94-744: McDonald's Cycle Center (formerly Millennium Park Bike Station ) is a facility for a Chicago Police Department Bike Patrol Group in the northeast corner of Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois . It was formerly a bicycle station for public use. The city of Chicago built the center at the intersection of East Randolph Street and Columbus Drive , and opened it July 2004. Since June 2006, it had been sponsored by McDonald's and several other partners, including city departments and bicycle advocacy organizations. The bike station, which formerly served bicycle commuters and utility cyclists , provided lockers, showers,
188-527: A $ 2,920 annual duty availability and an $ 1,800 annual uniform allowance. In 2017, the composition of the department's sworn personnel by gender was 77% male and 23% female. The highest ranked woman in Chicago police history was Barbara West, who was appointed to the department's third-highest rank (the deputy superintendent) in 2020. In 2017, the racial composition of the department's sworn personnel was: The Chicago Police Department became unionized at
282-570: A Chicago tourist attraction. The Millennium Park bicycle center was designed by David Steele of the architectural firm Muller & Muller, which won a $ 120,000 contract to design the station by Memorial Day 2004, and commenced the design in August 2003. This was at a time when bike stations were in place or being planned in several U.S. cities, such as Denver , and, in California, Los Angeles, Berkeley , Long Beach and Palo Alto . The station
376-442: A German manufacturer of bicycle parking systems and stands. The interior design was a joint collaboration between the city of Chicago, Josta, and Cycle-Safe, Inc. of Grand Rapids , Michigan, which also produces lockers and racks for bicycles. The Chicago Park District runs the station, which has a full-time staff. The Cycle Center is at 239 East Randolph Street (at Columbus Drive), and offered convenient connections to mass transit at
470-646: A bike route. The city has been actively accommodating cyclists since 1999 through the CDOT Bike Lane Project. At the time of the July 2004 Cycle Center opening, Illinois Senate Bill 275, which would have removed the liability disincentive to add bike lanes , mark bike routes and give cyclists reasonable protection, was at issue. At the time, the city of Chicago had 90 miles (140 km) of bike lanes (with an additional 110 miles (180 km) forthcoming), in excess of 9,000 bike racks, and it had implemented
564-586: A café, bike rentals, bike repair and private stall showers. During business hours, the facility had 100 spaces set aside for first-come, first-served usage, but after hours the facility was limited to dues-paying members. As the city's high-profile bicycle parking facility, it served as a demonstration location for efforts to lobby for further bicycle accommodations for the Active Transportation Alliance , League of Illinois Bicyclists, and Illinois Lieutenant Governor Pat Quinn . When
658-781: A cycling-friendly city. According to an article in The Washington Post based on selections by the Adventure Cycling Association and Bicycling magazine, Chicago was one of the ten most cycling-friendly cities in the U.S. because of the Cycle Center and the Chicago Department of Transportation's Bicycle Program. The Cycle Center was featured in the Federal Transit Administration 's April 2009 report to
752-525: A gang with other CPD officers. The group would raid drug houses, taking the contraband for resale. Hicks skipped a court appearance on June 9, 2003, and was placed on the FBI's most-wanted list. Hicks was arrested in Detroit on September 12, 2017, nearly 15 years after he fled on the eve of trial on federal drug conspiracy charges. Hicks, 68, has been the subject of an international manhunt since 2003, according to
846-446: A large-scale burglary ring. The Summerdale case dominated the local press, and became the biggest police-related scandal in the city's history at the time. Mayor Daley appointed a committee to make recommendations for improvements to the police department. The action resulted in the creation of a five-member board charged with nominating a superintendent to be the chief authority over police officers, enacting rules and regulations governing
940-604: A law creating a police board to become an executive department of Chicago autonomous of the mayor. The mayor was effectively stripped of his power to control the Chicago Police Department. Authority was given to three police commissioners. The commissioners created the office of superintendent to be the chief of police. The title is again in use today. The first African American officer was appointed in 1872, but black police were assigned to duty in plain clothes only, mainly in largely black neighborhoods. In 1875,
1034-552: A new collection of innovations to champion every two years that merit accelerated deployment. Among the approaches promoted by the EDC effort are: adaptive traffic control to reduce fuel consumption and improve travel time reliability ; alternative intersection design; prefabricated bridge elements and systems; high-friction surface treatments; warm mix asphalt; ultra-high-performance concrete; virtual public involvement; and time-saving strategies such as rapid bridge replacement . Since
