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105-606: Ethno-linguistic groups classified as Micronesian include the Carolinians ( Northern Mariana Islands ), Chamorros ( Guam & Northern Mariana Islands ), Chuukese , Mortlockese , Namonuito , Paafang , Puluwat and Pollapese ( Chuuk ), I-Kiribati ( Kiribati ), Kosraeans ( Kosrae ), Marshallese ( Marshall Islands ), Nauruans ( Nauru ), Palauan , Sonsorolese , and Hatohobei ( Palau ), Pohnpeians , Pingelapese , Ngatikese , Mwokilese ( Pohnpei ), and Yapese , Ulithian , Woleian , Satawalese ( Yap ). Based on

210-730: A Micronesian ethnic group who originated in Oceania, in the Caroline Islands , with a total population of over 8,500 people in the Northern Mariana Islands . They are also known as Remathau in the Yap's outer islands. Refaluwasch means "People of the Deep Sea." It is thought that their ancestors may have originally immigrated from Asia and Melanesia to Micronesia around 2,000 years ago. Their primary language

315-488: A bangkito / tokdowan , po-ok (small box for storage of rice and wine), clay pots, and sokong (carved bowl). Their baskets are made of woven rattan , bamboo or anes , and come in various shapes and sizes. The Kankana-eys have three main weapons, the bolo ( gamig ), the axe ( wasay ) and the spear ( balbeg ), which they previously used to kill with but now serve practical purposes in their livelihood. They also developed tools for more efficient ways of doing their work like

420-465: A bamboo-wood guitar ( agaldang ). There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. The socio-cultural changes are largely due to a combination of factors which include the change in the local government system when the Spaniards came, the introduction of Christianity, the education system that widened the perspective of

525-460: A cultural region, as they have much more in common with each other in cultural practices and social organization than with other neighboring societies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. The Micronesian cultures evolved from a common foundation and share a common dominator in the relationship and dependence they have with their ancestral lands. The ancestral land influenced

630-483: A dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). They finish off the burial ritual with dedeg (song of the dead), and then, the sons and grandsons carry the body to its resting place. The funeral ritual of the Southern Kankana-eys lasts up to ten days, when the family honors their dead by chanting dirges and vigils and sacrificing a pig for each day of the vigil. Five days after

735-576: A history stretching back over 3000 years. The Carolinian people had contact with the Chamorro people for years. They had a long history of traveling from the Caroline Islands to what is now Guam . "Pre-contact" Carolinian-designed pestles, hooks for fishing, and rings made out of shells found on the ground and beneath it show contact between the two groups. They built canoes that would have a small roof. The roof only went over less than half of

840-780: A large sub-family called the Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages containing 11 languages. The Yapese language is a separate branch of the Oceanic languages, outside of the Micronesian branch. Two Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken that do not belong to the Oceanic languages : Chamorro in the Mariana Islands and Palauan in Palau . Micronesian navigation techniques are those navigation skills used for thousands of years by

945-515: A least one occasion the Carolinians and Chamorros helping people who escaped a shipwreck. This was the shipwreck of a German ship called T. H. Dennis. He gave gold crosses and awards. During the 1890s there was a court case concerning a Carolinian man named Ygajaran. He disappeared sometime in 1893 or before that. He was a defendant. This case not only involved court(s) in Marianas but also

1050-456: A linguistic group. H. Otley Beyer believed they originated from a migrating group from Asia who landed on the coasts of Pangasinan before moving to Cordillera. Beyer's theory has since been discredited, and Felix Keesing speculated the people were simply evading the Spanish. Their smallest social unit is the sinba-ey , which includes the father, mother, and children. The sinba-eys make up

1155-413: A long process for courtship and marriage which starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. Next is the sabangan , when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family. The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers firewood to the man’s father. The parents then talk about the terms of the marriage, including the bride price to be paid by

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1260-506: A ship called banca to travel. In 1865 265 Carolinians were transferred from the Carolines by Englishman George Johnston. He moved them to Pagan. In 1868 a powerful typhoon hit Arabwal causing massive damage. However, due to the high island resources the community and village were able to recover from it. In 1876 the Carolinians and Chamorros (700) and 300 Europeans had an issue with droughts which prevented them from growing food. This

1365-525: A simple political life, with the Dap-ay / abong being the center of all political, religious, and socials activities, with each dap-ay experiencing a certain degree of autonomy. The council of elders, known as the Amam-a , are a group of old, married men expert in custom law and lead in the decision-making for the village. They worship ancestors ( anitos ) and nature spirits. The Southern Kankanaey are one of

1470-404: A time that they move to their own separate home. The Southern Kankana-eys have different types of houses among which are binang-iyan (box-like compartment on 4 posts 5 feet high), apa or inalpa (a temporary shelter smaller than bingang-iyan ), inalteb (has a gabled roof and shorter eaves allowing for the installation of windows and other opening at the side), allao (a temporary built in

