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118-612: The maharlika ( Baybayin pre-virama: ᜋᜑᜎᜒᜃ meaning freeman or freedman ) were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society in Luzon , the Philippines . They belonged to the lower nobility class similar to the timawa of the Visayan people . In modern Filipino , however, the word has come to refer to aristocrats or to royal nobility, which was actually restricted to the hereditary maginoo class. The maharlika were

236-678: A Gujarati model. The Kawi script originated in Java , descending from the Pallava script, and was used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia . The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines. It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Saka era 822, corresponding to 21 April 900 AD. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and

354-471: A Philippine language, featuring both Tagalog in baybayin and transliterated into the Latin script, is the 1593 Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala . The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by Fr. Juan de Placencia . Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was carried out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This

472-467: A Spanish priest and Antonio de Morga noted in 1604 and 1609 that most Filipino men and women could read baybayin. It was also noted that they did not write books or keep records, but did use baybayin for signing documents, for personal notes and messages, and for poetry. During the colonial period, Filipinos began keeping paper records of their property and financial transactions, and would write down lessons they were taught in church. Documents written in

590-764: A concept of serenity and peace". The modern use of maharlika persists in original Philippine music (OPM), notably in the lyrics of " Ako ay Pilipino ", a song commissioned by Ferdinand Marcos' First Lady, Imelda Marcos . The word maharlika is used by the semi-professional basketball league Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League , and the football club Maharlika Manila F.C. of the Philippines Football League . Baybayin Baybayin ( ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔ , Tagalog pronunciation: [bajˈbajɪn] ) or Sulat Tagalog , also called Basahan by Bicolanos, sometimes erroneously referred to as alibata ,

708-547: A consonant's inherent a vowel, making it an independent consonant. The krus-kudlít virama was added to the original script by the Spanish priest Francisco Lopez in 1620. Later, the pamudpod virama ⟨ ◌᜕ ⟩ , which has the same function, was added. Beside these phonetic considerations, the script is monocameral and does not use letter case for distinguishing proper names or words starting sentences. Baybayin originally used only one punctuation mark ( ᜶ ), which

826-534: A few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between Old Javanese and Old Tagalog . A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the Butuan Ivory Seal , found in the 1970s and dated between the 9th and 12th century. It is an ancient seal made of ivory that was found in an archaeological site in Butuan . The seal has been declared as a national cultural treasure. The seal is inscribed with

944-738: A few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo to Manila , with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and

1062-613: A great symbolic role. Cico replaced his title with Kolano , which means "king". The capital of the kingdom was first in Sampalu village, but moved to Formadiahi during the reign of Kaicil Siale (1284–1298). Under Kaicil Ngara Malamo (1304–1317), Ternate expanded its influence and conquered neighbouring islands. Ngara Malamo was succeeded by Patsyarangan Malamo (1317–1322) and later Sidang Arif Malamo (1322–1331). During this time, Ternate started to interact with Chinese and Arab traders, especially from Malacca and Java . Ternate became

1180-583: A major port city and center of the spice trade in the Moluccas region, competing with its rival, Tidore. Some of the foreign traders eventually created the foundations of the Chinese and Arab communities in the city today. Around 1322, Arif Malamo initiated the Moti Agreement, which was a result of discussions between the rulers in Moluccas about trade and standardization of government structures. As

1298-486: A martial class of freemen. Like the timawa , they were free vassals of their datu who were exempt from taxes and tribute but were required to provide military service. In times of war, the maharlika were obligated to provide and prepare weapons at their own expense and answer the summons of the datu , wherever and whenever that might be, in exchange for a share in the war spoils ( ganima ). They accompanied their ruler in battles as comrades-at-arms and were always given

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1416-643: A nation") in reference to Proverbs 14:34. Bayabin's modern descendant scripts surviving modern script are the Tagbanwa script , also known as known as ibalnan by the Palawan people , who have adopted it, the Buhid script and the Hanunóo script of Mindoro . The modern Kulitan script is a unique script that employs consonant stacking and is derived from Old Kapampangan, the precolonial Indic script used to write

1534-484: A restricted inventory of syllable-final consonants and do not represent them in the Bugis and Makassar scripts. The most likely explanation for the absence of final consonant markers in baybayin is therefore that its direct ancestor was a South Sulawesi script. Sulawesi lies directly to the south of the Philippines and there is evidence of trade routes between the two. Baybayin must therefore have been developed in

1652-523: A result of this agreement, the Moluccas had relatively peaceful times of over the next twenty years and trade flourished. However, Arif was succeeded by Kaicil Tulu Malamo, who revoked the agreement as he thought it limited his expansionist ambitions. Ternate conquered neighbouring islands like the Sula Islands and Seram Island over the course of the 1400s. In the midst of this expansionist era, Ternate officially became an Islamic sultanate during

1770-589: A section of the National Museum of the Philippines , which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54 cm long and 44 cm wide while the other is 6 cm thick, 20 cm long and 18 cm wide. Historically, baybayin was used in Tagalog - and to a lesser extent Kapampangan -speaking areas. It spread to the Ilocanos when the Spanish distributed bibles written in baybayin. Pedro Chirino ,

1888-514: A share. 1/5 of the spoils goes to the Ginoo and the 4/5 will be shared among the Maharlikans who participated, who in turn will subdivide their shares to their own warriors. The maharlika may also occasionally be obligated to work on the lands of the datu and assist in projects and other events in the community. Unlike the timawa , however, the maharlika were more militarily-oriented than

