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61-612: Its predecessor, the Weiss cannery, was originally established in Lövölde Square, District VI. of Budapest, by Manfréd Weiss and his brother Bertold in 1882, under the name of Weiss Berthold és Manfréd Első Magyar Conserv Gyár ( Berthold and Manfred Weiss First Hungarian Cannery Factory). The brothers gradually expanded the canning factory, then moved it to Máriássy Street near the Közvágóhíd, where they produced meat products under

122-573: A Schützenstand ("shooting club"), into which he was enrolled, which automatically committed him to the voluntary, military protection of the state of Tyrol (and Vorarlberg ). In effect they were a type of Tyrolean local militia or home guard. The rank insignia of commissioned officers . The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel . see: Category:Military coats of Austria-Hungary Trustee Sections Contest Property disposition Common types Other types Governing doctrines Trustee (or

183-541: A trusteeship for a period of 25 years. Eventually, control over the company was given to the Nazi SS , with a completely new holding company's management, with officers including Erhard Milch , Kurt Baron von Schröder , and Hans Jüttner . From March 1944, the Weiss Manfréd factories were hit by numerous Allied bombing raids. The Danube Aircraft Factory was rendered inoperable by four such attacks. Seven raids on

244-405: A will trust for the testator 's children and family, a pension trust (to confer benefits on employees and their families) and a charitable trust. In all cases, the trustee may be a person or company , whether or not they are a prospective beneficiary. Trustees have certain duties (some of which are fiduciary ). These include the duty to: The modern interpretation of fiduciary duty requires

305-725: A board of trustees, though in those cases they act as a board of directors . In the case of UK charities , a trustee is a volunteer who undertakes fiduciary responsibilities on behalf of the charity, subject to the provisions of Charity Law, a branch of trust law, and the Charities Act 1993 . For charity trustees, the Charity Commission of England and Wales, Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator of Scotland and Voluntary Activity Unit of Northern Ireland often has concurrent jurisdiction with

366-850: A condominium between the Austrian and the Hungarian parts of the dual monarchy. As such the local troops of Bosnian Riflemen were subordinated through the Governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Imperial Minister of War. The general peacetime order of battle of the Common Army included: The Austrian part of the monarchy (officially called Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council , unofficially and for short Cisleithania ) had its own government. It included

427-403: A feeling of resentment by many non-Austrian soldiers. The delivery of orders was particularly ineffective, and the bureaucratic and dysfunctional system led to individual ethnic units becoming isolated from the overall high command . This in turn led to ethnic tensions and political violence in the empire, as such language battalions began instigating mutinies and revolts against

488-539: A lack of military interpreters , and this proved to be a major force in the partial dysfunctioning and blunders of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. Nearly all officers of the upper ranks spoke German (specifically Austrian German ), and because only a fraction of soldiers spoke German , this produced a logistical obstacle for organizing the military . Likewise the lack of mutual intelligibility between speakers of Hungarian and German led to

549-578: A mayor, who is elected to manage village business in a similar function. In some states, a civil township may be administered by a trustee or a group of trustees; see Indiana Township Trustee for an example. In the United States, when a consumer or business files for bankruptcy all property belonging to the filer becomes property of a newly created entity, the " bankruptcy estate ". (See 11 U.S.C. § 541.) For all bankruptcies (consumer or business) filed under Chapter 7 , 12 or 13 of Title 11 of

610-740: A much larger population. Further contributing to the monarchy's military weakness was the low rate of conscription: Austria-Hungary conscripted only 0.29% of its population annually, compared to 0.47% in Germany and 0.75% in France. Attempts to increase the yearly intake of recruits were proposed but repeatedly blocked by officials in Budapest until an agreement was reached in 1912. In the emerging field of military aviation , Austria-Hungary lagged behind other European states. While balloon detachments had been established in 1893, they were mostly assigned to

671-532: A religious standpoint, the Austro-Hungarian army officer corps was dominated by Catholics . In 1896, out of 1000 officers, 791 were Catholics, 86 Protestants , 84 Jews , 39 Greek-Orthodox , and one Uniate . Of the pre–World War military forces of the major European powers, the Austro-Hungarian army was almost alone in its regular promotion of Jews to positions of command. While the Jewish population of

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732-451: A trustee is the holder of property on behalf of a beneficiary , the more expansive sense encompasses persons who serve, for example, on the board of trustees of an institution that operates for a charity, for the benefit of the general public, or a person in the local government. A trust can be set up either to benefit particular persons or for any charitable purposes (but not generally for non-charitable purposes): typical examples are

