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84-402: United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island , also known simply as Alcatraz ( English: / ˈ æ l k ə ˌ t r æ z / , Spanish:  [ a l k a ˈ t ɾ a θ ] "the gannet " ) or The Rock , was a maximum security federal prison on Alcatraz Island , 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco , California , United States. The site of a fort since

168-637: A "last resort prison", to hold the worst of the worst who had no hope of rehabilitation. On August 11, 1934, the first batch of 137 prisoners arrived at Alcatraz from the United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas , having traveled by rail to Santa Venetia, California . Before being escorted to Alcatraz, they were handcuffed in high-security coaches and guarded by some 60 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agents, U.S. Marshals , and railway security officials. Most of

252-399: A 10% increase and guards doing overtime had to be reported and authorized by the warden. Officers generally had to pay 25 cents for meals and were charged $ 10 to rent an apartment on the island, to include laundry service, although larger families were charged anything from $ 20–43 a month for larger quarters and charged additional for laundry. In 1960, a Bureau of Prisons booklet revealed that

336-441: A bed, a desk and a washbasin and toilet on the back wall and few furnishings, except a blanket. An air vent, measuring 6 inches (150 mm) by 9 in (230 mm), covered by a metal grille, lay at the back of the cells, which led into the utility corridors. Prisoners had no privacy in going to the toilet and the toilets would emit a strong stench, because they were flushed with salt water. Hot water taps were not installed until

420-423: A bed, desk, washbasin, a toilet on the back wall, and few items other than a blanket. African Americans were segregated from other inmates. D-Block housed the worst inmates, and six cells at its end were designated "The Hole". Prisoners with behavioral problems were sent to these for periods of often brutal punishment. The dining hall and kitchen extended from the main building. Prisoners and staff ate three meals

504-401: A business office, a clerk's office, an accounting office, a control room which was added with modern technology in 1961, the officer's lounge, armory and vault, and a visiting area and restrooms. The basement of Alcatraz prison contained dungeons and the showers. The main stairway to the dungeon lay along Sunrise Alley at the side of A-Block, but the dungeons were also accessible by a staircase in

588-473: A chain link fence at the edge of the island when noticed. When he refused orders of the correctional officer located at the West Road guard tower to come down he was shot. He was seriously injured in the fall from over 15 m (50 ft) and consequently died. The second escape attempt was on December 16, 1937, by Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe . During their work assignment in one of the workshops, they cut

672-513: A day together. The Alcatraz Hospital was located above the dining hall. Prison corridors were named after major U.S. streets, such as Broadway and Michigan Avenue , of New York and Chicago , respectively. Working at the prison was considered a privilege for inmates. Those who earned privileges were employed in the Model Industries Building and New Industries Building during the day, actively involved in providing for

756-489: A number of adaptations: Gannets can achieve speeds of 100 km/h (62.13 mph) as they strike the water, enabling them to catch fish at a much greater depth than most airborne birds. The gannet's supposed capacity for eating large quantities of fish has led to "gannet" becoming a description of somebody with a voracious appetite. Gannets are colonial breeders on islands and coasts, normally laying one chalky-blue egg. They lack brood patches and use their webbed feet to warm

840-562: A role. The genus Morus is much better documented in the fossil record than Sula , though the latter is more numerous today. The reasons are not clear; boobies possibly were better adapted or simply "lucky" to occur in the right places for dealing with the challenges of the Late Pliocene ecological change, or many more fossil boobies could still await discovery. Notably, gannets are today restricted to temperate oceans, while boobies are also found in tropical waters, whereas several of

924-439: A second guard hostage. Prompted by Shockley and Thompson, Cretzer shot the hostages at very close range. Miller succumbed to his injuries while the second guard, Harold Stites, was also killed at the cell house. Although Shockley, Thompson, and Carnes returned to their cells, the other three, Coy, Cretzer and Hubbard, persisted with their fight. The U.S. Marines intervened and killed the three prisoners. In this battle, apart from

