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31-642: The Merehani was a Slavic tribe mentioned by the Bavarian Geographer . They are often connected to the Moravians ( Marhari ), although some scholars believe that the tribe was separate. The 9th-century Catalogue of Fortresses and Regions to the North of the Danube  – which lists the peoples along the borders of East Francia in a north-to-south order – mentions that

62-726: Is largely geographic in nature, and its understanding of Eastern European geography is limited, so it may be a case of cosmography . The document has a short introductory sentence and a list of 58 tribal names in Central and Eastern Europe , east of the Elbe and north of the Danube to the Volga River to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea (most of them of Slavonic origin, with Ruzzi , and others such as Vulgarii , etc.). Absent on

93-501: The Bavarian Geographer (generally dated to the mid-9th century) attests that Lendizi habent civitates XCVIII , that is, that the "Lendizi" had 98 gords , or settlements. The Lendians are mentioned, among others, by De administrando imperio (c. 959, as Λενζανηνοί), by Josippon (c. 953, as Lz’njn ), by the Primary Chronicle (c. 981, as ляхи), by Ali al-Masudi (c. 940, as Landzaneh ). They are also identified to

124-540: The Licicaviki from the 10th-century chronicle Res gestae saxonicae sive annalium libri tres by Widukind of Corvey , who recorded that Mieszko I of Poland (960–992) ruled over the Sclavi tribe. The same name is additionally considered to be related to the oral tradition of Michael of Zahumlje from DAI that his family originates from the unbaptized inhabitants of the river Vistula called as Litziki , and

155-515: The Proto-Slavic and Old Polish word "lęda", meaning "field". In modern Polish , the word "ląd" means "land". The Lędzianie tribe's name comes from their use of slash-and-burn agriculture, which involved cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields. Accordingly, in this meaning Lendians were woodland-burning farmers, or "inhabitants of fields". Several European nations source their ethnonym for Poles, and hence Poland, from

186-747: The Bohemian sphere of influence. Cosmas of Prague relates that the land of Kraków was controlled by the Přemyslids of Bohemia until 999. His report is buttressed by the foundation charter of the Archdiocese of Prague (1086), which traces the eastern border of the archdiocese, as established in 973, along the Bug and Styr (or Stryi ) rivers. Abraham ben Jacob , who travelled in Eastern Europe in 965, remarks that Boleslaus II of Bohemia ruled

217-488: The Bulgars added these Slavs to their societas (they are last mentioned in 853). Est populus quem vocant Merehanos, ipsi habent civitates XXX. Iste sunt regiones, que terminant in finibus nostris. Bavarian Geographer The name "Bavarian Geographer" was first bestowed (in its French form, " Géographe de Bavière ") in 1796 by Polish count and scholar Jan Potocki . The term is now also used at times to refer to

248-850: The Lendians had access to some waterways leading to the Dnieper , e.g., the Styr River . According to Nestor the Chronicler and his account in Primary Chronicle , the Lendians ( Lyakhs ) inhabited the Cherven Cities , when in 981 they were conqured by Vladimir the Great . Based on Constantine's and Nestor's report, Gerard Labuda concludes that the Lendians occupied the area between the Upper Bug , Styr, and Upper Dniestr rivers in

279-522: The Lendians was incorporated into the Great Moravian state. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of Central Europe around 899, the Lendians submitted to their authority (Masudi). In the first half of the 10th century, they alongside Krivichs and other Slavic people paid tribute to Igor I of Kiev (DAI). From the mid-950s onward, the Lendians were politically anchored in

310-763: The Lendians, White Croats and probably some other peoples shared this vast territory along the border of modern-day Ukraine and Poland. According to Mykhailo Kuchynko, archaeological sources conclude that Prykarpattian region of Western Ukraine was not settled by West Slavic Lendians but East Slavic Croats, while the elements of material culture in early medieval sites alongside Upper San River in present-day Subcarpathian Voivodeship in Southeastern Poland show they belonged to East Slavic ethno-tribal affiliation. The early medieval sites near Dukla Pass , and villages Trzcinica and Przeczyca indicate that West Slavic material tradition started only at river Wisłoka ,

341-717: The Moravians or Marharii had 11 fortresses or civitates . The document locates the Marhari between the Bohemians and the Bulgars , and also makes mention of the Merehani and their 30 fortresses. According to Havlík, who writes that Conversion is a consolidated version of notes made by several authors in different years, the Moravians are twice mentioned in the text: first as Marhari , and next as Merehani . He says, that

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372-755: The Polish sphere of influence in 1018, when Bolesław I of Poland took the Cherven Cities on his way to Kiev . Yaroslav I the Grand Prince of Rus' reconquered the borderland in 1031. Around the year 1069, the region again returned to Poland, after Bolesław II the Generous retook the area and the city of Przemyśl , making it his temporary residence. Then in 1085, the region became a principality under Rus', and it remained part of Kievan Rus' and its successor state of Halych-Volhynia until 1340 when it

