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118-613: On August 1, 2019, the Bolsonaro government launched the Médicos pelo Brasil (English: Doctors for Brazil), a replacement for Mais Médicos, but without confirming whether professionals from the previous project could be reassigned or had to undergo a new selection process. According to a preliminary analysis, the format of the new program would not allow Cuban doctors who remained in Brazil to be reassigned without validating their diploma in

236-573: A bill passed by the U.S. Congress authorizing the U.S. government to purchase and donate a lot for the PAHO headquarters in Washington, D.C. After a competitive bid, in October 1961, the PAHO declared Uruguayan architect Román Fresnedo Siri the winner of its competition. At the ceremony announcing him as a winner, the organization's Director Abraham Horwitz said "this beautiful building will become

354-756: A bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor , completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará, inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre, paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222 and the BR-235 , in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main highways of Paraná and President Dutra Highway , among others. During Bolsonaro's government, there

472-688: A distinguished International Commission declared the Americas officially polio-free. The last case of polio in the Americas was identified on August 23, 1991, in a young boy named Luis Fermín Tenorio Cortez, in Junín, Peru . Since then, despite intensive surveillance, no cases of polio have been detected anywhere in the Americas, and the World Health Organization is now working toward the goal of eradicating polio globally. PAHO assists

590-406: A firearm, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years. The Bolsonaro Government took office in 2019 under the country's poor result in the 2018 PISA exam: among 79 countries analyzed,

708-600: A meeting prior to the launch of Mais Médicos, in which advisors from the Ministry of Health and the then coordinator of the program at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) discussed ways of disguising the objective of assisting the Cuban government by allocating most of the budget to Cuban professionals. In 2018, TV Globo and Folha de S. Paulo had access to telegrams that revealed that

826-470: A monument to the ideal of better health for the peoples of the Americas." He described the winning design as one of "both grace and utility", and said, "it reflects the high ideals of the Pan-American spirit in an age when we must move ahead to build a better future for our peoples." The building was designed in a modernist style . Constructed in 1965, the exterior features 29 round bronze seals of

944-502: A penny more from the Brazilian government, it's the same resource that is now being transferred [to the professional] by the Cuban government. What happened was a negotiation between President Dilma and Cuba". In 2017, there were 8,316 Brazilians in the program, which represented 45.6% of the total. The Ministry of Health's priority was to increase national participation, make the initiative more independent and guarantee medical care for

1062-708: A result of toughening laws, increasing police powers and implementing anti-violence programs. In the first 11 months of the first year of government, the murder rate fell 22.3%, attempted murder fell 9.5%, personal injury followed by death 3.5% and rape cases fell 10.9%. All other robbery and theft rates fell above 20% on average. President Bolsonaro issued a decree to facilitate gun ownership in Brazil on January 15, 2019. The decree, signed by Bolsonaro in an event at Planalto Palace , extends valid ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. The decree loosens restrictions for gun possession but does not affect those for gun carry. In order to own

1180-505: A trade agreement was announced between Mercosur and European Union , which provides, among other matters, for the elimination of tariffs for various products, such as fruit, orange juice, instant coffee, fish, crustaceans, vegetable oils, and quotas for the sale of meat, sugar and ethanol. For example, an increase in the export of fruits from the Brazilian Northeast to Europe was expected. However, since then, France , which

1298-415: A university before being allowed to work and the government would pay for those selected to travel to Brazil. The program was valid for three years and could be extended for another three. According to the Ministry of Health, Brazilian professionals were prioritized to fill the vacancies. Doctors with international diplomas would work with provisional professional authorization, restricted to primary care and

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1416-841: Is Dr. Mary Lou Valdez, of the United States, and the Assistant Director is Marcos Espinal, from the Dominican Republic. The organization was founded in December 1902. It was originally called the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. It has been described as the world's first international public health organization. In 1949, PAHO and WHO signed an agreement making PAHO the American Regional Office (AMRO) of WHO. Today

1534-472: Is a competitor of Brazil in the sale of commodities and which depends on the protectionism of the European Union to sell its products, has purposely and unilaterally blocked the execution of the agreement, through massive demands, a common tactic in international negotiations to prevent actions. Nevertheless, during Bolsonaro's tenure, the country's agriculture broke successive production records. It

1652-751: Is committed to ending illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030 and stated "the need of an adequate financial support from the international community, compatible with the magnitude and urgency of the challenges to be faced". According to TV host and entrepreneur Luciano Huck , outreach from the Biden administration "opens a door for Brazil to correct its current course of climate denialism". In April 2021, nearly 200 Brazilian organizations published an open letter warning US lawmakers against making deals with Bolsonaro's administration unless it reverses its anti-environmental agenda. According to Mother Jones , deforestation in