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1008-535: A series of changes to the structures on the island. A riprap was built around the Model Industries Building, it was strengthened, and a guard tower added to the roof in June 1936. That same month, the barracks building was remodeled into 11 new apartments and nine single rooms for bachelors; by this time there were 52 families living on Alcatraz, including 126 women and children. The problems with

1092-595: A staff of 155, including the first warden James A. Johnston and associate warden Cecil J. Shuttleworth , both considered to be "iron men." None of the staff were trained in rehabilitation, but were highly trained in security. The guards' and staff's salaries varied. A new guard arriving in December 1948 was offered $ 3,024.96 per year, but there was a 6% deduction for retirement taxes a year (amounting to $ 181.50). The guards typically worked 40-hour weeks with five 8-hour shifts. Guards who worked between 6 pm and 6 am were given

1176-403: A trapdoor along the corridor of D-Block. All visits to Alcatraz required prior written approval from the warden. A hospital had originally been installed at Alcatraz during its time as a military prison in the late 19th century. During its time as a federal penitentiary, it was located above the dining hall on the second floor. Hospital staff were U.S. Public Health Service employees assigned to

1260-444: A zoo keeper or his old farm job, due to the fact that prisoners were treated like animals, sending them out to "plow the fields" when some of them worked during the day, and then counting them up and feeding them and so on. He referred to those four years of his life working in the prison as a "total waste of his life." The corridors were regularly patrolled by the guards, with passing gates along them. The most heavily trafficked corridor

1344-474: Is damaged. The sketch is reprised in Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album , where the customer ( Graham Chapman ) says he does not like the gannet because "they wet their nests." In Series 1, Episode 3 of The F Word , Gordon Ramsay travels to the northwestern coast of Scotland and is shown how to prepare, cook, and eat gannet. Alcatraz Wharf "From the moment a convict sets foot on

1428-437: Is derived from Old English ganot meaning "strong or masculine", ultimately from the same Old Germanic root as "gander". Morus is derived from Ancient Greek μωρός moros "stupid" or "foolish" due to lack of fear shown by breeding gannets and boobies, allowing them to be easily killed. Gannets hunt fish by diving into the sea from a height of 30 m (100 ft) and pursuing their prey underwater, and have

1512-617: Is that the Scottish name is 'guga' but this is the Gaelic name referring to the chicks only. Gannets are large white birds with yellowish heads, black-tipped wings and long bills. Northern gannets are the largest seabirds in the North Atlantic , having a wingspan of up to two metres ( 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 feet). The other two species occur in the temperate seas around southern Africa , southern Australia, and New Zealand. "Gannet"

1596-656: The East Riding of Yorkshire , Sceilig Bheag , Ireland, Cape St. Mary's , Newfoundland, and Bonaventure Island , Quebec , are also important northern-gannet breeding sites. The three gannet species are now usually placed in the genus Morus , Abbott's booby in Papasula , and the remaining boobies in Sula . However, some authorities believe that all nine sulid species should be considered congeneric, in Sula . At one time,

1680-886: The Faroe Islands , and Iceland , with small numbers in France (they are present in the Bay of Biscay ), the Channel Islands , Norway, and a single colony in Germany on Heligoland . The biggest northern-gannet colony is on Scotland's Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth; in 2014, this colony contained some 75,000 pairs. Sulasgeir off the coast of the Isle of Lewis , St. Kilda , Grassholm in Pembrokeshire , Bempton Cliffs in

1764-699: The New Industries Building , a complete overhaul of the power house with a new diesel engine, the building of a new water tower to solve the water storage problem, new apartment blocks for officers, improvements to the dock, and the conversion of D-block into isolation cells. The changes were completed in July 1941. The workshops of the New Industries Building became highly productive, making Army uniforms, cargo nets, and other items in high demand during World War II . In June 1945, it