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#17327919029491128-489: A policy allowing bicycles on CTA trains (at all times excluding weekday morning and afternoon rush hours), CTA buses and Pace buses. In June 2005, Metra allowed a limited number of bicycles on trains during off-peak and weekend hours for the first time on a trial basis. By 2006, the city had 315 miles (507 km) of bike lanes. The planning emphasis in Chicago uses what is known as transit-oriented development, which encourages developers to include bicycle parking. The structure
1222-551: A question based on the LTPP data. In 2010, FHWA launched the Every Day Counts (EDC) initiative to identify and deploy innovations to reduce project delivery time, enhance safety, and protect the environment. EDC is a state-based model that rapidly deploys proven, yet underutilized innovations. FHWA works with State transportation departments, local governments, tribes, private industry, and other stakeholders to identify
1316-743: A set of 22 Police District Councils, the Community Commission for Public Safety and Accountability, the Chicago Police Board, the Civilian Office of Police Accountability, and the Deputy Inspector General for Public Safety. Most of these bodies were created by ordinances passed in 2016 and 2021, and their membership is determined through a mix of appointments by the Mayor of Chicago , confirmations by
1410-425: A sloping solar paneled roof. The 120 solar panels produce 6.5 percent of the electricity supply required for the climate-controlled building. The Cycle Center has an opaque design, with thin steel frames for its main windows. The interior design uses stainless steel and blond wood, and shade is produced by awnings . The Cycle Center included parking for up to 300 bikes, lockers, an Internet station,
1504-481: A snack bar with outdoor summer seating, bike repair, bike rental and 300 bicycle parking spaces as of 2004. The Cycle Center was accessible by membership and day pass. It also accommodated runners and inline skaters , but now is exclusively used by a Chicago Police Department Bike Patrol Group. Planning for the Cycle Center was part of the larger "Bike 2010 Plan", in which the city aimed to make itself more accommodating to bicycle commuters. This plan (now replaced by
1598-506: A subsequent investigation showed that all but one of the bullets fired came from police weapons. Relatives of the two dead men eventually won a multimillion-dollar judgment against the city. For many African Americans , the incident symbolized prejudice and lack of restraint among the largely white police. The incident led to growing black voter disaffection with the Democratic machine . On July 28, 1998, an 11-year-old girl, Ryan Harris,
1692-456: A waiting list. Monthly membership was initially $ 15 and yearly membership was $ 90, although these fees have risen somewhat with time. By 2006, it had an approximate membership of 500 cyclists. About 50,000 riders used the Cycle Center in its first two years. The Cycle Center has private shower stalls and dressing areas. The station offered a continental breakfast including cereal, coffee, fruit, juice and yogurt. The Cycle Center offered
1786-403: A wide variety of bicycle styles, models and accessories for hourly, daily, weekly or monthly rental. Helmets , locks, and trail maps were included with each rental. Among the types of rentals available were tagalongs , wagons , tandem bicycles and inline skates . Access to the showers and lockers, free for members, were available to non-members for rental if available. Bike Chicago managed
1880-756: Is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agency's major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program. Its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry , Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads . With the coming of the bicycle in
1974-483: Is one of the oldest modern police departments in the world. The Chicago Police Department has both a past & recent-present history of police brutality , racial profiling , misconduct and corruption , and at one point, tortured multiple people in custody in the 1980s . In 2017, the United States Department of Justice criticized the department for poor training, lack of oversight, and repeated incidents of excessive force. The Superintendent of Police leads
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#17327919029492068-640: Is the primary law enforcement agency of the city of Chicago, Illinois , United States, under the jurisdiction of the Chicago City Council . It is the second-largest municipal police department in the United States , behind the New York City Police Department . As of 2022 CPD had 11,710 sworn officers on duty, and in 2020 had over 948 other employees. Tracing its roots to 1835, the Chicago Police Department
2162-622: The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), which is used by most highway agencies in the United States. The MUTCD provides such standards as the size, color and height of traffic signs , traffic signals and road surface markings . Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) is a program supported by the FHWA to collect and analyse road data. The LTPP program was initiated by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of
