Misplaced Pages

#878121

126-472: The Marq2 transit corridor is a north–south thoroughfare in Minneapolis , Minnesota, United States. It consists of the parallel streets of Marquette and Second avenues in the downtown area. Each public streetway has two contraflow bus lanes with two lanes available for general-purpose traffic in the opposite direction. Vehicular transit flows south on Marquette Avenue and north on Second Avenue. The inner curb lane allows buses to stop for riders, while

252-648: A national historic district , and the upper St. Anthony lock and dam is permanently closed. Columnist Don Morrison says that after the milling era waned a "modern, major city" emerged. Around 1900, Minneapolis attracted skilled workers who leveraged expertise from the University of Minnesota. In 1923, Munsingwear was the world's largest manufacturer of underwear. Frederick McKinley Jones invented mobile refrigeration in Minneapolis, and with his associate founded Thermo King in 1938. In 1949, Medtronic

378-630: A 9-square-mile (23 km ) strip of land—coinciding with the sacred place of Dakota origin —on the Mississippi south of Saint Anthony Falls, with the agreement the US would build a military fort and trading post there and the Dakota would retain their usufructuary rights. In 1819, the US Army built Fort Snelling to direct Native American trade away from British-Canadian traders and to deter war between

504-495: A White Minneapolis police officer, knelt on his neck and back for more than nine minutes. Reporting on the local reaction , The New York Times said that "over three nights, a five-mile stretch of Minneapolis sustained extraordinary damage" —destruction included a police station that demonstrators overran and set on fire. Floyd's murder sparked international rebellions, mass protests, and locally, years of ongoing unrest over racial injustice. As of 2024, protest continued daily at

630-427: A base with 9 inches (23 cm) of reinforced concrete place on top. The curing process for the roadway took two to three days. The concrete roadway stands in contrast to the mostly asphalt streets within the rest of downtown. The curbside bus lane is 11 feet (3.4 m) feet wide while the second passing lane is 13 feet (4.0 m) feet wide. As part of pedestrian and streetscape improvements, 200 trees were added to

756-821: A center at the Northrup-King building, and it presents the Art-A-Whirl open studio tour every May. Minneapolis has hosted theatrical performances since the end of the American Civil War. Early theaters included Pence Opera House , the Academy of Music, Grand Opera House, Lyceum, and later the Metropolitan Opera House, which opened in 1894. Fifteen of the fifty-five Twin Cities theater companies counted in 2015 by Peg Guilfoyle had

882-524: A facility in economically depressed north Minneapolis, bringing jobs and good publicity. A University of Minnesota computing group released Gopher in 1991; three years later, the World Wide Web superseded Gopher traffic. In many ways, the 20th century in Minneapolis was a difficult time of bigotry and malfeasance, beginning with four decades of corruption. Known initially as a kindly physician, mayor Doc Ames made his brother police chief, ran

1008-482: A human-relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities. However, the lives of Black people had not been improved. In 1966 and 1967—years of significant turmoil across the US —suppressed anger among the Black population was released in two disturbances on Plymouth Avenue. Historian Iric Nathanson says young Blacks confronted police, arson caused property damage, and "random gunshots" caused minor injuries in what

1134-635: A large waterfall that eroded upriver past the confluence of the Mississippi River, where it left a 75-foot (23-meter) drop in the Mississippi. This site is located in what is now downtown Saint Paul. The new waterfall, later called Saint Anthony Falls, in turn, eroded up the Mississippi about eight miles (13 kilometers) to its present location, carving the Mississippi River gorge as it moved upstream. Minnehaha Falls also developed during this period via similar processes. Minneapolis

1260-498: A meeting of the Minnesota Territorial Legislature , leaders of east bank St. Anthony lost their bid to move the capital from Saint Paul, but they eventually won the state university. In 1856, the territorial legislature authorized Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank. Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867, and in 1872, it merged with St. Anthony. Minneapolis originated around

1386-484: A moderate to high risk" to the Metro E Line , an analysis that was not presented to the city council committee in charge of approving the design. Bus lane advocates argued that the analysis was withheld from the city council and the chair of the city council committee in charge of approving the design said the omission "raises eyebrows". Ultimately, the city council approved a plan for bus lanes that are operational six hours

SECTION 10

#1732787815879

1512-433: A national trend, the metro area's next largest group after Christians is the 23-percent non-religious population. At the same time, more than 50 denominations and religions are present in Minneapolis, representing most of the world's religions. Temple Israel was built in 1928 by the city's first Jewish congregation, Shaarai Tov, which formed in 1878. By 1959, a Temple of Islam was located in north Minneapolis. In 1971,

1638-544: A physical site in Minneapolis. About half the remainder performed in variable spaces throughout the metropolitan area. Hennepin Avenue For sections south of the Mississippi River , Hennepin Avenue follows stretches of an old Indian trail from Saint Anthony Falls to Bde Maka Ska . It was named after Father Louis Hennepin , a Roman Catholic priest who explored the interior of North America for France while it

1764-594: A rate one-third that of White families. Statewide by 2022, the gap between White and Black home ownership declined from 51.5 percent to 48 percent. Statewide, alongside this small improvement was a sharp increase in the Black-to-White comparative number of deaths of despair (e.g., alcohol, drugs, and suicide). The Minneapolis income gap in 2018 was one of the largest in the country, with Black families earning about 44 percent of what White families earned annually. Statewide in 2022 using inflation-adjusted dollars,

1890-545: A reported 150 persons attended classes at a Hindu temple near the University of Minnesota. In 1972, the Twin Cities' first Shi'a Muslim family resettled from Uganda. Somalis who live in Minneapolis are primarily Sunni Muslim . In 2022, Minneapolis amended its noise ordinance to allow broadcasting the Muslim call to prayer five times per day. The city has about seven Buddhist centers and meditation centers. Early in

2016-474: A second bus lane to speed up bus travel by allowing buses to pass each other. The 10-year transportation plan proposed concentrating all express buses serving the suburbs to use the Marquette and Second Avenue pair of streets. While many express buses used Marquette and Second avenues, some were still on Nicollet Mall . At the time there were also bike lanes on each street but the plan proposed that by removing