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1848-474: The San Francisco Bay Area , as Alcatraz became a long-term military prison from 1868. The steamer towed officers, prisoners and food and water supplies to island between 1867 and 1886, landing at the dock twice daily before being replaced. During the time as a federal penitentiary , a prisoner once attempted to escape on a boat from the boat by dressing as an officer. The Sally Port led from

1932-418: The "worst of the worst" of criminals who caused problems at other prisons, under the guidelines and regulations set by the strict prison administrators, courts could not direct a prisoner to be directly sent to Alcatraz, however notorious they were for misbehavior and attempted escape from other prisons. Prisoners entering Alcatraz would undergo vigorous research and assessments prior to their arrival. Security in

2016-629: The 1850s, the main prison building was built in 1910–12 as a U.S. Army military prison . The United States Department of Justice acquired the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Pacific Branch, on Alcatraz on October 12, 1933. The island became adapted and used as a prison of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in August 1934 after the buildings were modernized and security increased. Given this high security and

2100-424: The 1948 Show (1967), a customer ( Marty Feldman ) asks the bookshop proprietor ( John Cleese ) for "the expurgated version" of Olsen's Standard Book of British Birds , "the one without the gannet", because he does not like gannets due to their "long nasty beaks". Desperate to satisfy the customer, the proprietor tears the page about the gannet out of the book, only for the customer to then refuse to buy it because it

2184-524: The Alcatraz wharf, he has, according to the guards, one consuming thought: how to get off." (J. Campbell Bruce, Escape from Alcatraz ) The wharf, or boat dock, was established on Alcatraz in the 1850s to permit the landing of men and building materials to construct a fort completed in 1859. In 1867, the General McPherson was built to serve the island and other military institutions in

2268-455: The Anglin brothers remain on its wanted list. Circumstantial evidence uncovered in the early-2010s seemed to suggest that the men had survived, and that contrary to the official FBI report of the escapee's raft never being recovered and no car thefts being reported, a raft was discovered on nearby Angel Island with footprints leading away, and a 1955 blue Chevrolet had been stolen on the night of

2352-668: The Federal Prison Service at Alcatraz. Doctors often lasted fewer than several days or months at Alcatraz, because few of them could tolerate the violent inmates who would often terrify them if they failed to be given certain drugs. Prisoners in ill health were often kept in the hospital, most famously Stroud and Al Capone, who spent years in it. When the Bureau of Prisons established the Federal Penitentiary on January 1, 1934, they took measures to strengthen

2436-418: The Model Industries Building and continuing utility problems with some of the old buildings and systems led to extensive updates in 1937, including new tool-proof grilles on the ventilators of the cell house roof, two new boilers installed in the power house, and a new pump for salt water sanitation and guardrails added to stairways. In 1939–1940, a $ 1.1 million redevelopment was begun, including construction of

2520-469: The act. The trial brought Alcatraz into further disrepute. Ultimately, Young was convicted of manslaughter and his prison sentence was only extended by a few years. By the 1950s, conditions at Alcatraz had improved, and inmates were gradually permitted more privileges, such as playing musical instruments, watching movies on weekends, painting, and radio use; the strict code of silence became more relaxed, and prisoners were permitted to talk quietly. However, it

2604-456: The average prison population between 1935 and 1960 was 263; the highest recorded was 302 in 1937 and the lowest recorded was 222 in 1947. The main administration center was at the entrance to the prison, which included the warden's office. The office contained a desk with radio and telegraph equipment, typewriter, and a telephone. The administrative office section also had the offices of the associate warden and secretary, mail desk, captain's desk,

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2688-404: The barbershop. Over many weeks, the escapees also made an inflatable raft from over 50 stolen raincoats, which they prepared on the top of the cell block, concealed from the guards by sheets which had been put up over the sides. They escaped through a vent in the roof and departed Alcatraz. The FBI investigation was aided by another prisoner, Allen West , who was part of the escapees' group, but

2772-456: The big-time racketeers, the inveterate connivers and those who needed protection from other groups." The former prison and island are now a museum. It is one of San Francisco's major tourist attractions drawing in some 1.5 million visitors annually (2010). Visitors arrive by boat and are given a tour of the cellhouse and island, and a slide show and audio narration with anecdotes from former inmates, guards and rangers on Alcatraz. The atmosphere of

