Micro-Professor II ( MPF-II ) is an Apple II clone introduced in 1982 by Multitech (later renamed to Acer ). It is Multitech second branded computer product and also one of the earliest Apple II clones. The MPF II doesn't look like most other computers, with its case being a slab with a small chiclet keyboard on the lower part.
83-691: In 1983, the Micro-Professor II had a retail price of £ 269.00 in the UK and 2995 FF in France. One key feature of the MPF-II was its Chinese BASIC , a version of Chinese -localized BASIC based and compatible with Applesoft BASIC . Versions of the machine sold in Europe , Northern America , India , Singapore , and Australia didn't have Chinese localization . Peripherals for the machine included
166-404: A currency of France . Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It was reintroduced (in decimal form ) in 1795. After two centuries of inflation, it was redenominated in 1960, with each new franc ( NF ) being worth 100 old francs. The NF designation was continued for a few years before
249-516: A 1-centime copper coin with a 1795 design. 2, 5 and 10-centime coins were issued from 1853. The quarter franc was discontinued, with silver 20-centime coins issued between 1849 and 1868 as the smallest silver coin produced in France. The gold coinage also changed. 40-franc coins were last struck in 1839 (with just 23 coins minted). Several new denomination were introduced as gold coinage: 5 gold francs (1856), 10 gold francs (1850), 50 gold francs (1855), and 100 gold francs (1855). A second design for
332-534: A French Mark of fine gold (hence, 3.885 g in a franc). Gold as circulating currency would henceforth continue in the form of Écu d'ors of varying gold content. The gold franc worth one livre tournois was introduced in 1360 to pay the ransom of King John II of France . This coin secured the king's freedom and showed him on a richly decorated horse earning it the name franc à cheval (meaning "free on horse" in French). The obverse legend, like other French coins, gives
415-619: A Mark of silver, 11/12 fine (hence 27.03 g fine silver), and valued at 6 livres. A new gold Louis d'Or was also issued at 30 to a Mark of gold, 11/12 fine (hence 7.4785 g fine gold), and valued at 24 livres. The rise in the value of gold at the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and elsewhere as well as King Louis XVI 's reign led to the rise in the Gold-Silver Ratio to 15.5, resulting in
498-481: A decimal unit (1 franc = 10 décimes = 100 centimes) of 4.5 g of fine silver . This was slightly less than the livre of 4.505 g, but the franc was set in 1796 at 1.0125 livres (1 livre, 3 deniers ), reflecting in part the past minting of sub-standard coins. Silver coins now had their denomination clearly marked as "5 FRANCS" and it was made obligatory to quote prices in francs. This ended the ancien régime's practice of striking coins with no stated denomination, such as
581-623: A long period of time meant that the French monarchs, who originally were essentially just the direct rulers of the Île-de-France , were able to preserve and extend their power, while over the course of centuries the great peers of the realm would eventually lose their power in one succession crisis or another. By comparison, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem was constantly beset with internal succession disputes because each generation only produced female heirs who tended to die young. Even
664-516: A private board of executives, was created and commissioned to produce the national currency. In 1803, the Franc germinal (named after the month Germinal in the revolutionary calendar ) was established, creating a gold franc containing 290.034 mg of fine gold. From this point, gold and silver-based units circulated interchangeably on the basis of a 1:15.5 ratio between the values of the two metals ( bimetallism ) until 1864, when all silver coins except
747-606: A standing figure of the king on its obverse, pictured under a canopy. Its value in money of account was one livre tournois, just like the franc à cheval , and this coin is universally known as a franc à pied . In accordance with the theories of the mathematician, economist and royal advisor Nicole Oresme , Charles struck fewer coins of better quality gold than his ancestors. In the accompanying deflation, both prices and wages fell, but wages fell faster and debtors had to settle up in better money than they had borrowed. The Mayor of Paris, Étienne Marcel , exploited their discontent to lead
