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145-637: North Maluku was originally the centre of the four largest Islamic sultanates in the eastern Indonesian archipelago— Bacan , Jailolo , Tidore and Ternate —known as the Moloku Kië Raha (the Four Mountains of Maluku). Upon Europeans' arrival at the beginning of the 16th century, North Maluku became the site of competition between the Portuguese , Spanish and the Dutch to control trade. In

290-618: A controleur after 1883, and the kingdom became increasingly governed by colonial officials that the old ruling elite had to listen to. Javanese people The Javanese ( / dʒ ɑː v ə ˈ n iː z / , jah-və- NEEZ , / dʒ æ v -/ jav- , /- ˈ n iː s / -⁠ NEESS ; Indonesian : Orang Jawa ; Javanese : ꦮꦺꦴꦁꦗꦮ , Wong Jawa (in Ngoko register ) ; ꦠꦶꦪꦁꦗꦮꦶ , Tiyang Jawi (in Krama register ) ) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to

435-605: A Ternate vassal. However, because of the treatment of his brothers and himself caused deep resentment of Sultan Hairun. He tried to weaken the Portuguese positions in Maluku, sending expeditions to attack the partly Christianized Ambon Island . The actions of the Portuguese also caused anger among the people who backed the Sultan. In response, the Portuguese captain, Diogo Lopes de Mesquita invited Hairun for negotiations but murdered

580-562: A contract in 1899 that gave the Dutch colonial government the right of taxation. He was formally elevated as sultan in February 1900 and signed the so-called Short Declaration in 1910, instead of the longer contracts signed by previous rulers. This marked the full colonial subordination of indigenous rule. Muhammad Usman’s son Muhammad Muhsin (1935-1983) survived the Japanese occupation and

725-589: A deeper philosophical meanings. Several philosophical idioms sprung from Javanese classical literature, Javanese historical texts and oral traditions, and have spread into several media and promoted as popular mottos . For example, " Bhinneka Tunggal Ika " , used as the national motto of the Republic of Indonesia , "Gemah Ripah Loh Jinawi, Toto Tentrem Kerto Raharjo" , "Jer Basuki Mawa Bea" , "Rawe-Rawe rantas, Malang-Malang putung" and " Tut Wuri Handayani " . American anthropologist Clifford Geertz divided in

870-411: A lower profile than Ternate. The sultan governed with the help of two groups of officials. The Bobato dalem (inner grandees) assisted at the royal court and consisted of members with the military titles mayor, kapitan and lieutenant ( ngofa or kie ). Under them were various alfiris , sergeants and caretakers. The Bobato luar (outer grandees) were those who actually assisted the sultan in governing

1015-537: A modern administrative structure. However, the sultanate has been revived as a cultural entity in present times. According to a legend known from the 16th century, the kings of Bacan, the Raja Ampat Islands off Papua, Banggai and Buton descended from a set of snake's eggs which had been found among some rocks by the Bacan seafarer Bikusigara. On account of this, Bacan could claim to be the origin-point of

1160-516: A population of 1,328,694 in 2023, the population density in North Maluku was 39 per km in 2023; the area with the highest density was Ternate with a density of 1,263 per km, while the region with the lowest density was East Halmahera Regency with a density of only 15 per km. North Maluku has a very diverse population. In total there are around 28 ethnic groups and languages in North Maluku. They are divided into two families of languages based on

1305-548: A prince called Bakar expanded Bacan's influence on the north coast of Ceram and even in Hitu in Ambon . However, Valentijn claims that the first Muslim ruler was actually Sultan Zainal Abidin who allegedly flourished in 1512. In one version, his brother Jelman was acknowledged as Raja of Misool , one of the Raja Ampat Islands. From early European accounts it appears that the kings in the Maluku archipelago began to accept Islam in about

1450-571: A prince who had lived at the Sailendra court in Java, brought Javanese art and culture, including the concept of the devaraja , to Cambodia, laying the foundations for Khmer civilization. The centre of Javanese culture and politics was moved towards the eastern part of the island when Mpu Sindok (r. 929–947) moved the capital of the kingdoms eastward to the valleys of the Brantas River in

1595-458: A rebel movement gained momentum in Maluku and Papua in the form of the Tidorese prince Nuku who persistently fought the Dutch with varying success. With British assistance, Nuku’s forces conquered the Dutch fort in Bacan in 1797, before occupying Tidore itself. Prince Atiatun, who administered the kingdom at the time, in fact welcomed Nuku. The war nevertheless led to widespread destruction on

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1740-530: A significant genetic admixture of Austroasiatic and Austronesian ancestries. Hindu and Buddhist influences arrived through trade contacts with the Indian subcontinent . Hindu and Buddhist — traders and visitors, arrived in the 5th century. The Hindu, Buddhist and Javanese faiths blended into a unique local philosophy. The cradle of Javanese culture is commonly described as being in Kedu and Kewu Plain in

1885-573: A small minority identifying as Christians and Hindus . With a large global population, the Javanese are considered significant as they are the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Far East and the fourth largest in the world after the Arabs , Bengalis , and Punjabis . Javanese civilisation has been influenced by more than a millennium of interactions between the native animism Kejawen and

2030-669: A solar system based on the Hindu calendar . Unlike many other calendars, the Javanese calendar uses a 5-day week known as the Pasaran cycle. This is still in use today and is superimposed with 7-day week of the Gregorian calendar and Islamic calendar to become what is known as the 35-day Wetonan cycle . Throughout their long history, the Javanese have produced many important buildings, ranging from Hindu monuments, Buddhist stupa , mortuary temples, palace complexes, and mosques. Before

2175-414: A strongly Muslim and anti-Portuguese position and attacked Christianized areas of Maluku, including Bacan. While the Portuguese were expelled from Ternate in 1575, Dom João was forced to revert to Islam; nevertheless, Babullah sent emissaries who poisoned his cousin in 1577. Bacan was badly ravaged in the process and its history in the next decades is rather obscure. A son or brother of Dom João, Dom Henrique,

2320-533: A traditional Javanese name. Religion of Javanese Today, most Javanese officially follow Sunni Islam as their religion, first recorded instance of Islamic contact in Java is dated from 475 Hijri (1082 AD), as attested in the grave of Fatimah binti Maimun. However Islamic development only became more intensive during the Majapahit period, when they traded or made tributary relations with various states like Perlak and Samudra Pasai in modern-day Aceh . In

2465-447: Is tempeh , a meat substitute made from soybean fermented with mould . It is a staple source of protein in Java and popular around the world as a meat substitute for vegetarians . Javanese do not usually have family names or surnames, with only a single name. Javanese names may come from traditional Javanese languages, many of which are derived from Sanskrit . Names with the prefix Su- , which means good , are very popular. After

2610-427: Is a rice served in the shape of a conical volcano , usually with rice coloured yellow using turmeric . It is an important part of many ceremonies in Java. Tumpeng is served at landmark events such as birthdays, moving house, or other ceremonies. Traditionally, Tumpeng is served alongside fried chicken, boiled egg, vegetables, and goat meat on a round plate made from bamboo called besek . A notable food in Java