403-539: The Wise after 1031 and colonization of their lands by Ruthenians fleeing west during Mongol assaults on Ruthenia during reign of Danylo of Halych . Constantine VII reports that in the year 944 Lendians were tributaries to the Kievan Rus' and that their monoxylae sailed under prince Wlodzislav downstream to Kiev to take part in the naval expeditions against Byzantium . This may be taken as an indication that

434-426: The area between Sandomierz and Lublin. Janusz Kotlarczyk considered that Red Ruthenia extended over a vast territory between Carpathian Mountains and Przemyśl on the south (inhabited by White Croats) and Volhinia on the north (partly inhabited by Lendians). Alexander Nazarenko considers that uncertainty of extant 10th-century descriptions of the upper Dniester and Bug River region makes it plausible to infer that

465-510: The country "stretching from the city of Prague to the city of Kraków". In the 970s, it is assumed that Mieszko I of Poland took over the region: the Primary Chronicle infers this when reporting that Volodymyr the Great conquered the Cherven Cities from the Lyakhs in 981: "Volodymyr marched upon the Lyakhs and took their cities: Peremyshl ( Przemyśl ), Cherven ( Czermno ), and other towns". Historian Leontii Voitovych speculates that if

496-571: The document is disputed. Although early commentators suggested that it could have been compiled in Regensburg , the list seems to have been taken from Codex Reginbertinus II , recorded in the 9th century in the library of the Reichenau Abbey and named after a local librarian. Based on these findings, Bernhard Bischoff attributes it to a monk active at Reichenau from the 830s to 850s. Aleksandr Nazarenko finds it more probable that

527-2697: The document itself. It was the first Latin source to claim that all Slavs have originated from the same homeland, called the Zeriuani . Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii . Isti sunt qui propinquiores resident finibus Danaorum, quos vocant Nortabtrezi , ubi regio, in qua sunt civitates LIII per duces suos partite. Uuilci , in qua civitates XCV et regiones IIII. Linaa est populus, qui habet civitates VII. Prope illis resident, quos vocant Bethenici et Smeldingon et Morizani, qui habent civitates XI. Iuxta illos sunt, qui vocantur Hehfeldi , qui habent civitates VIII. Iuxta illos est regio, que vocatur Surbi , in qua regione plures sunt, que habent civitates L. Iuxta illos sunt quos vocant Talaminzi, qui habent civitates XIII. Beheimare , in qua sunt civitates XV. Marharii habent civitates XL. Uulgarii regio est inmensa et populus multus habens civitates V, eo quod mutitudo magna ex eis sit et non sit eis opus civitates habere. Est populus quem vocant Merehanos , ipsi habent civitates XXX. Iste sunt regiones, que terminant in finibus nostris. Isti sunt, qui iuxta istorum fines resident. Osterabtrezi, in qua civitates plus quam C sunt. Miloxi, in qua civitates LXVII. Phesnuzi habent civitates LXX. Thadesi plus quam CC urbes habent. Glopeani , in qua civitates CCCC aut eo amplius. Zuireani habent civitates CCCXXV. Busani habent civitates CCXXXI. Sittici regio inmensa populis et urbibus munitissimis. Stadici, in qua civitates DXVI populousque infinitus. Sebbirozi habent civitates XC. Unlizi populus multus civitates CCCCXVIII. Neriuani habent civitates LXXVIII. Attorozi habent civitates CXLVIII, populus ferocissimus. Eptaradici habent civitates CCLXIII. Uuilerozi habent civitates CLXXX. Zabrozi habent civitates CCXII. Znetalici habent civitates LXXIIII. Aturezani habent civitates CIIII. Chozirozi habent civitates CCL. Lendizi habent civitates XCVIII. Thafnezi habent civitates CCLVII. Zeriuani , quod tantum est regnum, ut ex eo cuncte genetes Sclauorum exorte sint et originem, sicut affirmant, ducant. Prissani civitates LXX. Uelunzani civitates LXX. Bruzi plus est undique quam de Enisa ad Rhenum Uuizunbeire Caziri civitates C. Ruzzi. Forsderen. Liudi. Fresiti. Serauici. Lucolane. Ungare . Uuislane . Sleenzane civitates XV. Lunsizi civitates XXX. Dadosesani civitates XX. Milzane civitates XXX. Besunzane civitates II. Uerizane civitates X. Fraganeo civitates XL. Lupiglaa civitates XXX. Opolini civitates XX. Golensizi civitates V. The short document, written in Latin ,

558-597: The east and the Wisłoka river in the west. This would indicate that through their land crossed an important route that connected Prague , Kraków , Kiev and the Khazars . Polish historians Wojciech Kętrzyński , Stefan Maria Kuczyński , Janusz Kotlarczyk, and Jerzy Nalepa, among others, generally locate the Lendians in Upper San and Upper Dniester. Krzysztof Fokt advanced a viewpoint which claims that Lendians inhabited