2256-412: The Chicago City Council , and elections. According to historian Sam Mitrani, the Chicago Police Department professionalized and grew in size during the 19th century in order to quell labor unrest. City policymakers cooperated with business elites in terms of structuring the police department. The Chicago Police Department remained beset by vast corruption well into the 20th century. In 1825, prior to
2350-614: The Golden Arches . The McDonald's sponsorship of the Cycle Center and park fitness activity came just a few months after Chicago was named the fattest city in America by Men's Fitness . The Cycle Center was designed to encourage bicycle commuting to Millennium and Grant Parks as well as to work and other nearby downtown locations, such as the Art Institute of Chicago. It represented two major initiatives by Mayor Daley in
2444-481: The Illinois General Assembly found that the police commissioners were unable to control rampant corruption within the Chicago Police Department. The legislature passed a new law returning power over the police to the mayor. The mayor was allowed to appoint a single police commissioner with the advice and consent of the city council. In 1896, a parade of Chicago police officers was the subject of
2538-635: The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , and along the backroads of both Indiana and Michigan. The Chicago Trolley Company operated bike tours that started from the Cycle Center while it was operational, but the company closed in 2019. The Chicago Tribune' s architecture critic, Blair Kamin, gave the Cycle Center three stars (out of a possible four), described as a "gem" for the city and praised several elements of its detail. It has received accolades from numerous architecture and bicycling enthusiasts. Other Tribune writers described
2632-634: The National Research Council (NRC) in the early 1980s. The FHWA with the cooperation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) sponsored the program. As a result of this program, the FHWA has collected a huge database of road performance. The FHWA and the ASCE hold an annual contest known as LTPP International Data Analysis Contest , which is based on challenging researchers to answer
2726-519: The Ryan Expressway , at which point several officers quickly approached his vehicle. According to Gladwell, the false safety of numbers gave the three officers "the bravado to rush the car". Fyfe adds, "The lawyers [for the police] were saying that this was a fast-breaking situation. But it was only fast-breaking because the cops let it become one. He was stopped. He wasn't going anywhere." Fyfe describes appropriate police procedure and contrasts
2820-709: The United States Congress on a new generation of innovative transit systems entitled Reinventing Transit: American communities finding smarter, cleaner, faster transportation solutions . Cities as far away as Melbourne , Australia, pointed to Chicago as an example of a city with cycling-friendly features because of the Cycle Center (they also used European cities such as Amsterdam and Lyon , France, as well as U.S. cities such as Davis, California and Portland, Oregon as examples). The Chicago Architecture Foundation awarded its 2004 Stein Ray & Harris Patron of
2914-500: The "Bike 2015 Plan") included provisions for front-mounted two-bike carriers on Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) buses, permitting bikes to be carried on Chicago 'L' trains, installing numerous bike racks and creating bicycle lanes in streets throughout the city. Additionally, the Chicago metropolitan area 's other mass transit providers, Metra and Pace , have developed increased bike accessibility. Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley
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3008-460: The 1890s, interest grew regarding the improvement of streets and roads in America. The traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate. In 1893, the federal Office of Road Inquiry (ORI) was founded; in 1905, it was renamed the Office of Public Roads (OPR) and made a division of the United States Department of Agriculture . Demands grew for local and state government to take charge. With
3102-402: The 2000s decade: to promote cycling and to make the city greener by reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality. The physical focal point of the Cycle Center is an atrium that introduces the two lower levels of facilities and provides an aesthetic above-ground presence. The atrium, which has been praised by Pulitzer Prize -winning architecture critic Blair Kamin more than once, has
3196-586: The Active Transportation Alliance sponsor the Chase Bike Valet. The city and its Cycle Center were considered exemplary by other cities in pursuit of covered, secure bicycle parking near public transportation. The Cycle Center offered a wide variety of services to its members, and was busiest on Monday and Tuesday mornings. Illinois residents were eligible for Cycle Center monthly or annual memberships, which provided access to
3290-639: The CPD compared vaccine requirements for police to the Holocaust . The union head encouraged CPD officers not to get vaccinated. In August 2022, the number of sworn officers was 11,611, which was down 1,742 officers from its peak four years prior. Following the McDonald shooting, Illinois attorney general Lisa Madigan requested that the Department of Justice (DOJ) conduct a civil rights investigation of
