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109-465: Mindan members prefer the modern South Korean term Kankoku ( 韓国 ) to be used when discussing Korea. Chongryon members, some of whom are North Korean fellow travellers , prefer the older term Chōsen ( 朝鮮 ) . Because Chōsen was the term used during the Japanese rule of Korea and North Korea does not recognize Kankoku , this causes enmity between the groups. Mindan was established in 1946 as

218-589: A central government agency]") as in Hokkaidō). The central government wanted to have greater control over all local governments due to Japan's deteriorating position in World War II – for example, all mayors in the country became appointive as in the Meiji era – and over Tokyo in particular, due to the possibility of emergency in the metropolis. After the war, Japan was forced to decentralise Tokyo again, following

327-548: A direct transcription of uri mal ( 우리말 , "our language") is sometimes used by Korean residents in Japan, as well as by KBS World Radio . This term, however, may not be suitable to ethnic Japanese whose "our language" is not necessarily Korean. Uri (우리 "we/us/our") is the first-person plural pronoun and it is commonly used as a prefix in Korean terms to describe things that are Korean, such as uri nara (우리나라, "our country") which

436-442: A euphemistic process called kotobagari . Likewise, when NHK broadcasts a language instruction program for Korean, the language is referred to as hangurugo ( ハングル語 ; "hangul language"); although it is technically incorrect since hangul itself is a writing system, not a language. Some argue that even Hangurugo is not completely neutral, since North Korea calls the writing system Chosŏn'gŭl , not hangul . Urimaru ( ウリマル ),

545-446: A few events concerning human rights activism from 2013-16, Chongryon and Mindan representatives have both made appearances, but never intentionally together. Mindan’s association with South Korea has given it an edge over Chongryon among Zainichi Koreans, as they associate the country with prosperity in comparison to its northern counterpart. Among Japanese people, Mindan has been met with warmer reception because of its goal on developing

654-491: A lefty; out of tune, sounding wrong"), which may in turn be from Turkic *sōl "left."; because "left" also means "east(ern)" in Mongolic languages (whereas "right" also means "west(ern)"), the authors suggest that this word may have been used to refer to "a foreign enemy force in the east," similar to Chinese 東夷 Dōngyí . The name of either Silla or its capital Seora-beol was also widely used throughout Northeast Asia as

763-410: A new dō was created to cover it. The Meiji government originally classified Hokkaidō as a "Settlement Envoyship" ( 開拓使 , kaitakushi ) , and later divided the island into three prefectures (Sapporo, Hakodate, and Nemuro). These were consolidated into a single Hokkaido Department ( 北海道庁 , Hokkaido-chō ) in 1886, at prefectural level but organized more along the lines of a territory. In 1947,

872-609: A prefecture, e.g. [aꜜitɕi] and [keꜜɴ] become [aitɕi̥ꜜkeɴ] ) . The Classical Chinese character from which this is derived carries a rural or provincial connotation, and an analogous character is used to refer to the counties of China , counties of Taiwan and districts of Vietnam . The different systems of parsing frame the ways in which Japanese prefectures are perceived: The prefectures are also often grouped into eight regions (地方, chihō ). Those regions are not formally specified, they do not have elected officials, nor are they corporate bodies. But

981-598: A set of 1888–1890 laws on local government until the 1920s, each prefecture (then only 3 -fu and 42 -ken ; Hokkaidō and Okinawa-ken were subject to different laws until the 20th century) was subdivided into cities ( 市 , shi ) and districts ( 郡 , gun ) and each district into towns ( 町 , chō/machi ) and villages ( 村 , son/mura ) . Hokkaidō has 14 subprefectures that act as General Subprefectural Bureaus ( 総合振興局 , sōgō-shinkō-kyoku, "Comprehensive Promotion Bureau" ) and Subprefectural Bureaus ( 振興局 , shinkō-kyoku, "Promotion Bureau" ) of

1090-666: A shared sense of well-being among Koreans in Japan, as well as its focus on Japanese integration instead of spreading political ideology. However, like Chongryon, it too has lost members as a result of Japanese naturalization among Zainichi Koreans. This decline is expected to continue for the near-future, as younger generations of Zainichi Koreans increasingly associate themselves as Japanese rather than Korean. All 47 prefectures of Japan host at least one branch of Mindan. Mindan's main activities include campaigning for ahead of foreign investment regime in Japan, supporting newcomer Koreans to obtain special permanent residency, campaigning against

1199-632: A unified nation. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China under the Democratic Progressive Party Government considered North and South Koreas two separate countries. However, general usage in Taiwan is still to refer to North Korea as Běihán ( 北韓 "North Han[guk]") and South Korea as Nánhán ( 南韓 "South Han[guk]") while use of 朝鮮 – which in Taiwan is not pronounced Cháoxiǎn but Cháo xiān –

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1308-493: A variety of names for Korea. These included "Cauli" (Marco Polo's rendering of Goryeo ), Caule, Core, Cory, Caoli, and Corai as well as two spellings that survived into the 19th century, Corea and Korea. The modern spelling, "Korea", first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Company 's Hendrick Hamel . The terms "Chosunese" or "Chosonese" were first used to refer to

1417-541: Is a combination of the four terms. Tokyo , capital city of Japan is referred to as to ( 都 , [toꜜ] ) , which is often translated as "metropolis". The Japanese government translates Tōkyō-to ( 東京都 , [toːkʲoꜜːto] ) as "Tokyo Metropolis" in almost all cases, and the government is officially called the "Tokyo Metropolitan Government". Following the capitulation of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, Tōkyō-fu (an urban prefecture like Kyoto and Osaka)

1526-534: Is an empire that rules the area of Three Kingdoms of Korea. This name was used to emphasize independence of Korea, because an empire cannot be a subordinate country. When the Korean Empire came under Japanese rule in 1910, the name reverted to Joseon (officially, the Japanese pronunciation Chōsen ). During this period, many different groups outside of Korea fought for independence, the most notable being

