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79-589: The Sarajevo Canton , officially the Canton of Sarajevo ( Bosnian : Kanton Sarajevo ; Croatian : Sarajevska županija ; Serbian : Сарајевски кантон , romanized :  Sarajevski kanton ), is one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Its cantonal seat is the city of Sarajevo , also the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Canton represents

158-612: A national assembly dominated by three ethnically based parties, which had formed a loose coalition to oust the communists from power. Croatia and Slovenia 's subsequent declarations of independence and the warfare that ensued placed Bosnia and Herzegovina and its three constituent peoples in an awkward position. A significant split soon developed on the issue of whether to stay with the Yugoslav federation (overwhelmingly favoured among Serbs) or to seek independence (overwhelmingly favoured among Bosniaks and Croats ). Throughout 1990,

237-520: A state of emergency the following day. Later that day, Serb paramilitaries in Sarajevo repeated their action of the previous month. A crowd of peace marchers, between 50,000 and 100,000 comprising all ethnic groups, rallied in protest . When a huge crowd approached a barricade, a demonstrator was killed by Serb forces. Six Serb snipers were arrested, but were exchanged when the Serbs threatened to kill

316-525: A Serb tank, destroying it. From 15 to 22 June, the ARBiH would launch an offensive into the Sarajevo Region to try to recapture lost territories from the Serbs. In the north, the 16th Division/ 1st Corps attacked Cemerska Hills and recaptured it. The Serbs would attack and capture Cemerska hills from the ARBiH. From the center, the 12th Division/1st Corps attacked Serb position of Debelo Brdo . In

395-549: A UN Safe Area (along with Žepa, Goražde, Tuzla, and Bihać). These cities and territories were placed under the protection of UNPROFOR peacekeeping units. On 5 February 1994 at 12:10–12:15, a 120-millimeter mortar shell landed in the center of the crowded marketplace and killed 68 and injured 144. The perpetrators were the Army of Republika Srpska. In December 2003, the ICTY convicted Bosnian Serb General Stanislav Galić , concluded that

474-489: A Ukrainian UNPROFOR peacekeeper. In response to the attack, the UN once again requested NATO air support. Two U.S. A-10 aircraft repeatedly strafed Serb targets, and the Serbs returned the seized weapons to the collection site. On 22 September, UNPROFOR again requested NATO air support in the Sarajevo area after Serb forces attacked a French armored personnel carrier . In response, two British SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft struck near

553-405: A deliberate provocation. The groom's father was killed, and an Orthodox priest was wounded. Some of the witnesses identified the shooter as Ramiz Delalić , a Bosniak gangster who had become increasingly brazen since the collapse of communism. Arrest warrants were issued for him and another assailant, but little effort was made by the Sarajevo police to apprehend them. The killing was denounced by

632-480: A force of two tanks and 40–50 Bosnian Serb soldiers blockaded the road. The Serbs, acting on radioed information from a Serbian military liaison officer at the airport that "Turkish fighters" were on their way to reinforce the Bosnian defenders, accused the three French soldiers manning the armored vehicle of transporting "Turkish mujahedeen". After a Serbian military liaison officer identified the passenger as Turajlić,

711-610: A motorist was killed by armed Serbs in Doboj . By the end of the day, twelve people had been killed in the fighting. Following Bosnia and Herzegovina's official declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992, sporadic fighting broke out between Serbs and government forces all across the territory. It continued through the run-up to Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognition as an independent state. On 3 March, Bosnia's Bosniak President Alija Izetbegović claimed that Serbs from Pale were marching on Sarajevo. Fighting soon broke out in

790-546: A renaissance in the following decade after violence erupted in Kosovo . While the goal of Serbian nationalists was the centralization of a Serb -dominated Yugoslavia, other nationalities in Yugoslavia aspired to federalization and the decentralization of the state. On 18 November 1990, the first multi-party parliamentary elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina (with a second round on 25 November). They resulted in

869-485: A result had constitutional amendments imposed by High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch . However, the constitution of Republika Srpska refers to it as the Language spoken by Bosniaks , because the Serbs were required to recognise the language officially, but wished to avoid recognition of its name. Serbia includes the Bosnian language as an elective subject in primary schools. Montenegro officially recognizes