1770-458: Is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%. During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. As of February 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%. In 2020 Brazil

1888-480: Is divided into two distinct volumes: a gracefully curved ten-story building that hosts the organization's main offices, and an adjoining four-story cylindrical annex that serves as the congress hall for formal assemblies of the PAHO member state delegates, as well as other meetings and events. It is surrounded by George Washington University to the north and east, the Columbia Plaza office/residential complex to

2006-431: Is estimated that the national grain harvest will break the 3rd consecutive record in 2021, with a production of 260.5 million tons (2.5% increase compared to the previous year, when production was 254.1 million tons). In terms of gross value, in 2020, the country's agricultural production increased by 17% compared to the previous year, reaching R$ 871.3 billion. Official rates of violence in the country have been falling as

2124-448: The 2018 general election , defeating Fernando Haddad . His presidency ended after one term in office, following his defeat in the 2022 general election to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . In the years Brazil has been a democracy since 1985 , Bolsonaro became the first president to lose an election as an incumbent. His government was characterized by the strong presence of ministers with a military background, international alignment with

2242-583: The Brazilian economy was recovering and growing, though at a slower pace than predicted by the government. In 2021, Brazil broke a record with more than 4 million companies being opened by the private sector, of which 1,4 million end up closing, an increase of 34.6% when compared to 2020. Talking about most of the reforms enacted by Bolsonaro, according to the Interunion Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies, "the final objective [of

2360-642: The Caribbean , the Andean Region , and the Southern Cone . Experience has shown practical benefits such as the solidarity that helped Central America after hurricane Mitch , and there are numerous other examples. Health collaboration found expression at the highest political level when American heads of state in their Summit in Santiago accepted a health initiative called "Health Technology Linking

2478-782: The EU ". After French president Emmanuel Macron conditioned France's support for a trade accord between the European Union and Mercosul to Brazil remaining in the Paris Agreement , Bolsonaro said, at the meeting of the G20 in Osaka, that Brazil "will not leave the Paris Agreement", also inviting Macron to visit Brazil's Amazon region. In August 2019, Bolsonaro accused Macron of having "a misplaced colonialist mentality in

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2596-590: The Escola sem Partido (ESP), which encourages students to film teachers to collect evidence for its allegation that the education system is dominated by progressive parties. Students protested the education cuts in Rio de Janeiro. According to a report by the National Institute for Space Research the deforestation of the rainforests in Brazil more than doubled during Bolsonaro's presidency. Bolsonaro called

2714-740: The European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment. Bolsonaro's Facebook comments mocking Brigitte Macron's looks escalated the diplomatic clash, which was dubbed "the worst diplomatic crisis between France and Brazil in 40 years". During a conversation with journalists in July 2019, Bolsonaro lashed out at European leaders, saying that the Amazon belongs to Brazil and European countries can mind their own business because they have already "destroyed their environment". He also said: "We preserve more [rainforest] than anyone. No country in

2832-767: The Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet). Through the Elimination Initiative , it targets HIV/AIDS. Specific initiatives spearheaded by PAHO include the expanded program on immunization, which played a major role in the elimination of smallpox and polio from the Americas; the Tobacco-Free Americas initiative; the Regional Coalition for Water and Sanitation to Eliminate Cholera in Hispaniola;

2950-502: The International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and genocide for harm to Indigenous people and destruction of the Amazon. Another has been submitted for ecocide by indigenous chiefs. In October 2019, Bolsonaro said that Brazil has stopped taking care of its military and needs to rearm. He also said that "Brazil needs new armaments", and that "nobody wants an extremely bellicose Brazil", but that

3068-582: The National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture . Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights. Bolsonaro spent the first months of his administration trying to pass legislation and enact reforms with the stated goal of creating more economic freedom and growth for Brazil. The federal government cut taxes for some specific sectors of

3186-469: The United Nations (UN) in charge of international health cooperation in the Americas . It fosters technical cooperation among member countries to fight communicable and noncommunicable diseases, strengthen health systems, and respond to emergencies and disasters. PAHO has 35 Member States and four Associate Members in the region. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., PAHO is the regional office for

3304-603: The World Health Organization in the Americas, and the health organization of the Inter-American System . It is known in Latin America as the OPS ( Spanish : Organización Panamericana de la Salud ) or OPAS ( Portuguese : Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde ). PAHO has scientific and technical expertise at its headquarters, in its 27 country offices, and its three Pan American centers, all working with

3422-477: The populist right and autocratic leaders, and was recognized for his anti-environmental, anti-indigenous people and pro gun policies. He was also responsible for a broad dismantling of cultural, scientific and educational government programs, in addition to promoting repeated attacks on democratic institutions and spreading fake news . His government was responsible for a significant reduction in bureaucracy and modernization of public systems, with

