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123-566: In 1943, a so-called 'core cadre group' was formed, which consisted of 175 members of the Netherlands Marine Corps mainly from Curaçao , and other career soldiers who had remained out of enemy hands. More than a hundred members of the core cadre group gained combat experience during deployment with the Princess Irene Brigade , which had been sent to mainland Europe, including the southern Netherlands , after

246-505: A lazaret and prisoner camp for around 6,000 POWs who lived in the burial vaults and used the coffins for firewood. Food was scarce and prisoners resorted to eating horses, cats, dogs or even human flesh. The bad conditions inside the graveyard contributed to a city-wide epidemic after the battle. The extensive period of conflict during the American Revolutionary War and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815), followed by

369-418: A war of aggression , murder , ill treatment, and deportation of individuals, and genocide during World War II. Most were executed or sentenced to life in prison for their crimes. The United States Military Code of Conduct was promulgated in 1955 via Executive Order 10631 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower to serve as a moral code for United States service members who have been taken prisoner. It

492-454: A Headquarters, 3 Raiding troops, and the following supporting units a Fast Raiding, Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (with 12 boats), and a combat service support troop for transport, logistics, maintenance and medical care. The Marine Training Command (MTC) is tasked with the validation, qualification and training of all operational units of the Corps. Furthermore, the command

615-607: A Landing Craft Control Team Light and a Landing Craft Control Team Heavy. The Amphibious Support Group provides logistical support for the SATG. The LCU Troop fields five Landing Craft Utility with their crews, while the LCVP Troop fields 12 LCVPs with their crews. The FRISC Squadron fields three troops: a troop with Raiding Crafts for the Marine Combat Groups, a troop with Maritime Counter Terrorism Crafts (MCT) for

738-614: A Major and consist of 87 men. Each RSTA Squadron fields a forward Observer Troop with four Fire Support Teams of six men each, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System section with AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven and AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma UAVs, a Reconnaissance Sniper Troop, a Mortar Troop with L16 81mm mortars and a Low Altitude Air Defense section. In addition, the RSTA Squadron staff provides Joint Fires Cells for its Marine Combat Group in order to coordinate all types of fire support. The Combat Support Squadrons consist of 114 men and field

861-938: A Navy field hospital (FDS) were stationed in Cambodia as part of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC). The marines were deployed following the 1991 Paris peace treaty when the civil war was ended, they were tasked with providing safe passage to refugees, disarming rebel groups and organising fair elections. Marines have deployed to Former Yugoslavia during multiple deployments, including in Bosnia , Kosovo and Macedonia . Marines of 1st Mortars Company were deployed near Sarajevo in 1995 with their MO-120 RT 120mm mortars in order to neutralise Serbian mortar and artillery positions. The Marines were part of multinational brigade. For example, Marine Special Forces were tasked with

984-476: A black necktie and headgear ( beret or peaked cap ). The uniform can be supplemented with brown leather gloves, decorations worn in Prussian arrangement and a belt with a holster . The mess dress uniform is worn during formal occasions, such as a dinner or a ball and consists of a smoking , complemented with a peaked cap and miniature medals. Prisoner of war A prisoner of war ( POW )

1107-491: A captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations and the freedom of the prison. If he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who hold him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. Early historical narratives of captured European settlers, including perspectives of literate women captured by

1230-579: A corporal, who was temporarily promoted to sergeant . Such a detachment was supplemented by a number of civilians, the employees of special services, who usually acted as interrogators. Opponents of the VDMB in the field were regulars of the Indonesian military (TNI), pro-Republican militias, Darul Islam (Indonesia) insurgent (which seceded from central Republican government after Renville Agreement , and even common criminals. The occupation of Surabaya by

1353-481: A death rate of 25% (2,963), nearly equalled that of Andersonville. During the 19th century , there were increased efforts to improve the treatment and processing of prisoners. As a result of these emerging conventions, a number of international conferences were held, starting with the Brussels Conference of 1874, with nations agreeing that it was necessary to prevent inhumane treatment of prisoners and

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1476-644: A large part of human history, prisoners of war would most often be either slaughtered or enslaved . Early Roman gladiators could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as Samnites , Thracians , and Gauls ( Galli ). Homer's Iliad describes Trojan and Greek soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see Lycaon for example. Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes

1599-458: A large reception camp was established at Dover capable of housing 40,000 men, which could later be used for demobilisation . On 13 December 1918, the armistice was extended and the Allies reported that by 9 December 264,000 prisoners had been repatriated. A very large number of these had been released en masse and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. This created difficulties for

1722-544: A large unit surrendered all its men. At Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered during the battle. When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915, 20,000 Russians became prisoners. Over half the Russian losses were prisoners as a proportion of those captured, wounded or killed. About 3.3 million men became prisoners. The German Empire held 2.5 million prisoners; Russia held 2.9 million, and Britain and France held about 720,000, mostly gained in

1845-440: A quality at least equal to that available to locals. The senior officer from each quadrangle was permitted to inspect the food as it was delivered to the prison to ensure it was of sufficient quality. Despite the generous supply and quality of food, some prisoners died of starvation after gambling away their rations. Most of the men held in the prison were low-ranking soldiers and sailors, including midshipmen and junior officers, with