2142-454: A secret military Japanese-language school that trained interpreters and translators. Following World War II, some Japanese and Japanese Americans remained in Minneapolis, and by 1970, they numbered nearly 2,000, forming part of the state's largest Asian American community. In the 1950s, the US government relocated Native Americans to cities like Minneapolis, attempting to dismantle Indian reservations . Around 1970, Koreans arrived, and

2268-462: A source of energy: Saint Anthony Falls, the only natural waterfall on the Mississippi. Each of the city's two founding industries—flour and lumber milling—developed in the 19th century nearly concurrently, and each came to prominence for about fifty years. In 1884, the value of Minneapolis flour milling was the world's highest. In 1899, Minneapolis outsold every other lumber market in the world. Through its expanding mill industries, Minneapolis earned

2394-408: A through lane and curb-side parking. Lanes would be dedicated to buses at all times rather than the just directional peak periods that they are today. The street would be slimmed from two through lanes in each direction with parking on either side, to one through lane in each direction, a center turn lane at select intersections, a bus lane in each direction, and an off-street bike path. To accommodate

2520-603: A transit-only ramp from I-35W to 12th Street where buses could either travel eastbound using general-purpose lanes to the 12th Street Ramp on the E-ZPass lanes or travel westbound from the ramp to a bus-only contraflow lane connecting to Marq2. The Orange Line began using the Marq2 transit lanes on December 4, 2021, when the line began service. Most intersections along the corridor allow for transit signal priority for Orange Line buses. The designed project covers 24 blocks. The design

2646-594: Is 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1936 while the lowest is −41 °F (−41 °C) in January 1888. The snowiest winter on record was 1983–1984, when 98.6 in (250 cm) of snow fell. The least-snowy winter was 1930–1931, when 14.2 inches (36 cm) fell. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , the annual average for sunshine duration is 58 percent. The Minneapolis area

SECTION 20

#1732787815879

2772-440: Is diverted from the sewer system after a rainstorm. The system also helps increase the lifespan of street trees, which are otherwise frequently replaced after only five to seven years. With an average of 588 cubic feet (16.7 m) of soil dedicated for each tree, each tree pit captures water from an average surface area of 300 square feet (28 m). The overall cost of the system was about $ 8,038 per tree. After seven years many of

2898-477: Is home to the University of Minnesota 's main campus. The city's public transport is provided by Metro Transit , and the international airport, serving the Twin Cities region, is located towards the south on the city limits. Residents adhere to more than fifty religions. Despite its well-regarded quality of life, Minneapolis has stark disparities among its residents—arguably the most critical issue confronting

3024-478: Is located in south-central Minneapolis on the 10-acre (4 ha) former homestead of the Morrison family. McKim, Mead & White designed a vast complex meeting the ambitions of the founders for a cultural center with spaces for sculpture, an art school, and orchestra. One-seventh of their design was built and opened in 1915. Additions by other firms from 1928 to 2006 achieved much of the original scheme. Today

3150-405: Is near the confluence of Minnehaha Creek with the Mississippi River. Sources disagree on the exact location and elevation of the city's highest point, which is cited as being between 967 and 985 feet (295 and 300 m) above sea level. Minneapolis has 83 neighborhoods and 70 neighborhood organizations. In some cases, two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization. Around 1990,

3276-617: Is sited above an artesian aquifer and on flat terrain. Its total area is 59 square miles (152.8 square kilometers) of which six percent is covered by water. The city has a 12-mile (19 km) segment of the Mississippi River, four streams, and 17 waterbodies—13 of them lakes, with 24 miles (39 km) of lake shoreline. A 1959 report by the US Soil Conservation Service listed Minneapolis's elevation above mean sea level as 830 feet (250 meters). The city's lowest elevation of 687 feet (209 m) above sea level

3402-578: The Minneapolis Spokesman led a year-long consumer boycott of four area breweries that refused to hire Blacks. Employment improved during World War II, but housing discrimination persisted. Between 1950 and 1970, the Black population in Minneapolis increased by 436 percent. After the Rust Belt economy declined in the 1980s, Black migrants were attracted to Minneapolis for its job opportunities, good schools, and safe neighborhoods. In

3528-711: The American Indian Movement (AIM) in Minneapolis. Begun as an alternative to public and Bureau of Indian Affairs schools , AIM's Heart of the Earth Survival School taught Native American traditions to children for nearly twenty years. A same-sex Minneapolis couple appealed all the way to the US Supreme Court but their marriage license was denied. They managed to get a license and marry in 1971, forty years before Minnesota legalized same-sex marriage . Immigration helped to curb

3654-704: The Gilded Age , the Walker Art Center began as a private art collection in the home of lumberman T. B. Walker , who extended free admission to the public. Around 1940, the center's focus shifted to modern and contemporary art. In partnership with the Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board , the Walker operates the adjacent Minneapolis Sculpture Garden , which has about forty sculptures on view year-round. The Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia)

3780-1375: The Human Rights Campaign gave Minneapolis 94 points out of 100 on the Municipal Equality Index of support for the LGBTQ+ population. Twin Cities Pride is held in May. Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and the 46th-largest city in the United States by population as of 2023. According to the 2020 US Census , Minneapolis had a population of 429,954. Of this population, 44,513 (10.4 percent) identified as Hispanic or Latinos . Of those not Hispanic or Latino, 249,581 persons (58.0 percent) were White alone (62.7 percent White alone or in combination), 81,088 (18.9 percent) were Black or African American alone (21.3 percent Black alone or in combination), 24,929 (5.8 percent) were Asian alone, 7,433 (1.2 percent) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 25,387 (0.6 percent) some other race alone, and 34,463 (5.2 percent) were multiracial . The most common ancestries in Minneapolis according to

3906-707: The Lumber Exchange Building , the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and the Suburban World Theater. One of the oldest gay bars in the city, The Saloon , is also located on Hennepin. The street has achieved iconic status in Minneapolis culture, memorialized in songs by Tom Waits , The Hold Steady and Lucinda Williams , among others. Its 600 block downtown was once home to Block E, a sometimes-rowdy collection of bars and independent businesses ultimately acquired by

