106-565: The Marble Rocks is an area along the Narmada River in central India near the city of Jabalpur ; in Bhedaghat of Jabalpur District , in the state of Madhya Pradesh . The river has carved the soft marble , creating a beautiful gorge of about 8 km (5.0 mi) in length. It is a popular Indian tourist destination . The local marble is mined and carved into various figures and transported all over India. The Marble Rocks are
212-614: A bay. Even today the residents identify these waters as a bay, referring to it as a 'female sea', as opposed to the more violent open sea on the other side of the island of Mafia. Felix Chami has found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafia Island and, not far away, on the mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River, which he dated to the first few centuries. Furthermore, J. Innes Miller points out that Roman coins have been found on Pemba island , just north of Rhapta. Nevertheless, Carl Peters has argued that Rhapta
318-447: A cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills, flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla , (25 km (15.5 mi)), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur . Close to this city, after
424-537: A combination of atlas and traveller's handbook . The Erythraean Sea ( Koinē Greek : Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα , romanized: Erythrà Thálassa , lit. 'Red Sea') was an ancient geographical designation that always included the Gulf of Aden between Arabia Felix and the Horn of Africa and was often extended (as in this periplus) to include the present-day Red Sea , Persian Gulf , and Indian Ocean as
530-588: A fall of some (9 m (29.5 ft)), called the Dhuandhara , the fall of mist , it flows for (3 km (1.9 mi)), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks ; from a width of about 90 m (295.3 ft), above, it is compressed in this channel of (18 m (59.1 ft)), only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea,
636-525: A gorge along part of the Narmada River ’s 1,077 km (669.2 mi) path through Madhya Pradesh. Earlier, the gorge was narrow in size and hence, monkeys could cross over from one side to another. This gave the gorge its local name- Bandar Kudni (meaning monkeys' jumping place). The white marbles are predominantly rich in magnesium and are closer in hardness to soapstone . This softness allows them to be carved. The area also contains blue and brown coloured marble. The area has many tourist activities. There
742-878: A high-level Committee was appointed by the Government of India (GOI) in September 1964. In 1965, the Committee prepared a Master Plan for the basin, which involved construction of 12 major projects in Madhya Pradesh and the Navagam Dam in Gujarat. Gujarat endorsed the proposal, but Maharashtra did not. After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem, in 1968 GOI agreed to establish the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) under
848-510: A hub for trade with the interior, in the Gangetic plain: Besides this there are ex-ported great quantities of fine pearls, ivory, silk cloth, spikenard from the Ganges, malabathrum from the places in the interior, transparent stones of all kinds, diamonds and sapphires, and tortoise-shell; that from Chryse Island, and that taken among the islands along the coast of Damirica (Limyrike). They make
954-807: A large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region. Apart from the above national parks, there are also a number of natural preserves such as the Amarkantak , the Bagh Caves and the Bhedaghat . In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs, as per the recommendations of the Wildlife Institute of India three new protected areas may be created, which are, a)
1060-463: A little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely. Aksum is mentioned in the Periplus as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world: From that place to the city of the people called Auxumites there is a five days' journey more; to that place all the ivory
1166-700: A major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir (on the Karjan River, a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat). It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds, including eagles and hawks . The development of the Narmada river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites. The Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Government of Madhya Pradesh, undertook rescue excavations in response, and transplanted
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#17327722483761272-594: A number of temples. An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss. Many Dinosaur fossils have been found in the Narmada valley. The first fossil was discovered in 1828 by William Sleeman . In 1982 fossil remains of Rajasaurus narmadensis , which lived in the Cretaceous Period , was discovered. The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential, as much as 33,210,000 acre-feet (40.96 km ) of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during
1378-552: A port of call for merchants from Phoenicia , ancient Egypt , ancient Greece , Persia , Yemen , Nabataea , Azania , the Roman Empire , and elsewhere, as it possessed a strategic location along the coastal route from Azania to the Red Sea. Merchants from as far afield as Indonesia and Malaysia passed through Opōnē, trading spices, silks and other goods, before departing south for Azania or north to South Arabia or Egypt on