1635-668: Is called Hangukeo ( 한국어 , 韓國語 , referring to the Korean language) or Hangukmal ( 한국말 , 韓國말 , referring to spoken Korean only) in the South and Chosŏnŏ ( 조선어 , 朝鮮語 ) or Chosŏnmal ( 조선말 , 朝鮮말 ) in the North. The Korean script is called hangeul ( 한글 ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl ( 조선글 ) in North Korea. The Korean Peninsula is called Hanbando ( 한반도 , 韓半島 ) in the South and Chosŏn Bando ( 조선반도 , 朝鮮半島 ) in

1744-446: Is called Hân-kok ( 韓國 "Hanguk") where North Korea is referred to as Pak-hân ( 北韓 "North Han") and South Korea as Lâm-hân ( 南韓 "South Han"). The above usage pattern does not apply for Korea-derived words. For example, Korean ginseng is commonly called Gāolì shēn ( 高麗參 , "Koryo ginseng"). In Japan , North Korea is called Kita-Chōsen ( 北朝鮮 ) and South Korea Kankoku ( 韓国 ). However, Japan-based North Koreans claim

1853-399: Is derived implies a core urban zone of national importance. Before World War II, different laws applied to fu and ken, but this distinction was abolished after the war, and the two types of prefecture are now functionally the same. 43 of the 47 prefectures are referred to as ken ( 県 , pronounced [keꜜɴ] when a separate word but [ꜜkeɴ] when part of the full name of

1962-524: Is generally limited to ancient Korea. The Korean language is usually referred to as Hányǔ ( 韓語 ). Similarly, general usage in Hong Kong and Macau has traditionally referred to North Korea as Bak Hon ( 北韓 "North Han") and South Korea as Nam Hon ( 南韓 "South Han"). Under the influence of official usage, which is itself influenced by the official usage of the People's Republic of China government,

2071-641: Is increasingly used today. Zainichi ( 在日 ; "In Japan") itself is also often used colloquially. People with North Korean nationality are called Zainichi Chōsenjin , while those with South Korean nationality , sometimes including recent newcomers, are called Zainichi Kankokujin ( 在日韓国人 "Hanguk People in Japan"). Mongolian people have their own word for Korea: Солонгос ( Solongos ). In Mongolian , solongo may mean either " rainbow " or " mountain weasel ( Mustela altaica , heeriyn solongo "field/steppe solongo ") or Siberian weasel ( Mustela sibirica , oyn solongo "forest solongo ")." Another theory states that

2180-506: Is occasionally used to differentiate the government from the island itself. The prefecture's government calls itself the "Hokkaidō Government" rather than the "Hokkaidō Prefectural Government". Osaka and Kyoto Prefectures are referred to as fu ( 府 , pronounced [ɸɯꜜ] when a separate word but [ꜜɸɯ] when part of the full name of a prefecture, e.g. [kʲoꜜːto] and [ɸɯꜜ] become [kʲoːtoꜜɸɯ] ) . The Classical Chinese character from which this

2289-458: Is often difficult to determine the original meanings or pronunciations of ancient names. Until 108 BC, northern Korea and part of Manchuria were controlled by Gojoseon . In contemporaneous Chinese records, it was written as 朝鮮 , which is pronounced in modern Korean as Joseon ( 조선 ). Historically, these characters have been read in the Korean language as 됴션 Dyosyen ; 조선 Joseon is a very recent spelling, reformed to reflect recent changes in

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2398-489: Is set tightly by national laws, and prefectures and municipalities are only autonomous within that framework. Historically, during the Edo period , the Tokugawa shogunate established bugyō -ruled zones ( 奉行支配地 ) around the nine largest cities in Japan, and 302 township-ruled zones ( 郡代支配地 ) elsewhere. When the Meiji government began to create the prefectural system in 1868, the nine bugyō-ruled zones became fu ( 府 ) , while

2507-417: Is still used today and was kept during the period of Japanese rule .) Hokkai-dō ( 北海道 , [hokkaꜜidoː] ) , the only remaining dō today, was not one of the original seven dō (it was known as Ezo in the pre-modern era). Its current name is believed to originate from Matsuura Takeshiro , an early Japanese explorer of the island. Since Hokkaidō did not fit into the existing dō classifications,

2616-480: Is thought to be either * Guru ("walled city, castle, fortress"; attested in Chinese historical documents, but not in native Korean sources) or * Gauri ("center, middle"; cf. Middle Korean *gaβɔndɔy and Standard Modern Korean gaunde 가운데 ). The theory that Goguryeo referenced the founder's surname has been largely discredited (the royal surname changed from Hae to Go long after the state's founding). In

2725-502: Is yet another name Koreans give their country. In Japan, those who moved to Japan usually maintain their distinctive cultural heritages (such as the Baekje-towns or Goguryeo-villages). Ethnic Korean residents of Japan have been collectively called Zainichi Chōsenjin ( 在日朝鮮人 "Joseon People in Japan"), regardless of nationality. However, for the same reason as above, the euphemism Zainichi Korian ( 在日コリアン ; "Koreans in Japan")

2834-755: The Daehan Minguk Imsi Jeongbu ( 대한민국 임시정부 ; 大韓民國臨時政府 ; lit.  Provisional Government of the Great Han People's State), known in English as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea ( 民國 = 民  'people' + 國  country/state' = 'republic' in East Asian capitalist societies). Korea became independent after World War II (1945) and the country was then divided . In 1948,

2943-472: The Kyoto branch of Mindan cancelled a lecture due to the threat of Zaitokutai protesters interfering with the event. Regardless, today, it still holds the status of Japan's largest Zainichi organization. The organization tabulates its total number of members using South Korean nationality as a metric. Early Mindan history focused on aligning the organization in opposition to Chongryon, which aligned itself with