3540-614: The 21st century" in reference to criticism by the French president, when he called on G7 leaders to discuss the Amazon crisis . He later tweeted "I regret that the President Macron seeks to exploit an internal issue in Brazil and other Amazonian countries for personal political gains." He added that "the Brazilian government remains open to dialogue, based on objective data and mutual respect." Macron stated he will refuse to ratify

3658-535: The 5th Federal Court of Minas Gerais, denied a request from the CRM-MG not to grant professional registration to foreign physicians. According to Ribeiro, the entity's claim that the provisional measure that instituted the Mais Médicos Program was unconstitutional was unjustified. In Fortaleza , 96 foreign-trained professionals were harassed by a group of doctors from Ceará. The incident occurred when

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3776-543: The Amazon rainforest by 2030, in the COP26 climate summit 's first major agreement. Following the disappearance of Brazilian indigenous expert Bruno Pereira and British journalist Dom Phillips in June 2022 while on a trip to report the remote Brazilian Amazon region of Javari Valley and to interview indigenous people who were patrolling the area against illegal miners and fishers, Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro downplayed

3894-480: The Amazon reached a 12-year high during Bolsonaro's administration and he has dismantled environmental policies, removed resources from enforcement agencies, and reduced environmental regulations. During the Leaders Summit on Climate , Bolsonaro pledged Brazil would go carbon-neutral by 2050, ten years earlier than previously pledged. In November 2021, Bolsonaro promised to end and reverse deforestation of

4012-415: The Amazon. They instead attributed the fires to farmers clearing land. In 2020 the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030. It also set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 if it receives 10 billion dollars per year as help from the international community. On April 15, 2021, in a letter to U.S. president Joe Biden , Bolsonaro said that Brazil

4130-644: The Americas". The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean joined together over 20 years ago to buy vaccines through a revolving fund. These are among the Organization's most notable successes, starting with the eradication of smallpox from the Americas in 1973, a triumph followed five years later by global eradication of the dreaded disease. A major effort committing the Americas to embark on polio eradication in 1985 succeeded in September 1994, when

4248-497: The Brazilian people at risk for spreading misinformation by encouraging the use of hydroxychloroquine as a valid treatment for COVID-19. In March, as the nation saw a surge in deaths, Bolsonaro criticized the measures to curb the virus and told the public to "stop whining". In June 2021, protests erupted all over Brazil against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on

4366-597: The Court of Auditors and the World Health Organization. However, the documents revealed that the Dilma government was mediated by PAHO to prevent the project from needing to be approved by Congress. It also exposed that the Cuban government was concerned about a possible evaluation process for the doctors in Brazil and a potential rejection of their entry into Brazilian territory. As a result, it proposed that

4484-497: The Cuban government to the Ministry of Health under the intermediation of the Pan American Health Organization of the World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO). The initial salary of US$ 3,000 was passed on to the Cuban government, which transferred only 40% of the money (US$ 400) to the doctors, causing criticism from medical associations and the opposition. At the beginning of 2014, after an investigation

4602-518: The Javari Valley region, which is the second biggest indigenous territory in Brazil and is believed to have one of the world's highest concentrations of uncontacted indigenous tribes. His damage to the Amazon has widely been described by indigenous groups, human rights groups, politicians, academics and journalists as an ecocide and a genocide . Indigenous chiefs and human rights organizations have submitted an Article 15 communication to

4720-460: The MEC had already initiated measures to try to reverse the situation: a National Program of Civic-Military Schools, Full-time Secondary and Elementary Education, opening of more places, use of the internet to improve education and greater use of universities. The Bolsonaro government also inherited a terrible position from Brazil in the ranking of the best universities in the world. At the end of 2018,

4838-450: The Mais Médicos Program would have "very little impact on the country's public health", because it "is a palliative measure". Later, Varella stated that this "palliative measure" was "the internalization program with the greatest reach and duration. Never has a program reached so many people in the national territory and lasted so long". The Mais Médicos Program was questioned by then federal deputy Jair Bolsonaro (PP-RJ), who argued that it

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4956-634: The Ministries of Health. In addition to its core budget financed by quota contributions from its Member Governments, PAHO also seeks outside funding to help implement special programs and initiatives in response to vital health needs. Voluntary tax-deductible contributions for PAHO health and education projects in the Americas may be made to the PAHO Foundation . Dr. Jarbas Barbosa of Brazil was elected as PAHO Director on September 28, 2022, and took office on January 31, 2023. PAHO's Deputy Director

5074-538: The NCD pandemic. The Organization also executes projects for other United Nations agencies, for international organizations such as the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank , for official development cooperation agencies of various governments, and for philanthropic foundations . The Organization recognizes the role of the private sector in the delivery of services and fosters dialogue and partnerships with