1968-530: A quarter of the over 2 million POWs held there died. Nearly 375,000 of the 500,000 Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war taken by Russians perished in Siberia from smallpox and typhus . In Germany, food was short, but only 5 per cent died. The Ottoman Empire often treated prisoners of war poorly . Some 11,800 British soldiers, most from the British Indian Army , became prisoners after

2091-457: A ransom. During his lifetime ( c.  570 – 632), Muhammad made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person, then the responsibility was on the individual. On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the enemy had broken a treaty with

2214-425: A report on the circumstances of their capture and to ensure that they had done all they could to avoid capture. Each returning officer and man was given a message from King George V , written in his own hand and reproduced on a lithograph. The Queen joins me in welcoming you on your release from the miseries & hardships, which you have endured with so much patience and courage. During these many months of trial,

2337-578: A small number of privateers . About 100 senior officers and some civilians "of good social standing", mainly passengers on captured ships and the wives of some officers, were given parole outside the prison, mainly in Peterborough although some further afield. They were afforded the courtesy of their rank within English society. During the Battle of Leipzig both sides used the city's cemetery as

2460-684: A staff, an Assault Engineer Troop, an Anti-Armour Troop, and an Armoured All-Terrain Vehicle Troop. Each of these three troops fields three identical sections, with each section supporting one Raiding Squadron of the Marine Combat Group. The Assault Engineer Troop also provides Improvised Explosive Device detection capabilities. The Anti-Armour Troop provides direct fire support with Spike anti-tank guided missiles . The Armoured All-Terrain Vehicle Troop provides Bv 206S and BvS 10 armoured all-terrain personnel carriers to transport

2583-593: A team of divers to clear mines, barriers and other obstacles from landing beaches. The Seabased Support Group (SSG) fields 98 men and coordinates maritime operational logistic support for Marine units embarked on one the Rotterdam-class amphibious transport docks . The Seabased Support Group fields an Equipment Support Troop, a Weapons and Ammo Troop, a Workshop and Transport Troop and a Communications and Information Systems (CIS) Troop. The 32nd Raiding Squadron (Dutch Caribbean Forces) consists of 153 personnel and

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2706-762: A young officer with the American guard of the Beijing Legation Quarter . In nightlife brawls there, US Marines were outnumbered by army soldiers of the other foreign powers. They were therefore happy when between 1913 and 1923 they were reinforced by fellow marines from the Netherlands who were assigned to protect the Dutch mission in Beijing. That created a bond that twenty years later would open doors that would otherwise have remained shut. When Japan

2829-746: Is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict . The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons, such as isolating them from the enemy combatants still in the field (releasing and repatriating them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishing them, prosecuting them for war crimes , exploiting them for their labour , recruiting or even conscripting them as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs. For

2952-664: Is an example of such disbandments. A new Marine unit was raised on 20 March 1801 during the time of the Batavian Republic and on 14 August 1806 the Korps Koninklijke Grenadiers van de Marine was raised under King Louis Bonaparte . The modern Korps Mariniers dates back to 1814, receiving its current name in 1817. In 1667, led by Admiral van Ghent, and their new commander, the Englishman Colonel Thomas Dolman,

3075-503: Is due to be replaced by new uniforms in the Netherlands Fractal Pattern from 2023 onwards. Operators of NLMARSOF and other selected units wear combat uniforms in the commercial MultiCam pattern. The service dress uniform can be worn during everyday office, barracks and non-field duty purposes. The uniform consists of trousers with red pipings and a jacket (both in dark-blue fabric), a white dress shirt with

3198-652: Is guided by Additional Protocol II , but insurgents are often treated as traitors , terrorists or criminals by government forces and are sometimes executed on spot or tortured. However, in the American Civil War , both sides treated captured troops as POWs presumably out of reciprocity , although the Union regarded Confederate personnel as separatist rebels. However, guerrillas and other irregular combatants generally cannot expect to receive benefits from both civilian and military status simultaneously. Under

3321-600: Is headed by the Korpscommandant , an officer in the rank of Brigadier General . All operational units fall under the command of the Groepscommandant Operationele Eenheden Mariniers (GC-OEM, Group Commander Operational Units Marines). The brigade-level command element Netherlands Maritime Force (NLMARFOR) is the expeditionary operational staff headquarters which is commanded by a Colonel . The core fighting element of

3444-467: Is more emphasis on various other tactics in amphibious warfare, and it will take about a year to become MARSOC (Maritime Special Operations Capable) certified, which will last for two years. SOCs are able to operate within any environment in the world, under any condition and circumstance. Therefore Dutch marines regularly train in arctic , jungle , desert , high-altitude , maritime and urban conditions, and embark on various training missions throughout

3567-488: Is responsible for maintaining adequate readiness and quality through the implementation of stringent training standards. Its training programs are adapted to the programs of its fleet equivalent, the Sea Training Command (STC), in order to maximise efficiency and interoperability of the marines and the fleet. The command is headed by a Colonel. The Marine Education Centre ( Mariniersopleidingscentrum , MOC)

3690-738: Is stationed in Aruba and is responsible for the defence of the Netherlands Antilles . The 32nd Raiding Squadron falls operationally under the command of the Naval Commander of the Caribbean (CZMCARIB). 32nd Raiding Squadron is stationed at the Korps Mariniers Barracks Savaneta (Aruba). Marines on Aruba also participate in anti-drug operations. The squadron is commanded by a Major and consists of

