100-406: Margaret Elizabeth Ellison (born January 31, 1986) is an American film producer , entrepreneur, and daughter of multibillionaire Larry Ellison . She is the founder of Annapurna Pictures , established in 2011. She produced the films Zero Dark Thirty (2012), Her (2013), American Hustle (2013), and Phantom Thread (2017), all of which have earned her Oscar nominations. In 2014, Ellison
200-562: A New York Times Magazine article called "The Boy Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest" by former New York Times executive editor Bill Keller . Amid fierce competition in 2012 among movie studios to produce an Assange biopic, Ellison and Annapurna eventually did not produce the movie, but DreamWorks released The Fifth Estate in 2013. In 2011, Ellison outbid Lionsgate for the rights to the Terminator franchise. Ellison would then make
300-472: A metonymical definition referring to high-tech businesses in the entire Bay Area. The term Silicon Valley is often used as a synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector . The name also became a global synonym for leading high-tech research and enterprises, and thus inspired similarly named locations , as well as research parks and technology centers with comparable structures all around
400-725: A Hawaiian island owned by her father, and remained there as the COVID-19 pandemic forced people to remain isolated. In early 2021, her former chief of distribution Erik Lomis approached Ellison regarding purchasing Nimona , a project about to be cancelled with the closure of its production company Blue Sky Studios . She liked the footage and the film's LGBT elements, and agreed to acquire the project, estabilishing an Annapurna Animation division and hiring studio Digital Negative to complete Nimona , eventually released by Netflix in 2023. In September 2024, Nathan Gary along with around 25 employees of Annapurna - its entire video games unit – left
500-853: A city of only 50,000 people, "the densest concentration of lawyers" in the United States outside of Washington, D.C. By the year 2000, large law firms from all over the world were rushing to establish offices in the mid-Peninsula region on or near Sand Hill Road, and Silicon Valley law firms had become global trendsetters in that they were the first legal services employers to adopt business casual apparel (in imitation of their startup clients). During this era, lawyers evolved from their relatively narrow conventional role as protectors of intellectual property into business advisers, intermediaries, and dealmakers, and thereby acquired great prominence in Silicon Valley. For young entrepreneurs new to
600-451: A company that also deals with film distribution. Also, the cast and film crew often work at different times and places, and certain films even require a second unit . Even after shooting for a film is complete, the producers can still demand that additional scenes be filmed. In the case of a negative test screening , producers may even demand an alternative film ending. For example, when the audience reacted negatively to Rambo 's death in
700-478: A company that plans to take a so-called " Silicon Valley " approach to filmmaking by investing in original, daring movies made by prestigious directors and screenwriters. Believing that risk-averse Hollywood studios have largely abandoned sophisticated dramas, period pieces, and auteur cinema, Annapurna Productions has released Paul Thomas Anderson 's The Master , a period drama about a cult that resembles Scientology , Zero Dark Thirty , an action-thriller about
800-441: A computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals. As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking." In 1969,
900-420: A deal with her brother David Ellison so his Skydance Productions produced Terminator Genisys , where Megan only had an executive producer credit. In 2014, Ellison became the first woman and the fourth person to receive two Academy Award nominations for Best Picture in the same year, which she received for her work on Her and American Hustle . In June 2014, Ellison optioned the screen rights for
1000-561: A general metonym for California's high-tech business sector. The cities of Sunnyvale , Mountain View , Palo Alto and Menlo Park are frequently cited as the birthplace of Silicon Valley. San Jose is Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in California , and the 13th-most populous in the United States . Other major Silicon Valley cities include Santa Clara , Redwood City and Cupertino . The San Jose Metropolitan Area has
1100-599: A major site of United States Navy research and technology. In 1909, Charles Herrold started the first radio station in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in San Jose . Later that year, Stanford University graduate Cyril Elwell purchased the U.S. patents for Poulsen arc radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in Palo Alto . Over
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#17327902649651200-504: A multi-segment film or television production. A field producer helps the producer by overseeing all of the production outside the studio in specific film locations. Considered executive employees in regard to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 in the United States, producers represent the management team of production and are charged by the studios to enforce the provisions of the union contracts negotiated by
1300-494: A result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita, although the venture capital ecosystem has grown more geographically decentralized over time. The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States. The unemployment rate of the region
1400-585: A single-person household was $ 14,891. Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley. Among those, the following are in the Fortune 1000 : Additional notable companies headquartered in Silicon Valley (some of which are defunct, subsumed, or relocated) include: Silicon Valley has a population of 3.1 million as of 2020. A 1999 study by AnnaLee Saxenian for the Public Policy Institute of California reported that