1484-498: A single maritime area. The 10th-century Byzantine manuscript which forms the basis of present knowledge of the Periplus attributes the work to Arrian , but apparently for no better reason than its position beside Arrian's much later Periplus of the Euxine Sea . One historical analysis, published by Wilfred Harvey Schoff in 1912, narrowed the date of the text to AD 59–62, in agreement with present-day estimates of
1590-856: A variety of birds. Hornbill and peafowl are the common birds. The flora of the national park consists of mainly sal , teak, tendu , aonla , mahua , bael , bamboo , and a variety of grasses and medicinal plants . Forest areas outside protected areas are also quite rich in floral and faunal diversity. Mandla Plant Fossils National Park , Dindori National fossils park Ghughuya is situated in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh in India. This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of Mandla District (Ghuguwa, Umaria, Deorakhurd, Barbaspur, Chanti-hills, Chargaon and Deori Kohani). The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park
1696-433: Is "lakkos chromatinos" . The name lakkos appears nowhere else in ancient Greek or Roman literature. The name re-surfaces in late medieval Latin as lacca , borrowed from medieval Arabic lakk in turn borrowed from Sanskritic lakh , meaning lac i.e. a red-coloured resin native to India used as a lacquer and used also as a red colourant. Some other named trade goods remain obscure. Ships from Himyar regularly travelled
1802-420: Is a cable car to take visitors across the gorge, row boats for guided tours of the river downstream of the falls, and many small shops filled with crafts made from the local materials. The most beautiful time for boating is during Purnima ; especially during Kojagari Puja on Sharad Purnima , wherein boating is considered healing for the body and soul. On Kaumudi celebration as it is also called; it's believed that
1908-585: Is a continuous length of coast, and a bay extending two thousand stadia or more, along which there are Nomads and Fish-Eaters living in villages; just beyond the cape projecting from this bay there is another market-town by the shore, Cana, of the Kingdom of Eleazus, the Frankincense Country; and facing it there are two desert islands, one called Island of Birds, the other Dome Island, one hundred and twenty stadia from Cana. Inland from this place lies
2014-619: Is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard , costus [ Saussurea costus ], bdellium , ivory, agate and carnelian , lycium , cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from
2120-695: Is also said to have been engaged with the Sonbhadra , another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau . According to the Puranas , the Narmada is also called the Reva, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess Muktidayani, or liberating mother. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by
2226-539: Is ambiguous, describing China as a "great inland city Thina " that is a source of raw silk . The Periplus says that a direct sailing route from the Red Sea to the Indian peninsula across the open ocean was discovered by Hippalus (1st century BC). Many trade goods are mentioned in the Periplus , but some of the words naming trade goods are found nowhere else in ancient literature, leading to guesswork as to what they might be. For example, one trade good mentioned
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#17327722483762332-640: Is an area that spreads over 274,100 m (2,950,387.8 sq ft). Such fossils are found in three other villages of the district also, but they lie outside the national park. The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve covers part of three civil districts viz., Narmadapuram, Betul and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh. The total area is 4,926.28 km (1,902.0 sq mi). It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz., Bori Sanctuary (518.00 km ), Satpura National Park (524.37 km (202.5 sq mi)), and Pachmarhi Sanctuary (461.37 km (178.1 sq mi)). Satpura National Park comprises
2438-621: Is an important place of worship in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about 40 km (24.9 mi) below Nemawar , and Dadrai, 40 km (24.9 mi) further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about 12 m (39.4 ft). A few kilometres further down in Barwaha
2544-484: Is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, not much. There are exported from these places myrrh,
2650-526: Is believed to be the location of the ancient trade centre of Opōnē . Ancient Egyptian , Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan . Opōnē is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , which in part states: And then, after sailing four hundred stadia along a promontory, toward which place
2756-620: Is brought from the country beyond the Nile through the district called Cyeneum, and thence to Adulis. According to the Periplus , the ruler of Aksum was Zoscales , who, besides ruling in Aksum also held under his sway two harbours on the Red Sea : Adulis (near Massawa ) and Avalites ( Assab ). He is also said to have been familiar with Greek literature: These places, from the Calf-Eaters to