2006-533: A significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and noted that many colonial-era documents written in baybayin still exist in some repositories, including the library of the University of Santo Tomas. He also noted that the early Spanish missionaries did not suppress the usage of the baybayin script but instead may have even promoted it as a measure to stop Islamization , since the Tagalog language

2124-955: A spirit of brotherhood. ᜋᜃᜇᜒᜌᜓᜐ᜔᜵ ᜋᜃᜆᜂ᜵ ᜋᜃᜃᜎᜒᜃᜐᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜃᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜶ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜵ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜇᜒᜏ᜶ Maka-Diyós, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansâ.Isáng Bansâ, Isáng Diwà For God, for people, for nature, and for country. One country, one spirit. The first two verses of the Philippine national anthem , Lupang Hinirang . ᜊᜌᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜎᜒᜏ᜔᜵ ᜉᜒᜇ᜔ᜎᜐ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜎᜊ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜓᜐᜓ᜵ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓᜌ᜔ ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔᜶ ᜎᜓᜉᜅ᜔ ᜑᜒᜈᜒᜇᜅ᜔᜵ ᜇᜓᜌᜈ᜔ ᜃ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜆᜒᜅ᜔᜵ ᜐ ᜋᜈ᜔ᜎᜓᜎᜓᜉᜒᜄ᜔᜵ ᜇᜒ ᜃ ᜉᜐᜒᜐᜒᜁᜎ᜔᜶ Bayang magiliw, Perlas ng silanganan, Alab ng puso Sa dibdib mo'y buhay. Lupang hinirang, Duyan ka ng magiting, Sa manlulupig Di ka pasisiil. [ˈba.jɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.lɪʊ̯] [ˈpeɾ.lɐs nɐŋ sɪ.lɐ.ˈŋa.nɐn] [ˈa.lɐb nɐŋ ˈpu.so(ʔ)] [sa dɪb.ˈdib moɪ̯ ˈbu.haɪ̯] [ˈlu.pɐŋ hɪ.ˈni.ɾɐŋ] [ˈdu.jɐn k(x)ɐ nɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.tɪŋ] [sa mɐn.lʊ.ˈlu.pɪg] [ˈdi(ʔ) k(x)ɐ pɐ.sɪ.sɪ.ˈʔil] Land of

2242-538: Is a Philippine script widely used primarily in Luzon during the 16th and 17th centuries and prior to write Tagalog and to a lesser extent Visayan languages , Kampampangan , Ilocano , and several other Philippine languages . Baybayin is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts . Its use was gradually replaced by the Latin alphabet during Spanish rule , though it has seen limited modern usage in

2360-745: Is a non-Austronesian language that belongs to the North Halmahera branch of the West Papuan languages . Many inhabitants of Ternate use Ternatean as their first language and employ Ternate Malay as a means of interethnic or trade communication. In 2020, the city had 114 kindergartens, 124 elementary schools, 43 junior high schools, 26 senior high schools, and 9 vocational high schools. All three public higher education institutions in North Maluku are located in Ternate. Khairun University

2478-403: Is a consonant ending with the vowel /a/. To produce consonants ending with other vowel sounds, a mark called a kudlít is placed either above the character to change the /a/ to an /e/ or /i/, or below for an /o/ or /u/. To write words beginning with a vowel, one of the three independent vowels (a, i/e, o/u). A third kudlít, ⟨ ◌᜔ ⟩ , called a sabat or krus , a virama removes

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2596-945: Is a public university in the province, located in South Ternate District. It is the main university of the province and accepts students from the national SNMPTN system. It was previously a private university, but was taken over by the Ministry of Education and Culture to serve as the public university of North Maluku in 2004. There is also the Ternate State Islamic Institute, which is also public, and Ternate Medical Polytech. Other private universities and institutions also exist, such as Muhammadiyah University, Wiratama Polytech of Science and Technology, Kie Raha Teaching and Education College, and Ternate Computer Academy. Aside from formal education, there are six registered Islamic boarding schools in

2714-462: Is also featured on the logos of government agencies, Philippine banknotes, and passports. Additionally, there are educational initiatives and workshops aimed at teaching Baybayin to a new generation. Social media has also been instrumental in the increased awareness and interest in Baybayin. Artists, educators, and enthusiasts use these platforms to share tutorials, artworks, and historical facts about

2832-560: Is also notable that the script used in Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. There were three somewhat distinct varieties of baybayin in the late 1500s and 1600s, though they could not be described as three different scripts any more than the different styles of Latin script across medieval or modern Europe with their slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems. An earthenware burial jar, called

2950-402: Is also used colloquially as an umbrella term for the indigenous scripts in the Philippines. However, this has since been discouraged by linguists, who prefer to use the term suyat to refer to these pre-Hispanic scripts as a whole. Historically, the term alibata was used synonymously with Baybayin. Alibata is a neologism first coined in 1914, possibly under the false assumption that

3068-402: Is dominated by the volcanic Mount Gamalama (1,715 m). An 1840 eruption destroyed most houses, and additional ones occurred in 1980, 1983, 1994 and 2011. During the 2011 eruption, Indonesia closed a domestic airport near the volcano for several days following ash emissions that reached 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) into the atmosphere. The foothills are home to groves of clove trees, and climbs to

