following as its main tasks: The NPA quickly spread alongside organizational work of the CPP. By 1972, it had established 735 barrio organizing committees and 60 barrio organizing committees, governing an estimated 400,000 people all over the country. The CPP used

2436-506: The CPP-NPA as a foreign terrorist group, which was granted on August 2. This was in line with her counter-insurgency program, Oplan Bantay Laya , which aimed to end the conflict between the AFP and the NPA. In 2005, the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy included the NPA as a terrorist group. Despite these efforts, the NPA has declared Oplan Bantay Laya I a "failure", citing that it did not lose

2520-622: The Japanese Imperial forces in the Battle of Maguindanao during the Second World War . The territory of the old province of Cotabato was reduced in 1966 when several of its municipalities were separated from it and constituted into the newly created province of South Cotabato . In 1973, Cotabato was dissolved when it was split to create three new provinces: Maguindanao, (North) Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat . Maguindanao

2604-528: The Maguindanaos at the end of the 15th century. He subsequently married a Maranao princess of Malabang and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao . The name of the island of Mindanao is from a 16th-century Spanish approximation of the name "Mangindanaw" which is at least a Tagalog exonym if not an endonym of the Maguindanao state and people. Its capital of Kuta Watu (modern-day Cotabato) formed

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2688-465: The NPA attacked three mines in Mindanao, causing 190 million dollars in damages. Some corporations willing to pay NPA taxes for local social programs are allowed to continue operating within NPA territory, those who do not are often attacked by the NPA who burn their equipment. The NPA, being the primary organization of the CPP, follows a theoretical ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism . It regards

2772-615: The NPA enjoyed strategic gains in Mindanao and was able to consolidate its forces there. However, the Mindanao Commission adopted a strategy of designating areas as Red (where military struggle was applicable) or White (where political struggle and insurrection was applicable) along with the SCO program. Problems in discipline also emerged during this time, as well as deterioration of the NPA's ability to conduct mass work. These ideological and organizational shortcomings, coupled with

2856-592: The NPA has entrenched itself, the CPP–NPA has established a People's Democratic Government ( Gobyernong Bayan ), which operates independently of the Philippine government. Within these zones, income taxes which would nominally go to the government treasury instead go to the NPA, which they use to fund community services. The NPA, as represented by the National Democratic Front of the Philippines ,

2940-517: The NPA has since waged a guerrilla war based on the Maoist strategy of protracted people's war . The NPA is one of the key figures in the ongoing communist rebellion in the Philippines , the longest ongoing conflict in the country. The NPA operates and is based primarily in the Philippine countryside, where the CPP alleges it has established itself in 73 out of the country's 81 provinces, across over 110 guerrilla fronts. In guerrilla zones where

3024-703: The NPA openly accepted LGBT people and called Duterte's claims "unbelievable". The Philippine Army had apprehended Eduardo Quitoriano in 1994, who was a NPA liaison officer to the Japanese Red Army and involved in a money laundering case in Switzerland. It is reported that the NPA had supported the Naxalites (of India) during the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency by providing training and technical support. The CPP-NPA received large-scale support, in

3108-426: The NPA to establish barrio organizing and revolutionary committees, which served as instruments in administering the people's revolutionary government. Barrio organizing committees were established to lower land rent, eliminate usury, and ensure the "annihilation of enemy troops and the elimination of landlord despots, enemy spies, and such bad elements as cattle rustlers, extortionists, robbers, murderers, arsonists, and

3192-482: The Notre Dame University said such acts are methods to prevent potential conflicts between political families by having their own local government units where they can have governmental positions. The population of Maguindanao in the 2020 census was 1,667,258 people. When Cotabato City was included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 1,667,258 people. The majority (64.5 percent) of

3276-603: The PKP, the ban extended to the CPP-NPA. The Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 was repealed by President Fidel Ramos in October 1992, decriminalizing membership in the NPA and CPP. In December 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared the NPA along with the CPP as terrorist organizations. In agreement were the European Union, New Zealand and the United States. The Anti-Terror Council of the Philippines designated CPP-NPA as

3360-638: The Party! , a treatise which criticized the old Lavaite leadership and emphasized the need to follow Mao Zedong Thought to foster re-establishment. The conflict continued until December 26, 1968, when the Communist Party of the Philippines was formally re-established along Maoist lines, and the entire issue was termed the First Great Rectification Movement . After re-establishing the CPP, Guerrero set about to establishing