2755-707: Is also reinforced through adherence to Javanese adat (traditional rules) in ceremonies, such as Slametan , Satu Suro , Javanese weddings and Naloni Mitoni . However, the culture of pesisiran of Javanese north coast and in Eastern Java demonstrates some slightly different traits. They tend to be more open to new and foreign ideas, more egalitarian, and less conscious of one's social stature. Some of these northern settlements — such as Demak , Kudus, Tuban, Gresik and Ampel in Surabaya — have become more overtly Islamic, traditionally because these port towns are among

2900-602: Is based on the area's islands and beaches with marine parks and various types of ornamental fish. There are also tourist forests as well as national parks with endemic species ranked 10th in the world. The nature reserve area consists of several types, both on land and in marine waters such as the Sibela Mountain Reserve on Bacan Island, Nature Reserve on Obi Island, Taliabu Nature Reserve on Taliabu Island and Nature Reserve on Seho Island. Cultural Heritage Areas that have archaeological historical values scattered in

3045-630: Is considered a traditional food in Surabaya in East Java . Gudeg is a traditional food from Yogyakarta and Central Java which is made from young Nangka ( jack fruit ) boiled for several hours with palm sugar , and coconut milk . Pecel , a type of peanut sauce with chili is a common ingredient in Javanese cuisine. It is used in various types of Rujak and Gado-gado . It can also be used as stand-alone sauce with rice, prawns, eggs and vegetables as Nasi Pecel (Pecel rice). Tumpeng ,

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3190-658: Is due to the long history of Hindu and Buddhist influences in Java. Many Javanese in Indonesia are bilingual , being fluent in Indonesian (the standardized variant of the Malay language ) and Javanese. The Javanese language was formerly written with a script descended from the Brahmi script , natively known as Hanacaraka or Carakan . In addition, Javanese language can also written with right-to-left script descended from

3335-511: Is seen as a symbol of development and prosperity, whereas tuber vegetables like cassava are associated with poverty. Javanese cuisine varies by region. Eastern Java has a preference for hot and salty foods, while the Central Javanese tend to prefer sweeter foods. A famous food in Javanese cuisine is Rujak Cingur , marinated cow lips and noses served with vegetable, shrimp prawn and peanut sauce with chili . Rujak Cingur

3480-477: Is the official calendar of Indonesia, while the Islamic calendar is used by Muslims and Indonesian government for religious worship and deciding relevant Islamic holidays . The Javanese calendar is presently used mostly for cultural events (such as Siji Suro ). The Javanese calendar system is currently a lunar calendar adopted by Sultan Agung in 1633, based on the Islamic calendar. Previously, Javanese people used

3625-476: Is used instead of the more typically Muslim dome . These roofs are often multi-tiered and tiled. In addition to not using domes, traditional Javanese mosques also often lack minarets . The split gate from earlier Hindu-Buddhist period is still used in many mosques and public buildings in Java. Some notable examples of mosques using traditional Javanese architecture include the Agung Demak Mosque ,

3770-775: The Arabic script called Pegon . Upon Indonesian independence it was replaced with a form of the Latin alphabet . While Javanese was not made an official language of Indonesia, it has the status of regional language for communication in the Javanese-majority regions. The language also can be viewed as an ethnic language because it is one of the defining characteristics of the Javanese ethnic identity. Javanese intellectuals, writers, poets and men of letters are known for their ability to formulate ideas and creating idioms for high cultural purpose, through stringing words to express

3915-572: The Halmahera rain forests ecoregion and are home to a number of plant and animal species unique to the islands, which are in the Wallacea transition zone, containing a mixture of species of Asian and Australasian origin. The predominant trees of the forest are Anisoptera thurifera , Hopea gregaria , Hopea iriana , Shorea assamica , Shorea montigena , Shorea selanica , and Vatica rassak . The endemic mammals found here include

4060-551: The Magellan expedition arrived to Tidore where the Spanish seafarers were approached by the sultans of Tidore, Jalolo and Bacan as potential allies against the Portuguese intruders. The ruler of Bacan at the time was married to a daughter of the pro-Portuguese Bayan Sirrullah, but had a fallout with his father-in-law who was promptly poisoned by the couple. The Bacanese moreover massacred a party of Portuguese who carelessly abused

4205-472: The Magellan expedition in 1521 and tried to secure the Spanish as allies, though the presence of Spain in Maluku were very limited up to 1582. Ternate and Tidore lived in a near-permanent state of rivalry during the 16th and 17th centuries, though there was also a ritual dualism in their relationship. Sultan Bayan Sirrullah died in 1521, leaving heirs who were still very young. The Tidorese princess Nukila ,

4350-755: The Majapahit Kingdom (14th to 16th century AD) in Trowulan , East Java . The complex covers an area of 11 km x 9 km. It consists of various brick buildings, a canal ranging from 20 to 40 meters wide, purification pools, temples and iconic split gates. The capital complex is currently being considered as a candidate for becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Traditional Javanese buildings can be identified by their trapezoid shaped roofs supported by wooden pillars. Another common feature in Javanese buildings are pendopo , pavilions with open-sides and four large pillars. The pillars and other parts of

4495-626: The Menara Kudus Mosque and the Great Mosque of Banten . The Kudus Mosque is also of note because it incorporates Hindu-style stone architecture. Rice is the staple crop of Javanese cuisine; a meal in Java is not considered a meal without it. It is also an important part of the Javanese cultural identity, differentiating them from residents of other Indonesian islands who eat sago (for example Moluccans ) and expatriates from western countries who tend more towards bread . Rice

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4640-476: The Netherlands . The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups (based on native Javanese community on the island of Java) that can be distinguished based on their characteristics, customs, traditions, dialects, or even their respective ways of life. These include Banyumasan , Cirebonese , Mataram , Osing , and Tenggerese . The majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Sunni Muslims , with

4785-672: The Obi Islands to the VOC for 800 Reals, an act remembered in Bacan with great resentment. The Bacan rulers after 1609 were involved in the struggle for Maluku, usually but not always on the side of the VOC. Alauddin II died soon after the 1609 contract and a regent, Kaicili Malito held power for a while. He was killed in a sea battle against the Spanish-affiliated Tidore in 1614. Alauddin’s son Sultan Nurusalat (c. 1609-1649)

4930-492: The Obi mosaic-tailed rat ( Melomys obiensis ), masked flying fox ( Pteropus personatus ), and four arboreal marsupials , the ornate ( Phalanger ornatus ), Rothschild's ( P. rothschildi ), blue-eyed ( P. matabiru ) and Gebe ( P. alexandrae ) cuscuses . There are over two hundred different birds on the islands, twenty-six of which are endemic, a large number for this small island group. The endemics include four birds which are

5075-878: The Permesta movement was declared in Manado , North Sulawesi , aiming to overthrow the Indonesian government, The movement received support from the United States and Taiwan . In January 1958 the CIA began developing covert support networks to the PRRI and Permesta rebels. Supported by the American, Permesta forces captures Morotai and Halmahera as well as several islands. In May 1958 Indonesian National Armed Forces started to gather amphibious forces to retake both Morotai and