3813-532: Is tasked with conducting the full spectrum of special operations abroad. C-Squadron fields three troops; two frogman troops specialised in underwater operations and one mountain leader troop specialised in mountain warfare. C-Squadron can be deployed by submarine, parachute, various underwater transport and snowmobiles. The Training Squadron (T-Squadron) trains all aspiring MARSOF operators in addition to providing operational training. The Special Operations Forces Support Group (SOFSG) provides operational support while

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3936-686: Is tasked with the selection, training and education of new marine recruits. The MOC provides all marine basic training and is based at the Van Ghent Barracks in Rotterdam , headed by a Lieutenant Colonel. The majority of the operational units are based at the Van Braam Houckgeestkazerne in Doorn , in the province of Utrecht . These barracks are the headquarters of the Marine Combat Groups, Sea-based Support Group, and

4059-644: Is the SOF element of the Corps. NLMARSOF consists of two operational squadrons, a training squadron, a logistic element and a support group. The Maritime Counter Terrorism Squadron (M-Squadron) consists of three troops and is tasked with combating large-scale and complex domestic terrorist threats. It operates as an integral element of the Dienst Speciale Interventies (DSI) of the National Police . The Conventional Squadron (C-Squadron)

4182-658: Is the elite naval infantry corps of the Royal Netherlands Navy , one of the four Armed Forces of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The marines trace their origins to the establishment of the Regiment de Marine on 10 December 1665, by the then grand pensionary of the Dutch Republic , Johan de Witt and famous Admiral Michiel de Ruyter . It is the second-oldest still-active marine corps in

4305-845: The Korps Commandotroepen (KCT) in the Special Operations Task Groups Orange, Task Force Viper and Task Force 55 from 2006 until 2010. C-Squadron of NLMARSOF has deployed to Afghanistan since 2018 as part of the Resolute Support Mission . Together with KCT operators they form the Special Operations Advisory Team (SOAT), which is tasked with providing training and assistance to the Afghan police tactical unit Afghan Territorial Force 888 (ATF-888) of

4428-579: The Antilla in Aruba in 1940. When the Dutch capitulation was declared and the Marines abandoned their positions, the German commander was surprised to encounter only a handful of troops emerge in their black uniforms. The Oberleutnant ordered his men to salute them out of respect for their bravery and labeled them die schwarzen Teufel ("The Black Devils"). During the German occupation of

4551-564: The Afghan National Police . Since 2008 marines have been deployed as boarding teams aboard naval ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy , tasked with conducting counterpiracy operations off the coast of East Africa . The Dutch marines received international attention following the Action of 5 April 2010 , during which the container ship MV Taipan was liberated from Somali pirates by an NLMARSOF boarding team. The operation

4674-485: The Anglo-American War of 1812 , led to the emergence of a cartel system for the exchange of prisoners , even while the belligerents were at war. A cartel was usually arranged by the respective armed service for the exchange of like-ranked personnel. The aim was to achieve a reduction in the number of prisoners held, while at the same time alleviating shortages of skilled personnel in the home country. At

4797-587: The Battle of Solebay , two-thirds of the Marines were withdrawn from the Dutch States Navy and formed into a brigade in order to reinforce the Dutch States Army , which consisted largely of mercenaries , in anticipation of a potential English invasion. They returned to their ships in time to help prevent any such invasion by defeating a Anglo-French fleet at the Battle of Texel on 21 August 1673. Led by Gerolf van Isselmuyden, they served in

4920-623: The Battle of the Netherlands in World War II , a Korps Mariniers unit in Rotterdam which was preparing to ship out to the Dutch East Indies successfully defended the bridges across the Maas , preventing German paratroopers in the centre of the city from rendez-vousing with conventional German infantry. The Germans ended the stalemate by bombing Rotterdam . The threat of an attack by Marines caused its German captain to scuttle

5043-943: The Bosnian War , the Iraq War , the War in Afghanistan and the Mali War . Additionally, the Corps conducts counterpiracy operations in the Gulf of Aden and provides Vessel Protection Detachments (VPDs) to Dutch merchant ships . The Netherlands Marine Corps uphold close international relations with the Royal Marines , the United States Marine Corps , the Sea Battalion (German: Seebataillon ) and

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5166-862: The Czechoslovak Legion of Czechoslovak prisoners (from the Austro-Hungarian army) who were released and armed to fight on the side of the Entente, who briefly served as a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War . At the end of the war in 1918 there were believed to be 140,000 British prisoners of war in Germany, including thousands of internees held in neutral Switzerland. The first British prisoners were released and reached Calais on 15 November. Plans were made for them to be sent via Dunkirk to Dover and

5289-588: The Dix–Hill Cartel was suspended, Confederate officials approached Union General Benjamin Butler, Union Commissioner of Exchange, about resuming the cartel and including the black prisoners. Butler contacted Grant for guidance on the issue, and Grant responded to Butler on 18 August 1864 with his now famous statement. He rejected the offer, stating in essence, that the Union could afford to leave their men in captivity,

5412-704: The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference would lead to the transfer of sovereignty later that year. On June 7, 1949, after three and a half years of presence in the East Indies , the Mariniersbrigade was disbanded. Many of the fallen marines are buried on the Dutch War Cemetery Kembang Kuning . Netherlands Marine Corps The Royal Netherlands Marine Corps ( Dutch : Korps Mariniers )