3186-574: Is held in early December. It consists of a parade of decorated boats, a rowing competition, a fishing competition, and traditional art and dance shows. Another festival is the Legu Gam Festival, which is held to celebrate the sultan's birthday. During the festival, several traditional dances are performed in a parade. These festivals have been supported and promoted by the Ministry of Tourism. There are several city parks in Ternate, such as Nukila Park. Another city park, Moya Park, located in

3304-461: Is served by Sultan Babullah Airport . The city has angkots and online ride-hailing services such as Gojek . There are nine media companies registered in Ternate according to the Press Council , both digital and printed. There are local television stations such as Gamalama TV, and also branches of nationwide private channels such as Trans TV Ternate Branch. Printed news media in

3422-402: Is so defective and confused (because of not having any method until now for expressing final consonants - I mean, those without vowels) that the most learned reader has to stop and ponder over many words to decide on the pronunciation which the writer intended." This krus-kudlít, or virama kudlít, did not catch on among baybayin users, however. Native baybayin experts were consulted about

3540-597: Is the earliest example of baybayin that exists today and it is the only example from the 1500s. There is also a series of legal documents containing baybayin , preserved in Spanish and Philippine archives that span more than a century: the three oldest, all in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, are from 1591 and 1599. Baybayin was noted by the Spanish priest Pedro Chirino in 1604 and Antonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, and

3658-556: The Cham script , rather than other Indic abugidas. According to Wade, Baybayin seems to be more related to other southeast Asian scripts than to Kawi script. Wade argues that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription is not definitive proof for a Kawi origin of baybayin , as the inscription displays final consonants, which baybayin does not. From the material that is available, it is clear that baybayin

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3776-548: The Hanunóo script block. Space separation of words was historically not used as words were written in a continuous flow, but is common today. In the Doctrina Christiana , the letters were ordered without any connection with other similar scripts, except sorting vowels before consonants as: In Unicode the letters are ordered in a similar way to other Indic scripts, by phonetic class. A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aiming to promote

3894-513: The Indonesian Army . Other private hospitals are also present, such as Dharma Ibu Ternate General Hospital and Medika Harifalm General Hospital, both classified as D-class hospital. Only 68% of city population has government-mandated healthcare insurance BPJS Kesehatan as of 2020, and major health problems in the city includes 27.59% of city population above 15 years old smoking an average 80 cigarettes per week. Toddler inoculation in

4012-656: The Kapampangan language , and reformed in recent decades. ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜇᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶. ᜐᜒᜎ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶ Ang lahát ng tao'y isinilang na malayà at pantáy-pantáy sa karangalan at mga karapatán. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katuwiran at budhî at dapat magpalagayan ang isá't isá sa diwà ng pagkákapatíran. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in

4130-697: The Kawi script , probably through the medium of the Batak script of Sumatra . The Philippine scripts, according to Diringer, were possibly brought to the Philippines through the Buginese characters in Sulawesi . According to Scott, baybayin 's immediate ancestor was very likely a South Sulawesi script, probably Old Makassar or a close ancestor. This is because of the lack of final consonants or vowel canceler markers in baybayin . South Sulawesi languages have

4248-567: The Malay , Thai , Filipino and Indonesian honorifics. Examples of these include raja , rani, maharlika , and datu , which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and the Srivijaya empire . Indian Hindu colonists played a key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors. Inscriptions have proved that the earliest Indian colonists who settled in Champa and

4366-585: The Malay Archipelago , came from the Pallava dynasty , as they brought with them their Pallava script . The earliest inscriptions in Java exactly match the Pallava script. In the first stage of adoption of Indian scripts , inscriptions were made locally in Indian languages . In the second stage, the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. In the third stage, local varieties of

4484-526: The Malays , from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record." A century later, in 1668, Francisco Alcina wrote: "The characters of these natives [Visayans], or, better said, those that have been in use for

4602-535: The Momole from other villages for a meeting, who all agreed to choose Cico , the chief of Sampalu village, as the collective ruler of Ternate. Cico may correspond to Kaicil Mashur Malamo, who was the first ruler according to other traditions and was a son of the Arab Jafar Sadik, who is claimed to be the father of the founding kings of Ternate, Tidore , Bacan and Jailolo . This political four-division had

4720-872: The Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean against Muslim powers continued, Ternate became a site of interest, particularly for the Ottomans , who had gained much information about maritime Southeast Asia from the Sultanate of Aceh . Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis , the Ottoman admiral, intended to reach both Java, Borneo and Ternate but was engaged in battle and outnumbered against the Portuguese fleet in Sumatra . Spanish and Dutch traders competing for control over

4838-668: The Sultanate of Brunei by siding with the subjugated Kingdom of Tondo , the state which Manila displaced when Brunei invaded Luzon . The Spanish set up Manila as a captaincy-general under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Spanish Ternate in turn was ruled under the governor-general based in Manila. In 1607, the Dutch came back to Ternate and built a fort in Malayo with the locals' help. The Spaniards occupied

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4956-529: The datu ). The historian William Henry Scott believes that the class originated from high-status warriors who married into the maginoo blood or were perhaps remnants of the nobility class of a conquered line. Similar high-status warriors in other Philippine societies like that of the Bagobo ,Higaonon Sugbohanon and the Bukidnon did not inherit their positions, but were acquired through martial prowess. After

5074-455: The timawa nobility of the Visayas . While the maharlika could change allegiances by marriage or by emigration like the timawa , they were required to host a feast in honor of their current datu and paid a sum ranging from six to eighteen pieces of gold before they could be freed from their obligations. In contrast, the timawa were free to change allegiances at any time, as exemplified by