3384-589: The Causes and Prevention of Violence called the police response a " police riot ", assigning blame for the mayhem in the streets to the Chicago Police. On December 4, 1969, Black Panther Party leaders Fred Hampton and Mark Clark were shot and killed by officers working for the Cook County state's attorney, Edward Hanrahan . Though the police claimed they had been attacked by heavily armed Panthers,
3478-414: The Chicago Police Department. In 1960, the municipal government created a five-member police board charged with nominating a superintendent to be the chief authority over police officers, drafting and adopting rules and regulations governing the police system, submitting budget requests to the city council, and hearing and deciding disciplinary cases involving police officers. Criminologist O. W. Wilson
3572-471: The Cycle Center is on the fifth and sixth floors of the Millennium Park parking garage. Although bicycle centers were already common throughout Europe, Long Beach, California is credited with pioneering commuter-biking hubs offering valet parking, showers and repair services in the United States. As the concept grew, public agencies and private groups in other cities followed suit. The development of
3666-526: The Cycle Center put Chicago over the top as the nation's most cycling-friendly city. The Cycle Center avoided much of the controversy that beset most of Millennium Park by remaining open during the paid rental of a large portion of the park by Toyota on September 8, 2005. What proved more controversial were McDonald's claims that, since it was providing a healthier menu and fostering grade school physical education in an effort to help its customers improve their health, sponsoring bicycle and exercise activity in
3760-574: The Cycle Center was 16,448 square feet (1,528 m) and located on a larger exterior plaza. The final two-floor design cost $ 3.2 million, and a federal grant from the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration for projects that lessen traffic congestion and improve air quality funded its construction. The Cycle Center was completed in June 2004 and the official opening occurred on July 19, 2004,
3854-479: The Department's Mounted Patrol was created to provide crowd control, and in 1908, the force was granted its first three motor cars, expanding in 1910 to motorbikes and boats. Female officers were formally appointed beginning on August 13, 1913, starting with ten officers. In 1918, Grace Wilson, possibly the first black female police officer in United States history, joined the force. In 1913, Alice Clement became
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3948-555: The FBI. He appeared in federal court in Detroit on Tuesday and was ordered held until he can be brought to Chicago to face the charges. Since the early 1980s, official investigations have responded to numerous allegations against former Commander Jon Burge , who has been accused of abusing more than two-hundred mostly African-American men from 1972 to 1991 in order to coerce confessions to crimes. Alleged victims claimed that Burge and his crew of detectives had them beaten, suffocated, burned, and treated with electric shock. In 1993, Burge
4042-683: The Federal Lands Highway Program (sometimes called "direct fed"), the FHWA provides highway design and construction services for various federal land-management agencies, such as the Forest Service and the National Park Service . In addition to these programs, the FHWA performs and sponsors research in the areas of roadway safety, congestion, highway materials and construction methods, and provides funding to local technical assistance program centers to disseminate research results to local highway agencies. The FHWA also publishes
4136-526: The High Constable. He in turn would appoint a Common Constable from each of the six city wards. In 1855, the newly elected city council passed ordinances to formally establish the Chicago Police Department. Chicago was divided into three police precincts, each served by a station house. Station No. 1 was located in a building on State Street between Lake and Randolph streets. Station No. 2 was on West Randolph Street near Des Plaines Street. Station No. 3
4230-501: The Millennium Park Cycle Center was part of a reversal of bike disincentives stemming from Boub v. Township of Wayne —a 1998 Illinois Supreme Court ruling that bikes are "permitted" but not "intended" users of the roads, meaning that local governments have a limited responsibility to keep cyclists safe and that municipalities are immune from bicycle-injury lawsuits unless the street has been clearly marked as
4324-615: The Monday following the Millennium Park's grand opening gala. Attendees for the ribbon cutting included Mayor Daley, CDOT Commissioner Miguel d'Escoto, Chicago Park District General Superintendent Timothy Mitchell, and representatives from the Chicago Bike Federation, Public Building Commission, Chicago Police Department , and Chicago City Council . Managed by the Chicago Department of Transportation (CDOT),
4418-528: The United States' first crime laboratory at Northwestern University , purchased by the Department in 1938. Orlando W. Wilson , the first civilian superintendent, was appointed by the mayor in 1960. A former dean of criminology, Wilson introduced major reforms to the Department, including a new and innovative communications center, the reduction of police stations, a fairer promotion process, and an emphasis on motorized patrol over foot patrol. Vehicles were painted blue and white and given blue lightbars, introducing