5192-458: The PSDB, senator Aécio Neves , criticized President Dilma Rousseff for having vetoed the opposition's amendment establishing a specific career for the program's professionals, through a public competition, guaranteeing their progression and ensuring that the program's benefits would be guaranteed to the population over the long term. At the end of July 2013, PAHO/WHO reported that it was pleased with

5310-741: The Salt Smart Consortium; the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization; and a blood safety initiative that seeks to improve blood safety and efficiency by helping countries reach 100% blood supplies from unpaid voluntary donors. The Pan American approach is a part of PAHO history and the spirit of pan-americanism continues to stimulate technical cooperation among countries in health. PAHO has helped countries work together toward common goals, and to initiate multi-country health ventures in Central America ,

5428-425: The aim of attracting recently graduated doctors to poor regions by providing them with a salary of R$ 8,000. Around 3,000 municipalities requested 13,000 professionals, but 4,392 applied and, of these, only 3,800 signed contracts. In May 2013, the Ministry of Health announced that it was considering a strategy to bring foreign doctors to areas of poverty in order to minimize the shortage of professionals. The initiative

5546-520: The arrival of foreign professionals, Brazil had 388,015 doctors, which corresponded to two for each thousand inhabitants. In comparison, Argentina has a rate of 3.2, Portugal 4, the United States 2.6, South Korea 1.9 and Japan 2. Although this number was considered good, 22 states had a lower rate than the national average due to uneven distribution. While the Federal District and the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro had rates well above

5664-567: The best Brazilian university was not even in 250th place, and after that, all were in positions below 400th place. By the end of 2020, even with educational institutions closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil had slightly improved in the ranking: USP and UNICAMP had risen in rank and six national institutions had entered the ranking. In May 2019, the government cut 30% of the education budget for three universities due to alleged issues with partisan activities. President Bolsonaro has supported

5782-406: The changes. After Biden won the 2020 US presidential election , Bolsonaro was quick to make unsubstantiated allegations, along with Trump, that there was a possibility of fraud in the election. In an interview, he said he would wait to officially recognise Biden as president. Pan American Health Organization The Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ) is a specialized agency of

5900-421: The countries in mobilizing the necessary resources to provide immunization and treatment services for all vaccine-preventable diseases . PAHO is close to accomplishing the goal of eliminating measles from this hemisphere and is pressing on with the introduction of new vaccines that are currently available, such as Haemophilus influenzae B. to reduce meningitis and respiratory infections. PAHO works to reduce

6018-586: The countries of the americas in dealing with priority health issues. The health authorities of PAHO's Member States set PAHO's technical and administrative policies through its governing bodies. The PAHO Member States include all 35 countries in the Americas; Puerto Rico is an associate member. France , the Kingdom of the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are

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6136-497: The country and unemployment rates slowly fell, with the Brazilian GDP showing a moderate growth rate, averaging 1.5% per year. At the same time, job insecurity , inflation and hunger increased, while per capita income , social inequality and poverty reached its worst levels since 2012. Bolsonaro, at the time of his election, was a 27-year member of Congress ; his victory has been credited to voter anger at

6254-422: The country "needs to have the least deterrent power". In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced his Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto ; the latter, like Bolsonaro, lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil , unlike Silva. A day later, the leaders of the army, air force, and navy all resigned. In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into

6372-629: The country ranked 59th in reading, 71st in mathematics and 67th in science, a performance below the OECD average and one of the worst in South America. The Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub , criticized the situation of the education that the Government had just been given to administer, stating that "Brazil's poor PISA result is entirely the PT 's fault." In the 1st year of Bolsonaro's mandate,

6490-535: The country. Based on a survey by the Institute of Science, Technology and Quality (ICTQ), 61% of Porto Alegre residents supported the program, while the average for all sixteen capitals surveyed was 33%. Another poll, made by the Methodus Institute, indicated that 59.3% of people from Rio Grande do Sul approved of the project. The Mais Médicos Program was received negatively by medical organizations. At

6608-489: The country. The Bolsonaro government also proposed a 50% budget cut, which will affect not only medical programs, but also policies such as the Farmácia Popular do Brasil (English: People's Pharmacy of Brazil). Previously, 61% allocated to the purchase of equipment and renovation of hospitals in the oncology and maternity networks was cut from the health budget and transferred to the so-called secret budget. Before

6726-496: The crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020. Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the " common flu " and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis. He criticized the governor of Rio de Janeiro for suspending flights from other states with confirmed cases, claiming that Rio de Janeiro was behaving like its own country and that taking precautions such as closing businesses to limit