3052-617: The Liberal Democratic Party and the Democratic Party that back expanded voting rights for non-Japanese citizens. Through efforts to promote Koreans in Japan like demonstrations and petitions, as well as recruiting youth activists, Mindan has been credited with combatting discriminatory attitudes among Japanese people. There are four schools across Japan that are Mindan-supported, one of which particularly caters to Korean expatriates; this number has decreased in

3161-568: The Meiji Fuhanken sanchisei administration created the first prefectures (urban fu and rural ken ) to replace the urban and rural administrators ( bugyō , daikan , etc.) in the parts of the country previously controlled directly by the shogunate and a few territories of rebels/shogunate loyalists who had not submitted to the new government such as Aizu / Wakamatsu . In 1871, all remaining feudal domains ( han ) were also transformed into prefectures, so that prefectures subdivided

3270-567: The Normalization Treaty in 1965, many Zainichi Koreans became members of Mindan in order to gain the benefits of South Korean citizenship. During this time period, around 48,000 former members of Chongryon left the organization to join Mindan instead. The two factions made some small strides towards cooperation during the 1960s-1970s, when they attempted to advocate for reunification of the Korean peninsula together. More recently, in

3379-631: The Three Kingdoms of Korea . According to the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa , Silla implemented a national policy, "Samhan Unification" ( 삼한일통 ; 三韓一統 ), to integrate Baekje and Goguryeo refugees. In 1982, a memorial stone dating back to 686 was discovered in Cheongju with an inscription: "The Three Han were unified and the domain was expanded." During the Later Silla period,

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3488-464: The Yamagata - Mosse laws on local government and the simultaneous Great Meiji merger was performed in 1889, the 15 -ku became wards of Tokyo City , initially Tokyo's only independent city (-shi) , the six rural districts of Tokyo were consolidated in 85 towns and villages. In 1893, the three Tama districts and their 91 towns and villages became part of Tokyo. As Tokyo city's suburbs grew rapidly in

3597-625: The fiefdoms they encountered there. Its original sense in Portuguese, however, was closer to " municipality " than " province ". Today, in turn, Japan uses its word ken ( 県 ), meaning "prefecture", to identify Portuguese districts while in Brazil the word "Prefeitura" is used to refer to a city hall . Those fiefs were headed by a local warlord or family. Though the fiefs have long since been dismantled, merged, and reorganized multiple times, and been granted legislative governance and oversight,

3706-406: The transcription of phonetic English Korean ( コリアン , Korian ) may be used because a reference to a Chōsen national may be interpreted as a North Korean national instead. The Korean language is most frequently referred to in Japan as Kankokugo ( 韓国語 ) or Chōsengo ( 朝鮮語 ). While academia mostly prefers Chōsengo , Kankokugo became more and more common in non-academic fields, thanks to

3815-511: The " Union of Kansai governments " (Kansai kōiki-rengō) which has been established by several prefectural governments in the Kansai region. There are some differences in terminology between Tokyo and other prefectures: police and fire departments are called chō ( 庁 ) instead of honbu ( 本部 ) , for instance. But the only functional difference between Tōkyō-to and other prefectures is that Tokyo administers wards as well as cities. Today, since

3924-408: The 35 wards were reorganised into the 23 special wards , because many of its citizens had either died during the war, left the city, or been drafted and did not return. In the occupation reforms, special wards, each with their own elected assemblies ( kugikai ) and mayors ( kuchō ), were intended to be equal to other municipalities even if some restrictions still applied. (For example, there was during

4033-595: The Korean Peninsula. Possibly the Chinese characters phonetically transcribed a native Korean name, perhaps pronounced something like "Jyusin". Some speculate that it also corresponds to Chinese references to 肅愼 ( 숙신 , Suksin (ethnic group) ), 稷愼 ( 직신 , Jiksin) and 息愼 ( 식신 , Siksin), although these latter names probably describe the ancestors of the Jurchen people . Other scholars believe 朝鮮

4142-639: The Korean Youth Association (在日本大韓民国青年会, Seinenkai ) and the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Japan (KCCJ) in order to secure objectives such as helping Zainichi Koreans find employment or financial assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic . Names of Korea There are various names of Korea in use today that are all derived from those of ancient Koreanic kingdoms and dynasties. The choice of name often depends on

4251-580: The Land of the Morning Calm," published in 1885. In 1897, the nation was renamed Daehan Jeguk ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; lit.  Great Han Empire, known in English as Korean Empire ). Han had been selected in reference to Samhan , specifically the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula. So, Daehan Jeguk ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ) means it

4360-788: The Metropolitan government. For example, the Tokyo Fire Department which was only responsible for the 23 special wards until 1960 has until today taken over the municipal fire departments in almost all of Tokyo. A joint governmental structure for the whole Tokyo metropolitan area (and not only the western suburbs of the special wards which are part of the Tokyo prefecture/Metropolis") as advocated by some politicians such as former Kanagawa governor Shigefumi Matsuzawa has not been established (see also Dōshūsei ). Existing cross-prefectural fora of cooperation between local governments in

4469-402: The Morning Calm"; however, this interpretation is not often used in the Korean language, and is more familiar to Koreans as a back-translation from English. Only the interpretation as "morning freshness" is plainly viable, with "morning calm" and "morning radiance" being rather fanciful interpretations. The nickname "Land of the Morning Calm" was coined by Percival Lowell in his book, "Chosön,

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4578-543: The North Korean government. For the first two decades of its existence, Mindan generally remained less popular than Chongryon among Zainichi Koreans. One reason for this trend included how Mindan was primarily viewed as unreceptive to lower class Koreans in Japan at the time. Beginning in the 1960s, Mindan’s primary goals shifted from expressing loyalty to their homeland on the Korean peninsula to seeking permanent residency in Japan. With Japan and South Korea's adoption of