1575-775: A woven blanket for an upper garment and sometimes a headband, usually colored red like the wanes . The women, on the other hand, wear a tapis , a skirt wrapped around to cover from the waist to the knees held together by a belt ( bagket ) or tucked in the upper edges usually color white with occasional dark blue color. As adornments, both men and women wear bead leglets, copper or shell earrings, and beads of copper coin. They also sport tattoos which serve as body ornaments and "garments". Southern Kankana-eys are economically involved in hunting and foraging (their chief livelihood), wet rice and swidden farming, fishing, animal domestication, trade, mining, weaving and pottery in their day-to-day activities to meet their needs. The leadership structure

1680-528: Is Carolinian , called Refaluwasch by native speakers, which has a total of about 5,700 speakers. The Refaluwasch have a matriarchal society in which respect is a very important factor in their daily lives, especially toward the matriarchs . Most Refaluwasch are of the Roman Catholic faith. The immigration of Refaluwasch to Saipan began in the early 19th century, after the Spanish reduced

1785-406: Is Carolinian , called Refaluwasch by native speakers, which has a total of about 5,700 speakers. The Refaluwasch have a matriarchal society in which respect is a very important factor in their daily lives, especially toward the matriarchs . Most Refaluwasch are of the Roman Catholic faith. The immigration of Refaluwasch to Saipan began in the early 19th century, after the Spanish reduced

1890-630: Is a Carolinian name. This name was used by a man named Clemente Saralu Taisacan who was a Carolinian fisherman of Rota. This was the maiden name of his Carolinian mother. In the 1950s and going back to Spanish era in certain cases used Spanish names. During this time and before it the people had three names. This may still be the case today in the 2020s. They had a Spanish Christian name for the individual. The parents decide what name to give them. The second name will be Carolinian. The parents or another relative that's older will decide this name. The third name will be surname also Carolinian. Children are given

1995-506: Is also known as Hatohobei or Tobi. It is closely related to Sonsorolese . The Tobians share a cultural heritage that shows close ties with peoples of the central Caroline Islands , more than 1000 km to the northeast and on the other side of Palau. The Yapese people are a Micronesian ethnic group that number around 15,000. They are native to the main island of Yap and speak the Yapese language . Fifteen distinct languages are spoken by

2100-786: Is an estimated 6,000 people of Banaban descent in Fiji and other countries. The Banabans spoke the Banaban language , which has gone extinct due to a shift to the Gilbertese language, introduced by Christian missionaries that translated the Bible into Gilbertese and encouraged the Banabans to read it. Today, only a few words remain of the original Banaban language. Today, the Banabans speak the Banaban dialect of Gilbertese, which includes words from

2205-504: Is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. The village elders ( lallakay / dakay or amam-a ) who act as arbiters and jurors have the duty to settlements between conflicting members of the community, facilitate discussion among the villagers concerning the welfare of the community and lead in the observance of rituals. They also practice trial by ordeal . Native priests ( mansip-ok , manbunong , and mankotom ) supervise rituals, read omens, heal

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2310-497: Is the center of their farming practices, although breadfruit has a symbolic importance. The Pohnpeians or Ponapeans are the indigenous people of Pohnpei . They number around 28,000. They speak the Pohnpeian language . Pohnpeian historic society was highly structured into five tribes, various clans and sub-clans; each tribe headed by two principal chiefs. The tribes were organized on a feudal basis. In theory, "all land belonged to

2415-1280: Is the modern word for pattong . There are also some other dances that the Kankanaeys dance, such as the sakkuting , pinanyuan (wedding dance) and bogi-bogi (courtship dance). Kankanaey houses are built like the other Igorot houses, which reflect their social status. Wet rice agriculture is the main economic activity of the Northern Kankanaey with some fields toiled twice a year while other only once due to too much water or no water at all. There are two varieties of rice called topeng which are planted in June and July and harvested in November and December, and ginolot which are planted in November and December and harvested in June and July. Northern kankana-eys also farm camote. Camote delicacies include (1) makimpit which are dried camotes, (2) boko which are camote sliced into thin pieces that could be steamed (sinalopsop) or cooked as in and sweetened with sugar (inab-abos-sang). These are good substitutes for rice that could be sliced into thin pieces and added to rice before cooking (kineykey) mixing

2520-527: The wanes may vary according to social status or municipality. The Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw , pattong and balangbang . The Tayaw is a community dance that is usually performed at weddings; it may be also danced by the Ibaloi people but has a different style. Pattong is also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style. Balangbang