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948-489: A total population of 525,980. According to some estimates, the total population of the city proper prior to the siege was 435,000. Estimates of the population of Sarajevo after the siege ranged from 300,000 to 380,000. Sarajevo's population endured up to six months without gas, electricity or water supply during certain stages of the siege. After the war, the International Criminal Tribunal for

1027-489: A tunnel beneath the runway that ran between the Sarajevo neighborhoods of Dobrinja and Butmir . It would be known as the " Sarajevo Tunnel ". It would become the only land link besieged Sarajevo had with the rest of the world. Several hundred people died while running across the airstrip, which was the only way in or out of besieged Sarajevo before the Sarajevo War Tunnel was dug. The second half of 1992 and

1106-716: A unit of the Yugoslav Peoples Army (JNA) seized the airport of Sarajevo. It was under the direct control of Belgrade . In May 1992, units of the JNA stationed in Sarajevo found themselves repeatedly under attack. On 2 May, Bosniak forces consisting of the Green Berets and the Patriotic League, opened fire on a column of eight JNA MEDEVAC vehicles in Vojvode Stepe street. This attack caused

1185-540: Is also the basis of standard Croatian, Serbian and Montenegrin varieties. Therefore, the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins was issued in 2017 in Sarajevo. Although the common name for the common language remains 'Serbo-Croatian', newer alternatives such as 'Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian' and 'Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian' have been increasingly utilised since

1264-543: Is around 15% of the labour force. Major industries in the region include tourism, food processing, manufacturing and IT. Several major Bosnian companies are based in the Canton such as Bosnalijek and Bosna Bank International . The area also holds the country footholds of numerous foreign corporations, such as Coca-Cola , Raiffeisen Bank International , Ziraat Bank , Al Jazeera , Volkswagen , among many others. The Sarajevo Canton contains Sarajevo and its metro area. Since

1343-693: The Dayton Accords in 1995. Like all Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the head of the Sarajevo Canton is called the Prime Minister . The current Prime Minister is Nihad Uk (since 24 March 2023). Like many other heads of executive branches of government in the world, the Prime Minister has a cabinet which helps him go about his duties. The Sarajevo Canton also has ministries, services, and agencies to help in

1422-466: The Latin and Cyrillic alphabets , with Latin in everyday use. It is notable among the varieties of Serbo-Croatian for a number of Arabic , Persian and Ottoman Turkish loanwords, largely due to the language's interaction with those cultures through Islamic ties. Bosnian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian , more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian , which

1501-540: The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recognize the Bosnian language. Furthermore, the status of the Bosnian language is also recognized by bodies such as the United Nations , UNESCO and translation and interpreting accreditation agencies, including internet translation services. Most English-speaking language encyclopedias ( Routledge , Glottolog , Ethnologue , etc.) register

1580-637: The RAM Plan was developed by the State Security Administration (SDB or SDS) and a group of selected Serb officers of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) with the purpose of organizing Serbs outside Serbia , consolidating control of the fledgling SDP, and the prepositioning of arms and ammunition. The plan was meant to prepare the framework for a third Yugoslavia in which all Serbs with their territories would live together in

1659-719: The killings in Bijeljina came to light, the Bosnian government announced a general mobilisation call. The SDS responded that this call brought Sarajevo one step closer to war. On 4 April 1992, when Izetbegović ordered all reservists and police in Sarajevo to mobilize, and the SDS called for evacuation of the city's Serbs, there came the "definite rupture between the Bosnian government and Serbs". The following day, ethnic Serb policemen attacked police stations and an Interior Ministry training school. The attack killed two officers and one civilian. The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared

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1738-508: The metro area of Sarajevo. It contains 97% of the city's population, but a much smaller percentage of the official land area. The majority of the population is Bosniak (83.8%). The history of Sarajevo dates back to Neolithic times, when the Butmir culture made its mountains and hills their home. In ancient times, the Sarajevo area (Canton) was occupied by the Illyrians . The local tribe,

1817-531: The referendum was 63.4% with 99.7% of voters choosing independence. Violence broke out in many places during and after the referendum. On 1 March, a gunman opened fire at a Bosnian Serb wedding procession in Baščaršija , Sarajevo's historical centre and a Bosniak section of the city. The guests were carrying and waving Serbian flags, an act which the Bosniaks, who mostly supported independence, interpreted as