Marq2 transit corridor - Misplaced Pages Continue

4032-542: The Twin Cities . Transit has existed in the corridor since 1879 with the opening of steam railways which were eventually replaced by streetcars, and then buses. After both streets were converted to one-way traffic , a contraflow bus lane was installed in the 1970s. Eventually the corridor's capacity became overwhelmed with the amount of buses so that operating conditions and speeds were severely impacted. The city of Minneapolis proposed consolidating express bus traffic in

4158-515: The "City of Lakes", Minneapolis is abundant in water, with thirteen lakes , wetlands, the Mississippi River , creeks, and waterfalls. The city's public park system is connected by the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway . Dakota people originally inhabited the site of today's Minneapolis. European colonization and settlement began north of Fort Snelling along Saint Anthony Falls —the only natural waterfall on

4284-615: The 1700s, the Ojibwe (also known as Chippewa, members of the Anishinaabe nations). Dakota people have different stories to explain their creation. One widely accepted story says the Dakota emerged from Bdóte , the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers . Dakota are the only inhabitants of the Minneapolis area who claimed no other land; they have no traditions of having immigrated. In 1680, cleric Louis Hennepin , who

4410-807: The 1890s and 1900s, and Slovak and Czech immigrants settled in the Bohemian Flats area on the west bank of the Mississippi River. Ukrainians arrived after 1900, and Central European migrants made their homes in the Northeast neighborhood. Chinese began immigration in the 1870s and Chinese businesses centered on the Gateway District and Glenwood Avenue. Westminster Presbyterian Church gave language classes and support for Chinese Americans in Minneapolis, many of whom had fled discrimination in western states. Japanese Americans , many relocated from San Francisco, worked at Camp Savage ,

4536-706: The 1950s. The first express buses to use Interstate 35W used Marquette and Second avenues while running through downtown in 1972. Contraflow bus lanes debuted on the corridor on September 29, 1974. Bus lanes were between 18 and 21 feet wide which is much wider than a standard 12 foot wide lane. North-south bicycle traffic in Minneapolis began changing in the late 1990s, when proposals to ban bicycles from Nicollet Mall emerged. Bus drivers were concerned about unsafe conditions with sharing Nicollet Mall between bicycles and buses. One proposal had one direction of bus traffic on Nicollet Mall removed and bus traffic in that direction diverted to Marquette Avenue. The Minneapolis City Council

4662-473: The 1990s, immigrants from the Horn of Africa began to arrive, from Eritrea , Ethiopia , and particularly Somalia . Immigration from Somalia slowed significantly following a 2017 national executive order . As of 2022, about 3,000 Ethiopians and 20,000 Somalis reside in Minneapolis . The Williams Institute reported that the Twin Cities had an estimated 4.2-percent LGBT adult population in 2020. In 2023,

4788-421: The 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) were German (22.9 percent), Irish (10.8 percent), Norwegian (8.9 percent), Subsaharan African (6.7 percent), and Swedish (6.1 percent). Among those five years and older, 81.2 percent spoke only English at home, while 7.1 percent spoke Spanish and 11.7 percent spoke other languages, including large numbers of Somali and Hmong speakers. About 13.7 percent of

4914-587: The 2024 city budget. In 2018, the Minneapolis City Council approved the Minneapolis 2040 Comprehensive Plan, which resulted in a citywide end to single-family zoning . Slate reported that Minneapolis was the first major city in the US to make citywide such a revision in housing possibilities. At the time, 70 percent of residential land was zoned for detached, single-family homes, though many of those areas had "nonconforming" buildings with more housing units. City leaders sought to increase

5040-443: The 2040 plan, and declaring racism a public health emergency in 2020. Twin Cities residents are 70 percent Christian according to a Pew Research Center religious survey in 2014. Settlers who arrived in Minneapolis from New England were for the most part Protestants , Quakers , and Universalists . The oldest continuously used church, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church , was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward

5166-439: The Dakota and Ojibwe in northern Minnesota. Under pressure from US officials in a series of treaties, the Dakota ceded their land first to the east and then to the west of the Mississippi, the river that runs through Minneapolis. Dakota leaders twice refused to sign the next treaty until they were paid for the previous one. In the decades following these treaty signings, the federal US government rarely honored their terms. At

Marq2 transit corridor - Misplaced Pages Continue

5292-624: The Dakota were being expelled, Franklin Steele laid claim to the east bank of Saint Anthony Falls , and John H. Stevens built a home on the west bank. In the Dakota language , the city's name is Bde Óta Othúŋwe ('Many Lakes Town'). Residents had divergent ideas on names for their community. Charles Hoag proposed combining the Dakota word for 'water' ( mni   ) with the Greek word for 'city' ( polis ), yielding Minneapolis . In 1851, after

5418-541: The Great Depression, the Citizens' Alliance , an association of employers, refused to negotiate with teamsters . The truck drivers union executed strikes in May and July–August. Charles Rumford Walker said that Minneapolis teamsters succeeded in part due to the "military precision of the strike machine". The union victory ultimately led to 1935 and 1938 federal laws protecting workers' rights. From

5544-584: The Indigenous population during the 19th century, they claimed the city's land, and Kirsten Delegard of Mapping Prejudice explains that today's disparities evolved from control of the land. Discrimination increased when flour milling moved to the East Coast and the economy declined. The foundation laid by racial covenants on residential segregation, property value, homeownership, wealth, housing security, access to green spaces, and health equity shapes

5670-490: The Marq2 lanes, which made them the busiest transit corridor in downtown Minneapolis. The number of buses on the corridor increase by 52 percent in the afternoon rush hour. The addition of the heated shelters on Marq2 in combination with A Line heated shelters was identified in 2018 as a source of potential disparate impact and disproportionate burden for low-income and minority riders. This was because Marq2 riders are predominantly not low-income or minority, while other riders in

5796-584: The Metro Transit system—that were more likely to be low-income or minorities—did not receive the same level of benefits. These evaluations are required as part of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . To maintain compliance with Title VI, heated shelters were added on Nicollet Mall and other locations that serve more low-income and minority riders. Utility work closed a portion of Marquette Avenue to buses in 2019. When buses were shifted to