2625-608: The Cordillera known as the Igorot people . The Kankanaey live in western Mountain Province , northern Benguet , northeastern La Union and southeastern Ilocos Sur . The Kankanaey of the western Mountain Province are sometimes identified as Applai or Aplai. Because of the differences in culture from the Kankanaey of Benguet, the "Applai" have been accredited as a separate tribe. Few Kankanaey can be found in some areas in of

2730-614: The Federated States of Micronesia . The Sonsorolese are linguistically related to the Tobians. Most Sonsorolese live in the village of Echang near Koror , where they moved for economic reasons. The Sonsorolese are both linguistically and culturally most closely related to Carolinians. Ethnographic information about them was left by Jose Somera , a member of the Don Francisco Padilla expedition who discovered

2835-666: The Gilbert Islands , Marshall Islands , eastern and central Caroline Islands , Sonsorol , Pulo Anna , Merir and Tobi . The migrants from the east belonged to the Lapita culture and settled eastern Micronesia over the course of several hundreds of years from perhaps the Santa Cruz Islands , around 500-100 BC. In the following centuries, the Oceanic language variant brought by the Lapita migrants diverged and became

2940-611: The Micronesian branch of the Oceanic languages. John Lynch tentatively proposes a relationship between the Micronesian languages and the Loyalty Islands languages of Melanesia, but with the caveat "that this is something that could well be further investigated, even if only to confirm that Micronesian languages did not originate in the Loyalties." Yap was settled separately approximately 2000 years ago, as its language

3045-518: The alap managed the clan and the rijerbal (worker) were commoners that worked the land. The three social classes treated each other well and with mutual respect. The Nauruans are an ethnicity inhabiting the Pacific island of Nauru . They are most likely a blend of other Pacific peoples . The origin of the Nauruan people has not yet been finally determined. It can possibly be explained by

3150-460: The baknang and the abiteg and all have equal access to resources such as the copper and gold mines. Contrary to popular belief, the Southern Kankana-eys do not worship idols and images. The carved images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. They believe in the existence of deities, the highest among which is Adikaila of the Skyworld whom they believe created all things. Next in

3255-554: The crab claw sail ), which enabled their rapid dispersal into the islands of the Indo-Pacific . From 2000 BCE the Austronesians assimilated (or were assimilated by) the earlier populations on the islands in their migration pathway. This intermingling occurred in the northern coast of New Guinea and adjacent islands, which was the location where the Oceanic language family developed around four thousand years or so ago, after

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3360-445: The dap-ay / ebgan which is the ward. Their society is divided into two classes: the kadangyan (rich), who are the leaders and who inherit their power through lineage or intermarriage, and the kado (poor). They practice bilateral kinship . The Northern Kankana-eys believe in many supernatural beliefs and omens, and in gods and spirits like the anito (soul of the dead) and nature spirits. They also have various rituals, such as

3465-524: The sagad (harrow), alado ( plow dragged by carabao ), sinowan , plus sanggap and kagitgit for digging. They also possess Chinese jars ( gosi ) and copper gongs ( gangsa ). For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces ), camote/ sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn /swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry. They have

3570-526: The Austronesian languages of this area grew distinct and became a separate branch of the Austronesian family. Migrants entered Micronesia from the east and the west. Migrants from the west came from the Philippines and Indonesia , and settled the Marianas around 3500 years ago, after which Palau was settled around 3000 years ago. Migrants from the east came from eastern Melanesia and settled

3675-582: The Carolinian partner or children. This was the same for Chamorro people. Carolinians were peaceful towards the Germans. The population measurement in 1901 for these individuals are 772. The last population count the Germans did in 1914 recorded 1,109 of them. Carolinians didn't own land during this time unlike the Chamorros living here. In Guam the people were made to adopt Western ways because of

3780-548: The Carolinian people. During this time the people built a boat called Waa (canoe). This is a boat built for the sea. They were for transporting cargo and passengers over long distances. Reports of Spanish-Chamorro wars via Chamorro refugees discouraged Carolinians from traveling to the Mariana Islands. These wars were going on during the 1600s. They didn't travel there until Carolinian navigator Luito came to Guam in 1778. Carolinian sailors became very knowledgeable of

3885-461: The Japanese called kanakas . These villages were controlled by sosoncho and soncho . A sosoncho is a general village chieftain. A soncho is a village chieftain. These chieftains didn't always have position under the traditional tribal patterns. While the Japanese controlled these islands they used these people as laborers for mining and handling phosphate ore. One of the mines

3990-638: The Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan , were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians . They might even reflect a better genetic match to the original Austronesian mariners than the aboriginal Taiwanese , as the latter were influenced by more recent migrations to Taiwan, whereas the Kankanaey are thought to have remained an isolated relict population. The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao , western Mountain province, and constitute

4095-415: The Kankanaey people. Hanging coffins are one of the funerary practices among the Kankanaey people of Sagada, Mountain Province . They have not been studied by archaeologists, so the exact age of the coffins is unknown, though they are believed to be centuries old. The coffins are placed underneath natural overhangs, either on natural rock shelves/crevices or on projecting beams slotted into holes dug into