5220-490: The Raja Ampat Islands. It fell under the colonial influence of Portugal in the 16th century and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) after 1609. Bacan was one of the four kingdoms of Maluku (Maloko Kië Raha) together with Ternate , Tidore and Jailolo , but tended to be overshadowed by Ternate. After the independence of Indonesia in 1949, the governing functions of the sultan were gradually replaced by

5365-648: The Yogyakarta Special Region . The Sri sultan became Governor of Yogyakarta, and the Prince of Pakualaman became vice-governor; both were responsible to the President of Indonesia. The Special Region of Yogyakarta was created after the war of independence ended and formalized on 3 August 1950. Surakarta was later absorbed as part of the Central Java province. The Javanese culture is one of

5510-511: The 10th century CE. The move was most likely caused by the volcanic eruption of Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya . At the end of the 13th century, The major spread of Javanese influence occurred under King Kertanegara of Singhasari . The expansionist king launched several major expeditions to Madura, Bali in 1284, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and most importantly to Sumatra in 1275. He also extended Javanese involvement in

5655-546: The 1460s or 1470s as the result of the increasing trade in cloves, that attracted merchants from the Muslim world. The indigenous chronicles of Bacan are difficult to evaluate as their stories of persons and events do not fit with contemporary sources up to the late 16th century. They say that the Bacan Islands were originally governed by a plethora of chiefs or ambasaya . By the time, Said Muhammad Bakir alias Husin, who

5800-479: The 1960s the Javanese community into three aliran or "streams": santri , abangan and priyayi . According to him, the Santri followed an orthodox interpretation Islam , the abangan followed a syncretic form of Islam that mixed Hindu and animist elements (often termed Kejawen ), and the priyayi were the nobility. The Geertz opinion is often opposed today because he mixed the social groups with belief groups. It

5945-401: The 2020 Census was 1,282,937 people spread across eight regencies and two cities, but by mid 2023 this was officially estimated to have reached 1,328,594. South Halmahera Regency is the regency that has the largest population, with 255,384 people in mid 2023 or 19.22% of the province's total population, followed by Ternate city with 204,920 people in 2023, or 15.42%, while the regency that has

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6090-512: The Bacan Islands with depopulation in many places. The British appointed a new sultan from a side-branch, Kamarullah (1797-1826), who was allowed to remain after the return of the Dutch to Maluku and became the ancestor of the later rulers. His son Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabei (1826-1860) received the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace who commented on the utterly sparse population, and

6235-579: The Christian minority there. The police forces of Ternate were only able to guard their own institutions from attack, yet the traditional guards of the Sultan of Ternate, mostly composed of local Ternate Muslims, were particularly effective at protecting the local Christian population from attack. The Sultan's guard had both established secure perimeters around areas of the city, including the mostly Chinese-owned business district, and physically stood between

6380-625: The City of Ternate , were split off to form a separate province of North Maluku (Maluku Utara). The existing North Maluku Regency was on 25 February 2003 (by law Udang-Udang Nomor 1 Tahun 2003) split into four new regencies - North Halmahera , West Halmahera , South Halmahera and the Sula Islands - while on the same date two new entities were created from parts of the Central Halmahera Regency - East Halmahera Regency and

6525-767: The Dutch from the region. Halmahera became the site of a Japanese naval base at Kao Bay. 2 years later, US forces and their allies launched the Battle of Morotai in 1944; bombing the island in August and invading it in September. Imperial Japanese forces on Morotai held out until 1945 but failed to expel the Allies. In the latter part of 1944, 61,000 personnel landed on Morotai. Two thirds of them were engineers, who rapidly established facilities including harbors and two airstrips plus extensive fuel stores. The formal surrender of

6670-515: The Indian Hindu — Buddhist culture, and this influence is still visible in Javanese history, culture, traditions, and art forms. The ancient Javanese kingdoms of Singhasari and Majapahit were among the most powerful maritime empires in the region, whose boundaries included most of Maritime Southeast Asia and parts of Indochina . Javanese heritage has created magnificent religious monuments such as Borobudur and Prambanan which are among

6815-657: The Javanese cultural heartland; those of highly polished aristocratic culture of the keratons in Yogyakarta and Surakarta — demonstrates some specific traits, such as particular concern with elegance and refinement (Javanese: alus ), subtlety, politeness, courtesy, indirectness, emotional restraint and consciousness to one's social stature. Javanese culture values harmony and social order highly, and abhors direct conflicts and disagreements. These Javanese values are often promoted through Javanese cultural expressions, such as Javanese dance , gamelan , wayang and batik . It

6960-567: The Javanese diaspora live there. Like most Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese of West Java , the Javanese are of Austronesian origins whose ancestors are thought to have originated in Taiwan , and migrated through the Philippines to reach Java between 1,500 BC and 1,000 BC. However, according to recent genetic study, Javanese together with Sundanese and Balinese has

7105-469: The Javanese realm was marked by the establishment of the Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman princedom. Although the real political power in those days actually lay with the colonial Dutch, the Javanese kings, in their keratons , still held prestige as the supposed power centre of the Javanese realm, especially in and around Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Dutch rule was briefly interrupted by British rule in

7250-551: The Kadai, Mange and Siboyo peoples. Most people in this area have a command of Ternate Malay . Most of the population in North Maluku is Muslim, with Christians (mostly Protestants) a significant minority. Hinduism, Buddhism, and various other religions are practiced by a small part of the population. According to data in 2017, the composition of religion in this province is Islam 75.34%, Protestant 23.96%, Catholic 0.68%, Hinduism 0.01%, Buddhism 0.01%. Maritime tourism in North Maluku

7395-598: The Kayoa and Bacan Islands (there are also two stratovolcanoes on Bacan Island). Halmahera Island itself is a volcanic island even though volcanic activity occurs only in a part of its territory. The islands have a tropical rainforest climate (Af) . The rainforests of Halmahera , Morotai , the Obi Islands , the Bacan islands and other islands of North Maluku have been described by the World Wildlife Fund as

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7540-519: The Maluku can come from: "Moloku" here means to grasp or hold. Using these the meaning of "Moloku Kie Raha" is "confederation of four mountain". However the root word "loku" comes from local Malay creole word for a unit, therefore not an indigenous language. The other idea is the word originated from "Maloko" which is a combination of "Ma" which is for support and "Loko" refer to area. The phrase "Maloko Kie Raha" means "the place/world which has four mountains". The island of Ternate or Gapi began to grow in

7685-620: The Maluku political order. The myth also points at early relations with the Papuans . However, there are conflicting legends according to which Jailolo in Halmahera was the oldest kingdom of Maluku. A third legend departs from the Arab immigrant Jafar Sadik who came to Maluku, ostensibly in 1245, and married the heavenly nymph Nurus Safa. From this pair, four sons called Buka, Darajat, Sahajat and Mashur-ma-lamo were born, who became ancestors of