1896-470: The 1990s and 2000s. Lexically, Islamic-Oriental loanwords are more frequent; phonetically: the phoneme /x/ (letter h ) is reinstated in many words as a distinct feature of vernacular Bosniak speech and language tradition; also, there are some changes in grammar, morphology and orthography that reflect the Bosniak pre- World War I literary tradition, mainly that of the Bosniak renaissance at the beginning of

1975-525: The 1990s, especially within diplomatic circles. Table of the modern Bosnian alphabet in both Latin and Cyrillic, as well as with the IPA value, sorted according to Cyrilic: Although Bosnians are, at the level of vernacular idiom , linguistically more homogeneous than either Serbians or Croatians, unlike those nations they failed to codify a standard language in the 19th century, with at least two factors being decisive: The modern Bosnian standard took shape in

2054-423: The 20th century. The name "Bosnian language" is a controversial issue for some Croats and Serbs , who also refer to it as the "Bosniak" language ( Serbo-Croatian : bošnjački / бошњачки , [bǒʃɲaːtʃkiː] ). Bosniak linguists however insist that the only legitimate name is "Bosnian" language ( bosanski ) and that that is the name that both Croats and Serbs should use. The controversy arises because

2133-416: The Bosnian language: its 2007 Constitution specifically states that although Montenegrin is the official language, Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian are also in official use. The differences between the Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian literary standards are minimal. Although Bosnian employs more Turkish, Persian, and Arabic loanwords —commonly called orientalisms—mainly in its spoken variety due to

2212-554: The Bosnian-Herzegovinian GDP. The economy of Sarajevo Canton is slowly growing better, although it has been severely weakened by the Siege of Sarajevo and is still drastically weaker than it used to be during Yugoslav period. The employment rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 45.5% officially; however, grey economy may reduce actual unemployment to between 25 and 30%, while in Sarajevo the official unemployment rate

2291-631: The Daesitates, controlled most of the area. They were a warlike bunch and the last Illyrian tribe to resist Roman rule, which finally came in AD  9. Under Roman rule, many roads were constructed in the region, as well as a city on top of modern-day Ilidža . During the Middle Ages, the area of Sarajevo Canton was a key part of the Bosnian Kingdom. The toponym Vrhbosna existed somewhere in

2370-661: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina called the language "Bosniac language", until 2002 when it was changed in Amendment XXIX of the Constitution of the Federation by Wolfgang Petritsch . The original text of the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was agreed in Vienna and was signed by Krešimir Zubak and Haris Silajdžić on March 18, 1994. The constitution of Republika Srpska ,

2449-463: The JNA to retreat to Serb-held positions in Lukavica district. On 2 May 1992, Bosnian Serb forces established a total blockade of the city. They blocked the major access roads, cutting supplies of food and medicine, and also cut off the city's utilities (e.g., water, electricity and heating). Although they possessed superior weaponry, they were greatly outnumbered by ARBiH soldiers who were defending

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2528-616: The Republic Assembly building was broken up by shots that came from the nearby Holiday Inn . By the end of April, the form of the siege was largely established. The Serb-inhabited Sarajevan suburb of Ilidža saw heavy fighting between the local Serb forces on one side and various Bosniak forces on the other. The local Serbs soon formed the Ilidža Brigade, which became a part of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps of

2607-524: The SDS, who charged that the SDA or the government was complicit in the shooting, as evidenced by their failure to arrest the suspects. An SDS spokesman claimed the wedding attack was evidence of the mortal danger Serbs would be subject to in an independent Bosnia. This statement was rejected by the founder of the Patriotic League , Sefer Halilović , who stated that the procession was not a wedding but

2686-580: The Serb forces around Sarajevo committed the massacre. In February 1994 (when air strikes were originally threatened), NATO had created a heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo, and collected weapons at a number of sites. On 5 August, the VRS seized several weapons from the Illidža Weapons Collection site in clear violation of the exclusion zone agreement. During the seizure, Serb forces injured

2765-526: The Serb-dominated entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina, did not recognize any language or ethnic group other than Serbian. Bosniaks were mostly expelled from the territory controlled by the Serbs from 1992, but immediately after the war they demanded the restoration of their civil rights in those territories. The Bosnian Serbs refused to make reference to the Bosnian language in their constitution and as