830-500: A two floppy disk drive controller and a thermal printer . The MPF-II is not entirely compatible with the Apple II , not having its text mode . All the text was drawn on the screen by software rather than generated by hardware. It was the only cost-effective way to generate Chinese text on the screen at a time when a hardware-based Chinese character generator could cost hundreds of U.S. dollars. The MPF-II second graphic buffer
913-581: Is Louis-Alphonse de Bourbon , known by his supporters as Duke of Anjou , who also holds the Legitimist ( Blancs d'Espagne ) claim to the French throne. Overall, dozens of branches of the Capetian dynasty still exist throughout Europe. Except for the House of Braganza (founded by an illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal , who was himself illegitimate), all current major Capetian branches are of
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#1732780712850996-685: Is a list of all the French kings from Hugh until Charles, and all the Legitimist pretenders thereafter. All dates are for seniority, not reign. King of France : Legitimist Pretenders : Many years have passed since the Capetian monarchs ruled a large part of Europe; however, they still remain as kings, as well as other titles. Currently two Capetian monarchs still rule in Spain and Luxembourg. In addition, seven pretenders represent exiled dynastic monarchies in Brazil, France, Spain, Portugal, Parma and Two Sicilies. The current legitimate, senior family member
1079-631: Is related to the family by agnatic kinship ; both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. Along with the House of Habsburg , arguably its greatest historic rival, it was one of the two oldest European royal dynasties. It was also one of the most powerful royal family in European history, having played a major role in its politics for much of its existence. According to Oxford University , 75% of all royal families in European history , are related to
1162-523: Is the colloquial term for this coin until the present. During the Belle Époque , the 100-franc gold coin was called a "monaco", referring to the flourishing casino business in Monte Carlo . Nickel 25-centime coins were introduced in 1903. Capetian dynasty The Capetian dynasty ( / k ə ˈ p iː ʃ ən / kə- PEE -shən ; French : Capétiens A.K.A Les Capétiens ), also known as
1245-516: The Euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use the term "old francs" ( anciens francs ) for large sums, for example for the prices of houses, apartments, and cars. This was common until the introduction of the euro and even later. Many people, old and young – even those who had never used
1328-572: The Habsburg Netherlands . The loose enforcement of monetary standards in the Dutch provinces resulted in a significant 1 ⁄ 3 rd reduction in the value of the French livre by 1549, with debasements continuing into the 17th century. The French ounce (30.594 g) of fine silver was raised in value from 1 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 Livre Parisis (or from 25 to 37 + 1 ⁄ 2 sols Tournois). The écu au soleil of 3.2754 g fine gold
1411-495: The House of Bourbon and a direct male-line descendant of Hugh Capet) and Queen Marie Antoinette (a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine ) were referred to as "Louis and Antoinette Capet" (the queen being addressed as "the Widow Capet" after the execution of her husband). The Capetian miracle (French: Miracle capétien ) refers to the dynasty's ability to attain and hold onto the French crown. In 987, Hugh Capet
1494-534: The House of Capet from the election of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of Charles IV in 1328. That line was succeeded by cadet branches , the Houses of Valois and then Bourbon , which ruled without interruption until the French Revolution abolished the monarchy in 1792. The Bourbons were restored in 1814 in the aftermath of Napoleon 's defeat, but had to vacate the throne again in 1830 in favor of
1577-638: The House of France ( French : La Maison de France ), is a dynasty of Frankish origin, and a branch of the Robertians agnatically, and the Karlings through female lines. It is among the largest and oldest royal houses in Europe and the world, and consists of Hugh Capet , the founder of the dynasty, and his male-line descendants, who ruled in France without interruption from 987 to 1792, and again from 1814 to 1848. The senior line ruled in France as
1660-474: The Jacquerie revolt which forced Charles V out of the city. The franc fared better. It became associated with money stable at one livre tournois. A certain degree of peace achieved at the start of the 15th century helped settle the value of French currency. After 1422 the gros of 1 sol Parisis was minted at 96 to a French Mark, 3 ⁄ 4 fine (hence 1.912 g per gros), while the Écu of 20 sols Parisis