7830-400: The Moluccas was Ludovico di Varthema , an Italian explorer who claims to have visited the region in 1505. In 1512, the Portuguese set foot in Ternate for the first time under the leadership of Francisco Serrão . With the approval of Sultan Bayan Sirrullah , Portugal was allowed to establish a trading post in Ternate. Portugal came not only to share the trading opportunities, but to control

7975-456: The Muslim vassal state Hitu on Ambon, led to a long series of wars up to the 1650s where the VOC subjugated Ambon with Ternate's assistance. Meanwhile, the Sultanate of Tidore succeeded in preventing direct Dutch interference in their territory and remained independent until the end of the 18th century. Over the 17th century Tidore built up its positions in south-east Halmahera and Papua that yielded foodstuff, forest products and slaves. However,

8120-414: The Netherlands and Ternate caused dissatisfaction with the rulers and nobles of Ternate. Among them were Hidayat, a young Ambonese kimelaha (governor) who was also a former regent of Ternate and led the opposition against both Mudafar Syah and the Dutch. He ignored the Dutch trade monopoly agreement by selling spices to Javanese and Makassar traders. The resistance offered by him and his successors, and by

8265-432: The North Maluku Province include cultural reserves in Ternate City, Tidore City, West Halmahera. Sultanate of Bacan The Sultanate of Bacan ( كسلطانن باچن ‎) was a state in Maluku Islands , present-day Indonesia that arose with the expansion of the spice trade in late medieval times. It mainly consisted of the Bacan Islands (Bacan, Kasiruta, Mandioli, etc.) but had periodical influence in Ceram and

8410-410: The Papuan lands were still upheld by the court at the time of François Valentijn (1724) but were obscure by that time. More persistent were the ambitions of Bacan to maintain suzerainty over part of Ceram's north coast. However, by the second half of the 17th century the Ceramese villages plainly refused to obey the commands of the sultan. The sultanate shrank further in 1682 when Sultan Alauddin III sold

8555-449: The People's Representative Council. In the 2010s, efforts were undertaken to further develop the province. Governor Abdul Ghani Kasuba designated South Halmahera as a tourism region for the province, inaugurating the Widi International Fishing Tournament for that purpose. Kasuba also successfully negotiated with the China-based Jinchun Group to build a nine-trillion rupiah nickel smelter in the Obi Islands. The population of North Maluku at

8700-501: The Philippines, Ternate formed an alliance with local Muslim lords in Mindanao to drive off the Spanish, but failed. Sultan Saidi Berkat defeated several invasion attempts, but was eventually captured by the Spaniards in 1606 and exiled to Manila . The Spanish-allied Tidore took over some Ternatan dependencies. Surviving Ternatan aristocrats requested the help from the Dutch , the Dutch responded and helped Sultan Mudafar Syah I to reestablish himself on Ternate Island. On 26 June 1607

8845-433: The Portuguese appeared in Maluku from 1512, Bacan was a significant local realm with more men and ships than Ternate, Tidore or Jailolo. Linguistic research has shown that Bacan Malay is closer to Melaka Straits Malay than other Malay dialects in Maluku, pointing at early strong relations with traders from the Malay World . The royal seat was not on Bacan Island as it was in later times but rather on Kasiruta. The power of

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8990-408: The Portuguese held out in Ambon and established a fortress in Tidore in 1578, since the Tidorese Sultan Gapi Baguna began to fear Baabullah's ambitions. After the death of Sultan Baabullah, the sultanate began to weaken. The Spanish , who had united with Portugal in 1580, tried to regain control of Maluku by attacking Ternate via the Iberian base in Tidore. With Spain strengthening its position in

9135-433: The Sangaji (chief) of Labuha. The Sangaji and his wife then persuaded Alauddin to move his seat to the vicinity of Labuha since it was a good land with a fine river. Dutch sources indicate that fear of the lethal raids carried out by Tidorese war fleets was decisive in the move. The Dutch seafarers began to approach Maluku in 1599 and fought a drawn-out struggle with the Spanish Empire while allying with Ternate. In 1609

9280-419: The Second Japanese Army took place at Morotai on 9 September 1945. The last Japanese holdout from the war, Private Teruo Nakamura ( Amis : Attun Palalin), was discovered by the Indonesian Air Force on Morotai, and surrendered to a search patrol on December 18, 1974. After the Japanese surrendered, the Dutch regained control of the region, before handing it over to the Indonesian government in 1949. In 1957,

9425-411: The VOC eventually succeeded in pacifying Ternate and Tidore. In its height, the VOC pursued an orderly, and controlling strategy, helped by a strong and flexible organization. Both Ternate and Tidore agreed to extirpate all clove trees in their realms in the 1650s, ensuring Dutch monopoly on clove cultivation. Because of the colonial policy, Maluku became an economic backwater after the mid-17th century. On

9570-511: The VOC in January 1656, complemented by a more detailed contact in April 1667 that put Bacan under the thumb of the Dutch. After the rebellions in the region had been defeated in the late 1650s, the Dutch kept Bacan under close surveillance for more than a century. Dutch observers found the Bacan elite to be stout and self-assured in spite of the shrunken state of the sultanate, as they tried to uphold obsolete claims to parts of Ceram and Papua. The low population density, aggravated by epidemics, and

9715-534: The abundance of sago and fish made the population self-sufficient in terms of foodstuff, and the Dutch complained about the perceived inertia of the locals. Piracy was a big problem for the vulnerable population far into the 19th century. In 1774 the ruler Muhammad Sahadin (1741-1779) entertained friendly contacts with the British sea captain Thomas Forrest and also with the independent Sultan of Maguindanao . The suspicious Dutch therefore deposed him in 1779. The next two sultans were likewise exiled. However, by now

9860-467: The advent of Islam, many Javanese began to use Arabic names, especially coast populations, where Islamic influences are stronger. Commoners usually only have one-word names, while nobilities use two-or-more-word names, but rarely a surname. Some people use a patronymic . Due to the influence of other cultures, many people started using names from other languages, mainly European languages . Christian Javanese usually use Latin baptism names followed by

10005-428: The allied forces of the Portuguese and the Sunda Kingdom , establishing in the process the Sultanate of Banten . Demak was succeeded by the Kingdom of Pajang and finally the Sultanate of Mataram . The centre of power moved from coastal Demak, to Pajang in Blora, and later further inland to Mataram lands in Kotagede , near present-day Yogyakarta . The Mataram Sultanate reached its peak of power and influence during

10150-403: The area of expansion was originally not included in the term Maluku. This only referred to the four main clove-producing islands to the west of Halmahera : Ternate, Tidore. Moti and Makian . Bacan further to the south, and Jailolo on Halmahera, were also commonly included in Maluku Proper, the four kingdoms forming a ritual quadripartition with connotations to local cosmology. The etymology of

10295-444: The art of Wayang kulit shadow play. The migration of Javanese people westward has created a coastal Javanese culture in West Java distinct from the inland Sundanese culture . Javanese is a member of the Austronesian family of languages and is closely related to, but distinct from, other languages of Indonesia . It is notable for its great number of nearly ubiquitous Sanskrit loans, found especially in literary Javanese. This