5922-669: The Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Railway was suffering financially and could not adapt to the ordinance. This prompted the line to be leased to the Minneapolis Street Railway, later Twin Cities Rapid Transit , to operate the line and make the required improvements. First Avenue was electrified September 22, 1890, and the Motor Line was dissolved into First Avenue South streetcar lines. Marquette and Second avenues became one-way streets in

6048-565: The Minnesota River valley. After a kangaroo court , 38 Dakota men were hanged. The army force-marched 1,700 non-hostile Dakota men, women, children, and elders 150 miles (240 km) to a concentration camp at Fort Snelling . Minneapolitans reportedly threatened more than once to attack the camp. In 1863, the US "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota. With Governor Alexander Ramsey calling for their extermination, most Dakota were exiled from Minnesota. While

6174-485: The Mississippi River. The city of Minneapolis applied and was awarded $ 7 million in federal money for the reconstruction of the avenue in 2018. The project limits stretch from Lake Street in Uptown to just north of Franklin Avenue. This stretch of Hennepin Avenue was last reconstructed in 1957. Proposed designs for the project would add bus lanes, an off-street bike path, and wider sidewalks with space added by removing

6300-480: The Mississippi River. Location near the fort and the falls' power—with its potential for industrial activity—fostered the city's early growth. For a time in the 19th century, Minneapolis was the lumber and flour milling capital of the world, and as home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , it has preserved its financial clout into the 21st century. A Minneapolis Depression-era labor strike brought about federal worker protections. Work in Minneapolis contributed to

6426-757: The Performing Arts are located on the artery. Many important institutions and structures have been built on Hennepin, including the Minneapolis Great Northern Depot , the Uptown Theater , the Walker Art Center , the Basilica of St. Mary , St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral , Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church , Minneapolis Community and Technical College , Minneapolis Central Library ,

SECTION 50

#1732787815879

6552-434: The Twin Cities metropolitan area tied with Boston as having the eighth-highest concentration of major corporate headquarters in the US. Five Fortune 500 corporations were headquartered within the city limits of Minneapolis: Target Corporation , U.S. Bancorp , Xcel Energy , Ameriprise Financial , and Thrivent . The metro area's gross domestic product was $ 323.9 billion in 2022 ($ 337 billion in 2023). During

6678-562: The US and co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis , was named by Pope Pius XI in 1926. The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association was headquartered in Minneapolis from the 1950s until 2001. Christ Church Lutheran in the Longfellow neighborhood was the final work in the career of Eliel Saarinen , and it has an education building designed by his son Eero . Aligning with

6804-419: The US average of 11.1 percent. As of 2022, 90.8 percent of residents age 25 years or older had earned a high school degree compared to 89.1 percent nationally, and 53.5 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher compared to the 34.3 percent US national average. US veterans made up 2.8 percent of the population compared to the national average of 5 percent in 2023. In Minneapolis in 2020, Blacks owned homes at

6930-553: The air quality in downtown Minneapolis. Turning the streets into one-way lowered the near dangerous high levels of pollution". However, on October 10, 2009, it reverted to a two-way street, with its bike lanes being transferred one block west to First Avenue (which was also switched from one-way to two-way at the same time). This change was hoped by the city to create urban vibrancy, quicker travel times, and to avoid confusing one-ways. Hennepin Avenue has been under construction between Washington Avenue and 12th Street since 2019 to improve

7056-565: The beginning of the American Civil War, annuity payments owed in June 1862 to the Dakota by treaty were late, causing acute hunger among the Dakota. Facing starvation a faction of the Dakota declared war in August and killed settlers. Serving without any prior military experience, US commander Henry Sibley commanded raw recruits, volunteer mounted troops from Minneapolis and Saint Paul with no military experience. The war went on for six weeks in

7182-409: The bike lanes and adding an additional bus lane, capacity in the corridor would be tripled. Wider sidewalks would also be added for riders waiting for the bus. Bus speeds in the corridor were only around 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) at the time. When the transportation plan was approved by the city council in 2007, it was estimated that changes could happen in five years at the earliest and only after

7308-473: The bus stop side of the street are three feet (0.91 m) wider than on the other side. The average annual maintenance costs for each shelter was $ 5,038 in 2016. Minneapolis Minneapolis is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota , United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census . Located in the state's center near

7434-517: The city and demolished in 1988. It is also a popular parade route, used by the annual Aquatennial celebration held in July, and since the 1990s has been the traditional route of the city's LGBTQ Pride parade. Once a two-way avenue, the Theatre District portion was changed in 1980 to a one-way northbound with a bus-only lane southbound. "The Environmental Protection Agency was concerned with

7560-450: The city became more and more racially divided. Though such language was prohibited by state law in 1953 and by the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968 , restrictive covenants against minorities remained in many Minneapolis deeds as of the 2020s. In 2021, the city gave residents a means to discharge them. Minneapolis has a history of structural racism and has racial disparities in nearly every aspect of society. As White settlers displaced

7686-539: The city in the 21st century. Governed by a mayor-council system, Minneapolis has a political landscape dominated by the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL), with Jacob Frey serving as mayor since 2018. Two Indigenous nations inhabited the area now called Minneapolis. Archaeologists have evidence that since 1000 A.D., they were the Dakota (one half of the Sioux nation), and, after

SECTION 60

#1732787815879

7812-406: The city in the corridor and secured funding to reconstruct the streets in 2007. The redesign added an additional bus lane, increased space for pedestrians, and improved waiting amenities for customers. Upon opening in 2009, capacity for buses in the corridor was tripled, which allowed most express bus service in downtown Minneapolis to be consolidated onto the two streets. Operating speeds increased in

7938-410: The city into crime, and tried to leave town in 1902. The Ku Klux Klan was a force in the city from 1921 until 1923. The gangster Kid Cann engaged in bribery and intimidation between the 1920s and the 1940s. After Minnesota passed a eugenics law in 1925, the proprietors of Eitel Hospital sterilized people at Faribault State Hospital . During the summer of 1934 and the financial downturn of

8064-609: The city set up the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), in which every one of the city's eighty-some neighborhoods participated. Funded for 20 years through 2011, with $ 400 million tax increment financing ($ 542 million in 2023), the program caught the eye of UN-Habitat , who considered it an example of best practices . Residents had a direct connection to government in NRP, whereby they proposed ideas appropriate for their area, and NRP reviewed