6844-494: The deadline for registrants to show up expired, 30% of the professionals had still not appeared in their respective locations. On March 20, 2023, Lula and the Minister of Health, Nísia Trindade , announced the resumption of the Mais Médicos Program prioritizing Brazilian professionals. Initially, it plans to open 15,000 new vacancies, including other areas of health, such as dentistry, nursing and social assistance. According to

6962-450: The economy and removed import tariffs for several areas, such as capital goods, and IT or telecommunication products which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in the medical, industrial, and agricultural sectors. The president also removed the import tariffs of sailing ships , jet skis and other luxury items. The government also passed a controversial pension reform , along with making other changes across

7080-410: The economy did grow, poverty and inequality expanded under Bolsonaro. According to the economist Guilherme Delgado, the proposed measures made by Bolsonaro disorganized the public service, stifled investments, privileged the rich, weakened democratic rights and deepened economic and social inequalities. The result of Bolsonaro's economic reforms were mixed. Overall, prior to the COVID-19 recession ,

7198-601: The economy. The government also tried to pass economic plans such as the Plano Mais Brasil , which centered around the decentralization of resources combined with greater responsibility in the fiscal management of all entities of the federation, reduction of taxes for productive sectors of the economy, reduction of direct public investments in the economy, and the debureaucratization of the State, while increasing funding for programs that fight poverty. Some of those proposals were able to successfully go through Congress, though others were stopped in different committees. Overall, though

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7316-483: The end of July 2013, a series of demonstrations against the project were organized. On August 23, 2013, the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB) and the Federal Council of Medicine (CFM) filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Federal Court (STF) to suspend the program. In their petition, the organizations claimed that hiring professionals trained in other countries without passing the National Medical Diploma Revalidation Exam (Revalida) would be illegal. "The measure deprives

7434-509: The end of June 2021, more members of Bolsonaro's opposition called for his impeachment for his handling and spreading of misinformation during the pandemic. The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and more than 20 others. In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement

7552-404: The fast paced digitization of federal public services, through the creation of the digital platform " gov.br ". Bolsonaro also sanctioned the Economic Freedom Act, reducing bureaucracy in economic activities and facilitating the opening and operation of businesses throughout the country, which proved very beneficial, especially for small companies. During his administration crime dropped across

7670-441: The federal government, it should guarantee "lower costs for municipalities, greater agility in replacing professionals and conditions for them to remain in these locations". By the end of 2023, the program expects around 28,000 professionals to join, covering 96 million people in primary care. Additional benefits have been provided for professionals working in the remote regions of the country. Participating doctors who graduated with

7788-473: The foreigners were leaving the inaugural training class and around 50 Brazilian doctors formed a human corridor and harassed them. The foreign doctors stayed for 40 minutes after the inaugural lecture to avoid the corridor set up by the Ceará residents. The police followed the protest closely, but did not intervene. The demonstration was seen as an "act of xenophobia" by a secretary at the Ministry of Health. In December 2013, doctor Drauzio Varella predicted that

7906-471: The founding nations of the Pan American Health Organization, designed by American sculptor Michael Lantz . In 1993 the seals were surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution 's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program and were described as needing conservation treatment. Constructed of reinforced concrete over a steel frame with an exterior of glass and marble, the building is one of Washington's most recognized examples of midcentury modern architecture. The building

8024-482: The future Minister of Science and Technology; as of that date, he had already confirmed two other ministerial nominations: Paulo Guedes as Economy minister, and Augusto Heleno as Defense minister. However, on 7 November, Augusto Heleno was appointed to the Institutional Security Office of Brazil . On the first day of November, Bolsonaro confirmed that anti-graft judge Sergio Moro had accepted his invitation to serve as Justice minister. The decision drew backlash from

8142-438: The government of Tocantins implemented a program to bring Cuban doctors to the most remote areas of the state. At the time, Veja magazine published an article favorable to the program and criticized the Federal Council of Medicine for filing a lawsuit with the Public Prosecutor's Office demanding an end to the agreement with the Cuban government. However, Veja is currently against the Mais Médicos, claiming that Cuba has one of

8260-436: The government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch. Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not. In February, Supreme Court Justice Rosa Weber charged Bolsonaro with putting

8378-445: The governor of São Paulo , for not acting on the crisis at a federal level, instead leaving the responsibility of placing measures to tackle the virus to the individual states. On July 7, 2020, Bolsonaro said that he had tested positive for COVID-19 . On 25 July, he announced that he had tested negative for COVID-19 in a fourth test since being diagnosed, but the next week he indicated that he had also started suffering from " mold in

8496-550: The help of the Financing Fund for Higher Education Students (FIES) will receive subsidies to pay off the debt; recent graduates who complete the residency program in remote areas will also earn financial incentives. Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Jair Bolsonaro 's tenure as the 38th president of Brazil began with his inauguration on January 1, 2019, and ended on January 1, 2023. Bolsonaro took office following his victory in