5535-890: The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The second battalion and the field hospital were deployed in Mazar-e Sharif in 2005 to provide security during the elections. Marines and Navy personnel were also stationed in the Provincial Reconstruction Team in pol-e-Khomri, province of Baghlan. They took over from the Dutch Airforce and Army in 2005 and were relieved in October 2006 when Hungarian forces took over. Formerly Marines have served in Uruzgan as

5658-549: The Iraqi Special Operations Forces as part of the International military intervention against ISIL . A&A teams cooperated with the Korps Commandotroepen by providing advice and assistance to Iraqi troops in the fight against ISIL. From 18 November 2003 until 19 February 2004, one platoon of Dutch Marines was deployed on board HNLMS  Rotterdam , a Landing platform dock (LPD) of

5781-408: The Japanese in the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese surrendered before such landings were needed, but the Mariniersbrigade , fully trained and equipped, left North Carolina in six transports in 1945 and fought against Indonesian insurgents in the Indonesian War of Independence . The mariniers were part of the A Division, which was itself commanded by a Korps Mariniers officer. The brigade

5904-400: The Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces (NLMARSOF) are capable of conducting the full spectrum of special operations . Throughout its history, the Marines have seen action in a number of major conflicts including the Anglo-Dutch Wars , the War of the Spanish Succession and World War II . In recent history the Marines have regularly been deployed in stabilisation roles such as

6027-407: The Roman Empire , who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually canonised . According to legend, during Childeric 's siege and blockade of Paris in 464 the nun Geneviève (later canonised as

6150-456: The Royal Marines , training programmes are highly similar for both organisations. Although women have been allowed to join the Korps Mariniers since the beginning of 2017, no woman has successfully completed basic training yet. Depending on the educational background, there are two career possibilities to become a Dutch marine: enlisted marine and marine officer . An overview of marine training courses: During operational training, there

6273-431: The Royal Netherlands Navy to provide logistical support for United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). Between 2005 and 2006, Major General of the Marines Patrick Cammaert was appointed division commander of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) by UN secretary general Kofi Annan . From 11 January 2002 to July 2010, marines were deployed in Afghanistan as part of

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6396-446: The Special Operations Regiment . The corps was founded on 10 December 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War by the then grand pensionary of the Dutch Republic , Johan de Witt , and Admiral Michiel de Ruyter as the Regiment de Marine . The first commander of the corps was Willem Joseph van Ghent . The Dutch had successfully used conventional troops embarked on ships during the First Anglo-Dutch War . The Korps Mariniers

6519-410: The Stabilisation Force Iraq (SFIR). They were stationed in the province of Al-Muthanna where they operated under British command. Their main base was located at Camp Smitty in As Samawah. One company of marines was located at the village of Ar Rumaythah and one at the village of Al Khidr. Since 2015, Marines have contributed to Operation Inherent Resolve by providing training to the Peshmerga and

6642-419: The Third Geneva Convention , a combatant must be part of a chain of command , wear a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bear arms openly, and have conducted military operations according to the laws and customs of war . (The Convention recognises a few other groups as well, such as "[i]nhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist

6765-462: The Third Geneva Convention , prisoners of war (POW) must be: In addition, if wounded or sick on the battlefield, the prisoner will receive help from the International Committee of the Red Cross. When a country is responsible for breaches of prisoner of war rights, those accountable will be punished accordingly. An example of this is the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials . German and Japanese military commanders were prosecuted for preparing and initiating

6888-403: The indigenous peoples of North America , exist in some number. The writings of Mary Rowlandson , captured in the chaotic fighting of King Philip's War , are an example. Such narratives enjoyed some popularity, spawning a genre of the captivity narrative , and had lasting influence on the body of early American literature, most notably through the legacy of James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of

7011-420: The invasion of Normandy . The Mariniersbrigade was later brought up to strength with war volunteers from the liberated Netherlands. Organization and armaments followed American designs. Most marines received their training in the United States , most notably at Camp Lejeune , a major United States Marine Corps (USMC) training center in North Carolina . From there, many marines were sent to Camp Davis , in

7134-432: The 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed ; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive. Feudal Japan had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution. In the 13th century the expanding Mongol Empire famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where

7257-472: The 13th-century Albigensian Crusade in Languedoc and the Northern Crusades in the Baltic region . When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and Cathars following the projected capture (1209) of the city of Béziers , the papal legate Arnaud Amalric allegedly replied, " Kill them all, God will know His own ". Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during Christians' Crusades against Muslims in

7380-550: The 1949 Geneva Conventions , POWs acquires the status of protected persons , meaning it is a war crime by the detaining power to deprive the rights afforded to them by the Third Convention's provisions. Article 17 of the Third Geneva Convention states that POWs can only be required to give their name , date of birth , rank and service number (if applicable). The ICRC has a special role to play, with regards to international humanitarian law , in restoring and maintaining family contact in times of war , in particular concerning

7503-416: The British in the September of 1945 was accompanied by fierce resistance from Indonesian nationalists. The Battle of Surabaya had resulted in many casualties on both sides. When the Dutch troops took over the positions from the British, they immediately faced the threat of an Indonesian attack on the city. The marines responded with search and destroy operations in the area. Gradually, the Surabaya perimeter