2862-412: Is called Abiria , but the coast is called Syrastrene . It is a fertile country, yielding wheat and rice and sesame oil and clarified butter, cotton and the Indian cloths made therefrom, of the coarser sorts. Very many cattle are pastured there, and the men are of great stature and black in color. The metropolis of this country is Minnagara , from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. Under
2968-611: Is derived from Satpura hill ranges (Mahadeo hills) and covers an area of 524 km (202.3 sq mi) and along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries, provides 1,427 km (551.0 sq mi) of unique central Indian Highland ecosystem. Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. The fauna comprises tiger, leopard , sambar , chital , bhedki, nilgai , four-horned antelope , chinkara , gaur , wild boar , wild dog , sloth bear , black buck , fox, porcupine , flying squirrel , mouse deer , Indian giant squirrel . There are
3074-587: Is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic Banyan tree , which covers 10,000 square metres (2.5 acres). The Narmada basin , hemmed between Vindhya and Satpura ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km (38,145.3 sq mi) and lies on
3180-496: Is of another Kingdom, the Pandian . This place also is situated on a river, about one hundred and twenty stadia from the sea ... According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (53:17:15-27), Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis ; Ptolemy (7.1.8) mentions only Tyndis as its starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . Further, this area served as
3286-520: Is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra ; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia , and by the Greeks ; it is located on a river (River Periyar ), distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia. Nelcynda is distant from Muziris by river and sea about five hundred stadia, and
Marble Rocks - Misplaced Pages Continue
3392-607: The Chera kingdom , as well as the Early Pandyan Kingdom are mentioned in the Periplus as major centres of trade, pepper and other spices, metal work and semiprecious stones, between Damirica and the Roman Empire . According to the Periplus , numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris: Then come Naura ( Kannur ) and Tyndis , the first markets of Damirica or Limyrike , and then Muziris and Nelcynda , which are now of leading importance. Tyndis
3498-515: The Interstate River Water Disputes Act of 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley. After ten years of deliberations and taking into considering the development of the water resources of the basin as a whole gave its award December 1978. Even though the tribunal award resolved the initial issue of water sharing, the height of dam, benefit sharing and
3604-557: The Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa , the Persian Gulf , Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean , including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India . The text has been ascribed to different dates between the first and third centuries, but a mid-first-century date is now the most commonly accepted. While the author is unknown, it is a first-hand description by someone familiar with
3710-585: The Sabaeans and Homerites in the southwest corner of Arabia. The kingdom is known to have been a Roman ally at this period. Charibael is stated in the Periplus to be "a friend of the (Roman) emperors, thanks to continuous embassies and gifts" and, therefore, Azania could fairly be described as a vassal or dependency of Rome, just as Zesan is described in the 3rd-century Chinese history, the Weilüe . Trade with
3816-843: The Sher River , Shakkar River , the Dudhi River , the Tawa (biggest tributary) and the Ganjal. The Hiran , the Barna , the Choral , the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north. Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. Omkareshwar , sacred to Shiva
3922-687: The Sindh - Baluchistan and Kutch . At one time, a marine ravine penetrated the very centre of Peninsular India through a narrow inlet along the present valley of Narmada. During this time India was divided into two halves by narrow strips of marine transgressions and there was no land communication between the Peninsular and northern India. Along the Narmada Valley, several patches of sediments have been deposited which contains ancient remains of animals. These fossils are similar to those found along
4028-416: The current also draws you, there is another market-town called Opone, into which the same things are imported as those already mentioned, and in it the greatest quantity of cinnamon is produced, (the arebo and moto), and slaves of the better sort, which are brought to Egypt in increasing numbers; and a great quantity of tortoiseshell , better than that found elsewhere. In ancient times, Opōnē operated as
4134-479: The trade routes that spanned the length of the Indian Ocean 's rim. As early as AD 50, Opōnē was well known as a center for the cinnamon trade, along with the trading of cloves and other spices , ivory , exotic animal skins and incense . The ancient port city of Malao , situated in present-day Berbera in northern Somalia, is also mentioned in the Periplus: After Avalites there