8614-480: The international press because Moro had convicted Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Bolsonaro's chief political rival in the election, for money laundering and corruption. On November 11, 2018, O Estado de S. Paulo released a story stating that Bolsonaro's team has chosen World Bank director and former finance minister Joaquim Levy to head the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES). A report

8732-514: The irregular and illegal practice of medicine in Brazil, since everyone knows that there is no revalidation". On August 23, 2013, the president of the Regional Council of Medicine of Minas Gerais (CRM-MG), João Batista Gomes Soares, said that Brazilian doctors should not "help" or be "sponsors" of foreign professionals and that he would advise his fellow professionals not to assist their Cuban colleagues. João Batista Ribeiro, head judge of

8850-454: The launch of Mais Médicos by the Brazilian government. According to the agency, the measure was consistent with WHO resolutions and recommendations on universal health coverage, the strengthening of basic and primary care in the sector and equity in health care for the population. For PAHO/WHO, the initiatives to bring doctors to remote communities, to create new medical schools and expand the enrollment of students from poorer regions, as well as

8968-491: The lung ". Even so, he stated his opposition to mandatory vaccination. In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration. In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available; he supported the efficacy of any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe. In

9086-426: The matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%. In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix

9204-437: The medical course by two years, a proposal flexibilized by the government when faced with criticism. The first phase, aimed at enrolling doctors who had graduated in Brazil or were already authorized to practice in the country to work in places where there are few professionals, met only 6% of the demand. Later, applications were opened to doctors working abroad. The foreign professionals had to spend three weeks under evaluation by

9322-1145: The most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul, of the BR-101 in the Northeast, of BR-116 in Bahia, of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis, duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina, from BR-280 in Santa Catarina, of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais, construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to Presidente Franco, in Paraguay), bidding for construction of

9440-440: The national average - 4.09, 3.62 and 2.64 doctors per thousand inhabitants respectively - the states of Maranhão , Pará and Amapá didn't even have one doctor per hundred thousand inhabitants, with rates of 0.71, 0.84 and 0.95 respectively. In 2011, to try to solve the problem, the federal government created a program called Valorização dos Profissionais da Atenção Básica (English: Valorization of Primary Care Professionals) with

9558-483: The number of medical residencies, were appropriate. According to the organization, countries with the same problems as Brazil were experiencing the results of implementing similar measures. A note signed by the Teotônio Vilela Institute , linked to the PSDB, stated that PAHO/WHO's support for Mais Médicos only served as a "more serious layer" to the implementation of the program which, according to

9676-409: The pair's disappearance, calling the trip an "unrecommended adventure" they should not have taken. The United Nations Human Rights Committee said the Brazilian government response to Bruno Pereira and Dom Phillips disappearance and subsequent murder was 'extremely slow' and highlighted both the indigenous expert and the journalist works as raising awareness, monitoring and reporting illegal activities in

9794-690: The participating states, and Portugal and Spain are the observer states. The Organization's mission is to strengthen national and local health systems and improve the health of the peoples of the Americas, in collaboration with Ministries of Health, other government and international agencies, nongovernmental organizations , universities, social security agencies, community groups, and many others. PAHO promotes universal health coverage and universal access to health and strengthening of health systems based on primary health care strategies. It assists countries in fighting infectious diseases such as malaria , cholera , dengue , HIV and tuberculosis as well as

9912-688: The people of the Americas. PAHO collaborates with governments, other agencies, and private groups to address major nutritional problems including protein-energy malnutrition , and is now working to eliminate iodine and vitamin A deficiencies. PAHO engages in and facilitates health promotion to help countries deal with health problems typical of development and urbanization, especially non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases , cancer , accidents , smoking , addiction to drugs and alcohol , and injuries among others. Beyond health promotion, PAHO also addresses health systems and quality of care issues in support of national efforts to respond to

10030-445: The political class over years of corruption in politics, economic recession , and a surge in violent crime . According to sociologist Clara Araújo, “the dissatisfaction over the economic crisis, it seems to me, was channeled along with a discourse about conservative morals”. The economy of Brazil was recovering from crisis, with an unemployment rate of 12 percent at the time of the election, double that of five years prior. The crisis

10148-617: The population. In June 2013, according to Datafolha , 47% of the population was in favor of the program and 48% opposed. In the August survey by the same institute, the favorable vote was 54% and the unfavorable vote was 40%. According to a survey by the MDA institute, commissioned by the National Transport Confederation and carried out in September, 73.9% of the population was in favor of foreign physicians working in