1743-658: The Livre Tournois , would eventually become the preferred accounting system under a more centralized French kingdom. The emergence of the Livre Tournois as France's preferred accounting system occurred during the reign of King Louis IX with the issuance of the silver Gros tournois with 58 issued to a French Mark of silver of fineness 23 ⁄ 24 (hence 4.044 g fine silver in a gros), and valued at 1 sol (12 deniers) in France's Touraine region though valued less than 1 sol Parisis. The new coin's reputation and handling convenience versus those of debased deniers assured
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#17327807128501826-541: The Louis d'or , and periodically issuing royal edicts to manipulate their value in terms of money of account, i.e. the Livre tournois . The franc became the official currency of France in 1799. Coinage with explicit denominations in decimal fractions of the franc also began in 1795. Decimalization of the franc was mandated by an act of 7 April 1795, which also dealt with the decimalization of weights and measures . France led
1909-470: The Republican U.S. federal government and World War Foreign Debts Commission that France's war debts be repaid within 25 years at a minimal 4.25 percent interest per year. The currency devaluation contributed to French demands for high reparations payments from Germany . After a brief return to the gold standard between 1928 and 1936, the currency was allowed to resume its slide, until in 1959 it
1992-638: The Senior Capet and the King of France were synonymous terms. Only in the time before Hugh Capet took the crown for himself and after the reign of Charles X is there a distinction such that the senior Capet must be identified independently from succession to the French Crown. However, since primogeniture and the Salic law provided for the succession of the French throne for most of French history, here
2075-786: The Vichy regime added. After the Liberation , the US attempted to impose the use of the US occupation franc , which was averted by General De Gaulle . After World War II, France devalued its currency within the Bretton Woods system on several occasions. Beginning in 1945 at a rate of 480 francs to the British Pound (119.1 to the U.S. dollar ), by 1949 the rate was 980 to the Pound (350 to
2158-461: The 1-ounce silver coins coming out of Spain, the Netherlands and Germany, leading to the 1641 currency reform under King Louis XIII . Henry III exploited the association of the franc as sound money worth one livre tournois when he sought to stabilize French currency in 1577. By this time, inflows of gold and silver from Spanish America had caused inflation throughout the world economy and
2241-404: The 100 gold franc coin was released in 1878 depicting standing genius writing the constitution. The pictured example (1889) was issued as a proof and only 100 coins were struck. The last gold 5-franc pieces were minted in 1869, and silver 5-franc coins were last minted in 1878. After 1815, the 20-franc gold coin was called a " napoléon " (royalists still called this coin a " louis "), and so that
2324-608: The 1420s also resulted in the 1434 realignment of the Flemish monetary system with the French livre. The new Flemish Guilder (Pound) of 20 Stuiver (shilling) contained 32.6 g fine silver and was approximately par with the Livre Parisis of 20 sols (38.24 g). Such parities between the French livres to the Flemish and English currencies would persist up to the 1560s and would facilitate the issue of identical coin denominations across these countries. The Great Bullion Famine of
2407-506: The 19th century (see House of France ) came to apply the name "Capetian" to both the ruling house of France and to the wider-spread male-line descendants of Hugh Capet. It was not a contemporary practice. The name "Capet" has also been used as a surname for French royalty, particularly but not exclusively those of the House of Capet . One notable use was during the French Revolution, when the dethroned King Louis XVI (a member of
2490-432: The 5-franc piece were debased from 90% to 83.5% silver without the weights changing. This coinage included the first modern gold coins with denominations in francs. It abandoned the revolutionary symbols of the coinage 1795, now showing Napoleon in the manner of Roman emperors , first described as "Bonaparte Premier Consul" and with the country named as "République Française". After his coronation in 1804 coins changed