8190-554: The city's Public Works Director reversed the city's earlier proposal of 24/7 bus lanes in favor of dynamic bus lanes that would only be reserved for transit in certain hours and used as parking during other times. A campaign to keep 24/7 bus lanes led to 20,000 emails sent to city officials and support from the Sierra Club and advocacy organizations Move Minnesota, Our Streets Minneapolis, and Hennepin For People. Objections to

8316-423: The city's Transportation Action Plan. Every state representative and state senator from Minneapolis signed a letter of support for all day bus lanes and emphasized the need for all-day bus lanes for the success of the E Line. The $ 32 million reconstruction would not start until 2024. The city council's Public Works and Infrastructure committee approved the proposed layout in May 2022. Margaret Anderson Kelliher ,

8442-493: The city's defining physical characteristic. Long periods of glaciation and interglacial melt carved several riverbeds through what is now Minneapolis. During the last glacial period , around 10,000 years ago, ice buried in these ancient river channels melted, resulting in basins that filled with water to become the lakes of Minneapolis . Meltwater from Lake Agassiz fed the Glacial River Warren , which created

8568-497: The city's history, millers were required to pay for wheat with cash during the growing season and then to store the wheat until it was needed for flour. The Minneapolis Grain Exchange was founded in 1881; located near the riverfront, it is the only exchange as of 2023 for hard red spring wheat futures . Along with cash requirements for the milling industry, the large amounts of capital that lumbering had accumulated stimulated

8694-421: The city's mid-20th century population decline. But because of a few radicalized persons, the city's large Somali population was targeted with discrimination after 9/11 , when its hawalas or banks were closed. In 2020, 17-year-old Darnella Frazier recorded the murder of George Floyd ; Frazier's video contradicted the police department's initial statement. Floyd, a Black man, suffocated when Derek Chauvin ,

8820-470: The collection of more than 90,000 artworks spans six continents and about 5,000 years. Frank Gehry designed Weisman Art Museum , which opened in 1993, for the University of Minnesota . A 2011 addition by Gehry doubled the size of the galleries. The Museum of Russian Art opened in a restored church in 2005, and it hosts a collection of 20th-century Russian art and special events. The Northeast Minneapolis Arts District hosts 400 independent artists and

8946-676: The computing industry, and the city is the birthplace of General Mills , the Pillsbury brand, Target Corporation , and Thermo King mobile refrigeration. The city's major arts institutions include the Minneapolis Institute of Art , the Walker Art Center , and the Guthrie Theater . Four professional sports teams play downtown. Prince is survived by his favorite venue, the First Avenue nightclub . Minneapolis

9072-489: The corridor concerned groups like the Minneapolis Bicycle Coalition, which later became the transportation advocacy organization Our Streets Minneapolis. Along with allowing bicycles on Nicollet Mall all day, bicycles are allowed in the corridor bus lanes during off peak periods. Bus travel times in the corridor were expected to improve by 5–10 minutes for each of the 1,400 weekday bus trips. Adding

9198-410: The corridor were replaced with signs that have fiber optic connections in 2021. The change was partially done to improve reliability of the signs as sign unreliability was a frequent customer complaint. The Metro Orange Line was designed around using the corridor, and during planning stages, project staff identified several possibilities on connecting I-35W to the Marq2 lanes. The final design included

9324-424: The corridor when it opened on December 14, 2009. While the target speed of buses in the corridor was 8 miles per hour (13 km/h), average speeds for buses in the corridor increased from 3.5 miles per hour (5.6 km/h) to 5.5 miles per hour (8.9 km/h) after the new lanes opened. Ridership also increased from 23,700 to 28,000 rides per weekday. The greatest improvement in speeds was on Second Avenue South in

9450-428: The corridor would normally use Marquette Avenue. Other bus routes were moved to other streets like Nicollet Mall but travel times on Nicollet Mall were even slower than on the corridor. Faster travel times were available on nearby streets like Hennepin Avenue to the west or 3rd Avenue S to the east but both are further from downtown's central core. Minneapolis developed a transportation plan in 2006 that proposed adding

9576-568: The corridor, and some trips took 10 fewer minutes to travel out of downtown. The Metro Orange Line began using the corridor in 2021 when it began operation. Marquette and Second avenues have been important to mass transit since its introduction to Minneapolis. In May 1879 the Lyndale Railway Company opened the Motor Line along First Avenue (now Marquette), running from First Street near Minneapolis Union Depot to 13th Street, where it continued south along Nicollet Avenue . By

9702-453: The corridor. The trees were held in structural cells designed to allow for tree growth and the cells were covered with 15,000 square feet (1,400 m) of porous pavers to allow for some storm water retention. Buried underground were 11,000 plastic cells that look like milk crates. The cells are filled with soil which prevents soil compaction but still allows for excess water to leave the system. Up to 21,000 cubic feet (590 m) of storm water

9828-484: The eastern border, it occupies both banks of the Upper Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul , the state capital of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and the surrounding area are collectively known as the Twin Cities , a metropolitan area with 3.69 million residents. Minneapolis is built on an artesian aquifer on flat terrain and is known for cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers. Nicknamed

9954-562: The end of World War I in 1918 until 1950, antisemitism was commonplace in Minneapolis— Carey McWilliams called the city the antisemitic capital of the US. Starting in 1936, a fascist hate group known as the Silver Shirts held meetings in the city. In the 1940s, mayor Hubert Humphrey worked to rescue the city's reputation and helped the city establish the country's first municipal fair employment practices and

10080-689: The falls. Lumbering's decline began around the turn of the century, and sawmills in the city including the Weyerhauser mill closed by 1919. After depleting Minnesota's white pine, some lumbermen moved on to Douglas fir in the Pacific Northwest . In 1877, Cadwallader C. Washburn co-founded Washburn-Crosby, the company that became General Mills . Washburn and partner John Crosby sent Austrian civil engineer William de la Barre to Hungary where he acquired innovations through industrial espionage . De la Barre calculated and managed