4687-639: The North. In Chinese -speaking areas such as China , Hong Kong , Macau and Taiwan , different naming conventions on several terms have been practiced according to their political proximity to whichever Korean government although there is a growing trend for convergence. In the Chinese language, the Korean Peninsula is usually called Cháoxiǎn Bàndǎo ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜半岛 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮半島 ) and in rare cases called Hán Bàndǎo ( simplified Chinese : 韩半岛 ; traditional Chinese : 韓半島 ). Ethnic Koreans are also called Cháoxiǎnzú ( 朝鲜族 ), instead of Dàhán mínzú ( 大韓民族 ). However,

4796-568: The South adopted the provisional government's name of Daehan Minguk ( 대한민국 ; 大韓民國 ; see above), known in English as the Republic of Korea, though commentators have noted that the English name is not a direct translation of the Korean one. Meanwhile, the North became Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk ( 조선민주주의인민공화국 ; 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 ), translated in English as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Each component of

4905-492: The Tang dynasty, as evidenced by a Tang document that called Goguryeo generals "Mahan leaders" ( 마한추장 ; 馬韓酋長 ) in 645. In 651, Emperor Gaozong of Tang sent a message to the king of Baekje referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea as Samhan. Epitaphs of the Tang dynasty, including those belonging to Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla refugees and migrants, called the Three Kingdoms of Korea "Samhan", especially Goguryeo. For example,

5014-584: The Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula. Around the beginning of the Common Era , remnants of the fallen Gojoseon were re-united and expanded by the kingdom of Goguryeo , one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . It, too, was a native Korean word, probably pronounced something like "Guri", transcribed with various hanja characters: 高句麗 , 高勾麗 , or 高駒麗 ( 고구려 , Goguryeo), 高麗 ( 고려 , Goryeo), 高離 ( 고리 , Gori), or 句麗 ( 구려 , Guryeo). The source native name

5123-650: The Three Kingdoms of Korea. Samhan continued to be a common name for Korea during the Joseon period and was widely referenced in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty . In China, the Three Kingdoms of Korea were collectively called Samhan since the beginning of the 7th century. The use of the name Samhan to indicate the Three Kingdoms of Korea was widespread in the Tang dynasty . Goguryeo was alternately called Mahan by

5232-455: The Tokyo metropolitan area are the Kantō regional governors' association (Kantō chihō chijikai) and the " Shutoken summit" (formally "conference of chief executives of nine prefectures and cities", 9 to-ken-shi shunō kaigi ). But, these are not themselves local public entities under the local autonomy law and national or local government functions cannot be directly transferred to them, unlike

5341-592: The Zai-Nihon Chōsen Kyoryū Mindan ( 在日本朝鮮居留民団 ) . With the founding of the South Korea in 1948 the name Chōsen was dropped, and the organization was reincorporated as Zai-Nihon Daikanminkoku Kyoryū Mindan ( 在日本大韓民国居留民団 ) . The Korean War (1950–1953) brought about a sharp division between members of Chongryon and Mindan, with each organization strongly supporting the North or South respectively. Mindan members went to Korea as volunteer soldiers in

5450-543: The concepts of Samhan as the ancient confederacies and the Three Kingdoms of Korea were merged. In a letter to an imperial tutor of the Tang dynasty, Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn equated Byeonhan to Baekje, Jinhan to Silla, and Mahan to Goguryeo. By the Goryeo period, Samhan became a common name to refer to all of Korea. In his Ten Mandates to his descendants, Wang Geon declared that he had unified the Three Han (Samhan), referring to

5559-627: The conflict. Posters made by Mindan during this time period display Mindan’s close ties to Zainichi Koreans’ native soil with patriotic and militaristic undertones reminiscent of South Korea’s military dictatorship at the time. As a new generation of Zainichi Koreans emerged in the 1970s whose primary language was Japanese instead of Korean, Mindan posters developed during this time saw an increase of Japanese text being used over Hangul . However, Mindan steered away from advocating full assimilation into Japanese society, instead promoting their minority status among members through emphasizing introspection. As

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5668-522: The country, were further subdivided into urban units/towns/neighbourhoods (-chō/-machi) and rural units/villages (-mura/-son) . The yet unincorporated communities on the Izu (previously part of Shizuoka ) and Ogasawara (previously directly Home Ministry-administrated) island groups became also part of Tokyo in the 19th century. When the modern municipalities – [district-independent] cities and [rural] districts containing towns and villages – were introduced under

5777-490: The decades. But it was not until the year 2000 that the special wards were fully recognised as municipal-level entities. Independently from these steps, as Tokyo's urban growth again took up pace during the postwar economic miracle and most of the main island part of Tokyo "Metropolis" became increasingly core part of the Tokyo metropolitan area , many of the other municipalities in Tokyo have transferred some of their authority to

5886-400: The department was dissolved, and Hokkaidō became a full-fledged prefecture. The -ken suffix was never added to its name, so the -dō suffix came to be understood to mean "prefecture". When Hokkaidō was incorporated, transportation on the island was still underdeveloped, so the prefecture was split into several "subprefectures" ( 支庁 , shichō ) that could fulfill administrative duties of

5995-583: The early 20th century, many towns and villages in Tokyo were merged or promoted over the years. In 1932, five complete districts with their 82 towns and villages were merged into Tokyo City and organised in 20 new wards. Also, by 1940, there were two more cities in Tokyo: Hachiōji City and Tachikawa City . In 1943, Tokyo City was abolished, Tōkyō-fu became Tōkyō-to , and Tokyo-shi's 35 wards remained Tokyo-to's 35 wards, but submunicipal authorities of Tokyo-shi's wards which previously fell directly under

6104-479: The economic and cultural presence of South Korea. The language is also referred to as various combined terms, such as Kankoku-Chōsen-go ( 韓国朝鮮語 ), Chōsen-Kankoku-go ( 朝鮮・韓国語 ), "Kankokugo (Chōsengo)" ( 韓国語(朝鮮語) ), etc. Some people refer to the language as Koriago ( コリア語 ), using the European name for Korea. This term is not used in ordinary Japanese, but was selected as a compromise to placate both nations in