2856-424: The cell house by overpowering correctional officers, and were able to enter the weapons room, where they then demanded keys to the outside recreation door. A quick-thinking guard, William Miller, turned over all but the key to the outer door, which he pocketed. The prisoners' aim was to escape by boat from the dock, but when they were unable to open the outside door, they decided to battle it out. They held Miller and

2940-433: The dark recesses of the cells, fooled the guards. The escape route led up through a fan vent; the prisoners removed the fan and motor, replacing them with a steel grille and leaving a shaft large enough for a prisoner to enter. Stealing a carborundum abrasive cord from the prison workshop, the prisoners then removed the rivets from the grille. In their beds, they placed papier-mâché dummies made with human hair stolen from

3024-427: The day at times when security may have been breached. For instance, there were guard towers on each of the industry buildings to ensure that inmates didn't attempt to escape during the work day shifts. The recreation yard and other parts of the prison had a 25-foot fence around it topped with barbed wire, should any inmates attempt to escape during exercise. One former employee of the jail likened his prison job to being

3108-419: The dining hall alone and unarmed, due to heavy guarding around him. Several riots did break out in the dining hall during Alcatraz's history. Those prisoners who were not involved in the fighting hid under the dining hall tables to escape possible gunfire. Paul Joseph Madigan (1897–1974) was the third warden of Alcatraz. He had earlier served as the last Associate Warden during the term of James A. Johnston. He

3192-402: The dock to the original citadel on Alcatraz along a walkway, 12 feet (3.7 m) above a dry moat. Today the dock meets visitors to the museum on the island and is served by boat trips daily. Building 64 lies in front of the dock, built in 1905. In the mid-1880s, work on the wharf area was undertaken to repair it and to create coal sheds and a boathouse. The fort's engine house was located on

3276-698: The early 1960s, shortly before closure. The penitentiary established a very strict regimen of rules and regulations under the title "the Rules and Regulations for the Government and Discipline of the United States Penal and Correctional Institutions" and also a "Daily Routine of Work and Counts" to be followed by the prisoners and also the guards. Copies of these were provided to the prisoners to read and follow. Inmates were basically entitled to food, clothing, shelter, and medical attention. Anything else

3360-666: The eggs. They reach maturity around 5 years of age. First-year birds are completely black, and subsequent subadult plumages show increasing amounts of white. The most important nesting ground for northern gannets is the United Kingdom, with about two-thirds of the world's population. These live mainly in Scotland, including the Shetland Isles . The rest of the world's northern-gannet population nests in Canada, Ireland,

3444-411: The entrances of the dining hall and workshops, with remote controlled tear gas canisters at appropriate locations and gun galleries with machine gun armed guards were installed to patrol along the corridors. Improvements were made to the toilet and electricity facilities, old tunnels were sealed up with concrete to avoid hiding and escape by prisoners, and substantial changes and improvements were made to

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3528-567: The escape by three men, who could have been Morris and the Anglins, and that officials then engaged in a cover-up. Relatives of the Anglin brothers presented further circumstantial evidence in the mid-2010s in support of a longstanding rumor that the Anglin brothers had fled to Brazil following the escape; a facial recognition analyst concluded that the one piece of physical evidence, a 1975 photograph of two men resembling John and Clarence Anglin, did support that conclusion. The prison initially had

3612-448: The firetruck, begging another inmate to do the same to his other hand. One writer described Alcatraz as "the great garbage can of San Francisco Bay, into which every federal prison dumped its most rotten apples". In 1939, the new U.S. Attorney General , Frank Murphy , attacked the penitentiary, saying, "The whole institution is conductive to psychology that builds up a sinister ambitious attitude among prisoners." The prison's reputation