10206-591: The first Filipinos came to attend the University of Minnesota . Vietnamese , Hmong (some from Thailand ), Lao , and Cambodians settled mainly in Saint Paul around 1975, but some built organizations in Minneapolis. In 1992, 160 Tibetan immigrants came to Minnesota, and many settled in the city's Whittier neighborhood. Burmese immigrants arrived in the early 2000s, with some moving to Greater Minnesota . The population of people from India in Minneapolis increased by 1,000 between 2000 and 2010, making it

10332-515: The general-purpose lanes on Second Avenue, severe congestion impacted the ability of buses to exit downtown and resulted in long delays of up to an hour. Southwest Transit officials wrote a letter to the city of Minneapolis requesting improved priority for buses, which they felt were not being given priority by traffic control agents. The city of Minneapolis insisted that buses were given priority and met with Southwest Transit, Minnesota Valley Transportation Authority, and Metro Transit officials to discuss

10458-540: The grants and the state of Minnesota matched the grant with $ 55 million of their own funding in June 2008. A planned opening of December 2009 was given for the bus lane improvements. The overall cost of the Marq2 portion of the Urban Partnership Agreement project cost was $ 32 million. Construction was planned to begin after the 2008 Republican National Convention in September 2008. The project

10584-467: The housing disparities created the educational disparities that we still live with today." Professor Samuel Myers Jr. says of redlining , "Policing policies evolved that substituted explicit racial profiling with scientific management of racially disparate arrests. ... racially discriminatory policies became institutionalized and 'baked in' to the fabric of Minnesota life." Government efforts to address these disparities included zoning changes passed in

10710-481: The intersection where Floyd died, now known as George Floyd Square , with the slogan "No justice, no street". Minneapolis gathered ideas for the square and through community engagement promised final proposals for the end of 2024, that could be implemented by 2026 or thereafter. Protesters continued to ask for twenty-four reforms—many now met; a sticking point was ending qualified immunity for police. The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are linked to water,

10836-569: The largest concentration of Indians living in the state. The population of Minneapolis grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718—the only time it has exceeded a half million. The population then declined for decades; after World War II, people moved to the suburbs and generally out of the Midwest. By 1930, Minneapolis had one of the nation's highest literacy rates among Black residents. However, discrimination prevented them from obtaining higher-paying jobs. In 1935, Cecil Newman and

10962-517: The lives of people in the 21st century. The city wrote in a decennial plan that racially discriminatory federal housing policies starting in the 1930s "prevented access to mortgages in areas with Jews, African-Americans and other minorities" and "left a lasting effect on the physical characteristics of the city and the financial well-being of its residents". Discussing a Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis report on how systemic racism compromises education in Minnesota, Professor Keith Mayes says, "So

11088-756: The local banking industry and made Minneapolis a major financial center. The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis serves Minnesota, Montana , North and South Dakota , and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan ; it has the smallest population of the twelve districts in the Federal Reserve System , and it has one branch in Helena, Montana . Minneapolis area employment is primarily in trade, transportation, utilities, education, health services, and professional and business services. Smaller numbers of residents are employed in government, manufacturing, leisure and hospitality, and financial activities. In 2022,

11214-467: The mall was changed to allow bicycles at all times of day where previously bicycles were banned during peak periods. The change to Nicollet Mall allowed the existing bicycle lanes on the Marquette and Second Avenue pair of streets to be removed. Bus traffic on Nicollet Mall was reduced by 35 percent with the move of buses to the Marq2 corridor which improved the experience for pedestrians and sidewalk cafe patrons on Nicollet Mall. The loss of bike facilities in

11340-499: The median income for a Black family was $ 34,377 less than a White family's median income, an improvement of $ 7,000 since 2019. Before 1910, when a developer wrote the first restrictive covenant based on race and ethnicity into a Minneapolis deed, the city was relatively unsegregated with a Black population of less than one percent. Realtors adopted the practice, thousands of times preventing non-Whites from owning or leasing properties; this practice continued for four decades until

11466-653: The mid-1880s the steam trams operating the line became a nuisance downtown, and the company, now Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Railway, responded with several forms of experimental traction along First Avenue. The company collaborated with Charles Van Depoele for trains to be towed by an electric locomotive between Washington Avenue and Sixth Street. There were three tests: one in December 1885 and in January and February 1886, all of which proved to be unsatisfactory. The electric locomotive experienced intense vibrations and other mechanical problems, and current collection

11592-456: The morning rush hour where speeds increased by 74 percent. Ridership in the I-35W south corridor increased by 9 percent between 2009 and 2011 and at least 85 percent of riders rated bus reliability and travel times as good or very good. Around half of riders surveyed said the Marq2 project increased bus speeds and reliability. Buses from I-94 West , I-35W North, I-35W South, and I-394 all fed into

11718-681: The nickname "Mill City". Due to the occupational hazards of milling, six companies manufactured artificial limbs. Disasters struck in the late 19th century: the Eastman tunnel under the river leaked in 1869; twice, fire destroyed the entire row of sawmills on the east bank; an explosion of flour dust at the Washburn A mill killed eighteen people and demolished about half the city's milling capacity; and in 1893, fire spread from Nicollet Island to Boom Island to northeast Minneapolis, destroyed twenty blocks, and killed two people. The lumber industry

11844-580: The pair of lanes eventually overwhelmed the corridor's capacity and hampered operations. With bus stops on each block and only one bus travel lane, many buses would make two stops on each block with one at the beginning and the other at the end of the block. It regularly took buses two stoplight cycles to progress to the next block. Attempts were made to improve the corridor's performance with mixed results that often had their own drawbacks. Some bus routes were scheduled to travel in general-purpose lanes heading south on Second Avenue South, where buses heading south on

11970-401: The paved street is 49 feet (15 m) with 21 feet (6.4 m) dedicated to pedestrian and streetscape uses. Initially the construction design called for a concrete roadway for buses and asphalt for general-purpose traffic in the other direction, but an all concrete roadway surface was close enough in cost that an all concrete roadway was built. The previous road surface was recycled and used as

12096-462: The pedestrian experience, add bikeways, and enhance transit stops. Construction will continue through 2022. Hennepin Avenue south of downtown is a major transit thoroughfare with 400 bus trips and 3,300 rides on the street each weekday. Travel speeds in the corridor for transit were among the slowest in the Twin Cities. In the morning peak, buses accounted for 3% of vehicles in the corridor but moved 49% of people. A three day trial of bus only lanes