2573-452: The Capetian dynasty. The name of the dynasty derives from its founder, Hugh , who was known as "Hugh Capet". The meaning of "Capet" (a nickname rather than a surname of the modern sort) is unknown. While folk etymology identifies it with "cape", other suggestions indicate it might be connected to the Latin word caput ("head"), and explain it as meaning "chief" or "head". Historians in
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2656-534: The Dollar). This was reduced further in 1957 and 1958, reaching 1382.3 to the Pound (493.7 to the Dollar, equivalent to 1 franc = 1.8 mg pure gold). In January 1960 the French franc was revalued, with 100 existing francs making one nouveau franc . The abbreviation "NF" was used on the 1958 design banknotes until 1963. Old one- and two-franc coins continued to circulate as new centimes (no new centimes were minted for
2739-509: The English monarchy encountered severe succession crises, such as The Anarchy of the 1120s between Stephen and Matilda, and the murder of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany , the primogeniture heir of Richard I of England . The latter case would deal a severe blow to the prestige of King John , leading to the eventual destruction of Angevin hegemony in France. In contrast, the French kings were able to maintain uncontested father-to-son succession from
2822-635: The French Franc was introduced in 1795. Emperor Charlemagne's monetary system was introduced in 781 AD to the Frankish Carolingian Empire and spread over the centuries to much of Western Europe , with a Livre (pound) of silver divided into 20 Sols or Sous (shillings) and the Sol divided into 12 Deniers (penny). Only the denier existed as a coin for the next 500 years, with the sou and livre functioning as accounting multiples of
2905-531: The French kings would struggle to implement fixed standards for the livre over a decentralized realm of Frankish feudal rulers, many of whom claimed the right to issue currency within their own domains, and often resorting to currency debasements in moments of stringency. While monetary values as proclaimed by French kings would eventually be identified as the Livre Parisis , other regions almost always got by with currencies of lower standard. One such currency,
2988-528: The French throne, but at foreign thrones. As a result, the Capetians have reigned at different times in the kingdoms of Portugal , Sicily and Naples , Navarre , Hungary and Croatia , Poland , Spain and Sardinia , grand dukedoms of Lithuania and Luxembourg, and in Latin and Brazilian empires. In modern times, King Felipe VI of Spain is a member of this family, while Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg
3071-489: The Mark, 23 + 1 ⁄ 8 karats fine (3.2754 g fine gold), and was valued at 25 Sols Parisis. The close of the 15th century saw the beginnings of a more centralized French currency system and the discontinuation of competing currency systems within France. The Livre Parisis of 1 French ounce approximately matched the silver content of 1 ⁄ 6 th pound sterling (1 troy ounce of sterling silver). It would also become
3154-622: The Republic: the old gold and silver coins were taken out of circulation and exchanged for printed assignats , initially issued as bonds backed by the value of the confiscated goods of churches, but later declared as legal tender currency . The withdrawn gold and silver coins were used to finance the French Revolutionary Wars and to import food, which was in short supply. As during the " Mississippi Bubble " in 1715–1720, too many assignats were put in circulation, exceeding
3237-521: The adoption of the gros tournois to the rest of Western Europe. Towards the reign of King Philip IV le Bel came pressures to further debase the denier, which occurred in 1317 when the Gros Tournois was raised to 15 deniers Tournois or 12 deniers (1 sol) Parisis , thus commencing the fixed parity of 4 deniers Parisis to 5 deniers Tournois . While French kings would continue to prescribe coin values in multiples of 4 and 12 deniers Parisis until
3320-543: The conversion of francs to euros was carried out at a rate of 6.55957 francs to 1 euro. The French Franc traces its origins to the Carolingian monetary system of the 8th century AD, and more specifically to the Livre Tournois , an offshoot of the same system which emerged in the 13th century. Here is a table of changes to the value of the Livre Parisis and the Livre Tournois in terms of silver or gold until
3403-422: The currency returned to being simply the franc. Many French residents, though, continued to quote prices of especially expensive items in terms of the old franc (equivalent to the new centime ), up to and even after the introduction of the euro (for coins and banknotes) in 2002. The French franc was a commonly held international reserve currency of reference in the 19th and 20th centuries. Between 1998 and 2002,