3444-458: The People's Army. KM cadres in Tarlac had contacted Guerrero and linked him with Bernabe Buscayno, a former member of the older Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan . Relations were established and the New People's Army was formally founded on March 29, in continuity with the previous Hukbalahap. At the time the NPA only had 60 armed fighters. The NPA was immediately tasked with the role of implementing

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3528-420: The Philippines as a semi-colonial, semi-feudal state where political and economic power is concentrated on a local class of landlords and comprador bourgeoisie , aided by foreign imperialists , chief of which is United States imperialism. The CPP regards a two-stage revolution of People's Democratic Revolution followed by socialist reconstruction as the path to achieve socialism and wrest control away from

3612-618: The Philippines. The momentum gained in the 1980s was also given to multiple setbacks. Changes in strategy and internal conflicts within the CPP resulted in ideological, political, and organizational losses for the CPP–NPA–NDF. The CPP devised a plan called a "strategic counteroffensive" (SCO) with the aim of "leaping over" to a higher stage of armed revolution and quickly win the revolution. The SCO program led to "regularization" of units, urban partisan actions, peasant uprisings, and an insurrectionist concept of "seizing opportunities". From 1981,

3696-818: The Shariff Aguak Provincial Capitol and planned to convert the Buluan provincial capitol to a district hospital. Following the provincial division as approved in the 2022 plebiscite, Section 5 of Republic Act No. 11550 officially designated Buluan as the capital of the mother municipality of Maguindanao del Sur where Shariff Aguak is also located. Sultan Kudarat municipality was designated to Maguindanao del Norte but Datu Odin Sinsuat will be designated as its capital. Poverty incidence of Maguindanao Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Maguindanao language The Maguindanaon language

3780-568: The Zamboangueño dialect and Cebuano as spoken as the lingua franca of most of Mindanao who are settlers from Visayas . Teduray, also native to the province, was spoken in the municipalities of Upi, South Upi, and Datu Blah T. Sinsuat. English , being one of the country's official languages, was also spoken, while Arabic was taught in Islamic schools. Maguindanao inhabitants are predominantly practitioners of Islam which comprises 82.99% of

3864-718: The bourgeois. The NPA regards itself as waging a revolution ultimately stemming from the "unfinished" revolution of the Katipunan , calling itself a revolution of the "new type"; whereas the Katipunan waged a "bourgeois democratic revolution of the old type, the NPA is waging a "proletarian socialist revolution" in the same vein as the October Revolution in Russia. The CPP-NPA regards three things as central to waging revolution: armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and

3948-477: The building of mass-bases in the countryside. The NPA, aside from being a military force, also puts emphasis in carrying out land reform and organizational work to ensure that villages become bases of the people's democratic government. The CPP regards armed struggle as a necessary component of revolution coinciding with the Party's organizational work. The NPA, as the central agent of armed struggle, serves to achieve its central task of "destroying and dismantling

4032-523: The capital in practice ( de facto ). Following the end of the Marcos Regime, the next two governors – Zacaria Candao (1986–1992; 1995–2001) and Norodin Matalam (1992–1995) – both held office in the existing capitol at Sultan Kudarat thereby restoring the municipality's status as both de jure and de facto provincial capital from 1986 to 2001. Despite the lack of legal justification in the form of

4116-443: The capital of Southern Maguindanao will be Buluan . Both proposed provinces will comprise a lone legislative district. Prior to the final version, the municipalities of Datu Anggal Midtimbang (by Sema and Mangudadatu) and South Upi (by Sinsuat) were proposed to became part of Maguindanao North/Western Maguindanao ; Sultan Kudarat was proposed by Mangudadatu to be the capital of the then-proposed province. The proposed division

4200-473: The cities. The second stage is strategic stalemate, where fighting force is more or less equal, while the last stage is that of strategic offensive, where the NPA has developed its strength capable of assaulting military camps and cities. The NPA has explicitly allowed the recruitment of sexual and gender minorities. Many queer Filipinos join the NPA due to the lack of LGBT rights in the Philippines , and they believe that queer liberation can be achieved through