1500-605: A table while a deal was being discussed?" Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of 15.7% women compared with 20.9% in the S&;P 100. The 2012 lawsuit Pao v. Kleiner Perkins was filed in San Francisco County Superior Court by executive Ellen Pao for gender discrimination against her employer, Kleiner Perkins . The case went to trial in February 2015. On March 27, 2015,
1600-462: A third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since 1980 were run by Chinese (17 percent) or Indian descent CEOs (7 percent). There is a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including tens of thousands of "single-digit millionaires". This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley. In November 2006,
1700-499: A top-producing school is one of the most efficient ways a student can gain industry credibility. While education is one way to begin a career as a film producer, experience is also usually required to land a job. Internships are a way to gain experience while in school and give students a foundation to build a career. Many internships are paid, which enables students to earn money while gaining hands-on skills from industry professionals. Through internships, students can network within
1800-423: Is a person who oversees film production . Either employed by a production company or working independently , producers plan and coordinate various aspects of film production, such as selecting the script , coordinating writing, directing, editing, and arranging financing. The producer is responsible for finding and selecting promising material for development. Unless the film is based on an existing script,
1900-608: Is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering. He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like Bill Gates , Steve Jobs , and Mark Zuckerberg —are men. As of October 2014, some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women. Bloomberg reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended
2000-437: Is becoming more and more common to split this role into two for creative projects. These are the executive producer and the showrunner. A showrunner, in this context, is the most senior creative, working on writing and producing their vision; they are effectively the same as the producer; overseeing, arranging, managing, and beginning every aspect of production. Whereas the executive producer focuses more on budgeting and predicting
2100-602: Is of Jewish and Italian descent. She has a brother, film producer David Ellison , who founded Skydance Media . Ellison graduated from Sacred Heart Preparatory in 2004 and attended film school at the University of Southern California for one year. Ellison was given her first film credit in 2005 as a boom operator for the short film When All Else Fails , a thriller written and directed by her brother David Ellison . Ellison then began to finance low-budget movies such as Waking Madison and Passion Play . The success of
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#17327902649652200-585: The Peninsula Times Tribune described a Palo Alto company that "helps production people in Silicon Valley." However, the term did not gain widespread use until the early 1980s, at the time of the introduction of the IBM PC and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market. The urbanized area is built upon an alluvial plain within a longitudinal valley formed by roughly parallel earthquake faults. The area between
2300-655: The Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP) with the below-the-line employees. Founded in 1924 by the U.S. Trade Association as the Association of Motion Picture Producers, the AMPTP was initially responsible for negotiating labor contracts. Still, during the mid-1930s, it took over all contract negotiation responsibilities previously controlled by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Today,
2400-497: The Coen Brothers ' True Grit in 2010, on which she worked as an executive producer , brought her attention and credibility and launched her career as a producer. Ellison started out in the film business in 2006 when she contacted Katherine Brooks , the writer and director of Loving Annabelle , about investing in the filmmaker's next movie. The duo made plans for Waking Madison , starring Elisabeth Shue , which told
2500-512: The East Coast of the United States . From the 1890s, Stanford University's leaders saw its mission as service to the (American) West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient local industry. Thus regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of
2600-639: The Intel 8080 , the second 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel . On April 23, 1963, J. C. R. Licklider , the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon 's ARPA issued an office memorandum addressed to Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network . It rescheduled a meeting in Palo Alto regarding his vision of
2700-584: The MITS Altair microcomputer, the first unit sent to the area for review by People's Computer Company . Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original Apple I and (successor) Apple II computers. As a result, the first preview of the Apple I was given at the Homebrew Computer Club. Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at
2800-544: The Shockley diode ), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form Fairchild Semiconductor ; Shockley referred to them as the " traitorous eight ". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore , would go on to found Intel . Following
2900-624: The Stanford Industrial Park (later Stanford Research Park ). Terman invited only high-technology companies. The first tenant was Varian Associates , founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military-radar components. Terman also found venture capital for civilian-technology start-ups. Hewlett-Packard became one of the major success-stories. Founded in 1939 in Packard's garage by Stanford graduates Bill Hewlett and David Packard , Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into