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3486-465: The denier. The first livre and denier weighed 407.92 g and 1.7 g, respectively, of the finest silver available. Livres and deniers issued c. 1000 under the Capetian dynasty contained 305.94 g and 1.27475 g fine silver, respectively. The French Mark of 8 ounces was a unit of weight equal to 244.752 grams, and equal in weight to 192 deniers or 16 sols of this period. In subsequent centuries
3569-646: The end of the 15th century, the rest of France would gradually choose to recognize their increased values in multiples of 5 and 15 deniers Tournois. The start of the Hundred Years' War against England in 1337 would increase the pressure to further debase the French livre. An attempt in 1343 to reverse earlier depreciations of circulating deniers and reinstate the old 1317-era gros tournois (forte monnaie, or strong money) caused financial havoc especially with borrowers who received depreciated coins and who then had to repay debts in forte monnaie. Lower valuations for
3652-562: The entirety of their realm. For a detailed narration on the growth of French royal power, see Crown lands of France . Members of the dynasty were traditionally Catholic, and the early Capetians had an alliance with the Church . The French were also the most active participants in the Crusades , culminating in a series of five Crusader kings – Louis VII , Philip Augustus , Louis VIII , Louis IX , and Philip III . The Capetian alliance with
3735-475: The female line of descent. Thus the French crown passed from the House of Capet after the death of Charles IV to Philip VI of France of the House of Valois , a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, This did not affect monarchies not under that law such as Portugal, Spain, Navarre , and various smaller duchies and counties. Therefore, many royal families appear and disappear in the French succession or become cadet branches upon marriage. A complete list of
3818-463: The first two years). The one-centime coin never circulated widely. Inflation continued to erode the franc's value: between 1950 and 1960, price levels increased 72 per cent (5.7% per year on average); between 1960 and 1970, it increased 51 per cent (4.2%). Only one further major devaluation occurred (11% in August 1969) before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When
3901-538: The franc entirely between 1 January and 1 March 2002. In August 1795, the Monetary Law replaced the livre ("pound") with the franc , which was divided into 10 décimes ("tenths") and 100 centimes ("hundredths"). Copper coins were issued in the denominations of 1 centime, 5 centimes, 1 décime, and 2 décimes, designed by Augustin Dupré . After 1801, French copper coins became rare. The 5-centime copper coin
3984-462: The franc's strength: war expenditure, inflation and postwar reconstruction, financed partly by printing ever more money, reduced the franc's purchasing power by 70% between 1915 and 1920. After a brief appreciation of the franc during the Depression of 1920–1921 , it depreciated a further 43% between 1922 and a balancing of the budget in 1926. This devaluation was aggravated by the insistence of
4067-521: The king's title as Francorum Rex (" King of the Franks " in Latin) and provides another reason to call the coin a franc. John's son, Charles V , continued this type. It was copied exactly at Brabant and Cambrai and, with the arms on the horse cloth changed, at Flanders. Conquests led by Joan of Arc allowed Charles VII to return to sound coinage and he revived the franc à cheval . John II , however,
4150-444: The kings of France, who weren't getting much of this wealth, only made things worse by manipulating the values assigned to their coins. The States General which met at Blois in 1577 added to the public pressure to stop currency manipulation. Henry III agreed to do this and he revived the franc, now as a silver coin valued at one livre tournois. This coin and its fractions circulated until 1641 when Louis XIII of France replaced it with
4233-494: The last Capetian monarch of France, Louis Philippe I , who belonged to the House of Orléans . Cadet branches of the Capetian House of Bourbon are still reigning over Spain and Luxembourg . The dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French state. Initially obeyed only in their own demesne , the Île-de-France , the Capetian kings slowly but steadily increased their power and influence until it grew to cover