4512-565: The Year award in the governmental category to Millennium Park, specifically mentioning the bike station, Commissioner d'Escoto and the City of Chicago Department of Transportation, along with several other leaders responsible for the development of other park features. 41°53′2″N 87°37′15″W / 41.88389°N 87.62083°W / 41.88389; -87.62083 Chicago Police Department The Chicago Police Department ( CPD )
4606-412: The boys of the crime and pointed to convicted sex offender Floyd Durr. The boys each filed lawsuits against the city, which were eventually settled for millions of dollars. Durr pleaded guilty to the rape of Harris, but never admitted to her murder. In the summer of 1999, two unarmed black motorists, Robert Russ and LaTanya Haggerty, were fatally shot in separate incidents involving the Chicago Police. In
4700-492: The car, and he shouldn't have broken the window. Gladwell also notes that the Russ and Haggerty killings occurred on the same night. In April 2001, Joseph Miedzianowski was convicted of racketeering and drug conspiracy during much of his 22-year career with the department. In January 2003 he was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. His partner John Galligan and 24 other drug dealers were also arrested as part of
4794-450: The city. In Malcolm Gladwell 's book on the cognitive function of snap judgments, Blink , well-known criminologist and police administrator James Fyfe said that Chicago police instructions in cases such as Russ's were "very detailed". He said that the record shows that the officers involved all broke procedure and let the situation become unnecessarily deadly for the suspect. For instance, after claiming to see Russ drive erratically,
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#17327919029494888-458: The civil rights of countless innocent citizens and contravened every accepted code of professional police discipline. No one could accuse the Chicago cops of discrimination. They savagely attacked hippies , yippies , New Leftists, revolutionaries, dissident Democrats, newsmen, photographers, passers-by, clergymen and at least one handicapped. Winston Churchill 's journalist grandson got roughed up. Even Dan Rather (the future CBS News anchor) who
4982-685: The coming of the automobile, urgent efforts were made to upgrade and modernize dirt roads designed for horse-drawn wagon traffic. In 1910, the American Association for Highway Improvement was organized. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. By 1914, there were 2.4 million miles of rural dirt rural roads; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, and 3,000 miles were given high-quality surfacing. The rapidly increasing speed of automobiles, and especially trucks, made maintenance and repair high-priority items. In 1915, OPR's name
5076-566: The creation of Cook County , in what would later become, the village of Chicago, was in Putnam County . Archibald Clybourn was appointed to be Constable of the area between the DuPage River and Lake Michigan. Clybourn went on to become an important citizen of the city, and the diagonal Clybourn Avenue is named after him. When the town of Chicago was incorporated to become a city in 1837, provisions were made to elect an officer called
5170-458: The department. The agency released a report in January 2017, announcing an agreement with the city to work on improvements under court supervision. The report strongly criticized the police for a culture of excessive violence, especially against minority suspects and the community, and said that there was insufficient and poor training and a lack of true oversight. The lack of training was one of
5264-723: The end of 1980. Chicago police officers are represented by the Fraternal Order of Police . In 2020, Officer John Catanzara was elected as the head of the union. Cataranza has one of the worst disciplinary records in the department. Previously in 2017, Cataranza stated of Muslims: "Savages they all deserve a bullet." Later, he defended the January 6 United States Capitol attack , saying, "They're individuals ... They get to do what they want." Five government agencies are charged with various aspects of police oversight in Chicago:
5358-439: The events that contributed to Russ's death thus: [According to police instructions] You are not supposed to approach the car. You are supposed to ask the driver to get out. Well, two of the cops ran up ahead and opened the passenger side door. The other [officer] was on the other side, yelling at Russ to open the door. But Russ just sat there. I don't know what was going through his head. But he didn't respond. So this cop smashe[d]
5452-694: The familiar Sillitoe tartan headbands, and the official motto, 'We Serve And Protect'. In 1963, the Cadet Program was also introduced. The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Grant Park led to major criticism of the Chicago Police's crowd control methods, with the Walker Report criticizing both the Department and the National Guard for use of excessive force, and called the events a police riot . The Department's Mounted Patrol