4240-469: The Azanian capital, Rhapta, remains unknown. However, archaeological indicators reported above suggest that it was located on the coast of Tanzania, in the region of the Rufiji River and Mafia Island. It is in this region where the concentration of Panchaea/Azanian period settlements has been discovered. If the island of Menuthias mentioned in the Periplus was Zanzibar , a short voyage south would land one in
4346-825: The Bank conducting an Independent Review Mission (IRM) in 1991 of the Sardar Sarovar Project and identified several recommendations. However, the IRM's report was neither accepted by the Government of India or the World Bank . Finally the Government of India decided to terminate further drawing from the World Bank loan and would complete the project with national resources. The Supreme Court has also deliberated on this issue for several years but finally upheld
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4452-539: The East African coast. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and Saba , regrouped under a single ruler, " Charibael " (probably Karab'il Watar Yuhan'em II), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome : 23. And after nine days more there is Saphar, the metropolis, in which lives Charibael, lawful king of two tribes, the Homerites and those living next to them, called
4558-621: The Erythraean Sea The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ( Koinē Greek : Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης , Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs ), also known by its Latin name as the Periplus Maris Erythraei , is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of
4664-514: The Indian harbour of Barygaza is described extensively in the Periplus . Nahapana , ruler of the Indo-Scythian Western Satraps is mentioned under the name Nambanus , as ruler of the area around Barigaza : 41. Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia
4770-718: The Khosla Committee recommended that further investigations be carried out on four of the seven proposed sites. The four sites included Tawa, Bargi, Punasa and the Broach Barrage and Canal Project. In 1951 CWNIC was renamed Central Waterways & Power Commission (CWPC) and in 1957 a senior member of the CWPC selected further investigations to be completed at Navagam, a site that fell under the Broach Project. Navagam eventually became CWPC's preferred site because
4876-588: The Narmada Control Authority had approved a series of changes in the final height and the associated displacement caused by the increased reservoir, from the original 80 m (260 ft) to a final 163 m (535 ft) from foundation. Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters began in 1945 to 1946 by A. N. Khosla who was the chairman of the Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC). In 1948
4982-674: The Narmada National Park (496.70 km ), b) the Surmanya Sanctuary (126.67 km ) and c) Omkareshwar Sanctuary (119.96 km ) comprising a total area of 788.57 km (304.47 sq mi). Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar dam site, previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary (old sanctuary has been expanded four times) now covers an area of about 607 km (234.4 sq mi), comprises
5088-512: The Narmada River. According to the Rewa Khand, the Narmada was created from Shiva's perspiration while he was performing penance on Mount Riksha. Due to this, the Narmada River is known as Shiva's daughter. In another legend, two teardrops fell from the eyes of Brahma , the creator of the universe, which yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Son . Narmada is also considered sacred because of
5194-541: The Narmada did not have enough water supply to meet the requirements as planned by the two states. This began inter-State conflicts that went on for several years until 1963 when the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat arrived at a set of compromises called the Bhopal Agreement. Gujarat State ratified the agreement but Madhya Pradesh did not, which led to another impasse. To break the logjam,
5300-412: The Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain, the second basin about 180 km (111.8 mi) long and 65 km (40.4 mi) wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km (15.5 mi). The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about 125 km (77.7 mi) up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from
5406-473: The Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills . Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about 320 km (198.8 mi), with an average width of 35 km (21.7 mi), in
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#17327722483765512-409: The Rufiji region. The 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy locates Rhapta at latitude 8° south, which is the exact latitude of the Rufiji Delta and Mafia Island. The metropolis was on the mainland about one degree west of the coast near a large river and a bay with the same name. While the river should be regarded as the modern Rufiji River, the bay should definitely be identified with the calm waters between
5618-411: The Sabaites; through continual embassies and gifts, he is a friend of the Emperors. The Frankincense kingdom is described further east along the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula , with the harbour of Cana (South Arabic Qana , modern Bi'r Ali in Hadramaut ). The ruler of this kingdom is named Eleazus , or Eleazar, thought to correspond to King Iliazz Yalit I: 27. After Eudaemon Arabia there