3000-565: The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center . Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and Internet services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, software , and user interfaces. Using money from NASA , the US Air Force , and ARPA , Douglas Engelbart invented
3100-547: The Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), operated one of the four original nodes that comprised ARPANET , predecessor to the Internet . By the early 1970s, there were many semiconductor companies in the area, computer firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. Growth during this era
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3200-710: The University of California, Davis released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state. The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8% of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs. This was the lowest percentage in the state. (San Francisco County had 19.2% and Marin County had 18.5%.) Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men. This
3300-617: The mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s and 1970s while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), first publicly demonstrated in 1968 in what is now known as The Mother of All Demos . Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI was also involved in launching the ARPANET (precursor to the Internet ) and starting the Network Information Center (now InterNIC ). Xerox hired some of Engelbart's best researchers beginning in
3400-401: The venture capital investment in the United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and startup ecosystem for high-tech innovation, although the tech ecosystem has recently become more geographically dispersed. It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based integrated circuit , the microprocessor , and the microcomputer , among other technologies, were developed. As of 2021 ,
3500-608: The "preprofit" stage. Prior to 1970, most Northern California lawyers were based in San Francisco, especially the experienced patent attorneys whom the high-tech industry needed to protect its intellectual property. During the 1970s, lawyers began to follow venture capitalists down the Peninsula to serve the booming high-tech industry in Silicon Valley. As of 1999, there were 2,400 lawyers practicing law in Palo Alto,
3600-399: The 1959 inventions of the monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip by Robert Noyce at Fairchild, the first commercial MOS IC was introduced by General Microelectronics in 1964. The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004 , designed and realized by Federico Faggin along with Ted Hoff , Masatoshi Shima and Stanley Mazor at Intel in 1971. In April 1974, Intel released
3700-508: The 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley. San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents. Silicon Valley is also home to a significant number of " Unicorn " ventures, referring to startup companies whose valuation has exceeded $ 1 billion dollars . A world-renowned technology hub, San Francisco Bay Area has
3800-681: The 20th annual Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts. The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech. As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups. After UC Davis published its Study of California Women Business Leaders in November 2006, some San Jose Mercury News readers dismissed
3900-472: The AMPTP has been responsible for negotiating these union agreements and is now considered the official contract negotiation representative for everyone within the film and television industry. While individual producers are responsible for negotiating deals with the studios distributing their films, the Producers Guild of America offers guidance to protect and promote the interests of producers and
4000-662: The AMPTP negotiates with various industry associations when dealing with union contracts, including the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), the Directors Guild of America (DGA), and the Screen Actors Guild - American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA). In 2012, the AMPTP negotiated over eighty industry-wide union agreements on behalf of 350 studios and independent production companies. Since 1982,
4100-587: The Stanford Research Park shortly after 1953. In 1954 Stanford originated the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the university on a part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal-computer manufacturer in
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4200-511: The United States. A 2023 report found that the aggregate household wealth of Silicon Valley (including ultra-high net worth individuals ) was nearly $ 1.1 trillion, and less than 1% of the Valley's population held 36% of the wealth. Conversely, as of 2021, 23% of Silicon Valley residents were living below the poverty line . However, the meaning of the term "poverty" is dependent upon context; in Silicon Valley, it means something different because of
4300-548: The Valley's mysterious ways, their lawyer often served as their first coach, mentor, teacher, friend, and cheerleader who helped connect them to the Valley's startup ecosystem. As of 2022, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area had the highest average wage for lawyers in the United States, at $ 267,840. The Homebrew Computer Club was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, circuits , and information pertaining to DIY construction of computing devices. It
4400-575: The area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to San Diego , the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, forerunner of NASA ) took over portions of Moffett Field for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms, such as Lockheed , which
4500-424: The area's high-tech firms. Frederick Terman , as Stanford University's dean of the school of engineering from 1946, encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. In 1951 Terman spearheaded the formation of Stanford Industrial Park (now Stanford Research Park , an area surrounding Page Mill Road , south west of El Camino Real and extending beyond Foothill Expressway to Arastradero Road), where