4200-615: The Kankanaey. In intonation, there is a hard- (Applai) and soft-speaking Kankanaeys. Speakers of hard Kankanaey are from Sagada, Besao and the surrounding parts or barrios of the said municipalities. They speak Kankanaey with hard intonation and they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. The soft-speaking Kankanaeys come from Northern and some parts of Benguet and from the municipalities of Sabangan , Tadian and Bauko in Mountain Province. In words, for example, an Applai might say otik or beteg (pig) and

4305-520: The Mariana Islands. Later in the 19th century they attended to Carolinian migrants who came to these islands. The two islands were destroyed by typhoon. Refaluwasch were starving during this time. Chief Nguschul (pronounced NGU-SHOO-L ) of Elato along with Chief Aghurubw (Pronounced A-GA-RU-B ) of Satawal led the people to the NMI. The people traveled in 120 canoes. The boats were filled with an estimated 900 people. They landed at Micro Beach. They set up

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4410-555: The Mariana Islands. The study also supports the Admiralty Islands as the source of the Central Micronesian peoples and languages. The Micronesian peoples can be divided into two cultural groups, the high-islanders and the low-islanders . The Palauans, Chamorros, Yapese, Chuukese, Pohnpeians, Kosraeans, Nauruans and Banabans belong to the high-islander group. The inhabitants of the low islands ( atolls ) are

4515-464: The Marianas islands and learned that the northern islands were mostly empty of people. In Guam, Carolinians came to Talofofo Bay in 1788. They were on a voyage. The reason why they stopped there was because they wanted iron. This kind of trade had not occurred in over a hundred years in Guam since the military conflicts between Spanish and Chamorros. Guam became popular with Carolinians not only because of

4620-833: The Marshallese and the Kiribati, whose culture is distinct from the high-islanders. Low-islanders had better navigation and canoe technology, as a means of survival. High-islanders had access to reliable and abundant resources and did not need to travel much outside of their islands. High islands also possessed larger populations. Archeological evidence has revealed that some of the Bonin Islands were prehistorically inhabited by members of an unknown Micronesian ethnicity. Raobeia Ken Sigrah claims that Banabans, native to Banaba , are ethnically distinct from other I-Kiribati. The Banabans were assimilated through forced migrations and

4725-622: The Micronesians. The largest group of languages spoken by the Micronesians are the Micronesian languages . They belong to the family of Oceanic languages , part of the Austronesian language group. They descended from the Proto-Oceanic language, which in turn descended via Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from Proto-Austronesian . The languages in the Micronesian family are Marshallese , Gilbertese , Kosraean , Nauruan , as well as

4830-433: The Micronesians. There is no single belief system in the islands of Micronesia, as each island region has its own mythological beings . Traditional beliefs declined and changed with the arrival of Europeans, which occurred increasingly after the 1520s. In addition, the contact with European cultures led to changes in local myths and legends. Carolinian people The Carolinian people (endonym: Refaluwasch ) are

4935-516: The Philippines such as the Kankanaey and the Amis and Atayal of Taiwan . The first wave of First Remote Oceanian lineage settled the Mariana Islands around 2800 BCE. A second separate wave settled Palau around 2400 BCE. A third separate wave settled Central Micronesia around 2100 BCE. The peoples of Central Micronesia and Palau have a degree of Papuan ancestry, but this is absent from the peoples of

5040-622: The Philippines. Spain sold the Northern Mariana Islands to Germany in 1899, after losing Guam to the United States in 1898. This area became known as the German Northern Marianas. This was the shortest period a country controlled this area. They didn't change the culture of the Carolinians a lot but did bring in new ways of schooling, bureaucracy, architecture, and administration. The legal system

5145-706: The Philippines. They form a minority in the Visayas, especially in Cebu , Iloilo and Negros provinces . They can also be found as a minority in Mindanao , particularly in the provinces of Sultan Kudarat in Soccsksargen and Lanao del Norte in Northern Mindanao . The 2010 Philippines census counted 362,833 self-identifying Kankanaey and 67,763 self-identifying Applai. Recent DNA studies show that

5250-422: The U.S. Naval Administration. One example of this was banning nudity. In Guam the first American governor was Richard P. Leary (1899–1900). He issued an order where Carolinian women in Guam weren't allowed to be naked when ever he visited. This was done away with by Governor William E. Sewell (1903–1904). The men were not allowed to be naked either. Many went to Saipan to avoid doing this. The constant nudity of

5355-512: The U.S. military. They served in the U.S. Marines. On Saipan some Refaluwasch families were under an American military government. Some of them were in Camp Susupe . They were in a Chamorro-Carolinian area of the Camp. Kankanaey people The Kankanaey people are an indigenous peoples of northern Luzon , Philippines . They are part of the collective group of indigenous peoples in