589-597: The first list are mentioned: In the second list are mentioned: Lendizi The Lendians ( Polish : Lędzianie ) were a Lechitic tribe who lived in the area of East Lesser Poland and Cherven Cities between the 7th and 11th centuries. Since they were documented primarily by foreign authors whose knowledge of Central and East Europe geography was often vague, they were recorded by different names, which include Lendzanenoi , Lendzaninoi , Lz’njn , Lachy , Lyakhs , Landzaneh , Lendizi , Licicaviki and Litziki . The name "Lędzianie" (*lęd-jan-inъ) derives from

620-545: The lands were under control of the Duchy of Poland then the Kievan Rus' conquest would have been an open call for war between the principalities with an inevitable long struggle, but such a thing did not happen according to Voitovych, possibly indicating in Voitovych's view that the lands and its population weren't Polish, but an independent political-tribal union with some vassalage to Bohemia. The region again fell under

651-464: The list are Polans , Pomeranians and Masovians , tribes first of whom are believed to have settled along the shores of the Warta river during the 8th century, as well Dulebes , Volhynians and White Croats , but instead mentioning several unknown tribes hard to identify. There is also some information about the number of strongholds ( Latin : civitates ) possessed by some of the tribes, however

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682-482: The list was composed in the 870s, when Saint Methodius is believed to have resided at Reichenau. The document may have been connected with his missions in the Slavic lands. Henryk Łowmiański demonstrated that the list consists of two parts, which may be datable to different periods and attributed to distinct authors. In modern times, some scholars attribute the information from this document to be limited, because it

713-445: The map Josippon (Jewish chronicler), 890–953) – Lz’njn Constantine VII (912–959) – Lendzanenoi , Lendzaninoi , Litziki Al-Masudi (Arabian chronicler, c. 940) – Landzaneh Widukind of Corvey (Saxon chronicler, 10th century) – Licicaviki Nestor the Chronicler (Kievan Rus' chronicler, 11th century under the date of 981) – Lachy Kinamos (Byzantine chronicler, 11th century) – Lechoi In Latin historiography

744-542: The name of Lendians: Lithuanians ( lenkai , Lenkija ) and Hungarians ( Lengyelország ). Gerard Labuda notes that the Rus' originally called a specific tribal group settled around the Vistula river as the Lendians and only later in the 11th and 12th century started to apply the name of the tribe to the entire populace of the " Piast realm " because of their common language. Bavarian Geographer (843) – Lendizi – (33) on

775-487: The number in several instances seems exaggerated. The list consists of two parts, first describing the tribes in the Eastern neighborhood of Francia ( iste sunt regiones ... nostris ), while the second or near or outside the zone of the first going in different directions. The tribes can be geographically grouped into Danubian, Silesian-Lusatian, Baltic, and Eastern Vistulan-Caspian. According to Łowmiański (1958), in

806-515: The recount by Thomas the Archdeacon in his Historia Salonitana (13th century), where seven or eight tribes of nobles, who he called Lingones , arrived from Poland and settled in Croatia under Totila 's leadership. The West Slavs (Lendians and Vistulans ) moved into the area of present-day south-eastern Poland, during the early 6th century AD. Around 833, the region inhabited by

837-565: The reference to the Marhari and their 11 fortresses was made between 817 and 843, and the note of the Merehani shows the actual state under Svatopluk I. In contrast with Havlík, Steinhübel together with Třeštík and Vlasto identify the Merehani with the inhabitants of the Principality of Nitra . A third view is presented by Püspöki-Nagy and Senga, who write that the reference to the Merehanii  – who obviously inhabited

868-710: The southern regions of the Great Hungarian Plains to the north of the Danube, but south of the territories dominated by the Bulgars ;– and their 30 fortresses shows the existence of another "Moravia" in Central Europe. According to Komatina, they lived in the valleys of present-day Morava river basin in Serbia , and were still unconquered by the Bulgarians. However, after 845,

899-477: The whole of Western Ukraine (partly shared by D. E. Alimov ), moving White Croats much further to the East in the direction of Vyatichi . Henryk Łowmiański argued that the Lendians lived between Sandomierz and Lublin , and that with Vistulans even were tribal groups of White Croats . Leontii Voitovych also argues that the Lendians lived east of Vistulans and south of Mazovians , more specifically, in

930-603: Was discovered in 1772 in the Bavarian State Library , Munich by Louis XV 's ambassador to the Saxon court, Comte Louis-Gabriel Du Buat-Nançay . It had been acquired by the Wittelsbachs with the collection of the antiquarian Hermann Schädel (1410–85) in 1571. The document was much discussed in the early 19th-century historiography, notably by Nikolai Karamzin and Joachim Lelewel . The provenance of

961-477: Was once again taken over by Kingdom of Poland under Casimir III of Poland . It is presumed that most of the Lendians were assimilated by the East Slavs , with a small portion remaining tied to West Slavs and Poland. The most important factors contributing to their fate were linguistic and ethnic similarity, influence of Kievan Rus' and Orthodox Christianity , deportations to central Ukraine by Yaroslav I

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