5192-638: The "Calatagan Pot," found in Batangas is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to baybayin , and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven. Although one of Ferdinand Magellan 's shipmates, Antonio Pigafetta , wrote that the people of the Visayas were not literate in 1521, the baybayin had already arrived there by 1567 when Miguel López de Legazpi reported from Cebu that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of

5310-498: The "New Society Movement" ( Kilusang Bagong Lipunan ) era in the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos used the word maharlika to promote an authoritarian view of Filipino nationalism under martial law , claiming that it referred to the ancient Filipino nobility and included the kings and princes of ancient Philippine society. Marcos was influential in making "maharlika" a trendy name for streets, edifices, banquet halls, villages and cultural organizations. Marcos himself utilized

5428-560: The 18th century, Ternate was the site of a VOC governorship, which attempted to control all trade in the northern Moluccas. By the 19th century, the spice trade had declined substantially, and the region was less central to the Netherlands colonial state, but the Dutch maintained a presence in the region to prevent another colonial power from occupying it. After the VOC was nationalised by the Dutch government in 1800, Ternate became part of

5546-502: The Central Ternate District, and there are 12 healthcare centers. The main public hospital in the city, Dr. H. Chasan Boesoirie Regional Hospital, is a public hospital owned by province government and classified as B-class by the Ministry of Health. Another public hospital was inaugurated in 2021, named Ternate City Regional Hospital, which is maintained by the city's government. There's also army hospital operated by

5664-522: The Latin alphabet also helped Filipinos to make socioeconomic progress, as they could rise to relatively prestigious positions such as clerks, scribes and secretaries. In 1745, Sebastián de Totanés wrote in his Arte de la lengua tagala that "The Indian [Filipino] who knows how to read baybayin is now rare, and rarer still is one who knows how to write [it]. They now all read and write in our Castilian [ie Latin] letters." Between 1751 and 1754, Juan José Delgado wrote that "the [native] men devoted themselves to

5782-465: The Moya subdistrict, was previously a dump site. The city has several shopping malls, such as Jatiland Mall, Hypermart Ternate, and Muara Mall. There are 319 kilometers of road in the city, out of which 284 kilometers have been paved with hotmix asphalt. There are also 18 kilometers that have been paved with concrete instead. As Ternate is made of several islands, water transport is an important part of

5900-530: The Muslim Ternateans rebelled against the Portuguese who were besieged in their castle. Their captain was Dom Álvaro de Ataíde, and Belchior Vieira de Ternate distinguished himself in the defense until the garrison was forced to capitulate to Sultan Babullah in 1575, who made the castle his palace. Ambon and Tidore became the new centres for Portuguese activity in Maluku. European power in the region

6018-599: The Philippines in the fifteenth century CE as the Bugis-Makassar script was developed in South Sulawesi no earlier than 1400 CE. Baybayin could have been introduced to the Philippines by maritime connections with the Champa Kingdom . Geoff Wade has argued that the baybayin characters "ga", "nga", "pa", "ma", "ya" and "sa" display characteristics that can be best explained by linking them to

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6136-505: The Philippines. The script is encoded in Unicode as Tagalog block since 1998 alongside Buhid , Hanunoo , and Tagbanwa scripts . The Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila holds the largest collection of extant writings using Baybayin. Baybayin has seen increasing modern usage in the Philippines. Today, Baybayin is often used for cultural and aesthetic purposes, such as in art, graduation regalia, tattoos, and logos. It

6254-467: The Philippines; about 200 families of mixed Mexican-Filipino-Spanish and Papuan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent left. In the Philippines, they settled in Ermita , Manila; San Roque, Cavite ; Tanza , Cavite; and Ternate, Cavite , which they named after their homeland. Some mixed people chose to stay in Ternate, Indonesia, though they were persecuted and went through Islamization by a resurgent sultanate. In

6372-529: The Portuguese, while Fort Oranje was a temporary headquarters of Dutch East India Company . The palace of the Ternate sultanate still exists and currently functions as a museum. It is named Kedaton Sultan Ternate and is considered the national cultural heritage of Indonesia. Another historical building is the Ternate Sultanate Mosque. The city celebrates the kora-kora (traditional Moluccan boat) festival during their city anniversary, which

6490-445: The Spanish conquest, the Spanish translated the name maharlika as Hidalgos (or libres ). The term maharlika is a loanword from Sanskrit maharddhika (महर्द्धिक), a title meaning "man of wealth, knowledge, or ability". Contrary to modern definitions, it did not refer to the ruling class, but rather to a warrior class (which were minor nobility) of the Tagalog people , directly equivalent to Visayan timawa . Like timawa ,

6608-670: The Spanish in the communities of Ternate and Tanza , Cavite , Manila in 1663 when the Spanish evacuated the islands under threat of invasion by the Dutch-allied Muslim sultanates. The name of the Mardijker people of Batavia also comes from the same etymon, and referred to freed slaves and servants under Dutch rule who were composed largely of Portuguese-speaking Catholic Goans , Moluccan Merdicas, and Filipinos (the Papangers ) captured by Moro raiders . During

6726-419: The Ternate sultante's power came near the end of the 16th century under Sultan Baabullah , when it exerted influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi, the Ambon and Ceram area, the Banda Islands , Solor Islands , Mindanao , and parts of Papua. It engaged in a fierce competition for control of its periphery with Tidore. According to historian Leonard Andaya , Ternate's "dualistic" rivalry with Tidore