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#17327807128504316-419: The late king's first cousin, acted as regent, pending the birth of the king's posthumous child, which proved to be a girl. Isabella of France , sister of Charles IV, claimed the throne for her son, Edward III of England . The English king did not find support among the French lords, who made Philip of Valois their king. From then on the French succession not only excluded females but also rejected claims based on
4399-471: The livre had to be accepted subsequently as the war raged on. In 1361 the gros tournois of 15 deniers Tournois (1 sol Parisis) was minted at 84 to a French Mark of silver, 23/24 fine (hence, 2.79 g fine silver in a gros). At the same time gold flowing from Southern Europe started to become an important medium of exchange in the North, so gold francs worth 1 livre Tournois (16 sols Parisis) were minted at 63 to
4482-478: The mid-15th century resulted in yet another debasement during the reign of King Louis XI , with the Livre Parisis reduced to 1 French ounce (30.594 g) fine silver or 2.620 g fine gold. The silver gros was minted at 69 to the French Mark, 23 ⁄ 24 fine (3.4 g fine silver) and was valued at 1 ⁄ 9 th the Livre Parisis (or 2 + 2 ⁄ 9 sols). The gold écu au soleil was minted at 72 to
4565-532: The model for Germany when it started issuing the 1-ounce silver Guldengroschen divided into 21 Groschen (gros, shillings) or 252 Pfennige (pence). A considerable acceleration in the debasement of the French, English and Dutch currencies occurred during the reign of the Valois-Angoulême kings in the 16th century amidst the huge influx of precious metals from the American continent arriving through
4648-524: The name franc already being used in Switzerland and Belgium , whilst other countries minted local denominations, redeemable across the bloc with 1-to-1 parity, though with local names: e.g., the peseta . In 1873, the LMU went over to a purely gold standard of 1 franc = 0.290322581 grams of gold. The outbreak of World War I caused France to leave the gold standard of the LMU. The war severely undermined
4731-444: The obverse legend to "Napoleon Empereur", dropping his family name in the manner of regnal names . In 1807, the reverse legend changed to name France as " Empire Français ". In analogy with the old Louis d'or these coins were called Gold Napoleons . Economically, this sound money was a great success and Napoleon's fall did not change that. Succeeding governments maintained Napoleon's weight standard, with changes in design which traced
4814-418: The old franc – still quoted prices in old francs, confusing tourists and people abroad. For example, lottery prizes were most often advertised in amounts of centimes, equivalent to the old franc, to inflate the perceived value of the prizes at stake. Multiples of 10NF were occasionally referred to as "mille francs" (thousand francs) or "mille balles" ("balle" being a slang word for franc) in contexts where it
4897-590: The papacy suffered a severe blow after the disaster of the Aragonese Crusade . Philip III's son and successor, Philip IV , arrested Pope Boniface VIII and brought the papacy under French control . The later Valois, starting with Francis I , ignored religious differences and allied with the Ottoman sultan to counter the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire . Henry IV was a Protestant at
4980-700: The political fall of the French Convention . Then followed the economic failure of the Directoire : coins were still very rare. After a coup d'état that led to the Consulate , the First Consul progressively acquired sole legislative power at the expense of the other unstable and discredited consultative and legislative institutions. In 1800 the Banque de France , a federal establishment with
5063-662: The political history of France. In particular, this currency system was retained during the Bourbon Restoration and perpetuated until 1914. France was a founding member of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU), a single currency employed primarily by the Romance -speaking and other Mediterranean states between 1865 and the First World War. The common currency was based on the franc germinal, with
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#17327807128505146-485: The reduced 24-livre Louis contained 6.88 g fine gold. The livre tournois was swapped in 1795 for the French Franc (or franc germinal), worth 4.5 g silver or 9 ⁄ 31 g = 0.29032 g gold (ratio 15.5), at a rate of 1 franc = 1 + 1 ⁄ 80 livres or 1 livre, 3 deniers. The decimal "franc" was established as the national currency by the National Convention of Revolutionary France in 1795 as