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5460-699: The United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia. The Chamorro are commonly believed to have come from Southeast Asia at around 2000 BC . They are most closely related to other Austronesian natives to the west in the Philippines and Taiwan , as well as the Carolines to the south. The Chamorro language is included in the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian family. Because Guam

5565-434: The arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. A 700 to 900-year-old Kankanaey mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. The tattoo patterns are often also carved on the coffins containing the mummies. Tattooing survived up until the mid-20th century, until modernization and conversion to Christianity finally made tattooing traditions extinct among

5670-445: The burial of the dead, those who participated in the burial take a bath in a river together, butcher a chicken, then offer a prayer to the soul of the dead. Ancient tattoos can be found among mummified remains of various Cordilleran peoples in cave and hanging coffin burials in northern Luzon, with the oldest surviving examples of which going back to the 13th century. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering

5775-422: The canoe. The sides could be different colors. The boat could fit over 9 adults in it. Centuries ago they used sea-lanes based on memorized information from the prior generation. Before colonial times a system called sawei was practiced. The word sawei means Yapese chief, conqueror, tyrant. This involved the Carolinians gathering once every two or three years in Yap. This system may have existed before

5880-444: The chief means of livelihood is hunting and foraging. Wild animal meat such as deer, boar, civet cats and lizards are salted and dried under the sun to preserve it. Wild roots, honey and fruits are also gathered to supplement diet. Just like their northern counterparts, there are also two varieties of rice namely kintoman and saranay or bayag. The kintoman, just as mentioned earlier, is more popularly known as red rice due to its color. On

5985-431: The chiefs, who received regular tribute and whose rule was absolute." Punishments administered by chiefs included death and banishment. Tribal wars included looting, destruction of houses and canoes and killing of prisoners. The Sonsorolese are Micronesian people, that inhabit the islands of Pulo Anna , Merir and Sonsorol in the island nation of Palau . A small proportion live in both the Northern Mariana Islands and

6090-422: The cliff-side. The coffins are small because the bodies inside the coffins are in a fetal position. This is due to the belief that people should leave the world in the same position as they entered it, a tradition common throughout the various pre-colonial cultures of the Philippines. The coffins are usually carved by their eventual occupants during their lifetimes. Despite their popularity, hanging coffins are not

6195-494: The community. Authority was based on age, and Micronesians were taught to respect and hold their elders in high regard, which they would express by being silent in the presence of their elders. The elders would mediate and resolve conflicts. Most Micronesian peoples lacked musical instruments, and thus produced music only by song and chants. Important men would have songs composed about their abilities or deeds, by wives or partners. These songs could live on even after death and give

6300-527: The current scientific consensus, the Micronesians are considered, by linguistic, archaeological, and human genetic evidence, to be a subset of the sea-migrating Austronesian people , who include the Polynesians and the Melanesians . Austronesians were the first people to invent oceangoing sailing technologies (notably double-hulled sailing canoes , outrigger boats , lashed-lug boat building , and

6405-447: The deceased as well as the cause of death. All of these burial customs require specific pre-interment rituals known as the sangadil . The Kankanaey believe that interring the dead in caves or cliffs ensures that their spirits ( anito ) can roam around and continue to protect the living. The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of

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6510-401: The end of the celebration. The married couple cannot separate once a child is born, and adultery is forbidden in their society as it is believed to bring misfortune and illness upon the adulterer. The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang , binang-iyan , tinokbob and the elevated tinabla . Other buildings include

6615-475: The ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordillera. They live in the mountainous regions of Mountain Province and Benguet , more specifically in the municipalities of Tadian , Bauko , Sabangan , Bakun , Kibungan , Buguias and Mankayan .They are predominantly a nuclear family type ( sinbe-ey , buma-ey , or sinpangabong ), which are either patri-local or matri-local due to their bilateral kinship , composed of

6720-430: The fields), at-ato or dap-ay (a clubhouse or dormitory for men, with a long, low gable-roofed structure with only a single door for entrance and exit), and ebgang or olog (equivalent to the at-ato , but for women). Men traditionally wear a loincloth ( wanes ) around the waist and between the legs which is tightened at the back. Both ends hang loose at the front and back to provide additional cover. Men also wear

6825-522: The first Carolinian settlement on what is now CNMI in 1815. After coming to Saipan they built a village called Arabwal. They tried to live like they did on the islands they left. They also kept up yearly links with their home islands. Right now this area is in American Memorial Park. This was not the only village built. The other one Ppiyal Oolang. This area is where Nguschul and his group settled. The villages' sites were chosen because of