6844-430: The action of Rajah Humabon upon the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan . The earliest appearance of the term is manlica mentioned in the Boxer Codex with the meaning of "freeman". The only other contemporary account of the maharlika class was by the Franciscan friar Juan de Plasencia in the 16th century. He distinguished them from the hereditary nobility class of the Tagalogs (the maginoo class, which included

6962-399: The catechism written by Cardinal Bellarmine . This is an important moment in the history of baybayin , because the krus-kudlít was introduced for the first time, which allowed writing final consonants. He commented the following on his decision: "The reason for putting the text of the Doctrina in Tagalog type... has been to begin the correction of the said Tagalog script, which, as it is,

7080-479: The city as of 2021. Half of them are located in South Ternate District, while the rest are located in North Ternate and Central Ternate Districts. Due to numbers of higher education institutions in the city, it is also known as "Education City". School participation rate is high: around 99.06% for children in the 15-year-old age group. Female student enrollment is higher than those of males as of 2020, reaching 100% as opposed to 98.05% on male students. Literacy rate

7198-513: The city for basic vaccines such as BCG and polio is relatively high, at 92.29% and 89.70%, respectively, while 91.02% of births in the city were assisted by professional healthcare workers. The city's population has a life expectancy of around 71 years, which is roughly similar to the national average. The city houses historical forts built by both Europeans and the Ternate sultanate, such as Kalamata Fort, Kastela Fort, Oranje Fort, and Santo Pedro Fort. Fort Tolukko and Fort Kalamata were built by

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7316-474: The city in 2020 was 10.55 trillion rupiahs, an increase of 100 million rupiahs from the previous year. Economic growth in 2019 was 8.16% but later dropped to -0.85% in 2020. Historically, the city and surrounding region were major producers of nutmeg in the world. As of 2020, 1,006 tons of nutmeg was harvested. Other agricultural products are clove with 330 tons, mango with 120 tons, tomato with 74.30 tons, and eggplant with 58.80 tons. The trading sector employed

7434-423: The city in 2020 was 101 males per 100 females. As with most places in Indonesia, the population is relatively young with the group above 15 years numbering around 182,439 people. Population growth in 2019 was 2.21%. Most inhabitants of Ternate are Muslim . There is also a small Protestant minority, mostly migrants from neighbouring regions. The indigenous inhabitants of Ternate speak the Ternate language , which

7552-656: The city in an election. Head of districts are appointed directly by city mayor with recommendation by the city secretary. Ternate city is part of the First North Maluku electoral district with the West Halmahera Regency , both of which have 12 out of 45 seats in provincial parliament combined. At the city level, it is divided into four electoral districts, which has 30 representatives in total. The first electoral district consists of Central Ternate which has eight seats on city parliament, second electoral district with seven seats from North Ternate, third electoral district with 12 seats from South Ternate and Moti Island Districts, and

7670-562: The city's gross regional product in 2020, and agriculture and fishing combined only 4.08%. The fastest growing sector in 2020 was the administration service with a growth of 13.95% followed by communication and information with 10.46%. The transportation sector in 2020 was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and imposed restrictions, declining as much as 20.44%. Trading and manufacture sector also decreased 7.45% and 7.56%, respectively, in 2020. The city's GDRP per capita stood at 46.13 million rupiahs in 2019, and total nominal GDRP of

7788-419: The city's transportation system. Goods transport is mostly done through Ahmad Yani Port; it is a relatively large port with a quay length of 167 meters and container yards totalling 1,889 hectares. The port is also served by routes operated by Pelni , and served 376,727 people out of the city in 2019. The city also has a separate port for fishing vessels, which can handle ships up to 2,250 gigatons. The city

7906-432: The city, and 104 identified potential tourist spots according to Statistics Indonesia . In 2019, the city was visited by 1,501 international tourists and 208,871 domestic tourists. The city experienced an inflation of 2.13% in 2020. Religion in Ternate (2023) The most populous district is South Ternate with 74,960 people in 2022, while the least populous is Batang Dua Island District with 2,820 people. The sex ratio in

8024-486: The differing sources spanning centuries, the documented syllabaries also differed in form. The Ticao stone inscription, also known as the Monreal stone or Rizal stone, is a limestone tablet that contains baybayin characters. Found by pupils of Rizal Elementary School on Ticao Island in Monreal town, Masbate , which had scraped the mud off their shoes and slippers on two irregular shaped limestone tablets before entering their classroom, they are now housed at

8142-638: The fourth electoral district with three seats from Ternate Island, Hiri Island, and Batang Dua Island Districts. The city's economy is diverse. Its gross regional product is dominated by service sector, such as trade and wholesale, which made 25.13% of the city's gross regional product in 2020. Other big sectors are the transportation sector with 13.13%, public administration and social security service with 19.15%, information and communication with 8.17%, and financial and insurance services with 7.31%. In contrast with neighbouring regions, it does not rely much on extraction or agriculture, with mining making only 0.08% of

8260-400: The government of the Moluccas ( Gouvernement der Molukken ). Ternate was captured and occupied by the British in 1810 before being returned to Dutch control in 1817. In 1824, it became the capital of a residency (administrative region) covering Halmahera, the entire west coast of New Guinea , and the central east coast of Sulawesi. By 1867 all of Dutch-occupied New Guinea had been added to