4284-517: The countryside, reaching a mass base of over one million people, with 1,000 fighters armed with high-powered rifles by 1977 By 1981, the NPA began engaging in tactical offensives involving company-sized units emerged, particularly in the Southern Mindanao region. By 1983, the NPA fielded 5,000 high-powered rifles. By 1988, it had 10,000 high-powered rifles, with 7,000 inferior firearms. It operated in 60 guerrilla fronts across 63 provinces of

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4368-429: The effects of the 2014–16 El Niño , causing destruction on rice and corn fields due to drought. The province declared a state of calamity in response to the damages caused. In the 17th Congress , then House Deputy Speaker Bai Sandra Sema (barred by law to run for another term in her current district in 2019) introduced a bill on March 2, 2017, seeking to establish a new province called Maguindanao North . Later in

4452-654: The final reading in 2020. In the Senate , three bills were also filed seeking for the same division with Sen. Bong Revilla pursuing instead the same naming proposal as Sinsuat. This time, those bills, except one by Revilla, would name the divided provinces as Northern Maguindanao and Southern Maguindanao . In the substitute bill in the House, Northern Maguindanao will consist the municipalities that became part of Shariff Kabunsuan along with Sultan Sumagka , and its designated provincial capital will be Datu Odin Sinsuat , while

4536-736: The form of arms, $ 7 million and logistical support, from the Gaddafi government in Libya according to a US Secretary of State. At the time of its inception, Government of the Philippines automatically outlawed the NPA (along with the CPP) through the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 which had branded the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 (PKP) and the Hukbalahap as an "organized conspiracy". As splinter groups which had roots to

4620-475: The governorship in 1980. In an attempt to legitimize the restoration of Maganoy's status as the seat of provincial government, Batas Pambansa Blg. 211 was enacted in 1982, but with the explicit provision that the change will only take effect after a plebiscite affirms the transfer. A plebiscite was scheduled for December 18, 1982, but was never administered, thus making the municipality of Sultan Kudarat still capital of Maguindanao by law ( de jure ), but Maganoy being

4704-405: The insurgent Communist Party of the Philippines - New People's Army (CPP-NPA) operating in the province were arrested by intelligence operatives of the Philippine National Police , with officials considering it to be a significant hit against the organization's progress in the region. On October 31, 2006, Maguindanao voters approved the creation of a new province to be composed of 10 towns from

4788-486: The issue of localized peace talks between individual units of the NPA. The Office of the President of the Philippines designated the NPA as a terrorist group, along with the CPP. The United States and the European Union have designated the CPP–NPA as "foreign terrorist organizations" in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Japan's Public Security Intelligence Agency designated the NPA as a "major international terrorist organization" ( 主な国際テロ組織 ) . The New People's Army

4872-430: The like." Once established, barrio revolutionary committees replaced the BOC to formally establish the area as a stronghold of the revolutionary government. The NPA at the time had 72 squads of 800 regulars armed with weapons. Over the next decade, the NPA expanded in response to Ferdinand Marcos and the declaration of martial law in the Philippines . The CPP and the NPA were successfully able to establish themselves in

4956-409: The need to combat conservatism in the NPA ranks, the importance of mass-work in building and strengthening Party groups, and the intensification of guerrilla warfare against enemy targets. The NPA has a long record of attacking mining corporations and logging companies which they accuse of harming the forests of the Philippines. In 2011 in revenge for the murder of anti-mining activist Rabenio Sungit ,

5040-477: The number of provinces in the country has raised to 82 . A transition period would take place which lasted until January 9, 2023. Maguindanao was situated in the central section of Mindanao , bordered by Lanao del Sur to the north, Cotabato to the east, Sultan Kudarat to the south, and Illana Bay to the west. Maguindanao comprised 36 municipalities , further subdivided into 508 barangays . Cotabato City , although geographically grouped with Maguindanao,

5124-510: The old provincial capitol in Sultan Kudarat . It bordered Lanao del Sur to the north, Cotabato to the east, Sultan Kudarat to the south, and Illana Bay to the west. It is now used collectively to refer to the provinces of Maguindanao del Sur and Maguindanao del Norte , with which it was replaced with since September 18, 2022 after a division of the province was approved in a plebiscite . According to Maguindanao royal records, Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan of Johor introduced Islam to