5724-434: The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP), ex-Maheshwar Project. The operation of Indira Sagar Project will be carried out in such a way as to facilitate the regulation of Sardar Sarovar. The dam and the powerhouse have been completed, but storage has been restricted up to EL 260 m under orders of the High Court, Jabalpur from R&R consideration. All the units of the powerhouse have been commissioned and generation of power from
5830-691: The Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range. Dhupgarh (1,350 m), near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin. The basin has five well defined physiographic regions. They are:(1) The upper hilly areas covering parts of Anuppur , Mandla , Dindori , Balaghat and Seoni , (2) The upper plains covering parts of Jabalpur , Narsinghpur , Chhindwara , Narmadapuram , Betul , Harda , Raisen and Sehore districts, (3) The middle plains covering parts of Khandwa , Khargone , Dewas , Indore and Dhar , (4) The lower hilly areas covering parts of Barwani , Alirajpur , Nandurbar , Chhota Udepur and Narmada , and (5)
5936-401: The Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The Court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passu with the raising of the height of the dam through Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states. The court's decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000, after 7 years of deliberations, has paved
6042-411: The Vindhyas, but not the Vindhyan tableland , the streams from which flow into the Ganges and Yamuna . Like the Ganges, the Narmada River is a goddess and a river in Hinduism. The Matsya Purana states that all of the banks along the Narmada are sacred. Ptolemy called the Narmada River 'Nammadus' and the author of the Periplus called it 'Nammadios.' There are many stories about the origin of
6148-481: The Western Satraps, Barigaza was one of the main centres of Roman trade in the subcontinent . The Periplus describes the many goods exchanged: 49. There are imported into this market-town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian ; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar , antimony , gold and silver coin, on which there
6254-456: The area and is nearly unique in providing accurate insights into what the ancient Hellenic world knew about the lands around the Indian Ocean . A periplus ( Koinē Greek : περίπλους , romanized: períplous , lit. 'a sailing-around') is a logbook recording sailing itineraries and commercial, political, and ethnological details about the ports visited. In an era before maps were in general use, it functioned as
6360-438: The banks of the Rufiji River just south of Dar es Salaam . The Periplus informs us that: Two runs beyond this island [Menuthias = Zanzibar ?] comes the very last port of trade on the coast of Azania, called Rhapta ["sewn"], a name derived from the aforementioned sewn boats, where there are great quantities of ivory and tortoise shell. Chami summarizes the evidence for Rhapta's location as follows: The actual location of
6466-421: The blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth's crust. Two normal faults , known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault, parallel to the river's course, and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben. The Narmada's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras, and the steep southern slope of
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#17327722483766572-461: The core zone and the remaining area of 4,501.91 km (1,738.2 sq mi)), surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone. The area comprises 511 villages. The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations. There is a wide spectrum of floral and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area. It is one of the oldest forest reserves, which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests. It constitutes
6678-443: The description of places is sufficiently accurate to identify their present locations; for others, there is considerable debate. For instance, " Rhapta " is mentioned as the farthest market down the African coast of " Azania ", but there are at least five locations matching the description, ranging from Tanga to south of the Rufiji River delta. The description of the Indian coast mentions the Ganges River clearly, yet after that it
6784-461: The drier forests and scrublands of the Deccan to the south and Malwa and Gujarat to the west and northwest. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest. Tectona grandis is the dominant canopy tree, in association with Diospyros melanoxylon , Dhaora ( Anogeissus latifolia ), Lagerstroemia parviflora , Terminalia tomentosa , Lannea coromandelica , Hardwickia binata and Boswellia serrata . Riparian areas along
6890-400: The ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation. The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. About 5% of the ecoregion lies within protected areas , including Bandhavgarh , Panna , and Sanjay National Parks . Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following-: Kanha National Park located in
6996-407: The eight units of 125 MW capacity, each commenced from January 2004. The irrigation component of the project is under a fairly advance stage of implementation. A River Sutra. ―The Criterion: An International Journal in English 3.3 (Sep 2012). Web. Dialogism, and Meta-narratives in postcolonial Fiction.‖ Universal Journal of educational and general studies. 1.2. (February 2012) Periplus of