6213-535: The epitaph of Go Hyeon ( 고현 ; 高玄 ), a Tang dynasty general of Goguryeo origin who died in 690, calls him a "Liaodong Samhan man" ( 요동 삼한인 ; 遼東 三韓人 ). The History of Liao equates Byeonhan to Silla, Jinhan to Buyeo, and Mahan to Goguryeo. The "Han" in the names of the Korean Empire , Daehan Jeguk , and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Daehan Minguk or Hanguk , are named in reference to

6322-1365: The ethnonym for the people of Silla, appearing [...] as Solgo or Solho in the language of the medieval Jurchens and their later descendants, the Manchus respectively. The plural of Solho ("Korea, Korean; a Korean") in the Manchu language is Solhoso (" Koreans , Korean people"), similar to Solongos in Mongolian. Manchu also has solohi or silihi for certain kinds of weasel (specifically, suwayan solohi "yellow solohi " for Mustela sibirica ), but nioron for "rainbow." The Mongolian and Manchu names for Korea and Koreans also resemble Old Japanese Siraki ~ Siragi (" Silla ") and Old Korean * Syerapeur "Gyeongju; capital city of Silla" > Late Middle Korean Syeveulh "capital city (of Joseon)" > Modern Korean Seoul "capital city (of South Korea)." In Vietnam, people call North Korea Triều Tiên ( 朝鮮 ; "Chosŏn") and South Korea Hàn Quốc ( 韓國 ; "Hanguk"). Prior to unification, North Vietnam used Bắc Triều Tiên ( 北朝鮮 ; Bukchosŏn) and Nam Triều Tiên ( 南朝鮮 ; Namjoseon) while South Vietnam used Bắc Hàn ( 北韓 ; Bukhan) and Nam Hàn ( 南韓 ; Namhan) for North and South Korea, respectively. After unification,

6431-690: The expression "The Land of the Morning Calm" for Korea, which parallels the expression "The Land of the Rising Sun" for Japan. While the wording is fanciful, the essence of the translation is valid. Around the time of Gojoseon's fall, various chiefdoms in southern Korea grouped into confederacies, collectively called the Samhan ( 삼한 ; 三韓 ; lit.  Three Han). Han is a native Korean root for "leader" or "great", as in maripgan ("king", archaic), hanabi ("grandfather", archaic), and Hanbat ("Great Field", archaic name for Daejeon ). Han

6540-424: The foreign registration order/law, and campaigning for the elimination of legal and economic disparity with native Japanese citizens. It has assisted Zainichi Koreans pursuing Japanese citizenship by overseeing the removal of biometric identification for foreign registration in Japan. They have also advocated for voting rights of Zainichi Koreans in local Japanese elections, voicing support for political parties such as

6649-405: The formal extent of the local autonomy law suggests, because of national funding and policies. Most of municipalities depend heavily on central government funding – a dependency recently further exacerbated in many regions by the declining population which hits rural areas harder and earlier (cities can offset it partly through migration from the countryside). In many policy areas, the basic framework

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6758-678: The former is preferred." This may have had something to do with Allen's influence, as he was heavily involved in the planning and participation of the Korean exhibit at Chicago. Prefectures of Japan Japan is divided into 47 prefectures ( 都道府県 , todōfuken , [todoːɸɯ̥ꜜkeɴ] ), which rank immediately below the national government and form the country's first level of jurisdiction and administrative division . They include 43 prefectures proper ( 県 , ken ), two urban prefectures ( 府 , fu : Osaka and Kyoto ), one regional prefecture ( 道 , dō : Hokkaidō ) and one metropolis ( 都 , to : Tokyo ). In 1868,

6867-431: The full name, followed by Asahi , Mainichi , and Nikkei . For Korea as a whole, Chōsen ( 朝鮮 ; "Joseon") is commonly used. The term Chōsen, which has a longer usage history, continues to be used to refer to the Korean Peninsula, the Korean ethnic group, and the Korean language, which are use cases that would not cause confusion between Korea and North Korea. When referring to both North Korean and South Koreans,

6976-495: The general terms of democratisation outlined in the Potsdam Declaration . Many of Tokyo's special governmental characteristics disappeared during this time, and the wards took on an increasingly municipal status in the decades following the surrender. Administratively, today's special wards are almost indistinguishable from other municipalities. The postwar reforms also changed the map of Tokyo significantly: In 1947,

7085-532: The government consolidate the current prefectures into about 10 regional states (so-called dōshūsei ). The plan called for each region to have greater autonomy than existing prefectures. This process would reduce the number of subprefecture administrative regions and cut administrative costs. The Japanese government also considered a plan to merge several groups of prefectures, creating a subnational administrative division system consisting of between nine and 13 states, and giving these states more local autonomy than

7194-422: The invention of hangul , Koreans generally recorded native Korean names with hanja, by translation of meaning, transliteration of sound, or even combinations of the two. Furthermore, the pronunciations of the same character are somewhat different in Korean and the various Korean dialects, and have changed over time. For all these reasons, in addition to the sparse and sometimes contradictory written records, it

7303-654: The language, whether the user is referring to either or both modern Korean countries, and even the user's political views on the Korean conflict . The name Korea is an exonym , derived from Goryeo or Koryŏ. Both North Korea and South Korea use the name in English. However, in the Korean language , the two Koreas use different terms to refer to the nominally unified nation: Joseon or Chosŏn ( 조선 ; 朝鮮 ) in North Korea and Hanguk ( 한국 ; 韓國 ) in South Korea. The earliest records of Korean history are written in Chinese characters called hanja . Even after