2844-478: The Serbs handed over the airport to UNPROFOR on 29 June. World public opinion was 'decisively and permanently against the Serbs' following media reports on the sniping and shelling. From 25 to 26 August, under command of Colonel Tomislav Šipčić , the Sarajevo City Hall was burned down by cannon fire from Serb positions. On 30 August 1992, an artillery shell crashed into a crowded marketplace on

2923-557: The Serbs ordered the UN soldiers to hand him over. The rear door was opened, and one of the Serbs fired seven shots at Turajlić from an automatic weapon. Six bullets struck him in the chest and arms, killing him instantly. A Bosnian Serb soldier, Goran Vasić, was eventually charged with Turajlić's murder but was ultimately acquitted of that charge in 2002. On 6 May 1993, the United Nations Security Council Resolution 824 declared that Sarajevo be

3002-399: The VRS. In the months leading up to the war, JNA forces in the region began to mobilize in the hills surrounding Sarajevo. Artillery, together with other ordnance and equipment that would prove key in the coming siege of the city, was deployed at this time. In April 1992, the Bosnian government under Izetbegović demanded that the Yugoslav government remove these forces. Slobodan Milošević ,

3081-594: The agreement and ambushed the departing JNA convoy , which embittered all sides. A ceasefire and agreement on evacuation of the JNA was signed on 18 May, while on 20 May the Bosnian presidency declared the JNA an occupation force. The JNA attacked the Ministry of Training Academy in Vraca, the central tramway depot, and the Old Town district with mortars , artillery and tank fire. The Bosnian government had expected

3160-613: The arrest of Izetbegović, who was detained at Sarajevo Airport by Yugoslav police the previous day. The attack started with the convoy being separated when a car was driven into it. Then sporadic and disorganized fighting took place for several minutes in and around the convoy. 6–42 soldiers were killed in the incident. General Milutin Kukanjac , the commander of the JNA in Sarajevo, confirmed that just in Dobrovoljačka street alone four officers, one soldier and one civilian were killed in

3239-572: The attack. General Lewis MacKenzie , the UN peacekeeper in Sarajevo and who was in the convoy described what he saw: "I could see the Territorial Defense soldiers push the rifles through the windows of civilians' cars, which were part of the convoy, and shoot [...] I saw blood flow down the windshields. It was definitely the worst day of my life." In the Documentary The Death of Yugoslavia Lewis MacKenzie described how

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3318-513: The city is the largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina , it is also one of the most populous Cantons of Bosnia and Herzegovina . According to the 2013 population census, the overall population of Sarajevo Canton is 413.593. 84% of population are ethnic Bosniaks, 4,2% Croats, and 3,2% Serbs. The population density of Sarajevo Canton is some 350 people per km. 15.8% of the Canton's population are youth up to 14 years of age, 67.8% are between 15 and 64 years of age, and some 16.4% are over 65 years of age. Of

3397-421: The city. After numerous JNA armored columns failed to take the city, the Serbs began to concentrate their efforts on weakening it by using continual bombardment from at least 200 reinforced positions and bunkers in the surrounding hills. On 3 May 1992, members of the ARBiH attacked a convoy of withdrawing JNA soldiers on Dobrovoljačka Street in Sarajevo. The attack is thought to have been in retaliation for

3476-485: The commandant of the Bosnian police academy arrested the previous day with the takeover of the academy. Bosnia and Herzegovina received international recognition on 6 April 1992. The most common view is that the war started that day. On 6 April, Serb forces began shelling Sarajevo, and in the next two days crossed the Drina from Serbia proper and besieged Bosniak-majority Zvornik , Višegrad and Foča . All of Bosnia

3555-437: The convoy split in half: "I believe a red Volkswagen took off and driven across the intersection and blocked and split the convoy in two." General Jovan Divijak , a commander for the ARBiH in Sarajevo, tried to stop the shooting and calm things down. Shellings of Sarajevo on 24, 26, 28 and 29 May were attributed to Mladić by Boutros-Ghali . Civilian casualties of a 27 May shelling of the city led to Western intervention, in

3634-408: The de facto city government as their jurisdiction covers the city and all major suburbs. The Sarajevo Canton has a typical Bosnian geography. It is located close to the geometric center of the country, and contains numerous mountains, including Bjelašnica , Igman , Jahorina, Trebević , and Treskavica . The cities of the Canton are built predominantly on the hills at the foot of these mountains, and