7102-451: The elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down. Below Makrai, the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand . The width of
7208-404: The fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along
7314-415: The falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara. The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands, covering an area of 169,900 km (65,598.8 sq mi) consists of dry deciduous forests. The ecoregion lies between moister forests to the northeast, southeast, and southwest, which receive greater rainfall from the southeast monsoon , and
7420-471: The geography allowed the dam's height to be raised higher. In 1960, the federal Government of India's Ministry of Irrigation and Power consultant team recommended that the Navagam Dam height be raised in one phase and that the drought prone areas in then Bombay State (modern day Saurashtra and Kutch regions) receive irrigation. On 1 May 1960 Bombay state was separated into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The Navagam Dam site and Broach Project fell under
7526-401: The island of Mafia and the Rufiji area. The peninsula east of Rhapta would have been the northern tip of Mafia Island. The southern part of the bay is protected from the deep sea by numerous deltaic small islets separated from Mafia Island by shallow and narrow channels. To the north the bay is open to the sea and any sailor entering the waters from that direction would feel as if he were entering
7632-584: The journey up the Nile and across the desert from Coptos ", Schoff prefers to pinpoint the author's residence to " Berenice rather than Alexandria ". John Hill maintains that "the Periplus can now be confidently dated to between AD 40 and 70 and, probably, between AD 40 and 50." This dating corresponds with the argumentation of L. Casson ("between A.D. 40 and 70") in his key book The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. The work consists of 66 sections, most of them about
7738-566: The latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet. The tidal rise is felt up to 32 km (19.9 mi) above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide 3.5 m (11.5 ft). The river
7844-567: The length of a long paragraph. For instance, the short section 9 reads in its entirety: From Malao ( Berbera ) it is two courses to the mart of Moundou, where ships anchor more safely by an island lying very close to the land. The imports to this are as aforesaid [Chapter 8 mentions iron, gold, silver, drinking cups, etc.], and from it likewise are exported the same goods [Chapter 8 mentions myrrh, douaka, makeir, and slaves], and fragrant gum called mokrotou (cf. Sanskrit makaranda ). The inhabitants who trade here are more stubborn. In many cases,
7950-547: The longest west-flowing river in the country. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of Madhya Pradesh . This river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in India. It is also known as the "Lifeline of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat" due to its huge contribution to the two states in many ways. The Narmada River rises from the Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district in Madhya Pradesh. It forms
8056-482: The lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada, Bharuch , and parts of Vadodara district . The hill regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas, well suited for cultivation. The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils. The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface. The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with
8162-414: The metropolis Sabbatha, in which the King lives. All the frankincense produced in the country is brought by camels to that place to be stored, and to Cana on rafts held up by inflated skins after the manner of the country, and in boats. And this place has a trade also with the far-side ports, with Barygaza and Scythia and Ommana and the neighboring coast of Persia . Ras Hafun in northern Somalia
8268-668: The middle of the 1st century. Schoff additionally provides a historical analysis as to the text's original authorship, and arrives at the conclusion that the author was a " Greek in Egypt , a Roman subject". By Schoff's calculations, this would have been during the time of Tiberius Claudius Balbilus , who coincidentally also was an Egyptian Greek. Schoff continues by noting that the author could not have been "a highly educated man" as "is evident from his frequent confusion of Greek and Latin words and his clumsy and sometimes ungrammatical constructions". Because of "the absence of any account of
8374-399: The mode of settlement of affected people caused serious difficulties in implementation, particularly of the Sardar Sarovar dam. The social movement Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) was formed to address environmental concerns and rehabilitation and resettlement of affected people. The movement created worldwide attention to the major development activity planned in the valley. This resulted in
8480-626: The monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi , Beas and the Sutlej rivers, which feed the Indus basin. The 75% dependable flow is 28,000,000 acre-feet (35 km ). As one of the 30 dams planned on river Narmada, the Sardar Sarovar Dam is the largest structure to be built. It is the second largest concrete dam in