4600-563: The average annual salary for a producer in the U.S. is listed as $ 70,180 per year, with an estimated range from $ 43,000 to $ 150,000. When examining more than 15,000 producers in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the average annual salary is $ 138,640. Producers can also have an agreement to take a percentage of a movie's sales. There is no average workday for film producers since their tasks change from day to day. A producer's work hours are often irregular and can consist of long days with
4700-414: The basis for many electronic developments for decades. Both Frederick Terman and William Shockley are often called "the father of Silicon Valley". Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that silicon was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as
4800-548: The basis of its growth and success. The United States was more friendly than other countries to business investment, charging much lower taxes on capital gains since the Revenue Act of 1921 , and featuring particularly loose free market controls over new business. In 1953, the Small Business Administration was created to foster startups , giving a boost to entrepreneurs. Northern California
4900-467: The chemicals used in the manufacture of integrated circuits . Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part well compensated. Silicon Valley has a severe housing shortage , caused by the market imbalance between jobs created and housing units built: from 2010 to 2015, many more jobs have been created than housing units built. (400,000 jobs, 60,000 housing units) This shortage has driven home prices extremely high, far out of
5000-688: The company after Ellison withdrew from negotiations over spinning off its gaming division as an independent firm. Ellison is openly lesbian . She owns a number of motorcycles. Additionally, she is a competitive equestrian, having trained at the Wild Turkey Farm in Woodside, California and riding in the North American Young Rider Championships in 2004. Producer Executive producer Annapurna Pictures Awards Film producer A film producer
5100-428: The creative process of screenplay development and often aids in script rewrites. They can also fulfill the executive producer's role of overseeing other producers. Within the production process, a producer can oversee, arrange, manage, and begin every aspect of production. They are typically involved in every stage of the overall production process. A co-producer is a member of a team of producers that perform all of
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#17327902649655200-667: The diversity hire. He described being isolated from his team, and constantly having to prove he could do the job he was hired for. In 2014, tech companies Google , Yahoo! , Facebook , Apple , and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns. In May, Google said 17% of its tech employees worldwide were women, and, in the U.S., 1% of its tech workers were black and 2% were Hispanic/Latino . June 2014 brought reports from Yahoo! and Facebook. Yahoo! said that 15% of its tech jobs were held by women, 2% of its tech employees were black and 4% Hispanic. Facebook reported that 15% of its tech workforce
5300-510: The early 1970s. In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) played a pivotal role in object-oriented programming, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Ethernet , PostScript , and laser printers . While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to 3Com and Adobe Systems , and indirectly to Cisco , Apple Computer , and Microsoft . Apple's Macintosh GUI
5400-606: The end of 2010. After that, Ellison received access to much larger sums of money from her father for the production of more movies and partnered with Michael Benaroya to produce and cofinance the thriller Catch .44 starring Bruce Willis and Forest Whitaker , and John Hillcoat 's Prohibition -era crime drama, Lawless . Around that same time, she began to collaborate with the Creative Artists Agency 's film finance group headed by Roeg Sutherland and Micah Green. She has since founded Annapurna Pictures ,
5500-426: The entire project remains on track. They are also usually in charge of managing the film's finances and all other business aspects. On a television series an executive producer is often a writer and given credit in a creative capacity. In a feature film or movie, the executive producer is often the person directly funding the project or is directly responsible for bringing in investors for funding. In television, it
5600-476: The faults subsided into a graben or dropped valley. Hoefler defined Silicon Valley as the urbanized parts of "the San Francisco Peninsula and Santa Clara Valley". Before the expansive growth of the tech industry, the region had been the largest fruit-producing and packing region in the world up through the 1960s, with 39 fruit canneries. The nickname it had been known as during that period
5700-464: The film industry, which is an important way to make necessary industry connections. Once an internship is over, the next step will typically be to land a junior position, such as a production assistant . Pay can vary based on the producer's role and the filming location. In the United States, the salary can start between $ 20,000 and $ 70,000, even doubling when working in Los Angeles. As of 2022,
5800-454: The film is to be based on an original script, the producer must find an appropriate screenwriter . If an existing script is considered flawed, the producer can order a new version or decide to hire a script doctor . The producer also gives final approval when hiring the film director , cast members, and other staff. In some cases, producers also have the last word when it comes to casting questions. A producer will also approve locations,
5900-400: The film, as well as other key crew members. Whereas the director makes the creative decisions during the production, the producer typically manages logistics and business operations, though some directors also produce their own films. The producer must ensure the film is delivered on time and within budget, and in the later stages before release, will oversee the marketing and distribution of