3696-641: The flat iron bars of the window and climbed into the bay. It was a stormy day and the sea was rough. Though never found, prison authorities presumed them to have died, assuming they drowned in the bay and their bodies were swept out to sea. The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2–4, 1946, when a failed attempt by six prisoners led to the Battle of Alcatraz , also known as the "Alcatraz Blast Out". Bernard Coy , Joseph Cretzer , Sam Shockley , Clarence Carnes , Marvin Hubbard and Miran Thompson took control of

3780-571: The former penitentiary is still considered to be "eerie", "ghostly" and "chilling". Protected by the National Park Service and the National Register of Historic Places , the salt-damaged buildings of the former prison are now being restored and maintained. According to the prison's correctional officers, once a convict arrived on the Alcatraz wharf, his first thoughts were on how to leave. During its 29 years of operation,

3864-639: The former prison is being restored and maintained. The main cellhouse was built incorporating some parts of Fort Alcatraz's citadel, a partially fortified barracks from 1859 that had come to be used as a jail during the Civil War for alleged Confederate sympathizers. C. L. Weller, the Chairman of the State Democratic Committee and brother of California Governor John B. Weller , was one of the first prisoners housed there. A new cellhouse

3948-587: The guards and prisoners killed, 17 other guards and one prisoner were also injured. Shockley, Thompson, and Carnes were tried for the killing of the correctional officers. Shockley and Thompson were sentenced to death in the gas chamber, which was carried out at San Quentin in December 1948. However, Carnes, who was only 19 years of age, was given a second life sentence. On June 11, 1962, Frank Morris , John Anglin , and Clarence Anglin attempted to escape using careful planning. Behind their cells in Cell Block B

4032-554: The housing facilities for guards, wardens, and captains to live with their families, with quality relative to rank. Warden Johnston, U.S. Attorney General Homer Cummings , and Sanford Bates , first director of the Bureau of Prisons, collaborated very closely to create "a legendary prison" suited to the times, which resulted in the Alcatraz Island Federal Penitentiary being nicknamed "Uncle Sam's Devil's Island." Despite Alcatraz being designed to house

4116-403: The interior and the cellhouse door near the barber's shop at the end of A-block were retained from the old citadel and massive granite blocks originally used as gun mounts were reused as the wharf 's bulkheads and retaining walls. Many of the old cell bars were used to reinforce the walls, causing structural problems later due to the fact that many placed near the edge were subject to erosion from

4200-532: The island's location in the cold waters and strong currents of San Francisco Bay , prison operators believed Alcatraz to be escape-proof and America's most secure prison. The three-story cellhouse included the four main cell blocks – A-block through D-block – the warden's office, visitation room, the library , and the barber shop. The prison cells typically measured 9 feet (2.7 m) by 5 ft (1.5 m) and 7 ft (2.1 m) high. The cells were primitive and lacked privacy. They were furnished with

4284-438: The living conditions there were much better than most other prisons in the country, especially the food, and many volunteered to come to Alcatraz. On December 3, 1940, Henri Young murdered fellow inmate Rufus McCain . Running downstairs from the furniture shop to the tailor's shop where McCain worked, Young violently stabbed McCain in the neck; McCain died five hours later. Young had been sent to Alcatraz for murder in 1933, and

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4368-460: The major structural problems and expensive operation, this led to its closure on March 21, 1963. The final Bureau of Prisons report said of Alcatraz: "The institution served an important purpose in taking the strain off the older and greatly overcrowded institutions in Atlanta, Leavenworth and McNeil Island since it enabled us to move to the smaller, closely guarded institution for the escape artists,

4452-445: The military in jobs such as sewing and woodwork, and performing various maintenance and laundry chores. The prison closed in 1963, but Alcatraz was reopened as a public museum. The island and prison were occupied by Native Americans from 1969 to 1971. It is one of San Francisco's major tourist attractions, attracting some 1.5 million visitors annually. Now operated by the National Park Service 's Golden Gate National Recreation Area ,