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7626-452: The Confederacy could not. After that about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the American Civil War , accounting for nearly 10% of the conflict's fatalities. Of the 45,000 Union prisoners of war confined in Camp Sumter , located near Andersonville, Georgia , 13,000 (28%) died. At Camp Douglas in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and Elmira Prison in New York state, with

7749-433: The Dutch Marine Corps stormed a train that was being held hostage since 23 May by armed South Moluccan nationalists in the village of De Punt , in the province of Drenthe . Six Royal Netherlands Air Force F-104 Starfighters buzzed the train as a diversion just before the assault. Six terrorists and two hostages were killed during the assault. From 18 February 1992 to 18 November 1993, three battalions of Marines and

7872-401: The Dutch authorities to launch a second police action, Operation Kraai , the aim of which was to wipe out the Indonesian Republic once and for all by attacking Central Java – the stronghold of the nationalists – and other Republican areas. The Marines contributed to the capture of Central Java in an action that was again initiated by an amphibious landing in Republican territory. Operation Crow

7995-563: The Jordan Valley. Australian Flying Corps pilots and observers were captured in the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and the Levant. One third of all Australian prisoners were captured on Gallipoli including the crew of the submarine AE2 which made a passage through the Dardanelles in 1915. Forced marches and crowded railway journeys preceded years in camps where disease, poor diet and inadequate medical facilities prevailed. About 25 per cent of other ranks died, many from malnutrition, while only one officer died. The most curious case came in Russia where

8118-608: The Logistic Support Group (LSG) is responsible for the maintenance, acquisition and storage of all equipment. NLMARSOF was founded in 2013 by merging the Mountain Leader Reconnaissance Platoon, the Unit Interventie Mariniers and the Special Forces Underwater Operator Platoon. The maritime SOF training takes about 40 weeks, and eligible marines are trained to become long-range reconnaissance SOF operators and counter-terrorism specialists, with an emphasis on maritime special operations. Those who wish to specialise as mountain leader or frogman can apply for these specialisations following

8241-418: The Marine Brigade ) reported directly to the commander of the brigade via the head of the intelligence section, one of the staff officers at the headquarters of the Mariniersbrigade in Surabaya. In the field, the VDMB reported to the respective head of intelligence in the area of operations. The service consisted of Dutch Indonesians , who, because they spoke the language of the country, maintained contact with

8364-432: The Maritime Counter Terrorism Squadron, and a troop with Special Operation and Interceptor Crafts for the Conventional Squadron of the Maritime Special Operations Forces. The two Landing Craft Control Teams consist of a staff, a Beach Recce Group, a Beach Control Group and a Heavy Vehicle Group. The Landing Craft Control Team Heavy is equipped with Leopard 1 BARV beach armoured recovery vehicles. Both Beach Recce Groups field

8487-446: The Mohicans . Some Native Americans continued to capture Europeans and use them both as labourers and bargaining chips into the 19th century; see for example John R. Jewitt , a sailor who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest coast from 1802 to 1805. The earliest known purpose-built prisoner-of-war camp was established at Norman Cross in Huntingdonshire, England in 1797 to house

8610-427: The Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who participated in battles, as in the case of the Banu Qurayza in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as ghanima (spoils of war). In Europe, the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly centralised, in the time period between the 16th and late 18th century. Whereas prisoners of war had previously been regarded as

8733-422: The NLD Operational Mentor and Liaisons Team, for recruiting and training new military personnel of the Afghan National Army in the Uruzgan province. Training took place at Kamp Holland , Tarin Kowt . A reinforced company was deployed in the Deh Rashan area of Uruzgan province. Two marines were killed on April 17 of 2010 when their Bv S10 Viking was hit by an IED . Teams of NLMARSOF cooperated with operators of

8856-689: The Netherlands, some mariniers joined the Princess Irene Brigade to fight against the Germans. They distinguished themselves in combat near the Dutch city of Tilburg in the autumn of 1944. Starting in 1943, the United States Marine Corps trained and equipped a new brigade, the Mariniersbrigade , of the Korps Mariniers at Camp Lejeune and Camp Davis in North Carolina in preparation for amphibious landings against

8979-693: The Pentagon which has a "POW/Missing Personnel Office" and awards the Prisoner of War Medal . During World War I, about eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps until the war ended. All nations pledged to follow the Hague rules on fair treatment of prisoners of war, and in general the POWs had a much higher survival rate than their peers who were not captured. Individual surrenders were uncommon; usually

9102-693: The Regiment de Marine played a prominent part in the Dutch raid on the Medway in Kent (10–14 June). The Korps ' battle honour " Chatham " is one of the few ever won on British soil by a foreign unit. The July 2nd attack on Landguard fort near Harwich , performed by 1,500 Mariniers after landing at Woodrich was defeated by the English. The mariniers also fought in the Franco-Dutch War and Third Anglo-Dutch War . On 29 June 1672, after serving in

9225-801: The Soviet Union's refusal to sign the Geneva Convention as a reason for not providing the necessities of life to Soviet POWs; and the Soviets also used Axis prisoners as forced labour. The Germans also routinely executed Allied commandos captured behind German lines per the Commando Order . To be entitled to prisoner-of-war status, captured persons must be lawful combatants entitled to combatant's privilege—which gives them immunity from punishment for crimes constituting lawful acts of war such as killing enemy combatants . To qualify under