3713-597: The end of the tri-ethnic coalition that had governed after the 1990 elections. This Assembly established the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, which became the Republika Srpska in August 1992. The declaration of Bosnian sovereignty was followed by a referendum for independence on 29 February and 1 March 1992, which was boycotted by the vast majority of Serbs. The turnout in

3792-770: The ethnic variants of the standard language makes translation and second language teaching impossible." The Bosnian language, as a new normative register of the Shtokavian dialect, was officially introduced in 1996 with the publication of Pravopis bosanskog jezika in Sarajevo. According to that work, Bosnian differed from Serbian and Croatian on some main linguistic characteristics, such as: sound formats in some words, especially "h" ( kahva versus Serbian kafa ); substantial and deliberate usage of Oriental ("Turkish") words; spelling of future tense ( kupit ću ) as in Croatian but not Serbian ( kupiću ) (both forms have

3871-444: The fact that most Bosnian speakers are Muslims, it is still very similar to both Serbian and Croatian in its written and spoken form. "Lexical differences between the ethnic variants are extremely limited, even when compared with those between closely related Slavic languages (such as standard Czech and Slovak, Bulgarian and Macedonian), and grammatical differences are even less pronounced. More importantly, complete understanding between

3950-518: The fields in between them. The most significant of these is the Sarajevo field, a small depression upon which the bulk of the city is built upon. The Miljacka river passes through the Canton. Vrelo Bosne , the source of the Bosna River , is found in Sarajevo Canton and is the source of water for most residents of Sarajevo. Sarajevo is economically strongest region in the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city and canton generate more than 37% of

4029-489: The first half of 1993 were the height of the siege of Sarajevo, and atrocities were committed during heavy fighting. Serb forces outside the city continuously shelled the government defenders. Inside the city, the Serbs controlled most of the major military positions and the supply of arms. With snipers taking up positions in the city, signs reading Pazite, Snajper! ("Beware, Sniper!") became commonplace and certain particularly dangerous streets, most notably Ulica Zmaja od Bosne,

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4108-406: The form of sanctions imposed on 30 May through United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 . That same day Bosnian forces attacked the JNA barracks in the city, which was followed by heavy shelling. On 5 and 6 June the last JNA personnel left the city during heavy street fighting and shelling. The 20 June cease-fire, executed to allow the UN takeover of Sarajevo Airport for humanitarian flights,

4187-492: The former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted four Serb officials for numerous counts of crimes against humanity which they committed during the siege, including terrorism . Stanislav Galić and Dragomir Milošević were sentenced to life imprisonment and 29 years imprisonment respectively. Their superiors, Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić , were also convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. From its establishment after World War II until its breakup in 1991 and 1992,

4266-522: The government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia suppressed the nationalist sentiments which existed among the many ethnic and religious groups which comprised the population of the country, a policy which prevented the occurrence of chaos and the breakup of the state. When Yugoslavia's longtime leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito died in 1980, this policy of containment underwent a dramatic reversal. Nationalism experienced

4345-720: The international community to deploy a peacekeeping force following recognition, but it did not materialize in time to prevent war from breaking out across the country. Bosnian Serb and JNA troops overwhelmed the poorly equipped and unprepared Bosnian security forces to take control of large areas of Bosnian territory, beginning with attacks on Bosniak civilians in the east. Serb military, police and paramilitary forces attacked towns and villages and then, sometimes assisted by local Serb residents, applied what soon became their standard operating procedure: Bosniak houses and apartments were systematically ransacked or burned; civilians were rounded up, some beaten or killed; and men were separated from

4424-404: The language is taught under the name Bosnisch , not Bosniakisch (e.g. Vienna, Graz, Trier) with very few exceptions. Some Croatian linguists ( Zvonko Kovač , Ivo Pranjković , Josip Silić ) support the name "Bosnian" language, whereas others ( Radoslav Katičić , Dalibor Brozović , Tomislav Ladan ) hold that the term Bosnian language is the only one appropriate and that accordingly

4503-535: The language solely as "Bosnian" language. The Library of Congress registered the language as "Bosnian" and gave it an ISO-number. The Slavic language institutes in English-speaking countries offer courses in "Bosnian" or "Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian" language, not in "Bosniak" language (e.g. Columbia, Cornell, Chicago, Washington, Kansas). The same is the case in German-speaking countries, where