12222-704: The plan, and then securing its survival. Ultimately in 2024, the state legislature passed a bill approving the city's 2040 plan. Minneapolis experiences a hot-summer humid continental climate ( Dfa in the Köppen climate classification ) that is typical of southern parts of the Upper Midwest ; it is situated in USDA plant hardiness zone 5a. The Minneapolis area experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, and fog. The highest recorded temperature

12348-588: The plans and provided implementation funds. The city's Neighborhood and Community Relations department took NRP's place in 2011 and is funded only by city revenue. In 2019, the city released the Neighborhoods 2020 program, which reworked neighborhood funding with an equity-focused lens. This reduced guaranteed funding, and several neighborhood organizations have since struggled with operations or merged with other neighborhoods due to decreased revenue. Base funding for every neighborhood organization increased in

12474-511: The population was born abroad , with 53.2 percent of them being naturalized US citizens . Most immigrants arrived from Africa (40.6 percent), Latin America (25.2 percent), and Asia (24.6 percent), with 34.6 percent of all foreign-born residents having arrived in 2010 or earlier. Comparable to the US average of $ 70,784 in 2021, the ACS reported that the 2021 median household income in Minneapolis

12600-418: The power at the falls and encouraged steam for auxiliary power. Charles Alfred Pillsbury and the C. A. Pillsbury Company across the river hired Washburn-Crosby employees and began using the new methods. The hard red spring wheat grown in Minnesota became valuable, and Minnesota "patent" flour was recognized at the time as the best bread flour in the world. In 1900, fourteen percent of America's grain

12726-446: The redesign, 90% of street parking on the corridor would be removed. Some business owners opposed the proposed changes and potential loss of street parking. With 3,600 parking spaces within one block of Hennepin Avenue on side streets or within parking lots, less than 10% of the area's parking is street parking directly on Hennepin Avenue. The proposed design is in line with Minneapolis city policy on Vision Zero , Complete Streets and

12852-432: The removal of 24/7 bus lanes by some city council members moved the bus lane decision to the full city council where it was approved by an 8-5 vote. Mayor Jacob Frey vetoed the decision for 24/7 bus lanes and an attempt by the city council to override the veto failed by 1 vote. A public information request for data surrounding the bus lane decision revealed that public works staff considered dynamic parking lanes to "pose

12978-510: The river's west bank included woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and wood-planing. Minneapolis supplied the materials for farmsteads and settlement of rapidly expanding cities on the prairies that lacked wood. White pine milled in Minneapolis built Miles City, Montana ; Bismarck, North Dakota ; Sioux Falls, South Dakota ; Omaha, Nebraska ; and Wichita, Kansas . Growing use of steam power freed lumbermen and their sawmills from dependence on

13104-901: The river, it divides "Northeast" and "Southeast" street addresses. The Theatre District contains four historic and architecturally significant theaters for live performances: the State Theatre , the Orpheum Theatre , the Pantages Theatre and the Goodale Theater (formerly the Shubert Theatre on North 7th Street). Also, the Hennepin Center for the Arts and the Cowles Center for Dance and

13230-508: The second bus-only lane allows buses to pass each other along the corridor. Bus routes that operate on the corridor stop at every other block at an assigned gate with each route assigned a northbound and southbound gate. Gates are assigned letters A, B, C, or D on Marquette Avenue and E, F, G, and H on Second Avenue. Custom bus shelters are installed at each stop with heaters and real time transit information. The corridor primarily serves express buses operated by all five public transit agencies in

13356-447: The second bus lane increased capacity from about 60 buses per hour to 180 buses per hour. The corridor consolidated around 80 percent of downtown transit service on the two streets. With 14 routes shifted from Nicollet Mall, a total of 67 bus routes would utilize the corridor shortly after opening. Metro Transit as well as the six suburban transit authorities, including Southwest Transit and Minnesota Valley Transit Authority , began using

13482-506: The second half of the 20th century. Between 1958 and 1963, Minneapolis demolished " skid row ". Gone were 35 acres (10 ha) with more than 200 buildings, or roughly 40 percent of downtown, including the Gateway District and its significant architecture such as the Metropolitan Building . Opened in 1967, I-35W displaced Black and Mexican neighborhoods in south Minneapolis. In 1968, relocated Native Americans founded

13608-690: The supply of housing so more neighborhoods would be affordable and to decrease the effects single-family zoning had caused on racial disparities and segregation. The Brookings Institution called it "a relatively rare example of success for the YIMBY agenda". From 2022 until 2024, the Minnesota Supreme Court , the US District Court , and the Minnesota Court of Appeals arrived at competing opinions, first shutting down

13734-446: The traffic congestion and transit. Minneapolis adjusted signal light timing and parking meters to improve conditions for transit. Minnesota Valley Transportation Authority eventually temporarily detoured several bus routes off of the transit only lanes on Marquette to 4th and 3rd Avenues South in an effort to improve travel times. While the first real-time information signs used cellular connections to receive data, upgrades on 36 signs in

13860-828: The trees were no longer looking as healthy as when they were planted. The manufacturer of the cell system conducted a study to see why the trees were struggling and blamed trees planted at an improper depth and tree root girdling as the primary reasons for the decline. Stops along the corridor are organized by gates, with buses stopping every other block at their designated gate. Gates on Marquette Avenue are lettered A, B, C, and D, and gates on Second Avenue are lettered E, F, G, and H. Orange Line buses stop at most C and F gates, which are enhanced with pylon markers, additional security and real-time departures, and off-board fare collection . Bus stops at each gate are 135 feet (41 m) long. Gates are spaced 40 feet (12 m) apart. Custom transit shelters were installed at opening, and sidewalks on

13986-663: The turn of the 21st century, Latinos were the state's largest and fastest-growing immigrant group. Immigrants from Sweden , Norway , and Denmark found common ground with the Republican and Protestant belief systems of the New England migrants who preceded them. Irish , Scots , and English immigrants arrived after the Civil War; Germans and Jews from Central and Eastern Europe , as well as Russia , followed. Minneapolis welcomed Italians and Greeks in