7412-509: The large districts (97 small districts) covered the former city area of Edo. When the ancient ritsuryō districts were reactivated as administrative units in 1878, Tokyo was subdivided into 15 [urban] districts (- ku ) and initially six [rural] districts ( - gun ; nine after the Tama transfer from Kanagawa in 1893, eight after the merger of East Tama and South Toshima into Toyotama in 1896). Both urban and rural districts, like everywhere in

7521-626: The mainland practice of naming the two Koreas differently has become more common. In the Chinese language used in Singapore and Malaysia , North Korea is usually called Cháoxiǎn ( 朝鲜 "Chosŏn") with Běi Cháoxiǎn ( 北朝鲜 "North Chosŏn") and Běihán ( 北韩 "North Han") less often used, while South Korea is usually called Hánguó ( 韩国 "Hanguk") with Nánhán ( 南韩 "South Han[guk]") and Nán Cháoxiǎn ( 南朝鲜 "South Chosŏn") less often used. In Hokkien speaking areas of chinese communities in countries like Taiwan and around Southeast Asia , Korea

7630-564: The municipality, with the municipality now abolished, fell directly under prefectural or now "Metropolitan" authority. All other cities, towns and villages in Tokyo-fu stayed cities, towns and villages in Tokyo-to. The reorganisation's aim was to consolidate the administration of the area around the capital by eliminating the extra level of authority in Tokyo. Also, the governor was no longer called chiji , but chōkan (~"head/chief [usually: of

7739-433: The name Kita-Chōsen is derogatory, as it only refers to the northern part of Korean Peninsula, whereas the government claims sovereignty over its whole territory. Pro-North people such as Chongryon use the name Kyōwakoku ( 共和国 ; "the Republic") instead, but the ambiguous name is not popular among others. In 1972, Chongryon campaigned to get the Japanese media to stop referring to North Korea as Kita-Chōsen . This effort

7848-579: The name Marco Polo used when mentioning the country in his Travels, derived from the Chinese form Gāolí . In 1392, a new dynasty established by a military coup revived the name Joseon ( 조선 ; 朝鮮 ; Chosŏn ), after the ancient state Gojoseon. The alternative name for this nation could have been Hwaryeong, but in the end, Taejo of Joseon decided to go with Joseon. The hanja for Joseon have been translated into English as "morning calm" and sometimes rather as "morning freshness" or "morning radiance" and Korea's English nickname became "The Land of

7957-583: The name "Korea" when referring to their countries in English. North Korea is sometimes referred to as "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (DPRK) and South Korea is sometimes referred to as the "Republic of Korea" (ROK). The official names of both entities are also used by organizations such as United Nations , International Olympic Committee and media such as the Associated Press , China Global Television Network (CGTN), and several others. As with other European languages, English historically had

8066-532: The name is probably derived from the Solon tribe living in Manchuria, a tribe culturally and ethnically related to the Korean people. North and South Korea are, accordingly, Хойд Солонгос ( Hoid Solongos ) and Өмнөд Солонгос ( Ömnöd Solongos ). The authors of an article published in the year 2023 have related Mongolian Solongos for "Korea" to the Mongolic word * solagaï ( cf. Khalkh Mongolian солгой "left-handed,

8175-674: The name of the country became the "Korea(n) Democratic People's Republic" in Korean and "Korean People's-Democratic Republic" in Russian so that both parties could claim that they were behind the coining. Today, South Koreans use Hanguk ( 한국 , 韓國 ) to refer to just South Korea or Korea as a whole, Namhan ( 남한 , 南韓 ; "South Han") for South Korea, and Bukhan ( 북한 , 北韓 ; "North Han") for North Korea. South Korea less formally refers to North Korea as Ibuk ( 이북 , 以北 ; "The North"). South Koreans often refer to Korea as "uri nara" ( 우리나라 ), meaning "our nation" or "our country". In addition,

8284-526: The name was carefully selected. Chosŏn was the natural choice for the short form, "Korea", since it had been used throughout the colonial period to denote the Peninsula. For the long form of the name, Konghwaguk was used for republic because of its leftist connotations over Minguk . North Koreans wanted to adopt something that had already been used in the Eastern Bloc to borrow legitimacy. A choice

8393-587: The north, although it may be found in pre-war sources, such as the Song of General Kim Il Sung . In the 1970s, Kim Il Sung suggested that in the event of a North Korean takeover of South Korea, "Koryo" ( Korean : 고려 ) could become the Korean name of the country. In the tourist regions in North Korea and the official meetings between South Korea and North Korea, Namcheuk ( 남측 , 南側 ) and Bukcheuk ( 북측 , 北側 ), or "southern side" and "northern side", are used instead of Namjosŏn and Bukhan . The Korean language

8502-528: The northern Vietnamese terminology persisted until the 1990s. When South Korea reestablished diplomatic relations with Vietnam in 1993, it requested that Vietnam use the name that it uses for itself, and Hàn Quốc gradually replaced Nam Triều Tiên in usage. In the Vietnamese language used in the United States, Bắc Hàn and Nam Hàn are most common used. Both South and North Korea use

8611-407: The occupation a dedicated municipal police agency for the 23 special wards/former Tokyo City , yet the special wards public safety commission was not named by the special ward governments, but by the government of the whole "Metropolis". In 1954, independent municipal police forces were abolished generally in the whole country, and the prefectural/"Metropolitan" police of Tokyo is again responsible for

8720-406: The official name for the Republic of Korea in the Korean language is "Daehan Minguk" ( 대한민국 , 大韓民國 ; which is usually translated as "The Republic of Korea"). North Koreans use Chosŏn , Namjosŏn ( 남조선 , 南朝鮮 ; "South Chosŏn"), and Pukchosŏn ( 북조선 , 北朝鮮 ; "North Chosŏn") when referring to Korea, South Korea, and North Korea, respectively. The term Pukchosŏn , however, is rarely used in