4582-497: The main street which eventually leads to the airport, were known as " sniper alleys ". The sniper killings of Admira Ismić and Boško Brkić, a mixed Bosnian-Serbian couple who tried to cross the lines, became a symbol of the suffering in the city and the basis of Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo , but it is unknown from which side the snipers opened fire. Within Bosniak-held areas of Sarajevo, public services quickly collapsed and

4661-445: The name "Bosnian" may seem to imply that it is the language of all Bosnians, while Bosnian Croats and Serbs reject that designation for their idioms. The language is called Bosnian language in the 1995 Dayton Accords and is concluded by observers to have received legitimacy and international recognition at the time. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) and

4740-1302: The nine municipalities, the biggest population belongs to Novi Grad , with some 125.626 residents, and the smallest population was in Trnovo , which has a mere 2.850 residents. ∗ 1961–1981 censuses ∗ 1991 census ∗ 2013 census The Sarajevo Canton consists of 9 municipalities, of which 4 comprise the city of Sarajevo: [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 [REDACTED]   Una-Sana [REDACTED]   Central Bosnia [REDACTED]   Posavina [REDACTED]   Herzegovina-Neretva [REDACTED]   Tuzla [REDACTED]   West Herzegovina [REDACTED]   Zenica-Doboj [REDACTED]   Sarajevo [REDACTED]   Bosnian Podrinje [REDACTED]   Canton 10 43°51′N 18°15′E  /  43.850°N 18.250°E  / 43.850; 18.250 Bosnian language Bosnian uses both

4819-500: The perpetrator was the VRS. UNPROFOR launched its humanitarian airlift operations, providing Sarajevo with much-needed supplies from mid-1992 to the beginning of 1995. More than 13,000 flights were made over the course of more than three years. It was the most airlifts to a capital city since the Berlin airlifts . While capitalizing on the fact that the airport was under the control of UNPROFOR, defenders of Sarajevo began digging

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4898-403: The president of Serbia, agreed only to withdraw individuals who originated from outside Bosnia's borders, an insignificant number. JNA soldiers who were ethnic Serbs from Bosnia were transferred to the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) under the command of General Ratko Mladić , with the VRS having rescinded its allegiance to Bosnia a few days after Bosnia seceded from Yugoslavia. On 5 April 1992,

4977-531: The region and was one of the notable settlements at the time. True development of the region came after the Ottoman conquest when local Muslim noble Isa-Beg Isaković established the roots of the modern city of Sarajevo , between 1461 and 1463. The region grew along with the city, which quickly, after Istanbul, became the most important in the Balkans. Later rule by Austria-Hungary modernized and westernized

5056-566: The region. Under Yugoslavia , there was major development of the area, which more than tripled in size. Because of its ideal geographical location in between mountains, Sarajevo was chosen to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . Much of this progress was offset however by the Yugoslav Wars in the early 1990s. The Sarajevo Canton was a result of this warfare, created by the Washington Accords in 1994, and its boundaries defined by

5135-412: The running of the region. The Canton is split into 9 municipalities. They are all based on the major settlements in their region, except for Sarajevo, whose size and status as capital city gives it four separate municipalities and its own separate city government. Major cities are in municipalities of the same name in Bosnia and Herzegovina (i.e. Ilidža is part of Ilidža Municipality) whose governments are

5214-1319: The same pronunciation). 2018, in the new issue of Pravopis bosanskog jezika , words without "h" are accepted due to their prevalence in language practice. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Cyrillic script : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian, written in the Latin alphabet : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Siege of Sarajevo Military stalemate [REDACTED] Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina [REDACTED] Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia [REDACTED] United Nations [REDACTED]   SFR Yugoslavia (April–May 1992) [REDACTED]   Republika Srpska (May 1992–96) [REDACTED] France [REDACTED] Italy [REDACTED] Ireland [REDACTED] Ukraine [REDACTED] Sweden [REDACTED] Denmark 1993 1994 1995 The siege of Sarajevo ( Serbo-Croatian : Opsada Sarajeva )

5293-652: The same state. Alarmed, the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia on 15 October 1991, shortly followed by the establishment of the Serbian National Assembly by Bosnian Serbs. The Serb members of parliament, consisting mainly of Serb Democratic Party (SDP) members, abandoned the central parliament in Sarajevo, and formed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 24 October 1991, which marked