793-444: A trustee). This is an exception explicitly granted in the 1993 act The broadest sense of the term trustee applies to someone held to a fiduciary duty similar in some respects to that of a trustee proper. For example, the directors of a bank may be trustees for the depositors , directors of a corporation are trustees for the stockholders and a guardian is trustee of his ward's property. Many corporations call their governing board

854-452: Is incorporated as a CIO . The advantages and disadvantages of the different methods is a complicated matter. According to King and Philips, many of the advantages of incorporating as a CIO are obtained if the trustees are not individuals but a corporate entity. Depending on the state, a trustee is a member of the village board of trustees , which is a village's elected legislative body as outlined by local or state law. It can be composed of

915-783: The Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary and the subsequent two decades of uneasy co-existence, Hungarian troops served either in ethnically mixed units or were stationed away from Hungarian regions. With the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , the Austro-Hungarian Army was brought into being. It existed until the disestablishment of Austria-Hungary in 1918 following the end of World War I . Common Army units were generally poorly trained and had very limited access to new equipment, because

976-747: The Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy . The new factory produced all types, from small arms to artillery shells. In 1892 production begins at the infantry ammunition factory built within the Weiss Manfréd factory in Csepel, where 8 mm Mannlicher rifle cartridges are initially produced for the Hungarian Royal Defence Forces and the Austro-Hungarian Joint Army. From 1893, millions of 7.62×54 mmR-calibre Mosin-Nagant rifle cartridges were produced for

1037-596: The Gestapo . The Weiss family was allowed to emigrate to Portugal and escape the horrors of the Holocaust, but their large art collection, along with the entire industrial complex bearing their name, was taken over by Germany. However, as Germany insisted Hungary was still a sovereign nation, the owners of the company received large compensation and remained official owners, with the German-imposed management merely

1098-665: The Imperial and Royal Army , was the principal ground force of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. It consisted of three organisations: the Common Army ( German : Gemeinsame Armee , recruited from all parts of Austria-Hungary), the Imperial-Royal Landwehr (recruited from Cisleithania ) and the Royal Hungarian Honvéd (recruited from Transleithania ). In the wake of fighting between

1159-527: The debtor continues to manage the property of the bankruptcy estate, as " debtor in possession ", subject to replacement for cause with a trustee. Chapter 7 trustees in bankruptcy are chosen by the United States Trustee from a panel, and are known as panel trustees. Every judicial district has a permanent Chapter 13 trustee, known as a "standing trustee". As cases under Chapter 12 (for family farmers or fishermen) are filed fairly infrequently,

1220-552: The k.u.k. Infanterie-Regiment (Hoch und Deutschmeister) Nr. 4 became Infanterie-Regiment No. 4 (4th Infantry Regiment). The Landsturm consisted of men aged 34 to 55 who belonged to the Austria k.k. Landsturm and the Hungarian k.u. Landsturm. The Landsturm formed 40 regiments totaling 136 battalions in Austria and 32 regiments totaling 97 battalions in Hungary. The Landsturm was a reserve force intended to provide replacements for

1281-404: The mayor and a set number of trustees and usually manages village property, finances, safety, health, comfort, and general welfare and leadership of the town (acting as a board of police or fire commissioners or a moderate income housing board, for example). Village board of trustees is comparable to but distinguished from city council or town council . Small villages have a trustee instead of

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1342-585: The 1867 constitutional arrangements, the Reichsrat was dominated by German Liberals, who generally regarded the army as a relic of feudalism. In Budapest, legislators were reluctant to authorize funds for the joint army but were generous with the Hungarian branch of the army, the Honvédség . In 1867 the military budget accounted for about 25% of all government spending, but the economic crash of 1873 hit Austria-Hungary hard and foreign observers questioned whether

1403-563: The Austrian commanders, whom they saw as out of touch. Desertions and revolts were most common amongst Slavic battalions, particularly the Czech - Slovakian battalions; however, all battalions during the war suffered from these logistical challenges. The battalions' use of languages that were not understood by the Austrian commanders also led to it being extremely difficult to impossible to discover attempts at desertion or revolt. Following

1464-489: The Csepel factory resulted in severe damage to most of the metal works, the copper electrolysis plant was burnt down, while the aircraft, tractor and enamel factories were also destroyed. The repair of the damage suffered during the Second World War and the resumption of production required a major effort. The factory not only had to meet domestic needs, but also produced machinery for war reparations and supplied

1525-525: The Dual Monarchy could manage a major war without subsidies. Despite increases throughout the 1850s and 1860s, in the latter half of the century Austria-Hungary was still spending less on its army than were other major European powers. While the budget continued to rise—from 262 million crowns in 1895 to 306 million in 1906—this was still far less per capita than for other major European states, including Italy, and about on par with Russia, which had