8829-589: The organization of the prefectural police force, the supervision of schools and the maintenance of prefectural schools (mainly high schools), prefectural hospitals, prefectural roads , the supervision of prefectural waterways and regional urban planning. Their responsibilities include tasks delegated to them by the national government such as maintaining most ordinary national roads (except in designated major cities), and prefectures coordinate and support their municipalities in their functions. De facto, prefectures as well as municipalities have often been less autonomous than

8938-471: The other hand, uses the South Korean names, referring to North Korean as Běihán ( 北韓 "North Han") and South Korean as Nánhán ( 南韓 "South Han"). The Republic of China previously maintained diplomatic relations with South Korea, but has never had relations with North Korea. As a result, in the past, Hánguó ( 韓國 ) had been used to refer to the whole Korea, and Taiwanese textbooks treated Korea as

9047-737: The other hand, was associated with Mao Zedong 's concept of New Democracy , which influenced Kim Tu-bong of the New People's Party of Korea . After his party merged with the Workers' Party of North Korea , the concept found its way to Kim Il Sung 's parlance. Kim began to speak of a "Democratic People's Republic". This was echoed by what the true authorities of the country, the Soviet Civil Administration , prescribed, albeit in different order: "People's-Democratic Republic" ( Russian : Народно-Демократическая Республика ). Thus

9156-516: The past few decades. The curriculum in these schools centers on providing a normalized Japanese education for students and developing Korean language proficiency. Mindan provided food supplies for the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . The organization publishes its own newspaper called the Mindan Shinbun. Mindan has been involved in navigating South Korean-Japanese relations , especially after bilateral relations between

9265-526: The people of Joseon in the late 19th century but were eventually phased out. Both major English-speaking governments in the 19th and 20th centuries (the United States and the United Kingdom and its empire ) used both "Korea" and "Corea" until the early part of the period of Japanese occupation . English-language publications in the 19th century generally used the spelling Corea, which

9374-581: The phonology of the Korean language. The prefixing of Go- ( 古 ), meaning "old" or "ancient," is a historiographical convention that distinguishes it from the later Joseon Dynasty . The name Joseon is also now still used by North Koreans and Koreans living in China and Japan to refer to the peninsula, and as the official Korean form of the name of Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Joseon) . Cognates of 朝鮮 Joseon are also used in many Asian languages, such as Japanese, Vietnamese, and Chinese, to refer to

9483-450: The practice of ordering prefectures based on their geographic region is traditional. This ordering is mirrored in Japan's International Organization for Standardization (ISO) coding. From north to south (numbering in ISO 3166-2:JP order), the prefectures of Japan and their commonly associated regions are: Here are some territories that were lost after World War II. This does not include all

9592-406: The prefectural government and keep tight control over the developing island. These subprefectures still exist today, although they have much less power than they possessed before and during World War II. They now exist primarily to handle paperwork and other bureaucratic functions. "Hokkaidō Prefecture" is, technically speaking, a redundant term because dō itself indicates a prefecture, although it

9701-569: The prefecture. Some other prefectures also have branch offices that carry out prefectural administrative functions outside the capital. Tokyo , the capital of Japan , is a merged city-prefecture; a metropolis, it has features of both cities and prefectures. Each prefecture has its own mon for identification, the equivalent of a coat of arms in the West. The West's use of "prefecture" to label these Japanese regions stems from 16th-century Portuguese explorers and traders use of "prefeitura" to describe

9810-506: The prefectures currently enjoy. As of August 2012, this plan was abandoned. Japan is a unitary state . The central government delegates many functions (such as education and the police force ) to the prefectures and municipalities , but retains the overall right to control them. Although local government expenditure accounts for 70 percent of overall government expenditure , the central government controls local budgets, tax rates , and borrowing. Prefectural government functions include

9919-623: The rough translation stuck. The Meiji government established the current system in July 1871 with the abolition of the han system and establishment of the prefecture system ( 廃藩置県 , haihan-chiken ) . Although there were initially over 300 prefectures, many of them being former han territories, this number was reduced to 72 in the latter part of 1871, and 47 in 1888. The Local Autonomy Law of 1947 gave more political power to prefectures, and installed prefectural governors and parliaments. In 2003, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi proposed that

10028-655: The south, the Samhan resolved into the kingdoms of Baekje and Silla , constituting, with Goguryeo, the Three Kingdoms of Korea . In 668, Silla unified the three kingdoms, and reigned as Later Silla until 935. The name Samhan became synonymous with the Three Kingdoms of Korea beginning in the 7th century, and by the Goryeo period it became a common name to refer to all of Korea. The succeeding dynasty called itself Goryeo ( Korean :  고려 ; Hanja :  高麗 ; MR :  Koryŏ ), and regarded itself as

10137-468: The special wards have almost the same degree of independence as Japanese cities, the difference in administration between Tokyo and other prefectures is fairly minor. In Osaka, several prominent politicians led by Tōru Hashimoto , then mayor of Osaka City and former governor of Osaka Prefecture , proposed an Osaka Metropolis plan , under which Osaka City, and possibly other neighboring cities, would be replaced by special wards similar to Tokyo's. The plan

10246-552: The successor to Goguryeo ( Korean :  고구려 ; Hanja :  高句麗 ; MR :  Koguryŏ ). The name Goryeo was the shortened form of Goguryeo and was first used during the reign of Jangsu in the 5th century. Through the Silk Road trade routes, Persian and Arab merchants brought knowledge about Silla and Goryeo to India and the Middle East . Goryeo was transliterated into Italian as "Cauli",

10355-402: The term Hánguó ren ( 韩国人 ) may be used to specifically refer to South Koreans. Before establishing diplomatic relations with South Korea, the People's Republic of China tended to use the historic Korean name Cháoxiǎn ( 朝鲜 "Joseon" or "Chosŏn"), by referring to South Korea as Nán Cháoxiǎn ( 南朝鲜 "South Joseon"). Since diplomatic ties were restored, China has used the names that each of