9348-554: The Surface Assault and Training Group from which all sorts of amphibious training can be employed. Moreover, the Corps has multiple bases and auxiliary branches in the Dutch Caribbean . Below follows an overview of the Corps' bases: The mariniers are known for their arduous training programmes, which are primarily focused around hardship. Due to its longstanding and close cooperation with its British counterpart,

9471-593: The armed forces of the Indonesian nationalists would then be inevitable. The Americans, who had no interest in restoring the old colonial order, withdrew all facilities for the Dutch marines. Due to a lack of shipping capacity – the Netherlands had lent its merchant fleet to the Allies – it would take several months before the approximately 4,000 marines in the United States could ship to the Indonesia. At

9594-860: The arrest of Yugoslavian war criminals, other Marine units have deployed to accompany and protect refugee convoys in Kosovo . In 1991, 400 marines in addition 600 personnel of the Royal Netherlands Army were deployed to the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as part Operation Provide Comfort . The detachment of Marines consisted of a staff company, a support company and two infantry companies. The units constructed three refugee camps which were later transferred to civilian organisations. The last marines returned in July 1991. In 2003 and 2004, two battalions of Marines were deployed to Iraq as part of

9717-576: The baggage and equipment of the army, and because the French were attacking again and Henry was afraid that they would break through and free the prisoners who would rejoin the fight against the English. In the later Middle Ages a number of religious wars aimed to not only defeat but also to eliminate enemies. Authorities in Christian Europe often considered the extermination of heretics and heathens desirable. Examples of such wars include

9840-489: The city's patron saint) pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, Clovis I ( r.  481–511 ) liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so. King Henry V 's English army killed many French prisoners of war after the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. This was done in retaliation for the French killing of the boys and other non-combatants handling

9963-606: The completion of training. NLMARSOF is modelled after the British Special Boat Squadron . The Surface Assault and Training Group (SATG) provides the Marine Corps with maritime vessels. The Surface Assault and Training Group consists of 241 men; besides the staff it fields an Amphibious Support Group, a Landing Craft Utility (LCU) Troop, a Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVP) Troop, a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) Squadron,

10086-409: The conquered area under control. In the meantime, the personnel composition of the Mariniersbrigade had changed radically. In the course of 1948, most war volunteers were demobilized and partly replaced by inexperienced conscripted marines from the Netherlands. The strength of the Mariniersbrigade then decreased to around 4,000 men. At the end of 1948, the deteriorating military situation prompted

10209-639: The corps consists of two battalion-sized Marine Combat Groups (MCGs), 1st Marine Combat Group is the main contribution of the Netherlands Marine Corps to the United Kingdom/Netherlands Landing Force (UK/NL LF). Following the large scale reorganisation of the Armed Forces in 2013, the Corps was affected as well. The Corps was restructured, among other changes. The battalion composition and naming

10332-520: The criteria of Additional Protocol I. Therefore, they fall under the category of unlawful combatants , or more properly they are not combatants. Captured soldiers who do not get prisoner of war status are still protected like civilians under the Fourth Geneva Convention . The criteria are applied primarily to international armed conflicts. The application of prisoner of war status in non-international armed conflicts like civil wars

10455-417: The designation "Prisoner of War" for captured American personnel with "Missing-Captured". A January 2008 directive states that the reasoning behind this is since "Prisoner of War" is the international legal recognised status for such people there is no need for any individual country to follow suit. This change remains relatively unknown even among experts in the field and "Prisoner of War" remains widely used in

10578-457: The early rescue of our gallant Officers & Men from the cruelties of their captivity has been uppermost in our thoughts. We are thankful that this longed for day has arrived, & that back in the old Country you will be able once more to enjoy the happiness of a home & to see good days among those who anxiously look for your return. While the Allied prisoners were sent home at the end of

10701-470: The end of 1945, the troop ship Noordam arrived in Indonesian waters with 2,000 marines on board. However, the British , who exercised military authority over Indonesia, refused to admit Dutch troops. Nevertheless, one battalion managed to disembark near Batavia . The remaining marines were rerouted to Malacca . Later on, a second echelon with a strength of more than 2,000 men, which had been brought in by

10824-470: The enemy (beyond identifying themselves, that is, "name, rank, serial number"), receiving special favours or parole, or otherwise providing their enemy captors aid and comfort. Since the Vietnam War , the official U.S. military term for enemy POWs is EPW (Enemy Prisoner of War). This name change was introduced in order to distinguish between enemy and U.S. captives. In 2000, the U.S. military replaced

10947-481: The exchange of prisoners would be carried out between warring states. Another such treaty was the 1648 Peace of Westphalia , which ended the Thirty Years' War . This treaty established the rule that prisoners of war should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should be allowed to return to their homelands. There also evolved the right of parole , French for "discourse", in which

11070-641: The five-month Siege of Kut , in Mesopotamia , in April 1916. Many were weak and starved when they surrendered and 4,250 died in captivity. During the Sinai and Palestine campaign 217 Australian and unknown numbers of British, New Zealand and Indian soldiers were captured by Ottoman forces. About 50 per cent of the Australian prisoners were light horsemen including 48 missing believed captured on 1 May 1918 in