6930-404: The granary ( agamang ), male clubhouse ( dap-ay or abong ), and female dormitory ( ebgan ). Their men wear rectangular woven cloths wrapped around their waist to cover the buttocks and the groin ( wanes ). The women wear native woven skirts ( pingay or tapis ) that cover their lower body from waist to knees and is held by a thick belt ( bagket ). Their household is sparsely furnished with only

7035-461: The heavy impact of the discovery of phosphate in 1900 . After 1945, the British authorities relocated most of the population to Rabi Island , Fiji , with subsequent waves of emigration in 1977, and from 1981 to 1983. Some Banabans subsequently returned, following the end of mining in 1979; approximately 300 were living on the island in 2001. The population of Banaba in the 2010 census was 295. There

7140-657: The hierarchy is the Kabunyan , who are the gods and goddesses of the Skyworld, including their teachers Lumawig and Kabigat . They also believe in the spirits of ancestors ( ap-apo or kakkading ), and the earth spirits they call anito . They are very superstitious and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and calamities. Some of these rituals are pedit (to bring good luck to newlyweds), pasang (cure sterility and sleeping sickness, particularly drowsiness) and pakde (cleanse community from death-causing evil spirits). The Southern Kankana-eys have

7245-462: The husband, wife and their children. The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich ( baknang ) and the poor ( abiteg or kodo ). The baknang are the primary landowners to whom the abiteg render their services to. The Mankayan Kankana-eys, however, has no clear distinction between

7350-402: The indigenous people of Kosrae . They speak the Kosraean language . They number around 8,400 as of 2013. The Marshallese people ( Marshallese : kajoor ri-Ṃajeḷ , laḷ ri-Ṃajeḷ ) are the indigenous inhabitants of the Marshall Islands . They numbered 70,000 as of 2013. Marshallese society was organized into three social classes; the iroji was the chief or landowner that headed several clans,

7455-425: The individuals of the community, and the encounters with different people and ways of life through trade and commerce. Like most ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordillera Administrative Region . The Kankanaey differ in the way they dress. The soft-speaking Kankanaey women's dress has a color combination of black, white and red. The design of

7560-596: The iron but also because of copper and other resources. In the 19th century the Refaluwasch moved from Elato and Satawal islands in the East and West part of the Carolinian islands to what is now Northern Mariana Islands. Before this event a religious order already in place in the Mariana Islands. During the 18th century a Catholic order called the Augustinian Recollects was given missionary work in

7665-423: The island to either help or harm the living. A natural death would produce a benevolent ghost while an unnatural death would produce a malovent ghost. Other spirits were associated with places, natural objects, special crafts and activities. Various professions would make chants and offerings to their patron spirits, which they believed would control the outcome of their efforts. Micronesians believed that all sickness

7770-610: The islands in 1710. According to him, their clothing consisted of an apron, cloak and conical hat, and was similar to that described by Paul Klein in 1696 among the Carolinians. Tobian is a Micronesian language spoken in the Hatohobei (Tobi) and Koror states in Palau by about 150 people. In particular it is spoken on the island of Tobi (Torovei) in Hatohobei State, and also on Koro Island in Koror State. Tobian

7875-705: The last Malayo-Pacific human migration ( c.  1200 ). It was probably seafaring or shipwrecked Polynesians or Melanesians that established themselves in Nauru because there was not already an indigenous people present, whereas the Micronesians were already crossed with the Melanesians in this area. The Palauans or Belauans ( Palauan : Belau , ngukokl a Belau ) — are the indigenous people of Palau . They numbered around 26,600 as of 2013. Palauans are not noted for being great long-distance voyagers and navigators when compared to other Micronesian peoples. The taro

7980-479: The local population of Chamorro natives to just 3,700. They began to immigrate mostly sailing from small canoes from other islands, which a typhoon previously devastated. The Refaluwasch have a much darker complexion than the native Chamorros . The Chamorro people are the indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands , which are politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and

8085-401: The local population of Chamorro natives to just 3,700. They began to immigrate mostly sailing from small canoes from other islands, which a typhoon previously had devastated. Being indigenous to a more southern archipelago than The Marianas , they generally have a darker complexion than the native Chamorros . The Refaluwasch are Durums mixt and have the same lineages with Remathau on

8190-427: The main funerary practice of the Kankanaey. It is reserved only for distinguished or honorable leaders of the community. They must have performed acts of merit, made wise decisions, and led traditional rituals during their lifetimes. The height at which their coffins are placed reflects their social status. Most people interred in hanging coffins are the most prominent members of the amam-a , the council of male elders in

8295-540: The man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the man’s father’s field with a female friend. They then undergo the preliminary marriage ritual ( pasya ) and exchange food. Then comes the marriage celebration itself ( dawak / bayas )inclusive of the segep (which means to enter ), pakde (sacrifice), betbet (butchering of pig for omens), playog / kolay (marriage ceremony proper), tebyag (merrymaking), mensupot (gift giving), sekat di tawid (giving of inheritance), and buka / inga ,