6000-409: The film. Producers cannot always supervise all of the production. In this case, the primary producer or executive producer may hire and delegate work to associate producers, assistant producers, line producers , or unit production managers . During this stage of the production process, producers bring together people like the film director , cinematographer , and production designer . Unless
6100-455: The first journalist to use the term in a news story. His article "Silicon Valley U.S.A." was published in the January 11, 1971, issue of the weekly trade newspaper Electronic News . In preparation for this report, during a lunch meeting with marketing people who were visiting the area, he heard them use the term. Earlier uses outside journalism exist; for example, a May 1970 advertisement in
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#17327902649656200-459: The first quarter of 2023. More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, and several car manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its entrepreneurial ecosystem . Manufacture of transistors was for a long time the core industry in Silicon Valley. The workforce was for the most part composed of Asian and Latino immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to
6300-461: The functions and roles that a single producer would in a given project. A coordinating producer coordinates the work/role of multiple producers trying to achieve a shared result. The associate or assistant producer helps the producer during the production process. They can sometimes be involved in coordinating others' jobs, such as creating peoples' schedules and hiring the main talent. A segment producer produces one or more specific segments of
6400-485: The high cost of living to the success of the industries in this region. Although, this rift between high and low salaries is driving many residents out who can no longer afford to live there. In the Bay Area , the number of residents planning to leave within the next several years has had an increase of 35% since 2016, from 34% to 46%. The wealth inequality in Silicon Valley is more pronounced than in any other region of
6500-611: The industry attempted to recover lost time due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The unions supporting the report make up over 20 million television, film, and arts workers worldwide. Many producers begin in a college, university, or film school . Film schools and many universities offer courses covering film production knowledge, with some courses specially designed for future film producers. These courses focus on key topics like pitching, script development , script assessment, shooting schedule design, and budgeting. Students can also expect practical training on post-production. Training at
6600-641: The jury found in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts. Nevertheless, the case, which had wide press coverage, resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees. Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter. A 2017 study showed that white males made up the majority of higher positions, with 58.7% holding executive positions and 46.5% being managers. The second highest position holders were Asian men, with 16.3% having executive positions and 17.9% being managers. African/Black and Hispanic/Latino people had
6700-599: The killing of Osama bin Laden from writer Mark Boal and director Kathryn Bigelow , Spike Jonze 's Her , and David O. Russell 's American Hustle . It was named for the Annapurna Circuit she hiked in Nepal in 2006. Annapurna is backed by Ellison's billionaire father. In 2011 and 2012, it was reported that Ellison was working with Boal on developing a movie about WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange based on
6800-408: The largest concentration of high-tech companies in the United States, at 387,000 high-tech jobs, of which Silicon Valley accounts for 225,300 high-tech jobs. Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary in the United States at $ 144,800. Largely
6900-534: The lowest percentages in all categories. Harvard Business Review published an article in 2018 discussing diversity and inclusion and gave statistics on black employees along with advice to future black technicians. LeRon L. Barton, a black man who spent over two decades in Tech, gave an insight on his work experiences. He said he saw no one who looked like him in his profession and said he received many comments that he believed disregarded his skill such as being called
7000-779: The memoir A House in the Sky , which tells the story of Amanda Lindhout and her capture by Somali rebels in 2011. Several executives, including two-year president Mark Weinstock, left Annapurna in 2018. Also in 2014, Ellison was included as part of The Advocate ' s annual "40 Under 40" list. In 2018, Ellison won the Woman in Motion Award at Cannes Music Festival. After a series of underperforming productions, in 2019 Ellison had grown secluded from Hollywood, leaving Annapurna to be mostly run by Nathan Gary, who led Annapurna Interactive before being promoted to president. She left to Lanai ,
7100-655: The next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the Navy in 1912. In 1933, Air Base Sunnyvale , California, was commissioned by the United States Government for use as a Naval Air Station (NAS) to house the airship USS Macon in Hangar One . The station was renamed NAS Moffett Field , and between 1933 and 1947, U.S. Navy blimps were based there. A number of technology firms had set up shop in
7200-474: The origins of Silicon Valley firms, including via investments from Fairchild 's eight co-founders. The key investors in Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital were from the same group, directly leading to Tech Crunch 2014 estimate of 92 public firms of 130 related listed firms then worth over US$ 2.1 trillion with over 2,000 firms traced back to them. Another important pillar of the Valley's success