10440-471: The buildings can be richly carved . This architecture style can be found at kraton , or palaces, of the Sultanates of Yogyakarta (palaces of Hamengkubuwono and Pakualaman ) and Surakarta (palaces of Pakubuwono and Mangkunegaran ). Traditional mosques in Java maintain a distinctive Javanese style. The pendopo model is used as the main feature of mosques as prayer halls. A trapezoidal roof

10585-598: The central and eastern part of the Indonesian island of Java . With more than 100 million people, Javanese people are the largest ethnic group in both Indonesia and in Southeast Asia as a whole. Their native language is Javanese , it is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers and also the largest regional language in Southeast Asia. As the largest ethnic group in

10730-565: The coastal and lowland areas have been cleared for clove-planting since the sixteenth century, especially on the islands of Ternate and Tidore . Logging has occurred more recently on Halmahera and Morotai. The Sula Islands are part of the Sulawesi lowland rain forests ecoregion. In 1999, the northern part of Maluku, then comprising the North Maluku ( Maluku Utara ) Regency, the Central Halmahera ( Halmahera Tengah ) Regency and

10875-409: The commander Simon Jansz Hoen and Sultan Mudafar Syah I of Ternate invaded Bacan and approached the Spanish fort at Labuha. Sultan Alauddin II chose to stay aloof from the fighting. The Spanish and the Christian inhabitants left Labuha and were later killed or captured. As representative of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) Hoen made a contract with Alauddin who promised to follow the VOC monopoly of

11020-460: The commerce in spices , nutmeg and cloves , in Maluku. For this reason, the foreigners first had to subordinate to Ternate. Their superior weaponry and possession of the trading entrepôt of Malacca made them attractive as allies. But as soon as they were permanently established, the Europeans began to interfere in local politics. Simultaneously, Al-Mansur of Tidore received the remnants of

11165-416: The desire of the sultan to attract enterprising foreigners to the mineral-rich islands. A group of Chinese gold workers were in fact brought from West Borneo in the mid-19th century but were less than successful. Another attempt to develop the islands with the sultan’s support was made by the merchant M.E.F. Elout van Soeterwoude who began to plant vanilla, coffee, tobacco and potatoes. The unsuitability of

11310-599: The dynastic network of the sultanate. Zainal Abidin married a Ternate princess who gave birth to Bayan Sirrullah who was made sub-ruler in Makian; he later left it and instead inherited his father’s throne in Kasiruta. After this, Makian was apparently lost to the Bacan kings. After a prosperous and peaceful reign Bayan Sirrullah died and was succeeded by Alauddin, known to have reigned in 1581-c. 1609. Contemporary European sources mention other names before 1581 (see below). When

11455-548: The earliest places that Islamic teachings gained foothold in Java. Javanese culture is traditionally centered in the Central Java , Yogyakarta and East Java . Due to various migrations, it can also be found in other parts of the world, such as Suriname (where 15% of the population are of Javanese descent), the broader Indonesian archipelago region, Cape Malay , Malaysia , Singapore , Netherlands and other countries. The migrants bring with them various aspect of Javanese cultures such as Gamelan music, traditional dances and

11600-460: The early 13th century. The early Ternate population was the result of an exodus from Halmahera . Initially there were four villages in Ternate, each headed by a momole (head of a clan). they were the first to make contact with merchants who came looking for spices. The population of Ternate became increasingly heterogeneous with settlements of Arab , Javanese , Malay and Chinese traders. With

11745-597: The early 19th century. While short, the British administration led by Stamford Raffles was significant, and included the re-discovery of Borobudur . Conflict with foreign rule was exemplified by the Java War between 1825 and 1830, and the leadership of Prince Diponegoro . Like the rest of the Dutch East Indies , Java was captured by the Empire of Japan during World War II . With Japan's defeat, independence

11890-545: The end, Ternate and Tidore as well as other kingdoms in Maluku were incorporated in the Dutch East Indies . For more than a century after 1816, the archipelago remained under strict Dutch control, though the sultanates Ternate, Tidore and Bacan remained as zelfbesturende landschappen (self-ruling territories) until the Indonesian Revolution . The Empire of Japan invaded Maluku early in 1942 as part of its Dutch East Indies Campaign of World War II , ousting

12035-610: The end, the Dutch emerged victorious, beginning three centuries of Dutch rule in the region. The Japanese invaded the region during World War II , and Ternate became the center of the Japanese rule of the Pacific region. Following Indonesian independence , the region became a part of the province of Maluku . The province of North Maluku was officially established on 12 October 1999, by separation from Maluku . The island city of Ternate served as its de facto capital until 2010, when

12180-568: The ensuing Indonesian Revolution . During the war years Bacan suffered from hardship and Allied bombings that also destroyed the sultan's palace. There was little republican agitation in North Maluku after 1945 and some aspect of the old "feudal" governance survived the Indonesian Independence in 1949. Muhammad Muhsin served as Resident of North Maluku in 1956-1959. However, the Malukan sultanates were increasingly incorporated in

12325-516: The fertile slopes of Mount Merapi as the heart of the Mataram Kingdom . The earliest Sanjaya and Sailendra dynasties had their power base there. Between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction . The most notable of the temples constructed are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan . The Java valley

12470-646: The figures for areas also show great disparity between the BPS figires published by the Province and those published by the Regencies, although both sets are "official". The province now forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council . The North Maluku Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies and 2 cities in the province, and elects 3 members to

12615-468: The greatest extent of Majapahit, making it one of the most influential empires in Indonesian and Southeast Asian history. Various kingdoms of Java were actively involved in the spice trade in the sea route of the Silk Road . Although not major spice producers, these kingdoms were able to stockpile spice by trading for it with rice , of which Java was a major producer. Majapahit is usually regarded as

12760-649: The greatest of these kingdoms. It was both an agrarian and a maritime power, combining wet-rice cultivation and foreign trade. The ruin of their capital can be found in Trowulan . Islam gained its foothold in port towns on Java's northern coast such as Gresik , Ampel Denta ( Surabaya ), Tuban, Demak and Kudus . The spread and proselytising of Islam among the Javanese was traditionally credited to Wali Songo . Java underwent major changes as Islam spread. Following succession disputes and civil wars, Majapahit power collapsed. After this collapse, its various dependencies and vassals broke free. The Sultanate of Demak became

12905-587: The help of invading Mongol troops in March 1293. Raden Wijaya would later establish Majapahit near the delta of the Brantas River in modern-day Mojokerto , East Java . Kertanegara policies were later continued by the Majapahits under King Hayam Wuruk and his minister Gajah Mada , whose reign from 1350 to 1389 was marked by conquests that extended throughout Southeast Asia. This expansion marked

13050-483: The increasingly busy trading activities there was an increase of threats coming from pirates, the Momole Guna Tobona leaders held a conference to form a stronger organization and appoint a single leader as king. In 1257, according to traditional chronology, Momole Cico , Sampalu's leader was elected and appointed as the first kolano (king) with the title Baab Mashur Malamo (1257-1277). The Kingdom of Gapi