4536-603: The modern-day hunting of gannet chicks results in great controversies as to whether it should continue to be afforded "exemption from the ordinary protection afforded to sea birds in UK and EU law". The Ness hunt is currently limited to 2,000 chicks per year, and dates back at least to the Iron Age. The hunt is considered to be sustainable, as between 1902 and 2003, gannet numbers in Scotland increased dramatically from 30,000 to 180,000. In "The Bookshop Sketch", originally from At Last

4620-405: The penitentiary claimed that no prisoner successfully escaped. A total of 36 prisoners made 14 escape attempts, two men trying twice; 23 were caught, six were shot and killed during their escape, two drowned, and five are listed as "missing and presumed drowned". The first escape attempt was made on April 27, 1936, by Joseph Bowers , who was assigned to burn trash at the incinerator. He was scaling

4704-514: The penitentiary's first anniversary, it had a population of 242 prisoners, although some inmates such as Verrill Rapp had already been transferred from Alcatraz some months earlier. On Alcatraz's first anniversary, the Bureau of Prisons wrote, "The establishment of this institution not only provided a secure place for the detention of the more difficult type of criminal, but has had a good effect upon discipline in our other penitentiaries also. No serious disturbance of any kind has been reported during

4788-538: The prehistoric gannet species had a more equatorial distribution than their congeners of today. Fossil species of gannets are: In many parts of the United Kingdom, the term " gannet " is used to refer to people who steadily eat vast quantities of food, especially at public functions. Young gannets were historically used as a food source, a tradition still practised in Ness , Scotland, where they are called "guga". Like examples of continued traditional whale harvesting ,

4872-482: The prison was very tight, with constant checking of bars, doors, locks, electrical fixtures, and other physical security. Prisoners were normally counted 13 times daily, and the ratio of prisoners to guards was the lowest of any American prison of the time. The front door was made of solid steel, virtually impossible for any prisoners to escape through. The island had many guard towers, most of which have since been demolished, which were heavily guarded at various points in

4956-720: The prisoners were notorious bank robbers, counterfeiters, or murderers. Among the first inmates were also 14 men from McNeil Island , Washington. On August 22, 1934, 43 prisoners arrived from Atlanta Penitentiary and 10 from North Eastern Penitentiary , Lewisburg, Pennsylvania . On 1 September, one prisoner arrived from Washington Asylum and Jail and seven from the District of Columbia Reformatory in Virginia, and on 4 September, another batch of 103 prisoners arrived by train from Leavenworth. Prisoners continued to arrive, mainly from Leavenworth and Atlanta, into 1935 and by June 30, 1935,

5040-563: The roof and an electrician injured his foot by dropping a manhole cover on it. The Anchor Post Fence Company added fencing around Alcatraz and the Enterprise Electric Works added emergency lighting in the morgue and switchboard operations. In June 1934, the Teletouch Corporation of New York began the installation of an "electro-magnetic gun or metal detecting system" at Alcatraz; detectors were added on

5124-626: The salt air and wind over the years. After the United States Army 's use of the island for over 80 years, it was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, which hoped an escape-proof jail would help break the crime wave of the 1920s and 1930s. The Department of Justice acquired the Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz on October 12, 1933, and it became a Federal Bureau of Prisons facility in August 1934. $ 260,000

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5208-475: The security of the prison cells to make Alcatraz "escape-proof" and improve living conditions for their own staff. Up-to-date technologies for enhancing security and comfort were added to the buildings. Guard towers were built outside at four strategic locations, cells were rebuilt and fitted with "tool-proof steel cell fronts and locking devices operated from control boxes," and windows were made covered with iron grilles. Electromagnetic metal detectors were placed at

5292-520: The success or failure of the attempt. The FBI's investigation was eventually closed in December 1979. The official report on the escape concludes that the prisoners drowned in the cold waters of the bay while trying to reach the mainland, it being unlikely that they made the 1.25 miles (2.01 km) to shore due to the strong ocean currents and the cold sea water temperatures ranging between 50 and 55 °F (10 and 13 °C). The United States Marshals Service case file remains open and active. Morris and