10266-559: The presidency. The 22 figure is down from 29 in the outgoing administration. Seven of the ministers will be military men, eight have technocrat profiles, and seven are politicians. Hindustan Times commented that "there are just two women in Bolsonaro’s government, which is double the number in the outgoing lineup under President Michel Temer", and that "there are no blacks, despite half of Brazil’s population being at least partly descended from Africans." On November 7, 2019, Roberto Alvim

10384-541: The professional assessment be carried out previously in Cuba. Brazil would only integrate the doctors with training aimed at adapting to the language, administrative conduct and Brazilian legislation. According to the Ministry of Health, of the 11,400 doctors working in the program in March 2015, forty had quit. On November 14, 2018, Cuba announced in a statement that it was abandoning the Mais Médicos Program. According to them,

10502-549: The proposal to create Mais Médicos came from the Cuban government and not the Brazilian government, in a secret commercial agreement between the two countries. The Dilma government's Minister of Health, Alexandre Padilha , denied the confidential aspect of the negotiations and stated that the program had been endorsed by the Brazilian Congress, with the approval of all the political parties, the Supreme Court,

10620-413: The publication a lie and fired the institute's director, Ricardo Galvão . In June 2019, German chancellor Angela Merkel said she was concerned about deforestation in the Amazon rainforest and would seek "straight talk with Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro on the upcoming G20 summit in Osaka". She also said that the situation "does not affect the imminent free trade agreement between Mercosur and

10738-459: The reforms] was to reduce the size of the State, not so that it could become more agile, but so that the private sector could profit from activities that were previously done by the government." The Bolsonaro administration left Brazil with a public debt of $ 5,87 trillion reais (or US$ 1.12 trillion). Bolsonaro ended his term leaving the largest federal debt in the history of the country. Bolsonaro

10856-425: The region's growing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. PAHO engages in technical cooperation with ministries of health and facilitates coordination with other sectors to promote health in all policies. PAHO also promotes the use of research evidence to inform health care decisions and policymaking through the implementation of knowledge translation strategies such as

10974-453: The regional medical councils of the competence to assess the professional quality of the exchange doctor, since it removes the possibility of supervising professional practice by analyzing the documents required to practice medicine," stated the document. The organizations also claimed that the government's measure promoted the illegal practice of medicine: "The federal administration's proposal does not guarantee quality public policies and allows

11092-525: The regions where they were allocated by the program. The shift schedule would be 40 hours a week and the doctors would be paid a stipend of R$ 10,000. In addition, the professionals would receive housing and food allowances, a responsibility of the municipalities. While the Portuguese, Argentinians and Spaniards signed up voluntarily for the program, the Cubans acted as service providers for a contract sold by

11210-575: The same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall". On December 17, 2020, Bolsonaro made comments in jest at a political event in Porto Seguro , Bahia that people taking the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine might get side-effects including transforming into crocodiles, becoming superhuman, turning into bearded ladies, and developing effeminate voices. In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to

11328-519: The situation, the Brazilian government launched a public tender to replace the Cubans. During the same period, the São Paulo Regional Council of Medicine (Cremesp) accelerated the issuing of professional registrations to recently graduated doctors interested in enrolling in the Mais Médicos Program. On November 25, the Ministry of Health reported that 96.6% of the vacancies in the project had been filled. However, on December 14, when

11446-426: The spread was hurting the economy. In March 2020, there were demonstrations throughout the country calling for Bolsonaro's resignation due to his government's handling of the virus. According to independent polls taken at the time: 44% of Brazilians considered Bolsonaro's government "bad", 33% thought it ordinary, and 26% thought it excellent. In the same poll, 64% of Brazilians disapproved of Bolsonaro's handling of

11564-541: The streets" if he ordered them. In mid-August, the military conducted a 10-minute tank parade in Brasília , with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was only announced a day before, and it passed by the country's national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected

11682-417: The streets. In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that was removed had shown that Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello , comparing the virus to HIV . In other videos, Bolsonaro criticised efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine. By

11800-496: The tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment. One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government was to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed until that point, or even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$ 144 billion. Some of

11918-404: The text, encouraged the enslavement of Cuban doctors. BBC Brasil asked Gláucia Massoni, a lawyer specializing in labor law, to analyze the document signed between the government and PAHO/WHO. According to her, the program had legal certainty, since "the doctors come as exchange students, there is no employer-employee relationship or CLT ". In March 2015, Jornal da Band released recordings of

12036-686: The toll of death and illness from diarrheal diseases , including cholera, through case management and oral rehydration therapy to prevent deaths from dehydration, and to provide adequate diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections, thus saving the lives of hundreds of thousands of children each year. The Organization provides technical collaboration in a variety of specialized public health fields and organizes emergency preparedness and disaster relief coordination. It supports efforts to strengthen national health systems, develop national health research systems, control malaria , Chagas ' disease, urban rabies , leprosy , and other diseases that affect