10464-409: The term kyoryū , meaning "resident", became a politically sensitive term, the organization adopted its present name in 1994 by simply dropping the term kyoryū . Despite the formal renaming of the organization, it has been consistently known as Kankoku Mindan or simply Mindan in Japan. During the 2000s, Mindan experienced a progressive movement, influenced by South Korea’s left-leaning president at

10573-512: The time: Kim Dae-jung . In 2006, one faction of Mindan announced an amelioration of relations with Chongryon, which sparked backlash among the more traditional right-leaning core of Mindan. A few weeks after the declaration, the faction initially issuing the announcement retracted their proclamation. In recent times, Mindan has lost members as a result of Japanese naturalization among Zainichi Koreans. It has also been occasionally threatened by extreme right-wing organizations; in one incident in 2010,

10682-571: The township-ruled zones and the rest of the bugyo-ruled zones became ken ( 県 ) . Later, in 1871, the government designated Tokyo , Osaka , and Kyoto as fu , and relegated the other fu to the status of ken. During World War II , in 1943, Tokyo became a to, a new type of pseudo-prefecture. Despite the differences in terminology, there is little functional difference between the four types of local governments. The subnational governments are sometimes collectively referred to as todōfuken ( 都道府県 , [todoːɸɯ̥ꜜkeɴ] ) in Japanese, which

10791-566: The two nations tensed up in the late 2010s. In one incident in 2017, Mindan helped push support for the relocation of a statue in front of the Japanese consulate in Busan , South Korea’s second largest city, said to symbolize World War II-era sexual abuse of Korean women by Japan. They have periodically communicated to the South Korean government about other matters such as its own internal demographic shifts and suffrage efforts. Mindan has collaborated with other Zainichi Korean organizations such as

10900-497: The two sides prefer, by referring to North Korea as Cháoxiǎn and to South Korea as Hánguó ( 韩国 "Hanguk"). The Korean language can be referred to as either Cháoxiǎnyǔ ( 朝鲜语 ) or Hánguóyǔ ( 韩国语 ). The Korean War is officially called the Kàngměi Yuáncháo Zhànzhēng ( 抗美援朝战争 "War to Resist America and Aid Korea") although the term Cháoxiǎn Zhànzhēng ( 朝鲜战争 ) is also used in unofficial contexts. Taiwan , on

11009-454: The whole country. In several waves of territorial consolidation, today's 47 prefectures were formed by the turn of the century. In many instances, these are contiguous with the ancient ritsuryō provinces of Japan . Each prefecture's chief executive is a directly elected governor ( 知事 , chiji ) . Ordinances and budgets are enacted by a unicameral assembly ( 議会 , gikai ) whose members are elected for four-year terms. Under

11118-438: The whole prefecture/"Metropolis" and like all prefectural police forces controlled by the prefectural/"Metropolitan" public safety commission whose members are appointed by the prefectural/"Metropolitan" governor and assembly.) But, as part of the "reverse course" of the 1950s some of these new rights were removed, the most obvious measure being the denial of directly elected mayors. Some of these restrictions were removed again over

11227-539: Was a translation (like Japanese kun'yomi ) of the native Korean Asadal ( 아사달 ), the capital of Gojoseon: asa being a hypothetical Altaic root word for "morning", and dal meaning "mountain", a common ending for Goguryeo place names (with the use of the character 鮮 "fresh" to transcribe the final -dal syllable possibly having been based on the pronunciation of the ancient ancestor of Middle Korean dɔl- > Modern Korean 달 dal- "sweet"). An early attempt to translate these characters into English gave rise to

11336-724: Was also used at the founding of the UK's embassy in Seoul in 1890. However, at the turn of the century, the then U.S. minister and consul general to Korea, Horace Newton Allen , used "Korea" in his works published on the country. At the official Korean exhibit at the World's Columbian Exhibition in Chicago in 1893 a sign was posted by the Korean Commissioner saying of his country's name that "'Korea' and 'Corea' are both correct, but

11445-455: Was narrowly defeated in a 2015 referendum , and again in 2020 . Hokkaidō is referred to as a dō ( 道 , [doꜜː] ) or circuit . This term was originally used to refer to Japanese regions consisting of several provinces (e.g. the Tōkaidō east-coast region, and Saikaido west-coast region). This was also a historical usage of the character in China. (In Korea, this historical usage

11554-517: Was not successful, but as a compromise most media companies agreed to refer to the nation with its full official title at least once in every article, thus they used the lengthy Kita-Chōsen (Chōsen Minshu-shugi Jinmin Kyōwakoku) ( 北朝鮮(朝鮮民主主義人民共和国) ; "North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)"). By January 2003, this policy started to be abandoned by most newspapers, starting with Tokyo Shimbun , which announced that it would no longer write out

11663-598: Was presented between a " People's Republic " and a " Democratic Republic ", because they had been used in the names of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets and the Finnish Democratic Republic , respectively. "People's Republic" was favored by Pak Hon-yong of the Communist Party of Korea and it had already been used by the temporary People's Republic of Korea (PRK) formed in Seoul after liberation. "Democratic Republic", on

11772-539: Was set up and encompassed the former city area of Edo under the Fuhanken sanchisei . After the abolition of the han system in the first wave of prefectural mergers in 1871/72, several surrounding areas (parts of Urawa , Kosuge , Shinagawa and Hikone prefectures ) were merged into Tokyo, and under the system of (numbered) "large districts and small districts" (daiku-shōku) , it was subdivided into eleven large districts further subdivided into 103 small districts, six of

11881-449: Was transliterated in Chinese records as 韓 ; hán ( 한 ), 幹 ; gàn ( 간 ), 刊 ; kān ( 간 ), and 干 ; gān ( 간 ). The Korean name Han is etymologically disconnected from both the Chinese state 韓; hán, despite sharing the same Chinese character, and the Han (漢; hàn) dynasty along with the associated ethnicity. Beginning in the 7th century, the name " Samhan " became synonymous with

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