5376-556: The timing of the infamous June 1962 escape from Alcatraz . At the time of the 1962 escape he was on vacation in Lake Berryessa in Napa County , and he did not believe the men could have survived the waters and made it to shore. Blackwell was considered to have been the least strict warden of Alcatraz, perhaps in part due to him having been a heavy drinker and smoker, nicknamed "Gypsy" and known as "Blackie" to his friends. He

5460-550: The various gannet species were considered to be a single species. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Most fossil gannets are from the Late Miocene or Pliocene , when the diversity of seabirds in general was much higher than today. The cause the decline in species at the end of the Pleistocene is not clear; increased competition due to the spread of marine mammals may have played

5544-642: The wharf, at the front entrance into the cellblock, and at the rear entrance gate. The correctional officers were instructed on how to operate the new locking devices in July 1934, and both the United States Coast Guard and the San Francisco Police Department tested the new radio equipment. Final checks and assessments were made on the first two days of August. Alcatraz was intended for prisoners who continuously caused trouble at other federal prisons. It would be

5628-485: The wharf. The oil steamer "Rosecrans," owned by the Associated Oil Company , was destroyed by fire above the water line and sank in deep water off the wharf in the early 1910s. Her crew of forty-two men escaped by jumping into the bay and swimming ashore. Additionally, at just 10 years old, David Finney was the youngest person to swim to Alcatraz and back. Seismic rehabilitation of the wharf occurred in

5712-434: The year." The metal detectors often overheated and had to be turned off. After the Teletouch Corporation failed to address the problem, their contract was terminated in 1937 and they were charged over $ 200 (equivalent to about $ 4239 in 2023) for three new detectors supplied by Federal Laboratories . On January 10, 1935, a severe storm caused a landslide on Alcatraz, causing the Model Industries Building to slide. This prompted

5796-441: Was "Broadway" between B and C Block, due to its being the central corridor of the prison and passed not only by guards, but also other prison workers. At the end of each 20-minute meal in the dining hall, the forks, spoons and knives were laid out on the table and carefully counted to ensure that nothing had been taken as a potential weapon. In the earlier years as a prison, prisoners were forbidden from talking while eating, but this

5880-419: Was a 3-foot (0.91 m) wide unguarded utility corridor. The prisoners chiseled away the salt-damaged concrete from around an air vent leading to this corridor, using tools such as a metal spoon soldered with silver from a dime and an electric drill improvised from a stolen vacuum cleaner motor. The noise was disguised by accordions played during music hour, and the progress was concealed by false walls which, in

5964-478: Was acting chief clerk Loring O. Mills. In April 1934, the old material was removed from the prison; holes were cut in the concrete and 269 cell fronts were installed, built using four carloads of steel ordered from the Stewart Iron Works. Two of four new stairways were built, as were 12 doors to the utility corridors and gratings at the top of the cells. On 26 April, a small accidental fire broke out on

6048-466: Was built from 1910 to 1912 on a budget of $ 250,000 (approximately $ 7,810,000 in 2023). Upon completion, the 500-foot (150 m) long concrete building was reputedly the longest concrete building in the world at the time. This building was modernized in 1933 and 1934 and became the main cellhouse of the federal penitentiary. The building closed in 1963. When the new concrete prison was built, many materials were reused in its construction. Iron staircases in

6132-517: Was by far the most expensive prison in the United States, and many still perceived it as America's most extreme jail. In his annual report for 1952, Bureau of Prisons Director James V. Bennett called for a more centralized institution to replace Alcatraz. A 1959 report indicated that the facility was over three times more expensive to run than the average American prison; $ 10 per prisoner per day compared to $ 3 in most other prisons. The problem

6216-500: Was known for being more lenient and softer in his approach to administering the prison and was better liked by the prison staff. Olin Guy Blackwell (1915–1986) was the fourth and final warden of Alcatraz. Associate Warden to Paul J. Madigan from April 1959, Blackwell served as warden of Alcatraz at its most difficult time from 1961 to 1963, when it was facing closure as a decaying prison with financing problems, coinciding with