5229-405: The reduction in the gold content of the 24-livre Louis d'Or from 1/30th to 1/32nd of a Mark, 11/12 fine. While the silver standard remained unchanged, assays of the period indicate that coins contained approximately 1.5% less bullion than officially specified. The 1795 swapping of livres to francs at the rate of 1.0125 livres = 1 franc suggest that the 6-livre ecu contained 26.67 g fine silver while
5312-406: The senior-most line of Capetians is available below . The Capetian dynasty has been broken many times into (sometimes rival) cadet branches. A cadet branch is a line of descent from another line than the senior-most. This list of cadet branches shows most of the Capetian cadet lines and designating their royal French progenitor, although some sub-branches are not shown. Throughout most of history,
5395-615: The silver écu . Nevertheless, the name "franc" continued in accounting as a synonym for the livre tournois . In the 17th century King Louis XIII abolished its unpopular coinage of francs and ecus in favour of Spanish-modelled coins. It also abolished the Livre Parisis system in favour of exclusive use of the Livre Tournois. The Spanish dollar was the model for the Louis d'Argent – 9 to a French Mark (244.752 g) of silver, 11 ⁄ 12 fine (hence 24.93 g fine silver), and valued at 3 livres tournois. The Spanish doubloon or two-escudo coin
5478-502: The throne of France. Without Salic law, upon the death of John I , the crown would have passed to his half-sister, Joan (later Joan II of Navarre). However, Joan's paternity was suspect due to her mother's adultery in the Tour de Nesle Affair ; the French magnates adopted Salic law to avoid the succession of a possible bastard. In 1328, King Charles IV of France died without male heirs, as his brothers did before him. Philip of Valois ,
5561-438: The time of Hugh Capet until the succession crisis which began the Hundred Years' War of the 14th century. Over the succeeding centuries, Capetians spread throughout Europe, ruling every form of provincial unit from kingdoms to manors . Salic law , re-established during the Hundred Years' War from an ancient Frankish tradition, caused the French monarchy to permit only male ( agnatic ) descendants of Hugh to succeed to
5644-434: The time of his accession, but realized the necessity of conversion after four years of religious warfare. The Capetians generally enjoyed a harmonious family relationship. By tradition, younger sons and brothers of the king of France were given appanages for them to maintain their rank and to dissuade them from claiming the French crown itself. When Capetian cadets did aspire for kingship, their ambitions were directed not at
5727-406: The value of the "national properties", and the coins, due also to military requisitioning and hoarding, rarefied to pay foreign suppliers. With national government debt remaining unpaid, and a shortage of silver and brass to mint coins, confidence in the new currency declined, leading to hyperinflation , more food riots , severe political instability and termination of the First French Republic and
5810-483: The world in adopting the metric system and it was the second country to convert from a non-decimal to a decimal currency, following Russia 's conversion in 1704, and the third country to adopt a decimal coinage, also following the United States in 1787. France's first decimal coinage used allegorical figures symbolizing revolutionary principles, like the coinage designs the United States had adopted in 1793. The circulation of this metallic currency declined during
5893-399: Was also not compatible with the Apple II and the machine couldn't use any standard interface cards (like the Disk II controller ). Micro-Professor II had the following specifications: French franc The franc ( / f r æ ŋ k / ; French : franc français , [fʁɑ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛ] ; sign : F or Fr ), also commonly distinguished as the French franc ( FF ), was
5976-516: Was at memory address A000 H , while Apple II's was at 4000H. The keyboard input was also mapped to a different address, making it impossible to play Apple's games on the MPF II. MPF-II keyboard interface was very simple and consisted of an 8-bit output port and an input port that was directly connected to the keyboard matrix . It also lacked the Apple joystick interface. The external slot interface
6059-546: Was called a sou , referring to "sole" (fr. Latin: solidus ), until the 1920s. An Imperial 10-décime coin was produced in billon from 1807 to 1810. During the Consulship period (1799–1804) silver francs were struck in decimal coinage. A five-franc coin was first introduced in 1801–02 ( L'AN 10), half-franc, one-franc, and gold 40-franc coins were introduced in 1802–03 (L'AN 11), and quarter-franc and two-franc coins in 1803–04 (L'AN 12). The 5-franc silver coin