5546-488: The first female police detective for the Chicago Police Department. In 1917, the Chicago Police Reserves were formed, organized on a regimental basis. They were used to assist or replace regular officers in high-crowd events, such as Memorial Day , and during the 1918 flu pandemic , worked for two weeks to enforce stringent health regulations. The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre led to the creation of
5640-413: The first film ever to be shot in Chicago. Women entered the force in 1885, as matrons , caring for female prisoners. Marie Owens is believed to have been the first female police officer in the U.S., joining the Chicago Police Department in 1891, retiring in 1923. Holding the rank of Sergeant, Owens enforced child labor and welfare laws. Despite centralized policies and practices, the captains who ran
5734-441: The first incident, Russ, an honor student and star football player for Northwestern University , was shot in his car. This followed a high-speed chase and what the police claim was a struggle with the officer who shot him. In the second, Haggarty, a computer analyst, was shot by a female officer. Charges of racism against the CPD persisted. Both shootings resulted in lawsuits and Haggerty's family reached an $ 18 million settlement with
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#17327919029495828-627: The heated and air conditioned McDonald's Cycle Center opened, bicycle parking facilities with amenities, which had first appeared in the U.S. on the West Coast , did not exist in the Midwest . When it opened in 2006 the bike station was one of the country's largest and most modern. The Cycle Center's bicycle parking facilities use high-capacity, two-tiered DoubleParker racks that accommodate more than twice as many bicycles per square foot as traditional bike racks. These racks were manufactured by Josta,
5922-527: The inception of EDC, each state has used 26 or more of the 57 innovations and some states have deployed more than 45. Many of these practices have become mainstream practices across the country. The Federal Highway Administration is overseen by an administrator appointed by the President of the United States by and with the consent of the United States Senate . The administrator works under
6016-402: The left rear window of his car and fire[d] a single shot, and it hit Russ in the hand and chest. The cop says that he said, 'Show me your hands, show me your hands,' and he's claiming now that Russ was trying to grab his gun. I don't know if that was the case. I have to accept the cop's claim. But it's beside the point. It's still an unjustified shooting because he shouldn't have been anywhere near
6110-450: The main targets of the DOJ report. The DOJ criticized the department for "check the box" training that relied heavily on PowerPoint presentations and included poorly executed training exercises in the field. The DOJ also observed recruits falling asleep during training. In the aftermath of the investigation, Chicago mayor Rahm Emanuel approved the construction of a new training facility for
6204-555: The nearby Chicago Transit Authority hub, the McCormick Place Busway and Metra trains at Millennium Station . For the annual series of festivals held in Grant Park, such as Lollapalooza and Taste of Chicago , the McDonald's Cycle Center is complemented by the Chase Bike Valet at the corner of Lake Shore Drive and Monroe Street, which is one block east of Millennium Park. Chase Bank and organizations such as
6298-763: The new U.S. Department of Transportation . The FHWA took over the functions of the Bureau of Public Roads the following year. The FHWA's role in the Federal-aid Highway Program is to oversee federal funds to build and maintain the National Highway System (primarily Interstate highways , U.S. highways and most state highways). This funding mostly comes from the federal gasoline tax and mostly goes to state departments of transportation . The FHWA oversees projects using these funds to ensure that federal requirements for project eligibility, contract administration and construction standards are adhered to. Under
6392-446: The officers engaged in a driving pursuit. The pursuit, labeled "high-speed", did not exceed 70 miles per hour, but Fyfe contends that the adrenaline rush of the chase, coupled with the officers' reliance in their numbers, led to their ignoring impulses to maintain rational thinking in a potentially non-deadly situation. They speeded up a process that both allowed and required taking things more slowly and methodically. Russ's car spun out on
6486-588: The organization was once again named the Bureau of Public Roads; it was placed under the Department of Commerce . From 1917 through 1941, 261,000 miles of highways were built with $ 3.17 billion in federal aid and $ 2.14 billion in state and local funds. The Federal Highway Administration was created on October 15, 1966, along with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety and the National Highway Safety Bureau (now known as National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ), as part of
6580-489: The park augments the company's other initiatives. Longtime writer for the Chicago Tribune and current Tribune health and fitness reporter, Julie Deardorff, described the move as a continuation of the '"McDonaldization" of America' and as somewhat "insidious" because the company was making itself more prominent as the social sentiment was to move away from fast food. The Cycle Center helped Chicago to become known as