8586-431: The moon showers elixir or Amrit on Earth through its beams, as the moon and the earth are at closer distance on Sharad Purnima night, and due to this, the moonlight has magical healing properties which are said to nourish the body and soul of an individual. The moonlight on Purnima has magic healing properties, which is why it's acknowledged to shower Amrit Varsha (Elixir shower) on the Narmada River which meanders through
8692-604: The newly formed State of Gujarat and further development and planning was given to the Gujarat State government. The Gujarat State government began planning studies for harnessing Narmada's water past the Punasa site in Madhya Pradesh. At the same time, the Government of Madhya Pradesh was also finalising a separate report for the Punasa Project. The competing plans led to inter-State water conflicts to arise because
8798-649: The northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau . The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (82%), Gujarat (12%) and a comparatively smaller area in Maharashtra (4%) and in Chhattisgarh (2%). 60% of the basin is made up of arable land, 35% is forest cover and 5% is made up of other types of land such as grassland or wasteland. In the entire course of the river of 1,312 km (815.2 mi), there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from
8904-569: The opposite bank of the river. It is a 2,600-kilometre (1,600 mi) walk. The spiritual journey is usually taken for 3 years, 3 months and 13 days and the pilgrims are stipulated not to cross the river at any point of time. Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur , Barwaha , Narmadapuram , Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa and Bhimbetka , and among
9010-523: The other Berber country, are governed by Zoscales; who is miserly in his ways and always striving for more, but otherwise upright, and acquainted with Greek literature. Research by the Tanzanian archaeologist Felix A. Chami has uncovered remains of Roman trade items near the mouth of the Rufiji River and the nearby Mafia island , and makes a case that the ancient port of Rhapta was situated on
9116-477: The pebbles known as banalinga that are found on the river bed. The pebbles are made up of white quartz and are linga shaped. They are believed to be the personified form of Shiva and there is a popular saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" which means that 'Shiva is in the pebbles of Narmada'. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada in Omkareshwar, a town on the banks of the Narmada. Narmada
9222-464: The pristine rocks. Both bathing and boating are also considered very sacred on Kartik Purnima in the holy Kartik (month) . This article related to a location in Madhya Pradesh is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Narmada River The Narmada River , previously also known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda , is the 5th longest river in India and overall
9328-539: The proposed villages (6,513) by 2010 in Gujarat. The Indira Sagar Project (ISP) at Punasa is one of the 30 major projects proposed in the Narmada basin with the largest storage capacity in the country. The project is located near Punasa village, in Khandwa District, Madhya Pradesh. This Multipurpose River Valley Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam, 653 metres (2,142 ft) long and 92 metres (302 ft) high with gross storage capacity of
9434-402: The regions' rivers and streams, which receive yearg– round water, are home to moist evergreen forests, whose dominant tree species are Terminalia arjuna , Syzygium cumini (Jambul), Syzygium Heyneanum , Salix tetrasperma , Homonoia riparia , and Vitex negundo . The ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species, none of which are endemic . About 30% of
9540-548: The reservoir of 12.22 km (9,910,000 acre⋅ft) and live storage of 9.75 km (7,900,000 acre⋅ft) to provide an annual irrigation potential of 1,690 km (650 sq mi) and a generation of 1000 MW of hydropower . The project also ensures supply of 60,000 acre⋅ft (74,000,000 m ) of drinking water to rural areas in Khandwa district. In accordance with NWDT award, an annual regulated flow of 8,120,000 acre⋅ft (10.02 km ) shall be released to
9646-481: The river spans from about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) at Makrai to 3 km (1.9 mi) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km (13.0 mi) at the Gulf of Cambay . An old channel of the river, 1 km (0.6 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi) south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and
9752-847: The river the Namnadius (Ναμνάδιος), Ptolemy called it Namadus (Νάμαδος) and Namades (Ναμάδης) and the British Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmada is a Sanskrit word meaning "The Giver of Pleasure" . The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir, known as the Narmada Kund . It is located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau in the Anuppur District on Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh . The river descends from Sonmuda, then falls over
9858-533: The rivers in India that flows in a rift valley , bordered by the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. As a rift valley river, the Narmada does not form a delta; Rift valley rivers form estuaries. Other rivers which flow through the rift valley include the Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through
