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40-598: The Miljacka ( Serbian Cyrillic : Миљацка ) is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina that passes through Sarajevo . Numerous city bridges have been built to cross it. The Miljacka river originates from the confluence of the Paljanska Miljacka and Mokranjska Miljacka rivers. The Miljacka is a rather small river, only 21 kilometres (13 mi) long from the confluence, or 34 kilometres (21 mi) and 42 kilometres (26 mi) depending on source ( Pale or Mokro). By

80-467: A cave bear has also been found at the location. Paleontological finds, traces of human habitation, stalactites and stalagmites , as well as pisolite rocks, the river Miljacka wellspring, all makes this cave among most valuable speleological objects in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Researchers believe to have discovered bubbles of air, a possible sign of tectonic activity. Because of its poor discharge,

120-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

160-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

200-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

240-548: Is as follows: 2021 Bosnia and Herzegovina floods Between 4 and 11 November 2021, heavy rainfall resulted in widespread flash flooding in many places across Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Federal Hydrometereological Institute issued a red warning on 5 November 2021 for flooding. There was great material damage. The first wave of floods started in the night of 4–5 November and caused many rivers to flood or have their levels significantly increased. Hundreds of objects were at least partially flooded. The settlement of Otes

280-545: Is at 3.5 to 4.4 meters depending time of month. Support to this sport in Sarajevo was given by Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series champion Rhiannan Iffland and competitor Jonathan Paredes who attended the 2019 edition. Past champions of the event: A number of popular local songs were sung about Miljacka river, including " Halid Bešlić - Miljacka " and " Himzo Polovina - Kad ja pođoh na Bembašu". Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on

320-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

360-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

400-700: The Central Bosnia Canton . The river level of the Neretva in Konjic reached a record high at 04:00 local time where there were floods and the roads were under water. Citizens in the city of Mostar were advised to boil their water, which was not safe for consumption. Tens of residences, and local roads in the Konjic municipality were flooded, and there were issues with electricity and pipeline water transport in some villages. The village of Hotovlje

440-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

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480-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

520-557: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

560-513: The Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in

600-645: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

640-498: The Miljacka is known for its peculiar smell and brown waters. Miljacka river cascades, which regulate the waterbed and enrich the water with oxygen, trap plastic scraps, stranded balls, car tires, and various other waste. The main collector that drains fecal matter is parallel to the flow of the river up to its mouth at the river Bosna. The sewer system is not connected to the main collector, causing leakage of fecal matter directly into

680-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

720-536: The cave is not yet mapped for the public, but local authorities have released a map which can be used to find its location, as well as a gallery of discoveries within the cave. A new species of spiders, named Nemanela Lade ("Lada's Little Monster" for its discoverer, Dr. Lada Lukić-Bilela from the Institute for Genetic Technology, Sarajevo ), has been found here. Also found are at least five more species of spider, as well as certain species of bats. A skeleton head of

760-631: The company Meser was flooded. Great damage was done to the Jahorina Ski Resort as well. Households lost electricity access in Foča and the water there was not potable for a short period of time. Voznica in Hadžići was flooded, although buildings were not affected. Experts had been warning there would be serious consequences to deforestation . It had an impact on the scale of the floods, as well as on river springs. 150 houses were endangered by

800-555: The country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has

840-615: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

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880-694: The floods in Vojkovići , East Ilidža . Nine people were evacuated from the village of Kijevo , and the Foča– Trnovo road got partially destroyed. The Institute of Public Health in the Sarajevo Canton advised against drinking tap water. The Government of Sarajevo Canton declared the end of the state of natural emergency, due to floods, on 26 November. The Bosna and the Fojnica 's levels had been rising, but no residential buildings were impacted in

920-457: The official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

960-408: The previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from the Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted

1000-863: The rest of the city was cut off by the floods. The rivers Željeznica and the Tilava flooded Butmir and Gornji Kotorac , where tens of objects were affected. The bridge Most spasa (Salvation bridge) connecting Butmir and the neighbourly settlement Sokolović Kolonija was submerged. There had been traffic obstructions on the routes connecting Boljakov Potok , Pofalići , and Stup . Floods were contained in Stari Grad owing to high responsiveness and cleaning of surface drains . Schools were closed in Ilidža , where volunteer actions to set up sandbags took place. The rivers were slowly receding to their riverbeds between 6 and 11 November. The promenade Vilsonovo Šetalište