13195-555: The influence of Muslim merchants from Java , India and the Malay World . Some aspects of Islamic law were applied, though Islam was only patchily disseminated until the second half of the 16th century. Sultan Zainal Abidin substituted the title of kolano with that of Sultan , following other rulers from the Malay World. With this, Muslim scholars became important figures in the Ternate kingdom. Opposite to Ternate lies

13340-592: The island of Tidore , the seat of the Kingdom of Tidore, or Duko . According to the genealogies of the kings of Ternate and Tidore, the first kolano of Tidore was Sahjati (Muhammad Naqil) who ascended the throne in 1081. The ruler was known as Kië ma-kolano , "King of the Mountain". It was only at the end of the 15th century that Islam was adopted as the official religion of the kingdom. The 9th King of Tidore, Sultan Jamaluddin , chose to convert to Islam because of

13485-532: The language used, namely Austronesian and Papuan . Austronesian groups live in the central and eastern parts of Halmahera. They include the Buli, Maba, Patani, Sawai and Weda peoples. North and West Halmahera are dominated by Papuan-speaking ethnic groups, i.e. Galela, Tobelo, Loloda, Tobaru, Modole, Togutil, Pagu, Waioli, Ibu, Sahu, Ternate and Tidore. In the Sula Islands, there are several ethnic groups such as

13630-457: The largest and most influential country in eastern Indonesia, especially in the Moluccas . It was organized in settlement units called soa which stood under a headmen or bobato . At the top, the kolano was assisted by four chief officials, dopolo ngaruha , led by a first minister or jogugu . Starting in the mid-15th century, Islam was adopted by the leading families in the kingdom, due to

13775-546: The leadership of Sultan Baabullah, the power of Ternate reached its peak. His area of influence stretched from North and Central Sulawesi in the west to the Papuan Islands in the east, from the southern Philippines in the north to the Lesser Sunda Islands in the south. The Bacan Sultanate , whose ruler, Dom João Hairun, had converted to Christianity, was also forced to apostate and yield. However,

13920-498: The long series of conflicts had taken a heavy toll: the population of the sultanate had declined and the sultan only played a marginal role in the affairs in Maluku. The old residence in Kasiruta had been abandoned by the early 17th century and the palace was moved to Amassing on the south-west side of Bacan Island, close to Labuha. According to the Bacan Chronicle, Alauddin gave his daughter in marriage to Patra Samargalila,

14065-588: The lucrative spice trade with the Maluku Islands . Following the defeat of the Melayu Kingdom in eastern Sumatra, Singhasari controlled trade in the Strait of Malacca . Singhasari dominance was cut short in 1292 by Kediri's rebellion under Jayakatwang , killing Kertanegara. However, Jayakatwang's reign as king of Java soon ended as he was defeated by Kertanegara's son-in-law, Raden Wijaya with

14210-508: The massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. Two important religious monuments are the Hindu temple of Prambanan and the Buddhist temple of Borobudur . Both of them are 9th century temples and UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Both are located near Yogyakarta in the slope of Mount Merapi. Meanwhile, examples of secular buildings can be seen in the ruins of the former capital city of

14355-427: The mid 16th century the sultanate produced as much cloves as Ternate. It was an important port of call for ships going from Ternate to other parts of the archipelago, and from Banda or Ambon to Ternate. Papuan chiefs sometimes visited Bacan with their vessels and had friendly ties with the sultan. Alauddin's son and successor was Hairun (1557-1577), not to be confused with his maternal uncle Hairun of Ternate. Islam

14500-627: The mobs and possible victims in some cases and were later commended for preventing a potential massacre. At least 4 people died, however, and the Indonesian Navy later evacuated the several thousand Christian residents of both islands to Bitung and Manado in North Sulawesi . The conflict was resolved after the Malino II Accord was signed by both parties. The islands of North Maluku are mostly of volcanic origin, with

14645-470: The movement of three tectonic plates, namely Eurasia , the Pacific and Indo-Australia which have occurred over geological ages. This movement formed the volcanic archipelago that stretched from north to south off western Halmahera, including Hiri Island , Ternate Island, Tidore Island, Mare Island , Moti Island and Makian Island . Each of these islands constitutes a stratovolcano. Further south lie

14790-454: The new bureaucracy, and the last rights of the sultan to be represented in the formal administration were abolished in 1965. Towards the end of the 20th century the old sultanates of Maluku experienced a cultural revival, especially after the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998. Bacan was part of this “sultanism” with the enthronement of a son of the last ruler as titular sultan, although with

14935-517: The new city of Tidore Islands . A seventh regency, covering Morotai Island , was formed on 29 October 2008 from part of North Halmahera and an eighth regency, covering Taliabu Island , was formed on 14 December 2012 from the westernmost island in the Sula Islands Regency. All are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, and according to the official estimates for mid 2023. The table also includes

15080-412: The new strongest power, gaining supremacy among city-states on the northern coast of Java. Aside from its power over Javanese city-states, it also gained overlordship of the ports of Jambi and Palembang in eastern Sumatra. Demak played a major role in opposing the newly arrived colonial power, the Portuguese . Demak twice attacked the Portuguese following their capture of Malacca . They also attacked

15225-515: The number of administrative districts ( kecamatan ) in each city or regency, the number of administrative villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan ) into which those districts are subdivided, and the numbers of named islands. Notes: (a) The Regency-level BPS publication for mid 2023 shows a population figure of 96,977 for Central Halmahera which is wildly different from the Provincial-level publication figures given above. Note several of

15370-402: The oldest civilizations and has flourished in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It has gradually absorbed various elements and influences from other cultures, including native reverence for ancestral and natural spirits, Buddhist and Hindu dharmic values, Islamic civilization, and to a lesser extent, Christianity, Western philosophy and modern ideas. Nevertheless, Javanese culture — especially in

15515-472: The only species in their genera , including the elusive invisible rail ( Habroptila wallacii ), the white-streaked friarbird ( Melitograis gilolensis ), and two birds of paradise, the paradise-crow ( Lycocorax pyrrhopterus ) and Wallace's standardwing ( Semioptera wallacii ). The islands are also home to the largest bee in the world, Wallace's giant bee ( Megachile pluto ). Most of the natural forest remains on these mountainous islands, although much of

15660-525: The other hand, the rulers were able to strengthen their personal powers with their subjects under European protection. Ternate was reduced to a vassal of the VOC in 1682, and Tidore met the same fate in 1780. The Tidorese prince Nuku led a successful anti-Dutch rebellion that encompassed much of Maluku and western Papua in 1780–1805. Helped by the British invasion in 1796–1803 he was able to push back Dutch positions, but resistance collapsed after his death. In

15805-490: The parttion of the province, mainly because of the pace of development between the northern and southern regions and or between the middle and southeast regions were uneven. On that basis, the government established North Maluku Province (with the temporary capital in Ternate) which was confirmed by Law Number 46 of 1999 concerning the division of North Maluku Province, Buru Regency and Tanimbar Islands Regency . North Maluku