8378-409: The hoax linked with Marcos historical distortionism falsely claimed that the whole Philippine archipelago had once been a single "Maharlika Kingdom," and that Marcos' alleged personal wealth came about because the so-called royal family of this kingdom had hired Marcos as their lawyer in the days after World War II, paying him " 192 thousand tons of gold " for his legal services. Senator Eddie Ilarde

8496-486: The island. Relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start; an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious figures. The poor behaviour of the Portuguese combined with feeble attempts at Christianisation strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler, as did their efforts to monopolise the spice trade and dominate local politics. In 1535 King Tabariji

8614-554: The locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan ), and its post code. Notes: As with all Indonesian cities , the local government is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and vice mayor with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to regency. Executive power lies with the mayor and vice mayor, while legislation duties are carried by local parliament. Mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by people of

8732-415: The lucrative clove trade were caught up in the competition between Ternate and Tidore. The Dutch eventually became the ruling power, though for a long time their influence was limited, and the sultanates are still in place today. Spanish forces captured the former Portuguese fort from the Ternateans in 1606 and deported the Ternate sultan and his entourage to Manila , a city which the Spanish captured from

8850-687: The morning, Child of the sun returning, With fervor burning Thee do our souls adore. Land dear and holy, Cradle of noble heroes, Ne'er shall invaders Trample thy sacred shores. Baybayin was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2. Baybayin is included in Unicode under the name 'Tagalog'. Ternate Maluku is mentioned in Nagarakretagama . The term originally denoted

8968-486: The most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo. There are also no reports of Tagalog written scriptures, as the Filipinos kept their theological knowledge in oral form while using the Baybayin for secular purposes and talismans. The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in native scripts played

9086-475: The most people in the city, with 12,683 working in 2020. Industries employed 5,068 people, and other service sectors employed 2,310 people. The total registered SMEs in the city number around 13,765 units with 21,723 employed people in the city. Most of the SMEs are engaged in commerce and trading sector. There are also 976 business entities registered in the city. In 2020, there are total 73 hotel accommodations in

9204-562: The native character". In fact, historians have been unable to verify Beyer's claim, and there is no direct evidence of substantial destruction of documents by Spanish missionaries. Hector Santos has suggested although that Spanish friars may have occasionally burned short documents such as incantations, curses and spells (deemed evil by the church) but rejected the idea that there was any systematic destruction of pre-Hispanic manuscripts. Morrow also notes that there are no recorded instances of pre-Hispanic Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that

9322-408: The native language and began to play a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony. Traditionally, baybayin was written upon palm leaves with a sharp stylus or on bamboo with a small knife. The curved shape of the letter forms of baybayin is influenced by this practice; curved lines straight lines would have torn the leaves. Once the letters were carved into the bamboo, it

9440-497: The new invention and were asked to adopt it and use it in all their writings. After praising the invention and showing gratitude for it, they decided that it could not be accepted into their writing because "It went against the intrinsic properties and nature that God had given their writing and that to use it was tantamount to destroy with one blow all the Syntax, Prosody and Orthography of their Tagalog language." In 1703, baybayin

9558-407: The north, Afetaduma and Jouburiki in the west, and the beach at the village of Kastela in the southeast. Ternate has a tropical rainforest climate with heavy rainfall year-round. At the time of the 2010 census, Ternate city (which includes seven neighbouring islands and islets as well as the main island of Ternate) was divided into seven districts , but in 2018 an eighth district (Ternate Barat)

9676-439: The peak of the volcano can be made. The airport lies along the northeast coastline. Hiri island is a stratovolcanic cone lying off the northern tip of Ternate. Moti Island is also a stratovolcano, and is situated between Tidore and Mare Islands to the north and Makian to the south. Crocodile-infested Tolire Lake lies in the northwest of Ternate island and is bordered by sheer cliffs. Ternate beaches include Sulamadaha in

9794-500: The periphery particularly under Hamzah 's rule (r. 1627–1648). Dutch influence over the kingdom was limited, though Hamzah and his successor, Sultan Mandar Syah (r. 1648–1675) ceded some regions to the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in exchange for helping control rebellions. The Spanish abandoned Ternate and Tidore in 1663; when they abandoned Ternate, some of the people accompanied the Spanish in their retreat to

9912-520: The reign of Zainal Abidin (1468–1500) and supplemented the Kolano title with that of sultan. It was during this time that a period of Islamization began. Abidin also changed the traditional Moluccan government structure into a more Islamic one, including the foundation of the Jolabe , a council made up of Islamic clerics that would advise the sultan on religious matters. This structural and titular change

10030-569: The residency, but its region was gradually transferred to Ambon (Amboina) before being subsumed into it in 1922. Like the rest of Indonesia, Ternate was occupied by Japanese forces during World War II ; eastern Indonesia was governed by the navy. After Japan surrendered in August 1945 and Indonesia declared independence, Ternate was reoccupied in early November 1945 by Allied forces who intended to return Indonesia to Dutch control. After World War 2, Ternate gained city status on 10 December 1946, but

10148-432: The rest of the population. The first Europeans to arrive at Ternate were part of the Portuguese expedition of Francisco Serrão coming from Malacca ; they were shipwrecked near Ceram and rescued by local residents. Sultan Abu Lais of Ternate heard of their plight and brought them to Ternate in 1512 when he saw a chance to ally himself with a powerful foreign nation. The Portuguese were allowed to build Fort Kastela on