1040-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

1080-924: The time this tributary flows into the Bosna river in Sarajevo , it has an average discharge of 5.7 m/s. The Miljacka river flows from east to west in a general direction through the city. The Bosna is a right tributary of the Sava River , with its mouth in Bosanski Šamac . That river in turn flows into the Danube River , which goes southeast and enters the Black Sea chiefly in Romania . The Paljanska Miljacka, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) in length, begins at Gornje Pale, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) eastward in

1120-447: The town of Pale, under the slopes of Jahorina , near Begovina), at an elevation of 1,025 metres (3,363 ft). The Mokranjska Miljacka, 21 kilometres (13 mi) in length, springs from a large cave, yet to be fully explored, near the village of Kadino Selo at an elevation of 1,135 metres (3,724 ft) near the base of Romanija mountain. The cave at the spring of Mokranjska Miljacka, located about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from

1160-598: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

1200-400: The village of Mokro , near Pale , is officially the longest cave in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of August 2015, the length of mapped caverns was 7.2 kilometres (4.5 mi). The Miljacka runs out of the cave practically as an underground flow, a subterranean river , where its temperature is measured as low as 5 degrees and temperature of air as low as 8 degrees Celsius. The exact location of

1240-458: The waters of the Miljacka in several places. During the Bosnian War , water treatment was stopped and plant equipment was looted, preventing the local government from dealing with the issue. Estimates of the cost to repair the wastewater plant range from 50 to 60 million euros. In April 2015, a project called Čista rijeka Miljacka (Clean river Miljacka) was presented. The aim of the project

Miljacka - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

1320-424: Was close to submerging some bridges in Sarajevo during the 2021 Bosnia and Herzegovina floods . There are over a dozen bridges over the river Miljacka. Some of the better known ones are: Bentbaša Cliff Diving is a sport organized at location Bentbaša dam every summer at the eastern entrance into the city of Sarajevo (in close proximity to Vijećnica , a library and former City Hall). The diving location water depth

1360-530: Was closed. The river Željeznica eroded land near it. Nearby objects were at risk of collapsing into the river because of this. Sandbags were set up in Butmir. Vlakovo was heavily flooded. The Miljacka was close to submerging some bridges. The Reljevo powergrids malfunctioned which caused a blackout in most of Sarajevo for a few hours. Its electricity output was unstable, particularly in Ilidža. The oxygen plant of

1400-584: Was cut off from regional traffic. The level of the Buna was the highest since measurements began in 1923, at 195 cm (6.40 ft), and many buildings in Blagaj were also flooded. Eventually, the river level of the Neretva lowered and roads were unblocked in the Konjic municipality. The Neretva had been filled with trash, a problem during heavier rainfall noted for years, caused by unregulated disposal near

1440-631: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

1480-612: Was hit the hardest, where fire cars were used to evacuate tens of people and sandbags placed to prevent houses from flooding. The rain was forecast to not completely stop until Monday, 8 November 2021. Many villages in Sarajevo Canton were submerged and the A1 motorway was closed. The waters were receding during 6 and 7 November, except in the city of Doboj , where there was a slight increase. A few unexploded bombs were found in previously flooded regions. The capital Sarajevo

1520-530: Was impacted by the floods the most. The main roadways in Sarajevo were under water, causing traffic slowdowns. The flooding hit Otes the most. Many houses were flooded and some cars were stuck in the water. Firefighters, the police, the Agency for Civil Protection of the Sarajevo Canton (as well as the municipal agencies), and volunteers managed the situation. There was a shortage of manpower and not all affected objects were quickly helped. Traffic between Otes and

1560-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

1600-447: Was to bring the river status to category A, which would make the water clean enough for swimming. In August 2015, the city of Sarajevo signed a contract with ER Project d.o.o. company to clean up 48 river cascades from Šeher-Ćehaja bridge to Dolac Malta suburb bridge. The river swelled almost to the level of city bridges during the 2014 Southeast Europe floods , which brought significant flooding to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Miljacka

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