6674-414: The police and fire departments. The new building cost an estimated $ 95 million. The Chicago Police Department has a history of scandals , police misconduct , corruption , police brutality , and other controversies . Since 2019, the CPD has been subject to a consent decree requiring the department to enact reforms in discipline, supervision, training and recruiting of its police officers. This
6768-399: The police system, submitting budget requests to the city council, and overseeing disciplinary cases involving officers. Criminologist O.W. Wilson was brought on as Superintendent of Police, and served until 1967 when he retired. Both Daley and the Chicago Police Department faced a great deal of criticism for the department's actions during the 1968 Democratic National Convention , which
6862-440: The precincts or districts were relatively independent of headquarters, owing their jobs to neighborhood politicians. Decentralization meant that police could respond to local concerns, but graft often determined which concerns got the most attention. In 1895, Chicago adopted civil service procedures, and written tests became the basis for hiring and promotion. Standards for recruits rose, though policing remained political. In 1906,
6956-519: The program, charges against them are dropped. In 2020, three African Americans, David Brown, Eric Carter and Barbara West, were appointed to the Chicago PD's three highest ranking positions, marking the first time in history that the department's Superintendent, 1st Deputy Superintendent and Deputy Superintendent were African American. In 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic , the largest union for
7050-567: The rentals at the Cycle Center, as well as at Navy Pier , North Avenue Beach and Foster Avenue Beach, as part of a small bike share network. The Cycle Center's repair center offered full-time professional bicycle mechanics from 10 am to 6 pm during the summer, between Memorial Day weekend and Labor Day weekend inclusive, and part-time during the rest of the year. The repair center had tools available for those who wanted to fix their bicycle themselves . The Cycle Center conducted two- to three-hour tours, with reservations dependent on
7144-403: The same investigation. In October 2001, Deputy Superintendent William Hanhardt pled guilty to running a nationwide jewel-theft ring that over twenty years may have stolen five million dollars' worth of diamonds and other gems. He had served with the department for 33 years and was sentenced to twelve years in federal custody. In December 2001, Sergeant Eddie C. Hicks was indicted for operating
7238-645: The seasons. Tours included the Lake Michigan lakefront, the North Side, the South Side and night-time sightseeing. Self-guided tours were also available. Reservations were recommended from April to August and were required during the rest of the year. In May 2006, regular tours were offered. The biking event Le Tour de Shore was held over 2 days in 2008. Starting at the Cycle Center, the event took riders 90 miles (140 km) near Lake Michigan , through
7332-437: The showers and lockers; allow participation in the shared bicycle program; and include discounts on bicycle services, accessories, I-GO car sharing membership, and City bike events. The Cycle Center was affiliated with, and provided free special-event valet bicycle service for events such as Bike The Drive , L.A.T.E. Ride , and Chicago Marathon . In April 2005, the Cycle Center approached its 500-member capacity, and began
7426-560: The station as an "oasis for the urban cyclist" and reminiscent of "a hip health club". The Toronto Star described it similarly, saying that it was a "jewel-like glass building" with "amenities of an upscale health club"; it quoted a cycling advocate who said "It's not heaven, but it's close". According to The Plain Dealer , the Cycle Center was the United States' "best-known bike station", while The Oregonian describes it as "the ultimate in bicycle stations". The Boston Globe felt that
7520-525: The west, Grant Park has been Chicago's "front yard" since the mid-19th century. Its northwest corner, north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street, and west of Columbus Drive, had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . According to 2007 data released in 2008, Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as
7614-457: The world expressed interest in the Cycle Center, and wanted to emulate what they saw as a success story in urban planning and transit-oriented development . Pro-cycling and environmentalist journalists in publications well beyond the Chicago metropolitan area described the Cycle Center as exemplary, impressive, unique and ground-breaking. Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to
7708-456: Was an advocate of the plan, noting it was also an environmentally friendly effort to cut down on traffic. McDonald's controversially claimed that, since it was providing a healthier menu and fostering grade school physical education in an effort to help its customers improve their health, sponsoring bicycle and exercise activity in the park augments the company's other initiatives. Environmentalists, urban planners and cycling enthusiasts around