10266-620: The same etymon , were also the Catholic native inhabitants of the islands of Ambon , Ternate , and Tidore of the Moluccas in modern-day Indonesia, converted during the Portuguese and Spanish occupation of the islands by Jesuit missionaries. Most were enslaved or expelled to Batavia (modern Jakarta ) and Java when the Dutch Empire conquered Ambon in 1605. The remaining Catholic natives in Ternate and Tidore were resettled by

10384-525: The same letters in baybayin . Fletcher Gardner argued that the Philippine scripts have "very great similarity" with the Brahmi script , which was supported by T. H. Pardo de Tavera . According to Christopher Miller, evidence seems strong for baybayin to be ultimately of Gujarati origin; however, Philippine and Gujarati languages have final consonants, so it is unlikely that their indication would have been dropped had baybayin been based directly on

10502-641: The script was derived from the Arabic script , hence the name. Most modern scholars reject the use of the word alibata as incorrect. The origins of baybayin are disputed and multiple theories exist as to its origin. Historically Southeast Asia was under the influence of Ancient India , where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourished for several centuries in Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam . The influence of Indian culture into these areas

10620-542: The script, sparking interest among younger generations. Bills to recognize the script and revive its use alongside the Latin alphabet have been repeatedly considered by the Congress . The term baybáyin means "to write" or "to spell" in Tagalog . The earliest known use of the word to refer to the script was from the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1613) by Pedro San Buenaventura as baibayin . Baybayin

10738-470: The scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts. Isaac Taylor sought to show that baybayin was introduced into the Philippines from the Coast of Bengal sometime before the 8th century. In attempting to show such a relationship, Taylor presented graphic representations of Kistna and Assam letters like g, k, ng, t, m, h, and u, which resemble

10856-541: The southern part of the island where they had their main settlement, Ciudad del Rosario. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with Ternate. For the Ternatean rulers, the Dutch were a useful, if not particularly welcome, presence that gave them military advantages against Tidore and the Spanish. Ternate expanded its territory and strengthened its control over

10974-548: The spice-producing islands of North Maluku, of which Ternate became the dominant one. The Ternate Kingdom was previously known as the Kingdom of Gapi. Moluccan tradition says that there was an exodus of people moving out of Halmahera around 1250 due to political conflicts. The settlement founded by people from Halmahera was first situated close on the hillside of the Gamalama mountain and named Tobona. During this time, Tobona

11092-502: The term also has connotations of "freeman" or "freed slave" in both Filipino and Malay languages. In some Indo-Malayan languages, as well as the languages of the Muslim areas of the Philippines , the cognates mardika , merdeka , merdeheka , and maradika mean "freedom" or "freemen" (as opposed to servitude). The Malay term mandulika , also meant "governor". The Merdicas (also spelled Mardicas or Mardikas), whose name comes from

11210-703: The use of our [Latin] writing". The ambiguity of vowels i/e and o/u, the lack of syllable-final consonants and of letters for some Spanish sounds may also have contributed to the decline of baybayin. The rarity of pre-Hispanic baybayin texts has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have destroyed the majority native documents. Anthropologist and historian H. Otley Beyer wrote in The Philippines before Magellan (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in

11328-487: The women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter." Francisco de Santa Inés explained in 1676 why writing baybayin was more common among women, as "they do not have any other way to while away the time, for it is not customary for little girls to go to school as boys do, they make better use of their characters than men, and they use them in things of devotion, and in other things that are not of devotion." The earliest printed book in

11446-539: The word Butwan in stylized Kawi. The ivory seal is now housed at the National Museum of the Philippines . One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing in the Philippines, then baybayin may have descended from Kawi. David Diringer , accepting the view that the scripts of the Malay Archipelago originate in India, writes that the South Sulawesi scripts derive from

11564-490: The word to christen a highway , a broadcasting corporation, and the reception area of Malacañang Palace . Marcos's use of the word started during World War II . Marcos claimed that he had commanded a group of guerrillas known as the Maharlika Unit. Marcos also used Maharlika as his personal nom de guerre , depicting himself as the most bemedalled anti-Japanese Filipino guerrilla soldier during World War II. In

11682-409: The writing system, among them is the "National Writing System Act" (House Bill 1022 /Senate Bill 433). There are attempts of modernizing Baybayin such as adding letters like R, C, V, Z, F, Q, and X that are not originally on the script in order to make writing modern Filipino words easier such as the word Zambales and other provinces and towns in the Philippines that have Spanish origins. Baybayin

11800-490: The years before the martial law period in the Philippines, Marcos commissioned a film entitled Maharlika to be based on his "war exploits". However, critic Ernie M. Hizon of the Manila Standard noted that the film does not actually depict any of the details from Marcos' alleged exploits during World War II, but is instead a "run-of-the-mill Hollywood war film populated by third-class actors." A later variant of

11918-549: Was 99.68% as of 2020. Despite relatively developed infrastructure, schools in smaller islands, particularly such as those in the Moti and Hiri Districts, have fewer teachers in general compared to the mainland part of the city. The teacher-to-student ratio in the city is relatively lower compared to other parts of Indonesia: one teacher per 14 students. The city has total 5 hospitals, 5 polyclinics, 26 puskesmas , and 22 pharmacies as of 2020. Three out of five hospitals are located in

12036-472: Was a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands. As a result of its trade-dependent culture, Ternate was one of the earliest places in the region to which Islam spread, originating from Java in the late 15th century, though Islamic influence in the area can be traced further back to the late 14th century. The faith was restricted to Ternate's small ruling family before spreading to