8400-450: The man’s family. On the day of the marriage, the relatives of both parties offer gifts to the couple, and a pig is butchered to have its bile inspected for omens which would show if they should go on with the wedding. The wedding day for the Southern Kankana-eys is an occasion for merrymaking and usually lasts until the next day. Though married, the bride and groom are not allowed to consummate their marriage and must remain separated until such

8505-605: The men a heroic status. The traditional religions of Micronesia were extremely heterogeneous. However, very little is known about most of them, as the islands were evangelized very early (from the 16th to 18th centuries) so that the indigenous religions could only survive on a few islands. However, some important manifestations of religious practice and thought can be identified for the entire Micronesian cultural space: The traditional Micronesian religions emphasized ancestor worship and embraced spirits and ghosts. After death, one's spirit would either pass on to an afterworld or stay on

8610-460: The men were expected to defend and protect their family. They were very protective of their clan, lineage identity and property. Backing down from a fight is not seen as manly. The Kiribati people, also known as I-Kiribati , Tungaru , or Gilbertese , are the indigenous people of Kiribati . They speak the Gilbertese language . They numbered 103,000 as of 2008. The Kosraeans or Kusaieans are

8715-418: The navigators who voyaged between the islands of Micronesia in the open Pacific Ocean . These voyagers used wayfinding techniques such as the navigation by the stars, and observations of birds, ocean swells, and wind patterns, and relied on a large body of knowledge from oral tradition. Weriyeng is one of the last two schools of traditional navigation found in the central Caroline Islands in Micronesia,

8820-492: The old Banaban language. The Refaluwasch people are a Micronesian ethnic group who originated in Oceania, in the Caroline Islands , with a total population of over 8,500 people in northern Mariana . They are also known as Remathau in the Yap's outer islands. The Carolinian word means "People of the Deep Sea." It is thought that their ancestors may have originally immigrated from Asia , Indonesia , Melanesia and to Micronesia around 2,000 years ago. Their primary language

8925-429: The only Carolinians that continued to come to Marianas. More continued to come here in the 100s as well as other areas such as Guam and Tinian. The Spanish allowed them to keep their culture. During the mid-1800s Carolinians moved to Tamuning due to an 1849 typhoon which devastated their land. During this time they took over inter-island travel during the latter half of the 18th century and 19th century. They used

9030-412: The other being Fanur . Micronesian culture is very diverse across island atolls and influenced by the surrounding cultures. In the east one finds a more Polynesian culture with social classes (nobility, commoners and slaves) and in the west a more Melanesian-Indonesian influenced culture led by tribal chiefs without nobility, with the Marianas being an exception. Nonetheless, the Micronesians form

9135-407: The other hand, saranay is whitish and small grained. The usual types of fish caught are eel (dagit or igat) and small river fishes as well as crabs and other crustaceans. Pigs, chickens, dogs and cattle are domesticated as additional sources of food. Dog meat is considered as a delicacy and pigs and chickens are used mainly for ceremonial activities. A blood sausage known as pinuneg is eaten by

9240-504: The outer islands of Yap. Some of the people on the islands are Chamolinians, who are a mixture of Chamorro and Carolinian heritage. The Refaluwasch in the CNMI have a high rate of macrosomia which is where the infant is born abnormally large. Carolinians are also known as Repaghuluwósch. Another name that they called themselves in their own language was Falawasch in the 1800s. They may have used this name beyond this century. Saralu

9345-452: The people bothered the second American governor Seaton Schroeder (1900–1903) so much that he decided to move them off the island. They were sent to CNMI through an agreement with the Germans who controlled those islands. They wanted additional laborers. Japan took over the Mariana Islands in 1914. They were able to keep it due to the Treaty of Versailles. The Carolinians had villages which

9450-402: The rituals for courtship and marriage and death and burial. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing ( day-eng ), or serenading her using an awiding (harp), panpipe ( diw-as ), or a nose flute ( kalelleng ). If the parents agree to their marriage, they exchange work for a day ( dok-ong and ob-obbo ), i.e.