14112-598: The two streets were reconstructed with the goal of using a federal grant to help pay for the changes. Without the federal grant, changes would happen in 2012 at the earliest instead of 2009. The federal government awarded the metropolitan region, as well as four other cities, funds in a program called the Urban Partnership Agreement in 2007. The $ 133 million grant would also fund other transit and roadway improvements like park and ride facilities and toll lanes along I-35W. Almost 30 cities had competed for

14238-436: Was $ 69,397 ($ 78,030 in 2023), It was $ 97,670 for families, $ 123,693 for married couples, and $ 54,083 for non-family households. In 2023, the median Minneapolis rent was $ 1,529, compared to the national median of $ 1,723. Over 92 percent of housing units in Minneapolis were occupied. Housing units in the city built in 1939 or earlier comprised 43.7 percent. Almost 17 percent of residents lived in poverty in 2023, compared to

14364-461: Was a "relatively minor incident" in Minneapolis compared to the loss of life and property in similar incidents in Detroit and Newark. A coalition reached a peaceful outcome but again failed to solve Black poverty and unemployment. In the wake of unrest and voter backlash, Charles Stenvig , a law-and-order candidate, became mayor in 1969, and governed for almost a decade. Disparate events defined

14490-463: Was acquired by a French Catholic congregation. St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887; it opened a missionary school and in 1905 created a Russian Orthodox seminary. Edwin Hawley Hewitt designed St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral and Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church , both of which are located south of downtown. The nearby Basilica of Saint Mary , the first basilica in

14616-468: Was built around forests in northern Minnesota, largely by lumbermen emigrating from Maine 's depleting forests. The region's waterways were used to transport logs well after railroads developed; the Mississippi River carried logs to St. Louis until the early 20th century. In 1871, of the thirteen mills sawing lumber in St. Anthony, eight ran on water power, and five ran on steam power. Auxiliary businesses on

14742-507: Was constructed on an accelerated timeline that took roughly half the time it would typically take. Several techniques to ensure the accelerated construction timeline was successful were used, including early coordination of utility relocation and bonuses for construction contractors. The work on Marquette and Second avenues had a required completion of December 31, 2009, while other portions of the Urban Partnership Agreement project had later deadlines. By removing express buses from Nicollet Mall,

14868-592: Was founded in a Minneapolis garage. Minneapolis-Honeywell built a south Minneapolis campus where their experience regulating control systems earned them military contracts for the Norden bombsight and the C-1 autopilot . In 1957, Control Data began in downtown Minneapolis, where in the CDC 1604 computer they replaced vacuum tubes with transistors . A highly successful business until disbanded in 1990, Control Data opened

14994-774: Was instituted in May 2018. Curb-side parking space was converted to bus-only lanes on portions of the route during rush hour with a northbound lane into downtown during the morning peak and southbound out of downtown in the afternoon peak. Operation on the lane was challenging with only 10-foot wide lanes. Still, during the pilot travel times were reduced by 20% when the bus lanes were in use. The lanes were made permanent with red paint in September 2019. The bus lanes on Hennepin Avenue have reduced delays by up to 36% during typical traffic days and up to 81% on days with heavy congestion or weather events. The future Metro E Line will travel on Hennepin Avenue through south Minneapolis and downtown before branching off into Marcy Holmes after crossing

15120-478: Was leaning towards separating north-south bus traffic onto Nicollet and Marquette until Metro Transit offered to help pay for installing bike lanes on Marquette and Second avenues in exchange for banning bicycles from Nicollet Mall for at least portions of the week. Ultimately bike lanes were installed on Marquette and Second avenues in September 1998, and bicycles were banned from Nicollet Mall on weekdays from 6   a.m. to 6   p.m. The amount of bus traffic on

15246-514: Was milled in Minneapolis and about one third of that was shipped overseas. Overall production peaked at 18.5 million barrels in 1916. Decades of soil exhaustion , stem rust , and changes in freight tariffs combined to quash the city's flour industry. In the 1920s, Washburn-Crosby and Pillsbury developed new milling centers in Buffalo, New York , and Kansas City, Missouri , while maintaining their headquarters in Minneapolis. The falls became

15372-733: Was originally occupied by Dakota bands, particularly the Mdewakanton , until European Americans moved westward. In the 1840s, new settlers arrived from Maine , New Hampshire , and Massachusetts , while French-Canadians came around the same time. Farmers from Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , and Pennsylvania followed in a secondary migration. Settlers from New England had an outsized influence on civic life. Mexican migrant workers began coming to Minnesota as early as 1860, although few stayed year-round. Latinos eventually settled in several neighborhoods in Minneapolis, including Phillips , Whittier , Longfellow and Northeast . Before

15498-580: Was partially inspired by the Portland Transit Mall . Each roadway contains four lanes, two in either direction. Buses travel southbound on Marquette Avenue and northbound on Second Avenue, with general traffic operating the opposite direction in the other lanes. Each stop can accommodate two buses, with there being two stops per block. The inner lane allows buses to pass stopped buses. Marquette and Second avenues are 80 feet (24 m) wide from building width to building width. The total width of

15624-457: Was probably the first European to see the Minneapolis waterfall the Dakota people call Owámniyomni , renamed it the Falls of St. Anthony of Padua for his patron saint. In the space of sixty years, the US seized all of the Dakota land and forced them out of their homeland. Purchasing most of modern-day Minneapolis, Zebulon Pike made the 1805 Treaty of St. Peter with the Dakota. Pike bought

15750-510: Was under French control. Hennepin Avenue is one of the oldest streets in the city and was the first road to cross the Mississippi River, in 1855, when the first Hennepin Avenue suspension bridge was completed. In Downtown Minneapolis , Hennepin Avenue serves as a major entertainment thoroughfare, dubbed the Hennepin Theatre District. It also serves as the dividing line between "North" and "South" street addresses. Across

15876-482: Was unreliable. Van Depoele personally invested $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 847,778 in 2023) to perfect the system. The railway then adopted an experimental soda motor , where steam is generated by the addition of caustic soda to the boiler. These locomotives also proved to be unreliable. In 1887 Minneapolis passed an ordinance requiring the Motor Line to use cable or other source of power within city limits. Van Depoele's efforts had produced reliable electric traction, but

#878121