9964-592: The south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Narmadapuram . However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about (12 m (39.4 ft)) high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills . Among them are:
10070-409: The states of Madhya Pradesh (1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra , (74 km (46.0 mi)), (39 km (24.2 mi)) (actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi)) and then the border between Maharashtra and Gujarat (74 km (46.0 mi)) and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)). The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) called
10176-519: The supercontinent Pangea broke into two large masses. The northern part was Laurasia and the southern continental mass was Gondwana . Between the two continents, a large sea, Tethys existed. Presently the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau have taken the position of the ancient Tethys Ocean . The Gondwana was intruded by few large marine transgressions . A deep gulf or sea existed along
10282-463: The tracts of Tapi river . Such similarity probably suggests that even about 3 million years ago, Narmada and Tapi were confluent and the separate fate of these two rivers was decided by recent earth movements. The Bhedaghat falls of Narmada, near Jabalpur , was probably created during one such movement. The Narmada Valley is a graben , a layered block of the Earth's crust that dropped down relative to
10388-524: The traditional boundary between North and South India and flows westwards for 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea , 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat . It is one of only two major rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River . It is one of
10494-430: The upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm (3.3 ft) to 1,850 mm (6.1 ft) and with half or even less than half in its lower regions (650 mm (2.1 ft)–750 mm (2.5 ft)); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature. About 160 million years ago,
10600-577: The upper reaches of Narmada, about 18 km (11.2 mi) from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger . Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Sulkum and Banjar, flow through this park. It is one of the best National Parks of Asia , which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book . Satpura National Park , set up in 1981, is located in Narmadapuram district of Madhya Pradesh . Its name
10706-669: The various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi. Goods were also brought down in quantity from Ujjain , the capital of the Western Satraps: 48. Inland from this place and to the east, is the city called Ozene, formerly a royal capital; from this place are brought down all things needed for the welfare of the country about Barygaza, and many things for our trade: agate and carnelian, Indian muslins and mallow cloth, and much ordinary cloth. The lost port city of Muziris (near present day Kodungallur ) in
10812-475: The voyage to this place in a favorable season who set out from Egypt about the month of July, that is Epiphi. The Periplus also describes the annual fair in present-day Northeast India, on the border with China. Every year there turns up at the border of Thina, a certain tribe, short in body and very flat-faced ... called Sêsatai ... They come with their wives and children bearing great packs resembling mats of green leaves and then remain at some spot on
10918-490: The way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits. The Narmada canal brings water from the Sardar Sarovar dam to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The canal is 532 km long, with 485 km in Gujarat and 75 km in Rajasthan. The Narmada canal has helped both states supply water to arid regions of Kutch and Saurashtra for irrigation purposes. The Narmada canal had covered over 68 percent of
11024-693: The world in terms of the volume of concrete used in its construction, after the Grand Coulee Dam across the Columbia River , US. It is a part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectricity multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. After a number of cases before the Supreme Court of India (1999, 2000, 2003), by 2014
11130-607: Was near modern-day Quelimane in Mozambique, citing the fact that (according to the Periplus ) the coastline there ran down towards the southwest. Peters also suggests that the description of the "Pyralaoi" (i.e., the "Fire people") – "situated at the entry to the [Mozambique] Channel" – indicates that they were the inhabitants of the volcanic Comoro Islands. He also maintains that Menuthias (with its abundance of rivers and crocodiles) cannot have been Zanzibar; i.e., Madagascar seems more likely. The Periplus informs us that Rhapta,
11236-408: Was under the firm control of a governor appointed by Arabian king of Musa, taxes were collected, and it was serviced by "merchant craft that they staff mostly with Arab skippers and agents who, through continual intercourse and intermarriage, are familiar with the area and its language". The Periplus explicitly states that Azania (which included Rhapta) was subject to " Charibael ", the king of both
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