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5208-408: The old provincial capitol in Simuay, Sultan Kudarat . The Ampatuan-built former provincial capitol complex in Shariff Aguak , initially planned to be converted for public school use, was planned to become the new headquarters of the ARMM 's Bureau of Fire Protection and eventually became an infantry brigade of the Philippine Army. However, incumbent governor Bai Mariam Mangudadatu held her office in

5292-445: The people in Maguindanao were Maguindanaoans . The Iranuns which dominate the northern towns of Parang, Barira, Buldon and Matanog made up the second largest group with 18.4 percent. The Tedurays , which are the Lumads of the southwestern highlands of the province, made up 8.4 percent of the entire population, while Hiligaynons and Cebuanos constituted the remaining significant groups in the province with each making up 3.2 percent of

5376-399: The population, majority of which are followers of Sunni Islam . A minority are Christians (mostly Roman Catholics ), who were mostly Cebuanos, Ilonggos and Chavacanos. Roman Catholics of Maguindanao fell under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kidapawan , a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cotabato . Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) had several locales in Maguindanao. Maguindanao

5460-505: The population. The main native languages were Maguindanao and Iranun , while Tagalog had emerged as the primary language among younger generations and was the primary medium of education, making it the province's lingua franca. Cebuano , Hiligaynon , Chavacano , and, to the lesser extent, Ilocano were also spoken by Ilocano settlers from Northern Luzon, with the Chavacano dialect spoken in Cotabato City being called Cotabateño spoke by settlers from Zamboanga City , which evolved from

5544-474: The presence of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , was located adjacent to the homes of the Ampatuans, and sat on a piece of Amaptuan clan land that had not been legally deeded to the government. The Ampatuans were even known to spend more time within the "satellite offices" they set up within their private properties, despite though the new capitol being located adjacent to their homes. Esmael Mangudadatu , who took office after defeating Andal Ampatuan Jr. in

5628-488: The present area of Maguindanao. In 1903, the American colonial government established the Moro Province and made Cotabato as one of its districts. Upon the conversion of the Moro Province into the Department of Mindanao and Sulu in 1914, the districts were made into provinces. In 1942, the Japanese forces first attacked what is now Maguindanao. In 1945, Maguindanao was liberated by allied Philippine Commonwealth troops and Maguindanaon guerrilla units after defeating

5712-440: The province of Maguindanao. The province saw establishments of new municipalities, especially during the 2000s. Then ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly (RLA) secretary Dick Mali said such establishments would help in "decentralizing functions and resources" and provide the people "more efficient public service and governance from their public officials." However, Benedicto Bacani of the Institute of Autonomy and Governance in

5796-421: The province's seat of government to the municipality of Sultan Kudarat (hometown of the newly appointed governor Sanggacala Baraguir) by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1170. During his term Baraguir held office at the then-newly constructed provincial capitol in that municipality's Barangay Simuay Crossing. The next governor, Sandiale Sambolawan, held office in his hometown of Maganoy following his election to

5880-531: The province. Of more than 500,000 voters registered, 285,372 favored the creation of the province, and 8,802 voted against it. The new province, Shariff Kabunsuan , established through Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 201 by the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly , became the country's 80th province and the 6th in the ARMM. It was composed of the towns of Datu Odin Sinsuat , Kabuntalan , Upi , Sultan Kudarat , Datu Blah T. Sinsuat , Sultan Mastura , Parang , Buldon , Matanog and Barira . However, in July 2008,

5964-462: The queer rights of sexual and gender minorities in the army became more recognized. In 2005, the NPA conducted the first recorded gay marriage in the history of the Philippines. The former Filipino president Duterte mocked the NPA's acceptance of LGBT members, erroneously claiming that '40 percent' of NPA members are gay. Duterte also claimed that NPA guerrillas once attempted to sexually seduce his son. NPA co-founder Jose Maria Sison confirmed that

6048-547: The rehabilitated old capitol site in Barangay Simuay Crossing, Sultan Kudarat. This effectively made both Buluan and Sultan Kudarat – located 120 kilometers apart by road – the seats of the executive and legislative branches of provincial government respectively. On April 3, 2012, the SP of Maguindanao issued Resolution No. 132, reiterating that the town of Sultan Kudarat was the capital of Maguindanao. However this