11193-619: The increasing number of prisoners from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . The average prison population was about 5,500 men. The lowest number recorded was 3,300 in October 1804 and 6,272 on 10 April 1810 was the highest number of prisoners recorded in any official document. Norman Cross Prison was intended to be a model depot providing the most humane treatment of prisoners of war. The British government went to great lengths to provide food of

11316-530: The invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units".) Thus, uniforms and badges are important in determining prisoner-of-war status under the Third Geneva Convention. Under Additional Protocol I , the requirement of a distinctive marking is no longer included. Francs-tireurs , militias , insurgents , terrorists , saboteurs , mercenaries , and spies generally do not qualify because they do not fulfill

11439-472: The land battle of Seneffe against the French in 1674. Dutch support for American independence led to the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War , where the mariniers served at Dogger Bank . In 1704, Marines were part of a combined English-Dutch force under Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt that captured Gibraltar and defended it successfully shortly afterwards. The cooperation with the British

11562-611: The native chiefs. They were deployed to outposts where they tried to gather data, which proved to be a very dangerous task. At night, the members of the WDMB joined on patrols, so they could interrogate prisoners of war directly. In addition, it was their task to win the hearts and minds of the locals. One of the most notable figures of the VDMB was the Surabaya-born G. N. Hakkenberg . A VDMB detachment usually consisted of three or four marines, both volunteers and conscripts, led by

11685-600: The period just before the Armistice in 1918. The US held 48,000. The most dangerous moment for POWs was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes killed or mistakenly shot down. Once prisoners reached a POW camp conditions were better (and often much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations. There

11808-541: The population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was ransacked and destroyed , and all the population killed). In Termez , on the Oxus : "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain". The Aztecs warred constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for sacrifice . For

11931-411: The private property of the captor, captured enemy soldiers became increasingly regarded as the property of the state. The European states strove to exert increasing control over all stages of captivity, from the question of who would be attributed the status of prisoner of war to their eventual release. The act of surrender was regulated so that it, ideally, should be legitimised by officers, who negotiated

12054-507: The purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as raptio ; the Rape of the Sabines involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no rights , and were held legally as chattels . In the fourth century AD, Bishop Acacius of Amida , touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with

12177-645: The rank of Corporal before being able to follow specialisation training, and must not exceed a maximum age. The Corps has multiple distinctive uniforms. The Corps' standard combat uniform is based on the Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) in the woodland pattern , as opposed to the Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM)-based combat uniform of the other services of the Netherlands Armed Forces . This combat uniform

12300-457: The re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed. During the early Muslim conquests of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or enslaved . Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay

12423-424: The receiving Allies and many ex-prisoners died from exhaustion. The released POWs were met by cavalry troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centres where they were refitted with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains. Upon arrival at the receiving camp the POWs were registered and "boarded" before being dispatched to their own homes. All commissioned officers had to write

12546-457: The right of prisoners of war and internees to send and receive letters and cards (Geneva Convention (GC) III, art. 71 and GC IV, art. 107). However, nations vary in their dedication to following these laws, and historically the treatment of POWs has varied greatly. During World War II, Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany (towards Soviet POWs and Western Allied commandos) were notorious for atrocities against prisoners of war. The German military used

12669-480: The same state, to be trained in various specialties within the brigade. In the latter camp, the marines were also assigned to their eventual battalions and companies. Commandant of the USMC general Thomas Holcomb was enthusiastic about the Dutch plan to establish a marine unit and successfully lobbied other US military brass to this end. Apparently, an important motive of his was an experience he had while serving as

12792-498: The same time, marine and army units broke through the perimeter of the Surabaya enclave. After heavy fighting, the Dutch objectives were achieved. After the military operation, an agreement was brokered between the warring parties and the Indonesian forces withdrew from the occupied territory. But over time, they secretly returned, leading to increased guerrilla activity . The strength of the Dutch troops proved insufficient to keep

12915-418: The staff and M-Squadron of NLMARSOF. Due to obsolescence of the location a new base is being constructed at Kamp Nieuw Milligen near the city of Apeldoorn . The Van Ghentkazerne is based in the city of Rotterdam and provides the basic training and many other training courses within the Corps. The Joost Dourleinkazerne is based on the island of Texel and functions as a forward operating base for

13038-529: The start of the American Civil War a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. In the late summer of 1864, a year after

13161-423: The surrender of their whole unit. Soldiers whose style of fighting did not conform to the battle line tactics of regular European armies, such as Cossacks and Croats , were often denied the status of prisoners of war. In line with this development the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly regulated in international treaties, particularly in the form of the so-called cartel system, which regulated how

13284-623: The three Raiding Squadrons. The Combat Service Support Squadron fields 171 personnel and provide maintenance, medical, and logistic support. Each Combat Service Support Squadron consists of a Workshop Troop, a Transport Troop, an Equipment Support Troop, a Medical Support Troop, and a Communication and Information Systems Troop. In 2014, 13e Raiding Squadron was the first unit to complete additional training to become certified maritime special operations capable (MARSOC). A MARSOC unit can support and conduct special operations with NLMARSOF. The Netherlands Maritime Special Operations Forces (NLMARSOF)

13407-571: The treatment of prisoners of war in detail. These provisions were further expanded in the 1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War and were largely revised in the Third Geneva Convention in 1949. Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention protects captured military personnel , some guerrilla fighters, and certain civilians . It applies from the moment a prisoner is captured until his or her release or repatriation. Under