1586-500: The Globus brand, mainly for the army, and bridged the spare capacity of seasonal work by dismantling and reloading infantry ammunition. Later, in response to the growing demand for canned goods, the production of tin cans for packaging was added to the programme, which led to a shift to the iron industry. (Manfréd Weiss First Hungarian Cannery and Metalware Factory). From 1886 the factory also produced cartridge cases and later ammunition for

1647-542: The Honvéd). The infantry regiments of the k.u.k. army had four battalions each; the infantry regiments of the k.k. and k.u. Landwehr had three battalions each, except the 3rd Regiment of the "Tiroler Landesschützen" (Tyrolian fusiliers), that had also four battalions. In 1915 units that had nicknames or names of honour lost them by order of the War Ministry. Thereafter units were designated only by number. For instance,

1708-583: The Imperial and Royal Ministry of National Defence (completely independent from the Imperial War Ministry). In peacetime it had complete authority and responsibility for the Imperial-Royal Landwehr and its: The Hungarian part of the monarchy (officially called Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen , unofficially and for short Transleithania ) also had its own government. One of its ministries

1769-474: The Manfréd Weiss Works soon emerged as the largest firm on the market. Another boost in company's history came in 1911, when Austria-Hungary significantly expanded its military budget. The public orders allowed the company to quickly expand ammunition production and establish additional factories: new steel and iron furnaces, and new copper, nickel, and aluminium installations. Production capacity

1830-701: The Russian Tsarist army between 1893-94. Then the production of artillery shells of various sizes begins. Thus, Manfréd Weiss became one of the principal defence contractors for the Hungarian part of the empire, his main competitor being the state-owned steel mill in Diósgyőr , the Diósgyőr-Vasgyár . In 1906, the company was supported by Hungarian Society of Industrialists, who lobbied for a new law that would allow state-owned companies to produce only products unobtainable from private companies. With such support,

1891-719: The United States Code (the Bankruptcy Code), a trustee (the " trustee in bankruptcy " or TIB) is appointed by the United States Trustee , an officer of the Department of Justice that is charged with ensuring the integrity of the bankruptcy system and with representatives in each court, to manage the property of the bankruptcy estate, including bringing actions to avoid pre-bankruptcy transfers of property. In bankruptcies filed under Chapter 11 ,

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1952-516: The age of 107. The major decisions 1867–1895 were made by Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen , who was the cousin of the Emperor Franz Joseph and his leading advisor in military affairs. According to historians John Keegan and Andrew Wheatcroft: In the wake of defeat in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War Austria-Hungary avoided major wars in the era between 1867 and 1914 but engaged in a number of minor military actions. Nevertheless,

2013-668: The command of Conrad von Hotzendorf were also used against Italian rioters in Trieste in 1902. The most significant action by soldiers of the Dual Monarchy in this period was the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the summer of 1878. When troops under the command of Josip Filipović and Stjepan Jovanović entered the provinces expecting little or no resistance, they were met with ferocious opposition from elements of both Muslim and Orthodox populations there. Despite setbacks at Maglaj and Tuzla , Sarajevo

2074-564: The consideration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors as these are long-term investment value drivers. When evaluating whether or not an institutional investor has delivered on its fiduciary duties, both the outcomes achieved and the process followed are of critical importance. The terms of the instrument that creates the trust may narrow or expand these duties—but in most instances, they cannot be eliminated completely. Corporate trustees, typically trust departments at large banks, often have very narrow duties, limited to those

2135-488: The control of the Commander-in-Chief, Emperor Franz Josef . By 1914, however, Franz Josef was 84 years old and the chief of staff, Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , effectively had more power over the armed forces. Conrad favored an aggressive foreign policy and advocated the use of military action to solve Austria-Hungary's territorial disputes with Italy and Serbia . Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen

2196-550: The courts. Many UK charities are also limited liability companies registered with Companies House , in this case the trustees are also directors of the company and their liability is limited. This is the preferred model if the charity owns property or employs people. The law on this in England changed considerably with the Charities Act of 2006. An account of the main changes can be found in "Charities Act 2006: A guide to

2257-433: The enlisted ranks reflected the diversity of the empire the army served; in 1906, out of every 1000 enlisted men, there were 267 Germans , 223 Hungarians , 135 Czechs , 85 Poles , 81 Ruthenians , 67 Croats , 64 Romanians , 38 Slovaks , 26 Slovenes , and 14 Italians . To aid communication between the multitude of ethnicities, the army developed a simple language called Army Slavic , based primarily on Czech. From