12154-561: The usual phrasing is "Regional Office for the Americas". The first hemisphere -wide effort to eradicate smallpox was made in 1950 by the PAHO. The campaign was successful in eliminating smallpox from all countries of the Americas except Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. In October 2024, health authorities in the Americas expanded PAHO's funding to help the Organization accelerate access to health technologies, particularly in response to public health emergencies and disease outbreaks. In March 1960, President Eisenhower signed into law

12272-550: The vaccine and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $ 45 million to a company in Singapore. in response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorised a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro. He has denied the allegations, calling the investigation "an embarrassment" and saying "I'm incorruptible". Bharat Biotech claimed innocence with regard to the deal. In 2019,

12390-422: The virus, and 44.8% favored his resignation. As cases in the country rose, Bolsonaro claimed that "Brazilians never catch anything", and as an example said that a Brazilian man can jump into sewage and nothing will happen to him. He continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a "fantasy" created by the media. He has been criticised by João Doria ,

12508-513: The withdrawal was due to President-elect Jair Bolsonaro's announcement of changes in the terms of cooperation, which included direct payment to medical professionals provided by Cuba (and not through the Pan American Health Organization), permission to live with their families in Brazil and the requirement to revalidate their diplomas. With the departure, around 8,556 Cuban doctors left the program. In order to resolve

12626-455: The world has the moral right to talk about Amazon." During the 2019 Brazil wildfires , Bolsonaro accused (without providing any evidence) non-governmental organizations of starting the forest fires, due to a reduction of government funding to the NGOs. Environmental and climate experts described Bolsonaro's accusation as a "smokescreen" to hide his own government's rolling back of protections for

12744-405: The worst health systems in the world and that the project "will flood Brazil with communist spies". Launched on July 8, 2013, by President Dilma Rousseff, the Mais Médicos Program was composed of two phases. The first was to establish doctors, whether Brazilian or foreign, in the public health network in municipalities in the countryside and on the outskirts of big cities. The second was to extend

12862-481: Was "two and a half years without corruption". In the same month, a scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" had washed over the country. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price. It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for

12980-628: Was also a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the government inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo, start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia, in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará, among others. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , Bolsonaro and his administration have been accused of downplaying

13098-472: Was also the first Brazilian president since the Plano Real , in the mid-90s, to end his term with a real minimum wage worth less than when taking office. The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than most other countries. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of

13216-464: Was caused by, among other factors, weak commodity prices; events revealed underlying weaknesses in the economy, which include poor infrastructure, excessive bureaucracy, an inefficient tax system, and corruption. On October 11, 2018, days before his election victory, Bolsonaro had already announced DEM congressman Onyx Lorenzoni as the future chief of staff in his cabinet. On October 31, President-elect Bolsonaro announced astronaut Marcos Pontes as

13334-467: Was considered a short-term alternative until the expansion of the training of doctors achieves results. Sérgio Perini, a cardiologist and the only physician working in Santa Maria das Barreiras from April 2012 until the start of the program, commented: "People have no one to turn to for help but me. If I have more than three urgent cases to attend to immediately, what do I do?" Between 1998 and 2003,

13452-555: Was later issued by Folha de S. Paulo that Bolsonaro has yet to confirm the nomination of Levy to the post. A press release from Paulo Guedes's team, released the next day, confirmed Levy's appointment. On November 15, 2018, economist Roberto Campos Neto was named as the future Central Bank governor. In December 2018 the final composition had emerged after weeks of announcements and appointments. The cabinet would include 22 personnel, of which 16 are ministers, two are cabinet-level positions and four are secretaries directly linked to

13570-484: Was launched by the Public Prosecutor's Office, the federal government announced that the Cuban doctors would receive US$ 1245 in addition to their stipend. From March 2014, the Cuban professionals were entitled to US$ 845, with the remaining US$ 400 going to the Cuban government. According to the Minister of Health at the time, Arthur Chioro , the increase didn't represent an extra expense for Brazil: "There's not

13688-501: Was nominated Special Secretary for Culture under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism, only to be fired on January 17, 2020 after appearing to quote a speech by German Nazi politician Joseph Goebbels in a government-sanctioned video. On June 18, 2020, Minister of Education Abraham Weintraub resigned. In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$ 954 to R$ 998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from

13806-412: Was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW). As of April 2021, according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%. In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW). Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy . In 2020, the government zeroed

13924-579: Was unethical because it involved basic care, a field that is the responsibility of nurses and not doctors. The leader of the PSDB in the Chamber , Carlos Sampaio , said that he would ask the Public Prosecutor's Office to monitor the program and the professionals hired by the Brazilian government with regard to compliance with the law. He also defended the Revalida exam for foreign doctors. The then president of

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