6300-435: Was later involved in an escape attempt during which gangster Doc Barker was shot to death. He spent nearly 22 months in solitary confinement as a result, but was eventually permitted to work in the furniture shop. Young went to trial in 1941, with his attorneys claiming that their client could not be held responsible for the murder, since he had allegedly been subjected to "cruel and unusual punishment" by prison guards prior to

6384-539: Was later relaxed, provided that the prisoners communicated quietly. The gun gallery was situated in the Recreation Yard and mounted on one of the dining hall's exterior walls. There was a metal detector outside of the dining hall for security purposes. The dining hall had tear-gas canisters attached to the rafters of the ceiling which could be activated by remote control, should prisoners riot or attempt to escape. The first warden, James A. Johnston, always entered

6468-467: Was left behind. West's false wall kept slipping so he held it in place with cement, which set. When Morris and the Anglins accelerated the schedule, West desperately chipped away at the wall, but by the time he got out, his companions were gone. Hundreds of leads and theories have been pursued by the FBI and local law enforcement officials in the ensuing years, but no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced favoring

6552-417: Was made worse by the buildings' structural deterioration from exposure to salt spray, which would require $ 5 million to fix. Major repairs began in 1958, but by 1961 engineers considered the prison a lost cause. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy submitted plans for a new maximum-security institution at Marion, Illinois . The June 1962 escape from Alcatraz led to acrimonious investigations. Combined with

6636-440: Was not helped by the arrival of more of America's most dangerous felons, including Robert Stroud , the "Birdman of Alcatraz", in 1942. He entered the prison system at age 19, and never left, spending 17 years at Alcatraz. Stroud killed a guard, tangled with other inmates and spent 42 of his 54 years in prison in solitary confinement. Despite its reputation, with many former inmates calling it "Hellcatraz", some prisoners reported that

6720-440: Was reported that the federal penitentiaries had made 60,000 nets. Alcatraz gained notoriety from its inception as the toughest prison in the U.S., considered by many the world's most fearsome prison of the day. Former prisoners reported brutality and inhumane conditions which severely tested their sanity. Ed Wutke was the first prisoner to commit suicide in Alcatraz. Rufe Persful chopped off his fingers after grabbing an axe from

6804-526: Was said to have been an excellent marksman who had earlier served as Associate Warden of Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary . An inmate register reveals that there were 1,576 prisoners in total held at Alcatraz during its time as a Federal Penitentiary, although figures reported have varied and some have stated 1,557. The prison cells, purposefully designed so that none adjoined an outside wall, typically measured 9 feet (2.7 m) by 5 ft (1.5 m) and 7 ft (2.1 m) high. The cells were primitive with

6888-441: Was seen as a privilege. Inmates were given a blue shirt, grey pants (blue and white in later years), webbed belt, cotton long underwear, socks and a blue handkerchief; the wearing of caps was forbidden in the cellhouse. Gannet Moris Gannets are seabirds comprising the genus Morus in the family Sulidae , closely related to boobies . They are known as 'solan' or 'solan goose' in Scotland. A common misconception

6972-622: Was spent to modernize and improve it from January 1934. George Hess of the United States Public Health Service was appointed chief medical officer and Edward W. Twitchell became a consultant in psychiatry for Alcatraz in January 1934. The hospital was checked by three officials from the Marine Hospital of San Francisco. The Bureau of Prisons personnel arrived on Alcatraz in early February; among them

7056-463: Was the only warden who had worked his way up from the bottom of the ranks of the prison staff hierarchy, having worked originally as a Correctional Officer on Alcatraz from the 1930s. On May 21, 1941, Madigan was the key to quashing an escape attempt after being held hostage in the Model Industries Building, which later led to his promotion as associate warden. He was a stout, ruddy-faced, pipe-smoking, devout Irish Catholic. Unlike his predecessors, Madigan

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