9555-475: The sandy beaches and swamp like sites. The sites also enabled made it easy for them to access the ocean through reef passages. They were also chosen because it was fronted by a long sheltered lagoon. The swampy areas east of the beach was useful for taro cultivation. The people wanted to remake the best things of their lives back at their home islands. A group of Carolinians came from Lamotrek and another came from Tametam not long after and joined them. These were not

9660-466: The sick, and remember genealogies. Gold and copper mining is abundant in Mankayan. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone ( gai-dan ). The gold is separated using a water trough ( sabak and dayasan ), then melted into gold cakes. Musical instruments include the tubular drum ( solibao ), brass or copper gongs ( gangsa ), Jew's harp ( piwpiw ), nose flute ( kalaleng ), and

9765-433: The social organization, family structures, the economy, shared food and common work. The Micronesian family is formed from four equally important components, the household, the nuclear family, the extended family, and a lineage. The family and the community would cooperate with fishing, farming, raising children and passing knowledge to the next generations. Individuals and families would conform their behavior to cooperate with

9870-629: The surnames of their fathers as of the 1950s but this wasn't always the case. Soon before this children will get either the mother's or father's surname. Brothers usually have different family names. Some men have nicknames , often a joking name that friends use. German personal and last names are possibly used in this community due to German colonial era in the Northern Marianas. On the islands of Saipan and Tinian there are Carolinian or Chamorro families with Japanese surnames. There are several of these families with these names. They have

9975-434: The sweetness when the rice cooks. Squash, cucumber and other climbing vines are also planted. They also hunt and fish small fishes and eel which is a special delicacy when cooked. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. This is common viand of every household and is eaten during childbirth. Although Southern Kankanaey also engage in wet rice agriculture,

10080-402: The traditional dap-ay (the communal men's dormitory and civic center of the village). There is also one documented case of a woman being accorded the honor of a hanging coffin interment. The more common burial custom of the Kankanaey is for coffins to be tucked into crevices or stacked on top of each other inside limestone caves. Like in hanging coffins, the location depends on the status of

10185-448: The upper attire is a criss-crossed style of black, white and red colors. The skirt or tapis is a combination of stripes of black, white and red. The hard-speaking Kankanaey women's dress is composed of mainly red and black with a little white styles, as for the skirt or tapis which is mostly called bakget and gateng . The men wear a woven loincloth known as wanes to the Kankanaeys of Besao and Sagada. The design of

10290-532: The year 1600. More on this is discussed in the religion section. Trade between the two groups went on even during the Spanish occupation of Guam. In the late 1600s leprosy was present in the Marianas. The Spaniards tried to deal with this by quarantining lepers to Saipan and Tinian. These islands were isolated. Spaniards brought Carolinians to these islands to help the hospitals holding the patients with leprosy. Chamorro sargento mayor Luís de Torres became an important source for people who wanted information about

10395-407: Was 'Tomin.' Tomin meant inhabitants of the land. The Carolinian and Chamorro people viewed this as a put down since Japanese used it as part of the discrimination. The Japanese government or South Seas Government viewed them as uncivilized and primitive. The people were kept under strict surveillance. They were enslaved in 1944. During this time a few in this indigenous community served as scouts for

10500-541: Was brought by an Oceanic-speaking source in Melanesia, perhaps the Admiralty Islands . A 2022 genetic study has shown that the various peoples inhabiting Micronesia have diverse genetic origins and originate from distinct streams of migration. Micronesia was settled by three separate streams of First Remote Oceanian lineage, which corresponds to East Asian ancestry and clusters closely to modern day peoples of

10605-410: Was caused by spirits. Shamans, mediums, diviners and sorcerers could be consulted to deal with the spirit world. Taboos would often be placed on food and sexual activities before a person would engage in an important pursuit. Violating this taboo would cause a spirit to send sickness or death to the offender or even the entire community. Micronesian mythology comprises the traditional belief systems of

10710-424: Was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, many words derive from the Spanish language . The traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers. The Chuukese people are an ethnic group of Chuuk State . They constitute 48% of the population of the Federated States of Micronesia . Their language is Chuukese . The home atoll of Chuuk is also known by the former name "Truk". In Chuukese culture,

10815-473: Was happening on Saipan. Hunger was a great issue during this time. The Tanapag village was set up by some Refaluwasch who left Tinian island in 1879. By 1885 most of the desirable lands in the Northern Marianas were now under the control of the Carolinians. Ten years later in 1889 Governor Olive had the Refaluwasch on Tinian relocate to Tanapag. In 1893 the Emperor of Germany William II acknowledged on

10920-610: Was in Angaur under the Palau group. In the economic system under Japan in Saipan Chamorros fared better than Carolinians. Carolinians were not treated as well as the Chamorros who worked with them. The Japanese and other colonial powers during this time (WWI-WWII) would not allow Carolinians to do canoe navigation over large distances. During this time a term was used to refer to the Micronesian people under Japanese control which

11025-546: Was transparent towards both Carolinians and Chamorros. Georg Fritz on 17 November 1899 became the first district officer of this area. He set up programs which brought the Carolinians and Chamorro people living on the islands together. In 1902 on the volcanic island Anatahan evidence of Carolinian huts were found by him. These were used Carolinian workers who until recently harvested copra. Marriages between German settlers or colonial officers and Carolinians at Saipan occurred. The marriage did not allow for citizenship for either

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