5372-548: The south, the 14 Division/1st managed to push the Serbs back to Route Viper and captured the most land from the offensive. On 28 August 1995 at around 11:00 ( Central European Time ), five shells were fired onto the Markale Market, causing the 2nd Markale massacre. Casualties were fewer however, 43 died and 73 were wounded. But just several hours prior to the attack, Bosnian Serb authorities tentatively expressed their will to accept Richard Holbrooke 's peace plan. Again

5451-510: The surrounding hills. From there they assaulted the city with artillery, tanks, and small arms. From 2 May 1992, the Serbs blockaded the city. At least 500,000 bombs were dropped on the city. Units of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) inside the city, who numbered around 70,000 troops, without heavy weapons or armor, defended much of the urban area of the city throughout

5530-463: The terms Bosnian language and Bosniak language refer to two different things. The Croatian state institutions, such as the Central Bureau of Statistics, use both terms: "Bosniak" language was used in the 2001 census, while the census in 2011 used the term "Bosnian" language. The majority of Serbian linguists hold that the term Bosniak language is the only one appropriate, which was agreed as early as 1990. The original form of The Constitution of

5609-411: The town of Bosanski Brod . Eleven Serbs were killed in the village of Sijekovac outside of Brod on 26 March, and the SDS claimed they were massacred by a Croat-Bosniak militia. The town was besieged and shelled by the JNA and Serbian paramilitaries on 29 March. There were further clashes in Bijeljina , which was attacked by a Serb force led by Serb Volunteer Guard . On 4 April, as the information of

5688-478: The war but were unable to break the siege. The siege was lifted following the signing of the Dayton Agreement on 14 December 1995. A total of 13,952 people were killed during the siege, including 5,434 civilians. The ARBiH sustained 6,137 fatalities, while Bosnian Serb military casualties numbered 2,241 killed soldiers. The 1991 census indicates that before the siege, the city and its surrounding areas had

5767-477: The western edge of Sarajevo. The resulting explosion killed 15 people and wounded 100 others. On 8 January 1993, Hakija Turajlić , the Deputy Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb soldier. Turajlić, who had gone to Sarajevo Airport to greet a Turkish delegation, was returning to the city in a United Nations armored vehicle that had taken him there when

5846-400: The women. Many of the men were forcibly removed to prison camps . The women were incarcerated in detention centres in extremely unhygienic conditions and suffered numerous severe abuses. Many were repeatedly raped . Survivors testified that Serb soldiers and police would visit the detention centres, select one or more women, take them out and rape them. On 22 April, a peace rally in front of

5925-538: Was a prolonged blockade of Sarajevo , the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina , during the Bosnian War . After it was initially besieged by the forces of the Yugoslav People's Army , the city was then besieged by the Army of Republika Srpska . Lasting from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 (1,425 days), it was three times longer than the Battle of Stalingrad , more than a year longer than the siege of Leningrad , and

6004-486: Was broken as both sides battled for control of the territory between the city and airport. The airport crisis led to Boutros-Ghali's ultimatum on 26 June, that the Serbs stop attacks on the city, allow the UN to take control of the airport, and place their heavy weapons under UN supervision. Meanwhile, media reported that President George H. W. Bush considered the use of force in Bosnia. French President Francois Mitterrand visited Sarajevo on 28–29 June. Undramatically,

6083-554: Was engulfed in war by mid-April. There were some efforts to halt violence. On 27 April, the Bosnian government ordered the JNA to be put under civilian control or expelled, which was followed by a series of conflicts in early May between the two. On 2 May, the Green Berets and local gang members fought back a disorganized Serb attack aimed at cutting Sarajevo in two. On 3 May, Izetbegović was kidnapped at Sarajevo Airport by JNA officers, and used to gain safe passage of JNA troops from downtown Sarajevo. However, Bosniak forces dishonoured

6162-439: Was in fact intended as a provocation. On 2 March, Serb paramilitaries set up barricades and positioned snipers near Sarajevo's parliament building , but their coup d'état was thwarted by thousands of Sarajevo citizens who took to the streets and placed themselves in front of the snipers. Armed Bosniaks known as " Green Berets " also erected barricades in and around Sarajevo. More barricades appeared near Banja Luka , and

6241-476: Was the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare . When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia after the 1992 Bosnian independence referendum , the Bosnian Serbs —whose strategic goal was to create a new Bosnian Serb state of Republika Srpska (RS) that would include Bosniak -majority areas —encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 13,000 stationed in

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