13530-539: The troopship Bloemfontein , arrived. In March 1946, Dutch troops were finally allowed into Indonesia. A month later, the merchant vessel Boissevain arrived from the Netherlands with another 800 marines on board. The marines were stationed in the naval port of Surabaya in East Java , the brigade's future area of operations. Together with units of the army they formed the so-called 'A-division'. The Veiligheidsdienst Mariniersbrigade (VDMB; English: Security Service of

13653-475: The use of weapons causing unnecessary harm. Although no agreements were immediately ratified by the participating nations, work was continued that resulted in new conventions being adopted and becoming recognised as international law that specified that prisoners of war be treated humanely and diplomatically. Chapter II of the Annex to the 1907 Hague Convention IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land covered

13776-527: The world. The present-day Corps is a rapid reaction force that can be deployed to any location in the world within a maximum of 48 hours. The marines are capable of operating in all environments and climates, specialising in expeditionary warfare , amphibious warfare , arctic warfare and mountain warfare . The core fighting element of the corps consists of two battalion -sized Marine Combat Groups (MCGs) which are supplemented by various combat support and combat service support squadrons . In addition,

13899-489: The world. In these two years SOCs will work closely with MARSOF platoons throughout the world, and can choose to enlist for further specialization. Experienced marines are able to obtain various specialisations. It is common for marines to have multiple specialisations. Popular specialisations include: weapons instructor, mortar, communications, or heavy weapons specialist, designated marksman, sniper, assault engineer, medic or free-fall para. Some of these specialisations require

14022-501: Was a partial military success. All of Java was occupied and territorial gains were made on Sumatra , but the Dutch troops failed to inflict a decisive defeat on the forces of the Republic. With an even larger area to occupy, the problems with the guerrilla activity of the nationalists increased. Moreover, the action had the effect of increasing the foreign pressure on the Netherlands to deescalate. In mid-1949, Dutch policy changed and

14145-524: Was changed: The Corps consists of two battalion-sized Marine Combat Groups (MCGs), 1st MCG and 2nd MCG, which are headed by a Lieutenant Colonel and each field approximately 726 men with a command staff consisting of 30 men each. The three Raiding Squadrons of each MCG are commanded by Majors and consist of 108 men each. The Raiding Squadrons each field three Raiding Troops with two Raiding Sections of 16 men each per troop. The Recce, Surveillance & Target Acquisition (RSTA) Squadrons are commanded by

14268-611: Was created primarily in response to the breakdown of leadership and organisation, specifically when U.S. forces were POWs during the Korean War . When a military member is taken prisoner, the Code of Conduct reminds them that the chain of command is still in effect (the highest ranking service member eligible for command, regardless of service branch, is in command), and requires them to support their leadership. The Code of Conduct also requires service members to resist giving information to

14391-519: Was defeated in August 1945 and Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence , a new situation arose. It soon became clear that, instead of fighting against Japan, the brigade would be used to restore pre-WW2 Dutch rule in the East Indies and maintain it -- which entail destroying independent Republican government and install more amenable government to Dutch. A confrontation with

14514-736: Was disbanded in 1949. The Dutch maintained control over Western New Guinea after the Indonesian War of Independence and the Korps Mariniers served there until 1962 when the colony in the course of the West New Guinea dispute was handed over to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority . On 11 June 1977, the Bijzondere Bijstandseenheid Mariniers (BBE-M, Special Support Unit Marines) of

14637-518: Was expanded, but skirmishes between the two sides continued to be the order of the day. In mid-1947, Operation Product , the first Dutch police action , began. The troops in Surabaya were ordered to expel the nationalists (TNI and related forces) from most of East Java and occupy the area. The attack was launched in several places. The marines made an amphibious landing at two places on the Javanese east coast, at Pasir Putih and at Meneng Bay . At

14760-476: Was filmed using a helmet-mounted camera and made public by the Ministry of Defence, consequently displayed by news media across the globe. Moreover, NLMARSOF frogmen have conducted extremely rare operational underwater operations, including the sabotage of pirate ships. Since 2011 the Corps has provided Vessel Protection Detachments (VPDs) to Dutch merchant vessels sailing through areas prone to piracy. The Corps

14883-532: Was much harsh treatment of POWs in Germany, as recorded by the American ambassador (prior to America's entry into the war), James W. Gerard, who published his findings in "My Four Years in Germany". Even worse conditions are reported in the book "Escape of a Princess Pat" by the Canadian George Pearson. It was particularly bad in Russia, where starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike;

15006-664: Was repeated once again during the Bombardment of Algiers in 1816. The Korps Mariniers served in various colonial operations of the Dutch Empire in the Dutch East Indies . The gradual conquest of the colony and operations consolidating Dutch rule lasted from the 1850s until shortly before World War I . The battle honours from the Aceh War (1873–1913) and Bali are displayed on the Corps' colour. During

15129-700: Was the fifth European Marine unit formed, being preceded by Spain 's Infantería de Armada (1537), the Portuguese Marine Corps (1610), France 's Troupes de marine (1622) and the English Royal Marines (1664), although the Dutch Marines were the first in history to specialise in amphibious operations. Like Britain, the Netherlands has had several periods during which its Marine Corps were disbanded. The French occupation of The Netherlands, which lasted from 1810 until 1813,

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