12154-606: Was also adopted by Tidore and Bacan. Ternate and Tidore were the world's major producer of cloves , from which their rulers became among the wealthiest and most powerful sultans in the Indonesian region. Much of their wealth was used to fight each other. Until the Dutch completed the colonization of Maluku in the 19th century, the sultans of Ternate ruled an empire that periodically claimed at least nominal influence in magnitude as Ambon , Sulawesi , and Papua . The peak of

12272-462: Was assigned as the de facto capital of the province until 2010, when Sofifi was chosen. However, Sofifi still lacked infrastructure and city status, and today most activity in the province is still conducted in Ternate. Ternate lies in a very active seismic region where volcanic activity and earthquakes are common. Ternate belongs to a group of islands that make up part of the Ring of Fire . Ternate

12390-497: Was called Bantasán . Today baybayin uses two punctuation marks, the Philippine single ( ᜵ ) punctuation, acting as a comma or verse splitter in poetry, and the double punctuation ( ᜶ ), acting as a period or end of paragraph. These punctuation marks are similar to single and double danda signs in other Indic Abugidas and may be presented vertically like Indic dandas, or slanted like forward slashes. The signs are unified across Philippines scripts and were encoded by Unicode in

12508-543: Was created in the west of the island from part of the Pulau Ternate District. The districts are tabulated below with their areas (in square kilometres) and their populations during the 2010 and 2020 censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. Five of these districts are on the island of Ternate, and the remaining three each consist of a smaller neighbouring island or (in the case of Pulau Batang Dua District) islands. The table also includes

12626-423: Was demoted to a district on 30 March 1965. It regained its city designation on 11 March 1981. The sultanate still exists but with no power, and the titular rulers only act as cultural figures. Ternate became part of Maluku when Indonesia became independent. There was some violence in Ternate during the 1998–2000 sectarian conflict across the Maluku islands. After the split of the new North Maluku province, it

12744-458: Was deposed and sent to Goa by the Portuguese. He converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him, he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route in Malacca in 1545, though he bequeathed Ambon to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. When Sultan Hairun was murdered and his head displayed on a pike in 1570,

12862-414: Was generally used for personal writings and poetry, among others. However, according to William Henry Scott , there were some datus from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s. In 1620, Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina Cristiana was written by Fr. Francisco Lopez, an Ilocano Doctrina the first Ilocano baybayin , based on

12980-589: Was given the term Indianization . French archaeologist George Coedes defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism and the Sanskrit language . This can be seen in the Indianization of Southeast Asia , Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia . Indian honorifics also influenced

13098-469: Was moving from baybayin to Jawi , the Arabized script of Islamized Southeast Asian societies. Paul Morrow also suggests that Spanish friars helped to preserve baybayin by continuing its use even after it had been abandoned by most Filipinos. Baybayin is an abugida (alphasyllabary), which means that it makes use of consonant-vowel combinations. Each character or titik , written in its basic form,

13216-483: Was reported to still be in use in the Comintan ( Batangas and Laguna ) and other areas of the Philippines. Among the earliest literature on the orthography of Visayan languages were those of Jesuit priest Ezguerra with his Arte de la lengua bisaya in 1747 and of Mentrida with his Arte de la lengua bisaya: Iliguaina de la isla de Panay in 1818 which primarily discussed grammatical structure . Based on

13334-416: Was ruled by a tribal chief with the title of Momole . This period was characterized by several smaller tribal settlements around Gamalama which were founded afterwards, such as Foramadiahi being established further downhill, while Sampalu, and Gamlamo were founded along the coast. These settlements also had their own Momole and were nominally independent from each other. In 1257, Tobona gathered all

13452-423: Was the first to propose to rename the Philippines into "Maharlika" in 1978, citing the need to honor the country's ancient heritage before the Spanish and Americans occupied the country. Ferdinand Marcos was in favor of changing the name of the Philippines into "Maharlika", thinking it meant "nobility", as a symbol of nationalism. In 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte reiterated the idea, thinking that it means "more of

13570-462: Was used in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro, Pangasinan, Ilocos, Panay, Leyte and Iloilo, but there is no proof supporting that baybayin reached Mindanao. It appears that the Luzon and Palawan varieties started to develop in different ways in the 1500s, before the Spaniards conquered what we know today as the Philippines. This puts Luzon and Palawan as the oldest regions where baybayin was and is used. It

13688-511: Was used in the most current New Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used on the bills was "Pilipino" ( ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ ). It is also used in Philippine passports , specifically the latest e-passport edition issued 11 August 2009 onwards. The odd pages of pages 3–43 have " ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜇᜃᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ " (" Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan "/"Righteousness exalts

13806-538: Was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-Portuguese state under the rule of Babullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Saidi Berkat . In 1579, the sultan entertained the English adventurer and circumnavigator Francis Drake , who had little interest in buying cloves, as his ship, the Golden Hind , was too full of gold that he had raided from Spanish treasure ships to carry cloves. As

13924-437: Was wiped with ash to make the characters stand out. During the era of Spanish colonization, baybayin came to be written with ink on paper using a sharpened quill. Woodblock printed books were produced to facilitate the spread of Christianity. In some parts of the country, such as Mindoro the traditional writing technique has been retained. Baybayin fell out of use in much of the Philippines under Spanish rule . Learning

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