15950-585: The powerful Babullah (1583) and the Spanish-Portuguese union (1581) made for opportunities, as the Spanish tried to master Maluku from their bases in the Philippines . Alauddin II assisted an Iberian invasion in 1603 where he was personally wounded, and again in 1606. On the last occasion the Spanish were entirely successful in defeating the Ternate Sultanate and rewarded Alauddin II with the islands of Kayoa , Waidoba and Bayloro. However,

16095-503: The preaching of Sheikh Mansur from Arabia . Of the other two kingdoms, Jailolo was the most powerful in the Moluccas in the pre-European era until its powers dissipated in the 16th century. Bacan had importance as a link between the Austronesian and the Papuans in the 16th century, but also shrank to insignificance due to military setbacks and severe population decline in the 16th and early 17th centuries. The first European to land in

16240-504: The provincial government moved to Sofifi on the mainland of Halmahera. The regional economy in North Maluku largely relies on the agricultural sector, fisheries and other types of marine products. The main commodities that support the economic pulse in North Maluku include copra , nutmeg , cloves , fisheries , gold and nickel . North Maluku's agricultural products include rice , corn , roasted sweet potatoes, beans , coconut , potatoes, nutmeg, sago , and eucalyptus . Historically,

16385-459: The realm. They were the jogugu (first minister), hukum (magistrate) and kimelaha sapanggala (errand) who held authority over the various local chiefs, such as ambasaya and datu . Apart from them there was a group of religious officials, Bobato akhirat . The highest official of the kingdom was however the Kapitan Laut (sea lord) who was a relative of the sultan and usually the heir to

16530-503: The rebel-held town of Jailolo on the island of Halmahera. By May 16 the assault fleet started to gather in Ambon harbour and on May 20 its troops landed on Morotai while élite Pasukan Gerak Tjepat (PGT or "Quick Reaction Force") troops parachuted onto the island. Permesta forces surrendered as the island was captured in less than a month. It alarmed the Permesta rebels on Jailolo, many of whom fled back to North Sulawesi . Thereafter

16675-531: The rebellion was largely confined to the Minahassa Peninsula of Sulawesi, where Permesta remnants waged a guerilla campaign until the last unit surrendered in January 1962. During the administration of President B. J. Habibie , the idea emerged to accelerate development in several potential regions by forming new provinces. Maluku was one of the potential areas for accelerating development through

16820-425: The region, the Javanese have historically dominated the social, political, and cultural landscape of both Indonesia and Southeast Asia. There are significant numbers of Javanese diaspora outside of central and eastern Java regions, including the other provinces of Indonesia , as well as other countries such as Suriname , Singapore , Malaysia , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , South Africa , Sri Lanka , Yemen and

16965-566: The reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo between 1613 and 1645. In 1619 the Dutch established their trading headquarter in Batavia . Java slowly fell to the Dutch East India Company , which would also eventually control most of Maritime Southeast Asia . The internal intrigue and war of succession, in addition to Dutch interference, caused the Mataram Sultanate to break up into Surakarta and Yogyakarta . The further separation of

17110-477: The rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th centuries, Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago , especially in Java . As a result, numerous Hindu temples, locally known as Candi , were constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, the Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in

17255-520: The rulers of Bacan, Jailolo, Tidore, and Ternate. In this story, too, Bacan has a precedence position. The ruler was nevertheless known as Kolano ma-dehe , Ruler of the Far End (i.e. in relation to Ternate and Tidore). According to the Dutch writer François Valentijn (1724), the Bacan kingdom was established in 1322. He mentions an early king of Bacan with a Muslim name, Sidang Hasan in about 1345 who suffered an invasion from Ternate. Later on, in 1465

17400-419: The smallest population is Central Halmahera Regency with 60,480 people or just 4.55%. The average annual population growth rate in North Maluku was 2.07% between 2010 and 2020; Morotai Island Regency was the region with the highest annual population growth rate of 3.40% per year, while the area with the lowest annual population growth rate was Ternate with 0.96% per year. With an area of 34,138.36 km and

17545-433: The soil and climate foiled his ambitions and he withdrew his efforts in 1900. In one respect Bacan stood out locally since its Christian community attained a high level of Western education. At the demise of Sultan Muhammad Sadik (1862-1889) a commission of grandees governed for many years for want of suitable heirs. Eventually his son Muhammad Usman (not to be confused with his contemporary Muhammad Usman of Ternate ) signed

17690-482: The spice trade, and to give back a few islands to Ternate. The Spanish fort was renamed Fort Barneveld (after the statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt ) and manned with 50 men. At this time Bacan claimed to be the overlord of the Papuan islands of Waigeo , Misool and Waigama. However, it is possible that the relation was a bond of commerce rather than political obedience. The pretensions to certain islands and villages in

17835-399: The sultan extended to Ceram which was economically vital due to trade in forest products, largely coming from the Papuan lands. Clove production was small compared to the other Malukan islands, though it grew rapidly up to the mid 16th century. Tomé Pires (c. 1515) says that the name of the ruler was Raja Yusuf, who was the half-brother of Bayan Sirrullah of Ternate. In 1521 the remnants of

17980-454: The sultan signed a contract that gave the Dutch East India Company (VOC) a monopoly in purchasing spices in his realm, in return for Dutch assistance against Spain. In 1607, the Dutch also built Fort Oranje on Ternate, which was their first stronghold in the archipelago. The VOC expelled the Spanish from most of Maluku in the following years, though Spain kept Tidore and Fort Gammalamo in Ternate until 1663. The unbalanced relationship between

18125-437: The sultan who entered the fort without his bodyguards. The assassination of Sultan Hairun incited the people of Ternate to expel Portugal. Even other parts of the Moluccas chose to support the leadership and struggle of the new Sultan Baabullah . The fortresses of Portugal throughout Maluku and the eastern regions of Indonesia were attacked. After five years of war, the Portuguese were expelled from northern Maluku in 1575. Under

18270-431: The term Maluku referred to the four royal centres in North Maluku, namely Ternate , Tidore , Bacan and Jailolo . A type of confederation consisting of the four kingdoms, which most likely emerged in the 14th century, was called Moloku Kie Raha or "Four Mountains of Maluku". Although the four kingdoms subsequently expanded and covered the entire North Maluku region (as now defined) and parts of Sulawesi and New Guinea ,

18415-410: The throne. The sultan was only the headman over the ethnic Bacanese who were traditionally divided into genealogical units called soanang and paid contributions ( ngasé ) to the ruler. Foreigners stood under their own princes of Ternate, Tidore, etc. Labuha with its Christian population was directly ruled by the colonial government and was headed by a chief called Sangaji . Dutch rule was represented by

18560-517: The two villages destroyed by the Makianese gang. A team of leaders was tasked with securing peace by the regional government, however no modifications were made to the redistricting decision and tension remained. The conflict spread from Halmahera to neighbouring Ternate and Tidore. On 6 November 1999, a several-hundred strong Muslim gang, led by local Makianese political elite and thought to be mostly Makianese refugees, raged through Ternate attacking