7300-753: The possibility of working nights and weekends. Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that is a global center for high technology and innovation . Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area , it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the Santa Clara Valley . The term "Silicon Valley" refers to the area in which high-tech business has proliferated in Northern California, and it also serves as
7400-440: The possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley's leadership gender gap the highest in the state. A January 2015 issue of Newsweek magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley. The article's author, Nina Burleigh , asked, "Where were all these offended people when women like Heidi Roizen published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her hand in his pants under
7500-528: The predecessor to Craigslist began operations. Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the dot-com bubble , which started in the mid-1990s and collapsed after the NASDAQ stock market began to decline dramatically in April 2000. During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, Sand Hill Road was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in
7600-407: The producer hires a screenwriter and oversees the script's development . These activities culminate with the pitch , led by the producer, to secure the financial backing that enables production to begin. If all succeeds, the project is " greenlit ". The producer supervises the pre-production , principal photography and post-production stages of filmmaking . A producer hires a director for
7700-500: The production team in film, television, and new media, offering the framework to provide health insurance and pension benefits, and assists in establishing safe working conditions and vetting the validity of screen credits. In December 2021, global unions filed a report titled Demanding Dignity Behind the Scenes to attempt to end the "long hours culture" of the television and film industry, citing in part that abuses increased in 2021 as
7800-554: The range of production workers. As of 2016 a two-bedroom apartment rented for about $ 2,500 while the median home price was about $ 1 million. The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region. Homelessness is a problem with housing beyond the reach of middle-income residents; there is little shelter space other than in San Jose which, as of 2015, was making an effort to develop shelters by renovating old hotels. The Economist also attributes
7900-542: The region employed about a half million information technology workers. As more high-tech companies were established across San Jose and the Santa Clara Valley, and then north towards the Bay Area's two other major cities, San Francisco and Oakland , the term "Silicon Valley" came to have two definitions: a narrower geographic one, referring to Santa Clara County and southeastern San Mateo County , and
8000-499: The region's severe housing shortage and high housing prices. As of 2023, the low-income poverty threshold set by the California Department of Housing and Community Development for single-person households in the counties of San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin was $ 104,400, followed by $ 96,000 for the county of Santa Clara. In contrast, the 2023 national low-income poverty threshold set by the U.S. Census Bureau for
8100-559: The story of a woman who tries to cure her multiple personality disorder by locking herself in a room without food for 30 days. Ellison financed the film that was reported to have a budget of $ 2 million. Principal photography took place in 2007. It screened at the Newport Beach Film Festival in 2011 and went straight to DVD in July of that year. Ellison provided some financing for more movies in 2008 and 2009. The first
8200-558: The studio hire, the final shooting script , the production schedule , and the budget. Spending more time and money in pre-production can reduce budget waste and delays during the production stage. During production, the producer's job is to ensure the film remains on schedule and under budget. To this end, they must remain in constant contact with directors and other key creative team members. Producers cannot always personally supervise all parts of their production but will instead delegate tasks as needed. For example, some producers run
8300-400: The test screening of the film First Blood , the producers requested a new ending be filmed. Producers also oversee the film's sales, marketing, and distribution rights, often working with third-party specialist firms. Different types of producers and their roles within the industry today include: An executive producer oversees all other producers under a specific project and ensures that
8400-577: The third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after Zürich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ), according to the Brookings Institution . As of June 2021, it also had the highest percentage of homes valued at $ 1 million or more in the United States. Silicon Valley is home to many of the world's largest high-tech corporations , including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the Fortune 1000 , and thousands of startup companies . Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of
8500-616: The university leased portions of its land to high-tech firms. Terman nurtured companies like Hewlett-Packard , Varian Associates , Eastman Kodak , General Electric , Lockheed Corporation , and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford University campus. In 1951, to address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment-opportunities for graduating students, Frederick Terman proposed leasing Stanford's lands for use as an office park named
8600-527: The views of the higher authorities in the wider company; trying to ground the showrunner's vision to tangible limits. A co-executive producer is someone whose input is considered as valuable as that of the executive producer, despite having a junior or unofficial role. A line producer manages the staff and the day-to-day operations and oversees each physical aspect involved in making a film or television program. The line producer can be credited as "produced by" in certain cases. A supervising producer supervises