6142-424: Was called an écu , after the six-livre silver coin of the ancien regime , until the 1880s. Copper coins were rarely issued between 1801 and 1848, so the quarter franc was the lowest current denomination in circulation. But during this period, copper coins from earlier periods circulated. A Napoleon 5-centime coin (in bell metal ) and Napoleon and Restoration 1-décime coins were minted. Most pre-decimal silver
6225-550: Was clear that the speaker did not mean 1,000 new francs. The expression "heavy franc" ( franc lourd ) was also commonly used to designate the new franc. All franc coins and banknotes ceased to be legal tender in January 2002, upon the official adoption of the Euro . From 1 January 1999, the value exchange rate of the French franc against the Euro was set at a fixed parity of €1 = 6.55957 F. Euro coins and notes replaced
6308-408: Was elected to succeed Louis V of the Carolingian dynasty that had ruled France for over three centuries. By a process of associating elder sons with them in the kingship, the early Capetians established the hereditary succession in their family and transformed a theoretically electoral kingship into a sacral one. By the time of Philip II Augustus , who became king in 1180, the Capetian hold on power
6391-487: Was minted at 64 to a French Mark, 22 + 1 ⁄ 2 karats or 15 ⁄ 16 fine (hence 3.585 g per écu). The gros and the écu compared favourably with England's 2-pence coin of 1.8 g silver and 40-pence ( 1 ⁄ 6 th of a pound) half-noble coin of 3.48 g gold, resulting in an approximate exchange rate of 1 pound sterling to six Livres Parisis. Peace in the Burgundian Netherlands after
6474-468: Was not able to strike enough francs to pay his ransom and he voluntarily returned to English captivity. John II died as a prisoner in England and his son Charles V was left to pick up the pieces. Charles V pursued a policy of reform, including stable coinage. An edict dated 20 April 1365 established the centrepiece of this policy, a gold coin officially called the denier d'or aux fleurs de lis which had
6557-648: Was raised in value from 25 to 37 + 1 ⁄ 2 sols Parisis (or 31 + 1 ⁄ 4 to approximately 47 sols Tournois). This 50% advance was also seen in England in 1551 when it raised its troy ounce of sterling silver from 40 to 60 pence, and in the 17th century when Germany raised its one-ounce silver Thaler from 1 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 silver gulden. The 16th century saw the issuance of larger silver coins, first in testoons (9 g fine silver, valued at 11 sols Tournois in 1549), and later on in silver francs (12.3 g fine silver, valued at 1 Livre Tournois in 1577). These French coins, however, were much less popular than
6640-425: Was removed from circulation by 1834. Until they were also demonetized in 1845, 15- and 30-sou coins from 1791-1793 continued to circulate with a value of 0.75 and 1.50 francs, and 18th-century billon coins that had come to be known as “pièces de 6 liards” (originally issued with various values) were valued at 7.5 centimes. A new bronze coinage was introduced from 1848. The Second Republic Monetary Authority minted
6723-556: Was so strong that the practice of associate kingship was dropped. While the Capetian monarchy began as one of the weakest in Europe, drastically eclipsed by the new Anglo-Norman realm in England (who, as dukes of Normandy , were technically their vassals) and even other great lords of France , the political value of orderly succession in the Middle Ages cannot be overstated. The orderly succession of power from father to son over such
6806-522: Was the model for the Louis d'Or – 36 + 1 ⁄ 4 to a French Mark of gold, 11 ⁄ 12 fine (hence 6.189 g fine gold), and valued at 10 livres. France entered another turbulent period during the War of the Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1714, resulting in another debasement of the livre tournois. Under King Louis XV 's reign in 1726 the silver Écu d'Argent was issued at 8.3 to
6889-587: Was worth less than 2.5% of its 1934 value. During the Nazi occupation of France (1940–44), the franc was a satellite currency of the German Reichsmark . The exchange rate was 20 francs for 1 RM. The coins were changed, with the words Travail, famille, patrie (Work, Family, Fatherland) replacing the Republican triad Liberté, égalité, fraternité (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity), with the emblem of
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