6132-471: The rule of the enemy and taking their political power". In waging armed revolution, the NPA follows the strategic line of protracted people's war by "encircling the cities from the countryside until conditions are ripe for seizing the cities through a strategic offensive". The NPA identifies three stages in waging armed struggle: strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive. It regards itself as yet unable to conduct symmetric warfare in

6216-409: The sequences /d + s/ (e.g. [dʒaɭumˈani ka] /(ə)dsalumani ka/ 'repeat that!') and /d + i/ (only before another vowel before vowel, e.g. [ˈmidʒas] /midias/ 'stockings'); the sound [z] also appears as an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. /ɾ/ can also be trilled [ r ] . Intervocalic /d/ is realized as [ɾ] . /ɾ/ and /l/ are interchangeable in words which include

6300-560: The sultanate's heartland but its influence extended from the Zamboanga Peninsula to Sarangani Bay and Davao . In the 1660s, Dutch vessels from Ternate and Tidore often stopped by Maguindanao to purchase rice, beeswax and tobacco. The Spanish frequently attacked the sultanate starting in the 1600s. In the middle of the 19th century, the Spanish were able to build a military post at what is now Barangay Tamontaka, Cotabato City . The historical province of Cotabato covered

6384-417: The urban centers and thus regards the people's war as being in a stage of strategic defensive moving to a stage of strategic stalemate. During the stage of strategic defensive, the NPA "maintains the initiative in tactical offensives against the strategic military advantage of the enemy", making use of guerrilla tactics to attack targets and defend guerrilla zones, while armed partisans perform special roles in

6468-599: Was administratively independent from the province. The province was divided into two congressional districts . In October 2006, the first congressional district was split off into a new province, Shariff Kabunsuan . However, the ARMM's Act creating the province was nullified by the Supreme Court in July 2008, on the basis that creation of a province is a function of the Philippine legislature . The area since reverted to

6552-652: Was ambushed in the University of the Philippines in 2001 by armed gunmen and slain. The NPA has admitted to killing Kintanar in 2003. Other rejectionists, like Rosales and Walden Bello continue as members of the social-democratic Akbayan party. Ricardo Reyes is active in local politics, having last attempted to secure the mayoralty of Pasig in 2010. The CPP declared the Second Great Rectification Movement as having been "conclusively won" in 1998. Since then, it has re-affirmed that

6636-408: Was attacked. Fifty-seven people were killed, including Mangudadatu's wife and sisters, supporters, local journalists, and bystanders. On December 4, 2009, a number of homes belonging to the Ampatuan political family were raided in connection with the massacre. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially declared martial law in the province of Maguindanao on December 5, 2009, Saturday morning. In

6720-566: Was created. Having elected to join the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Maguindanao also sent six representatives (three per SP district) to the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly that convened in Cotabato City . When the province was established in 1973, the designated seat of government was the municipality of Maganoy . The first appointed governor, Simeon Datumanong, held office in Limpongo,

6804-725: Was divided into two congressional districts , which elected members to the House of Representatives . For the brief period that the province of Shariff Kabunsuan existed, Maguindanao became a lone-district province. Since the appointment of a new set of provincial officials for the reunified province of Maguindanao by the ARMM Governor in January 2009, the provincial government reverted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan district configuration from before Shariff Kabunsuan

6888-468: Was established on March 29, 1969, following the split of the old Communist Party ( Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 ) into Lava and Guerrero factions. The 1960s saw a resurgence in radical ideology, following the establishment of Kabataang Makabayan and the emerging popularity of Mao Zedong Thought as an advancement of ideological Marxism-Leninism . In 1966, Jose Maria Sison, under the nom de guerre Amado Guerrero , wrote Rectify Errors and Rebuild

6972-522: Was signed by Pres. Rodrigo Duterte on May 27, 2021, as Republic Act No. 11550 , with new provinces to be named Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur (named as the mother province of Maguindanao). The original schedule of the plebiscite, to be supervised by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), was in September 2021, ninety days after the effectivity of the law, but was postponed as

7056-429: Was superseded by a new resolution passed in 2014 naming Buluan the new capital of Maguindanao. Buluan's Rajah Buayan Silongan Peace Center then served as the provisional capitol building, pending the completion of the executive building in the new capitol complex. However, the legislative branch of provincial government, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Maguindanao, continued to hold sessions in the rehabilitated buildings of

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