8700-420: The world, and the booming economy resulted in severe traffic congestion . The PayPal Mafia is sometimes credited with inspiring the re-emergence of consumer-focused Internet companies after the dot-com bust of 2001. After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 The Wall Street Journal story found that 12 of
8800-524: The world, and transformed the home-printing market when it released the first thermal drop-on-demand ink-jet printer in 1984. Other early tenants included Eastman Kodak , General Electric , and Lockheed . In 1956, William Shockley , the co-inventor of the first working transistor (with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain ), moved from New Jersey to Mountain View, California , to start Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory to live closer to his ailing mother in Palo Alto . Shockley's work served as
8900-407: The world. Many headquarters of tech companies in Silicon Valley have become hotspots for tourism . "Silicon" refers to the chemical element used in silicon -based transistors and integrated circuit chips, which is the focus of a large number of computer hardware and software innovators and manufacturers in the region. The popularization of the name is often credited to Don Hoefler ,
9000-570: Was Main Street starring Colin Firth. It received little attention at film festivals and failed to gain general release. Passion Play , also made in 2009, got a release but fared poorly at the box office despite a well-known cast of popular actors. However, her investment in the Coen brothers western remake True Grit paid off as that movie found major commercial and critical success when released at
9100-539: Was Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), founded in 1983 by a group of former Bank of America executives. Before its 2023 collapse , SVB specialized in providing banking services to Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and their startup firms. SVB's original primary commercial lending product was a working capital line of credit , secured by a startup's accounts receivable . In contrast to traditional banks, who focused their commercial lending on already-established businesses, SVB specialized in lending money to small startup companies in
9200-433: Was "the Valley of Heart’s Delight". Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors, including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital , permissive government regulation, and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending. Stanford University ’s leadership was especially important in the valley's early development. Together these elements formed
9300-434: Was 9.4% in January 2009 and has decreased to a record low of 2.7% as of August 2019. But in April 2020, when unemployment was at its peak, it stood at 13.7% and has since fallen to 5.7% in July 2021. Silicon Valley received 41% of all U.S. venture investment in 2011, and 46% in 2012. During the period from 2019 to 2021, Silicon Valley's share of U.S. venture capital investment dropped to 35.9%, but had surged back to 41% as of
9400-632: Was even more welcoming, with a group of venture capitalists actively seeking high-tech business ideas, clustered on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park and Palo Alto . California 's civil code undermined the usual non-compete clauses that effectively tied employees to their companies in other states, allowing California workers to freely apply the knowledge they gained from their previous employer. This gave Silicon Valley an advantage over other American tech hubs such as Massachusetts Route 128 curving around Boston . The San Francisco Bay Area had long been
9500-679: Was female, and 3% was Hispanic and 1% was black. In August 2014, Apple reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians. Soon after, USA Today published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it is largely white or Asian, and male. "Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms." Civil rights activist Jesse Jackson said of improving diversity in
9600-464: Was fueled by the emergence of venture capital on Sand Hill Road , beginning with Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $ 1.3 billion IPO of Apple Computer in December 1980. Since the 1980s, Silicon Valley has been home to the largest concentration of venture capital firms in the world. In 1971, Don Hoefler traced
9700-524: Was included in the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world. She also received a Tony Award for Best Musical as a producer for the musical A Strange Loop . Megan Ellison was born in Santa Clara County , California , the daughter of Oracle Corporation co-founder and chairman, multibillionaire Larry Ellison , and his ex-wife, Barbara Boothe Ellison. Her father
9800-504: Was largely a result of Steve Jobs ' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel. Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over Stanford University 's Ethernet campus network . Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s. In 1995, commercial use of the Internet grew substantially and the initial wave of internet startups, Amazon.com , eBay , and
9900-486: Was started by Gordon French and Fred Moore who met at the Community Computer Center in Menlo Park . They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone. The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French's garage in Menlo Park , San Mateo County, California ; which was on occasion of the arrival of
10000-409: Was the area's largest employer from the 1950s into 1980s. Stanford University , its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of the culture of collaboration among high-tech companies. A powerful sense of regional solidarity shaped the outlook of inventors and engineers in California; contrasting markedly from the insular and competitive environment of engineering firms on
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