2318-413: The era was the automobile: a two-seater, 8-horsepower Opel 'Doktorwagen' cost 4500 Crown, while a four-seater, 20-horsepower Benz10 cost 14,000 Crown.) By the outbreak of World War II , the company had become a modern industrial conglomerate, with over 40,000 employees; its management remained largely composed of Hungarian Jews . When Nazi Germany overran Hungary in 1944 , the majority were arrested by

2379-608: The factory. During the years of forced industrialisation , the factory's production of machine tools increased, but when industrial policy changed in 1954, production declined. In the following decades, it grew again and diversified because of Comecon cooperation and significant exports to the West . By the 1970s, almost half of production was Western exports. 47°26′59″N 19°4′43″E  /  47.44972°N 19.07861°E  / 47.44972; 19.07861 Austro-Hungarian Army The Austro-Hungarian Army , also known as

2440-531: The first line units. However, the Landsturm provided 20 brigades who took to the field with the rest of the army. The Standschützen (singular: Standschütze ) were originally rifle guilds and rifle companies that had been formed in the 15th and 16th centuries, and were involved time and again in military operations within the borders of the Austrian County of Tyrol . A Standschütze was a member of

2501-402: The fortress artillery, except for a brief period from 1909 to 1911 when they were under command of the multifaceted Verkehrs Brigade. Realization that heavier-than-air machines were necessary or useful came late, and Austria-Hungary acquired only five airplanes by 1911. In 1914 the budget for military aviation was approximately 1 ⁄ 25 th the amount spent by France. Austria-Hungary entered

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2562-704: The general staff maintained plans for major wars against neighboring powers, especially Italy, Serbia and Russia. By contrast, the main enemies Russia and Serbia had engaged in large scale warfare in the decade before the First World War. In the late 19th century the army was used to suppress unrest in urban areas of the empire: in 1882 and 1887 in Vienna and notably against German nationalists at Graz and Czech nationalists in Prague in November 1897. Soldiers under

2623-464: The governments of the Austrian and Hungarian parts of the empire often preferred to generously fund their own units instead of outfitting all three army branches equally. All Landwehr and Honvéd regiments were composed of three battalions , while Common Army regiments had four. The long-standing white infantry uniforms were replaced in the later half of the 19th century with dark blue tunics, which in turn were replaced by cadet grey uniforms during

2684-403: The holding of a trusteeship ) is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, is a synonym for anyone in a position of trust and so can refer to any individual who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another. A trustee can also be a person who is allowed to do certain tasks but not able to gain income. Although in the strictest sense of the term

2745-558: The initial stages of World War I. In September 1915, field gray was adopted as the new official uniform colour. As the Common Army was plagued with supply shortages, when field gray uniforms were first introduced, remaining stocks of the preexisting cadet grey uniforms remained in use alongside the newer colour. The last known surviving member of the Austro-Hungarian Army was Franz Künstler , who died in Bad Mergentheim in May 2008 at

2806-588: The introduction of a three-shift work schedule, making it the first in the country. In 1917, 330 million pieces of infantry and artillery ammunition were produced, and that year, the General Insurance estimated the factory's value at nearly 100 million Crown. (For context: at that time, a kilogram of bread cost 56 fillér, a worker earned 100-130 Crown, an older teacher earned 200 Crown, while corporate presidents and parliamentary representatives earned around 1000-2000 Crown monthly. The greatest luxury item of

2867-519: The lands of the Dual Monarchy 4.4% including Bosnia and Herzegovina ), Jews made up nearly 18% of the reserve officer corps. There were no official barriers to military service for Jews, but in later years this tolerance eroded to some extent, as important figures such as Conrad von Hötzendorf and Archduke Franz Ferdinand sometimes expressed anti-Jewish sentiments. Franz Ferdinand was also accused (by Conrad) of discriminating against Protestant officers. The Austro-Hungarian Empire often suffered from

2928-647: The main seat of operations of his company. In the beginning of the WW1, the WM complex had 250 hectare territory with 216 factory buildings. In 1914, the outbreak of the World War brought the greatest opportunities for Weiss Manfréd. By that time, the company, which employed nearly 30,000 workers, had outgrown the framework of a small business and transformed into a family joint-stock company. The army not only brought in orders but also demanded an increase in production, leading to

2989-505: The new law" by Michael King and Ann Phillips . One of the key changes made was that it introduced the Charitable Incorporated Organisation which is basically a limited liability charity. There are thus now two main aspects of corporate management of charities. One is the traditional way in which a corporation is a corporate trustee of a given charity. The second is the new way, in which the charity itself