7802-423: Was brought on as Superintendent of Police, and served until 1967 when he retired. This position, in its current iteration, has existed as the head of the Chicago Police Department since 1960. Starting salary for Chicago police officers in 2016 is $ 48,078, which is increased to $ 82,510 after 18 months. Promotions to specialized or command positions also increase an officer's base pay. Salaries were supplemented with
7896-665: Was changed to the Bureau of Public Roads . The following year, federal aid was first made available to improve post roads and promote general commerce: $ 75 million over five years, issued through the BPR in cooperation with the state highway departments. In 1939, BPR was renamed to the Public Roads Administration (PRA) and shifted to the Federal Works Agency . After the FWA was abolished in 1949,
7990-439: Was developed as part of "Bike 2010 Plan" discussions, an initiative from Mayor Daley to promote Chicago as the most bicycle-friendly city in the United States. From the outset the plan was to have separate operators for the Cycle Center's rental and repair services, as well as its coffee and juice bar. The bike station had originally been planned to occupy 10,000 square feet (929 m) and cost $ 2 million, but when completed,
8084-567: Was disbanded in 1948. The Department's Mounted Patrol was re-established in 1974, renamed simply as the Mounted Unit. In April 1977, the CPD adopted a flag. In August 1983, the Chicago Police Department's first African American superintendent, Fred Rice Jr. , was appointed by Chicago's first African American mayor, Harold Washington , followed by the first Hispanic superintendent, Matt L. Rodriguez, appointed by Mayor Richard M. Daley in 1992. The new Chicago Police Department Headquarters
8178-609: Was fired from the department, and collected his police pension until his death in 2018. In summer 2006, special prosecutors completing a four-year investigation concluded that they had enough evidence to prove crimes against Burge and others, but "regrettably" could not bring charges because the statute of limitations had passed. In January 2008, the City Council approved a $ 19.8 million settlement with four men who claimed abuse by Burge and his men. Federal Highway Administration The Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA )
8272-422: Was found raped and murdered in a vacant lot in the city's Englewood neighborhood. The homicide caught the nation's attention when, 12 days after Ryan's body was found, authorities, with the blessing of police command, charged a 7-year-old boy and 8-year-old boy with the murder, making them the youngest murder suspects in the nation at the time. Semen found at the scene and subsequent DNA tests totally cleared
8366-461: Was held in Chicago from August 26 to 29, 1968. The convention was the site of a series of protests, mainly over the war in Vietnam . Despite the poor behavior of some protesters, there was widespread criticism that the Chicago Police and National Guard used excessive force . Time published an article stating: With billy clubs, tear gas and Mace, the blue-shirted, blue-helmeted cops violated
8460-496: Was in the wake of a 2017 Department of Justice report which found that the CPD had a history of civil rights violations by officers, including a "pattern and practice" of police brutality and abuse. The Chicago Police Department did not face large-scale reorganization efforts until 1960 under Mayor Richard J. Daley . That year, eight officers from the Summerdale police district on Chicago's North Side were accused of operating
8554-509: Was on Michigan Street (since then renamed Hubbard Street ) near Clark Street. Political connections were important to joining the force; formal requirements were few, until 1895. After 1856, the department hired many foreign-born recruits, especially unskilled, but English-speaking, Irish immigrants. In 1860, the detective forces were established to investigate and solve crimes. In 1861, the Illinois General Assembly passed
8648-549: Was on the floor doing a report during the convention got roughed up by the Chicago Police Department. Playboy ' s Hugh Hefner took a whack on the backside. The police even victimized a member of the British Parliament , Mrs. Anne Kerr , a vacationing Laborite who was maced outside the Conrad Hilton and hustled off to the lockup. Subsequently, the Walker Report to the U.S. National Commission on
8742-434: Was opened on June 3, 2000, replacing an extremely aged and outdated building located at 1121 South State Street. In 2018, the Chicago PD began a “narcotics arrest diversion program” to help individuals without violent crime records who are habitual narcotic users. Working with Chicago-based Thresholds, an addiction recovery agency, the police give those suffering from substance abuse disorder one final chance: If they enter
8836-632: Was originally named the Millennium Park Bike Station, but in June 2006 McDonald's announced a $ 5 million grant to underwrite the operations of the Cycle Center for 50 years. The bike facility had been the last unsponsored component of Millennium Park. As part of the endowment, McDonald's agreed to be the sponsor of free summer physical fitness programs such as yoga , pilates , and a variety of dance class sessions in Millennium Park for 10 years. McDonald's agreed not to use any of its traditional commercial signage such as
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