18705-495: The volcanoes of Dukono on Halmahera and Gamalama on Ternate still active and the whole of Tidore consisting of a large stratovolcano . The largest of the 1,474 islands are Halmahera (with an area of 18,039.6 km, or 56.4% of the land area of the province), Taliabu (2,913.2 km), Obi (2,542.3 km), Morotai (2,266.4 km), Bacan (1,899.8 km), Mangole (1,228.5 km), Sulabesi (557.8 km), Kasiruta (472.67 km) and Mandioli (229.8 km). The North Maluku Islands are formed by

18850-506: The widow of the sultan, and Prince Taruwese, son of the deceased sultan by a low-ranking wife, acted as guardians. Queen Mother Nukila intended to unite Ternate and Tidore under one crown, headed by one of her two sons, Pangeran Hidayat (later Sultan Dayalu) or prince Abu Hayat (later Sultan Abu Hayat II). Meanwhile, Prince Tarruwese wanted the throne for himself. The Portuguese took advantage of this opportunity and pitted them against each other, resulting in civil strife. Queen Nukila's side

18995-408: The wives of the locals and even the court ladies. During the next decades Bacan played a subordinate role in relation to Ternate and Tidore. A sultan called Alauddin (I) appears in the 1520s and lived in a shifting state of alliance and hostility with the Portuguese. When he tried to keep aloof of the Europeans, a Portuguese expedition raided the capital in 1534 and even destroyed the royal graves. By

19140-578: The word Maluku is not very clear, and it has been a matter of debate for many experts. The first recorded word that can be identified with Maluku comes from Nagarakretagama , an Old Javanese eulogy of 1365. Canto 14 stanza 5 mentioned Maloko , which Pigeaud identified with Ternate or Moluccas. A theory holds that the name Maluku comes from the concept of "Maluku Kie Raha". "Raha" means four, while "kie" here means mountain. referring to 4 mountains of Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, and Jailolo (Halmahera) which have their own kolano (title for local kings). Therefore,

19285-765: The world's largest temples. Javanese culture has a strong influence in most of the Southeast Asian countries. In Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore, the influence of Javanese culture can be seen in many aspects of modern Malay culture . Javanese culture has greatly influenced their traditional cuisine with many dishes such as satay , sambal , ketupat , nasi kuning ( pulut kuning ), and rojak . Kris weaponry, batik and ronggeng dance art, gamelan musical instruments, and wayang kulit puppetry were introduced to them through Javanese contact . Javanese culture has also spread widely beyond Southeast Asia such as Sri Lanka , South Africa , and Suriname , where many of

19430-525: Was allowed by Ternate to fill the throne but soon started to collude with the Portuguese and was killed in battle in 1581. Christianity was largely suppressed, though a congregation remained in Labuha on Bacan Island under troubled conditions. Of Bacanese royalty there remained a young son of Dom João called Alauddin II (1581-c. 1609) who, although a Muslim, strove to cast off the Ternatan yoke. The death of

19575-474: Was also difficult to apply this social categorization in classing outsiders, for example other non- indigenous Indonesians such as persons of Arab , Chinese and Indian descent. Social stratification is much less rigid in northern coast area. The Javanese calendar is used by the Javanese people concurrently with two other calendars, the Gregorian calendar and the Islamic calendar . The Gregorian calendar

19720-504: Was also the site of the Maluku sectarian conflict . Although the area was more peaceful than the neighbouring Maluku province , there were several clashes between Christians and Muslims in Ternate and Halmahera. Several people were killed in Kao , Halmahera as residents of both faiths and Makianese Muslim migrants fought for three days, the violence had started with the invasion of Sosol, one of

19865-414: Was centered in the village of Ternate, which later grew bigger and more populous, the population was also referred as Gam Lamo or the big village (later Gamalama). Ternate was the largest and most populous settlement on the island, so the people would call the kingdom Ternate rather than Gapi. Under the leadership of several generations of rulers, Ternate developed from a kingdom on a small island, to becoming

20010-525: Was exiled to the Portuguese colony of Goa , India in 1535. There he was converted to Christianity and was later pushed to write a testament that bequeathed Ternate to the King of Portugal. This made the next sultan Hairun a vassal of Portugal, but he disregarded the testament and built up his power behind the backs of the Portuguese. Portugal helped Hairun conquer the Jailolo kingdom in 1551, reducing it to

20155-574: Was home to thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. At its peak, the Javanese kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java island, but also in Sumatra , Bali , southern Thailand , Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines , and the Khmer in Cambodia . Jayavarman II ,

20300-494: Was involved in a murky affair in 1627 when elements of the Christian population in Labuha conspired with the Spanish against the Dutch presence with the tacit knowledge of the sultan, who vainly tried to use the opportunity to bring the Labuha people under his direct rule. After his death, his son Muhammad Ali (1649-1655) had to sign a contract in 1653 where he agreed to extirpate the cloves in his kingdom to ensure VOC monopoly. Bacan

20445-661: Was one of the sons of the Arab newcomer Sidna Noh Jafar, took up residence in Makian north of Bacan, an important center for clove production. He subsequently became acknowledged as lord in Kasiruta in the Bacan Archipelago. Muhammad Bakir sired seven children of whom Zainal Abidin succeeded his father in Makian and Kasiruta. His six brothers and sisters ended up as rulers or consorts in Misool , Waigeo , Banggai , Loloda , Ceram and Bacan Island, which thereby became tied to

20590-575: Was proclaimed in the new Republic of Indonesia . When the Indonesian independence was proclaimed on 17 August 1945, the last sovereign Javanese monarchies, represented by the Sri Sultan of Yogyakarta , the Sunanate of Surakarta , Prince of Mangkunegara and Prince of Pakualaman declared that they would become part of the Republic of Indonesia. Yogyakarta and Pakualaman were later united to form

20735-442: Was still confined to a thin layer of society while most inhabitants followed local religious practices. Hairun was on bad terms with his similarly-named uncle of Ternate. He therefore sought support with the Portuguese and converted to Catholicism, adopting the name Dom João. The conversion of the ruler and part of the inhabitants led to trouble after 1570. The new Ternatan ruler Babullah , a cousin and brother-in-law of Dom João, held

20880-487: Was supported by Tidore while Prince Taruwese was supported by Portugal. After overcoming his adversary, Prince Taruwese was in turn betrayed and killed by the Portuguese. The Portuguese captain acted as an adviser to the kingdom. Through his influence, the royal council was persuaded to appoint prince Tabariji as sultan in 1533. But when the Ternatans began to show hostility to Christianized regions in Halmahera , Tabariji

21025-586: Was then involved in the Great Ambon War where rebels from north and central Maluku allied with the Makassarese to make an end of the Dutch tyranny. Bacan was briefly forced to side with the rebels, and the ruler was held by the rebels against his own will. He was mortally wounded in a fight at Manipa in 1655, and soon expired at the coast of Buru . His successor Alauddin III quickly made a contract with

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