3050-467: The occupying Soviet Army with vehicle parts. In 1947, 90 percent of the factory's output was war reparations. The factory was placed under state control in 1946, at which time the Weiss-Chorin family's ownership was not yet extinguished, but in 1948 it was effectively nationalized. Between 1948 and 1950, Ferenc Bíró (1904-2006), a younger brother of Mátyás Rákosi , was appointed general manager of

3111-587: The population of the empire had risen to nearly 50 million by 1900, the size of the army was tied to ceilings established in 1889. Thus, at the start of the 20th century, Austria-Hungary conscripted only 0.29% of its population, compared to 0.47% in Germany , 0.35% in Russia, and 0.75% in France . The 1889 army law was not revised until 1912, which allowed for an increase in annual conscriptions. The ethnic make-up of

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3172-477: The terms of a lease) in excess of the trust property they hold, then they may find themselves personally liable for the excess. Trustees are generally held to a "prudent person" standard in regard to meeting their fiduciary responsibilities, though investment, legal, and other professionals can, in some jurisdictions, be held to a higher standard commensurate with their higher expertise. -Trustees can be paid for their time and trouble in performing their duties only if

3233-424: The trust indenture explicitly defines. A trustee carries the fiduciary responsibility and liability to use the trust assets according to the provisions of the trust instrument (and often regardless of their own or the beneficiaries' wishes). The trustee may find himself liable to claimants , prospective beneficiaries, or third parties. If a trustee incurs a liability (for example, in litigation , for taxes, or under

3294-422: The trust specifically provides for payment. It is common for lawyers to draft will trusts so as to permit such payment, and to take office accordingly: this may be an unnecessary expense for small estates. In an exception to the duties outlined above, sabbatical officers of students' unions who are also trustees of these organisations they work for do have the right to a salary (and hence profit from their being

3355-583: The war with only 48 first-line aircraft. Austria-Hungary had a complex military structure. The country had three main distinct ground forces. As a union the Monarchy had a common government of three ministers (Minister of the Imperial Household and Foreign Affairs; Minister of War and Minister of Finance). The Imperial Minister of War had authority over the Common Army and the Navy. The Common Army

3416-480: Was appointed Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian army by Franz Joseph on July 11, 1914. It was thought he would not interfere with the operational and tactical plans of Conrad von Hötzendorf. Friedrich remained Supreme Commander until February 1917, when Emperor Charles I decided to assume the office himself. The Common Army ( k.u.k.— kaiserlich und königlich ) consisted of: The Imperial-Royal Landwehr ( k.k. or kaiserlich österreichisch/königlich böhmisch )

3477-498: Was growing and soon the firm became one of the principal sources of ammunition for the armies of the Kingdom of Serbia , Kingdom of Bulgaria , Portugal , Spain , Mexico , and the Russian Empire . By 1913, the Manfréd Weiss Works employed over 5000 workers. During World War I , the workforce exceeded 30,000. For his services to the Austro-Hungarian state, Weiss was ennobled , becoming Manfréd, Baron Weiss de Csepel, after

3538-688: Was occupied in October. Austro-Hungarian casualties amounted to over 5,000 and the unexpected violence of the campaign led to recriminations between commanders and political leaders. In 1868, the number of active-duty troops in the army was 355,000, and the total could be expanded to 800,000 upon mobilization. However, this was significantly less than the European powers of France , the North German Confederation and Russia , each of which could field more than one million men. Though

3599-487: Was the Royal Hungarian Honvéd Ministry (also completely independent from the Imperial War Ministry). In peacetime it had complete authority and responsibility for the: Official designations were as follows: After war was declared, 3.35 million men (including the first call-up of the reserves and the 1914 recruits) gathered for action. The Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army was officially under

3660-620: Was the premier land force. It was the best equipped and had the main role to secure the borders of the Monarchy. In case of war it was to absorb the Austrian Landwehr and the Hungarian Honvéd within its command structure. For that reason the Common Army was organised in army corps even in peacetime, while the Landwehr and Honvéd were organised in territorial districts. The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina were governed as

3721-587: Was the standing army of Austria responsible for the defence of Austria itself. The mountain infantry had the following units: The Royal Hungarian Landwehr ( königlich ungarische Landwehr ) or Royal Hungarian Honvéd ( k.u. Honvéd ) was the standing army of Hungary. A part of the Honvéd was the Royal Croatian Landwehr (Kraljevsko hrvatsko domobranstvo), which consisted of 1 infantry division (out of 7 in Honvéd) and 1 cavalry regiment (out of 10 in

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