Misplaced Pages

#233766

90-527: Chinook people , the Multnomahs , lived in villages along the channel at the time of European exploration of the Columbia River in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Flanked in the 21st century by moorages, marinas, and parks, and populated by a wide variety of fish, the channel offers many opportunities for recreation. Constrained by dikes , the channel is about one-third as wide as

180-500: A confederation of the Cathlamet, Clatsop, Lower Chinook, Wahkiakum and Willapa Indians, as a tribe, according to its rules established in consultation with other recognized tribes. The tribe had documented continuity of their community over time on the lower Columbia. This recognition was announced during the last months of the administration of President Bill Clinton . Since the 1930s, individual Chinook people have had Allotments on

270-514: A conservation advocacy group, are currently petitioning for an ESA listing on Chinook in several river basins in Washington state, including the Chehalis , Quinault, Queets, Hoh and Quillayute. The petition, filed in 2023, focuses on spring-run Chinook, the region's most vulnerable salmon population. In April 2008, commercial fisheries in both Oregon and California were closed in response to

360-648: A federally recognized sovereign tribe in the late 20th century, as this would provide certain treaty-promised benefits for education and welfare. The Department of Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs rejected their application in 1997. Since the late 20th century, the Chinook Indian Nation has engaged in a continuing effort to secure formal recognition, conducting research and developing documentation to demonstrate its history. They are referred to in government and historic accounts, but treaties signed at Tansy Point in 1851 were not acted upon by Congress through

450-462: A formal ratification process. This inaction caused the Chinook territories defined in the treaties to remain unceded. Nevertheless, these territories were taken by the federal government. If Congress had formally ratified the treaties, a reservation would have been established, which would have meant automatic recognition. In 2001, the U.S. Department of Interior recognized the Chinook Indian Nation,

540-427: A pronounced curve or hook called a " kype ." Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males. Chinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December. The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within

630-730: A redd. After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates. Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature. Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth. Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water for 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries , where they remain as smolts for several months. Some Chinook return to fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as "jack" salmon. "Jack" salmon are typically less than 60 cm (24 in) long but are sexually mature. The Yukon River has

720-646: A result, progress is slowly being made to help restore the salmon habitats along the river. Many tribes, including the Hoopa Valley Tribe, Karuk Tribe , Yurok Tribe , and the Shasta Indian Nation, voiced support for the removal of dams on the Klamath River. Representatives of the Shasta Indian Nation claimed that the construction of Copco No 1 Dam caused the submerging of sites significant to them, including burial grounds. Un-Dam

810-525: A short period until they are strong enough to journey out to the ocean and acquire more food. Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type. Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year. Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean. After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their natal streambeds to mate. Chinook can have extended lifespans, in which some fish spend one to five years in

900-595: A similar legend that has illustrated the importance of not messing up the Chinook salmon migration. The legend described three Skookums which can be related to the three dams on the Klamath river in California. It has been known that the creation of dams has negatively impacted the lives of many Native American Indians by disrupting their food supply and the flow of water. The impact on the salmon migration has been seen by not only tribal members but others as well, and as

990-543: A single stocking of juveniles in the lower river around 1930. Sporadic efforts to introduce the fish to New Zealand waters in the late 19th century were largely failures and led to no evident establishments. Initially ova were imported from the Baird hatchery of the McCloud River in California. Further efforts in the early 20th century were more successful and subsequently led to the establishment of spawning runs in

SECTION 10

#1732786951234

1080-509: A sustainable manner. The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and social effects. In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that

1170-491: A trip to catch Chinook salmon, $ 90 for lake trout , and $ 180 for walleye . Should the Chinook salmon fishery collapse and be replaced with a native lake trout fishery, the economic value would decrease by 80%. Since the later 1970s, the size and age range of Chinook salmon have been declining according to studies along the northwest Pacific coast from Alaska to California for the years of 1977 to 2015 which examined about 1.5 million Chinook salmon. Ocean-5 Chinook (which means

1260-469: A value of NZ$ 61 million in export earnings. For the year ended March 2011, this amount had increased to NZ$ 85 million. New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported. Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the Pacific Rim , including Australia. Farming of

1350-469: Is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids . Some populations are endangered; however, many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List . According to NOAA , the Chinook salmon population along the California coast

1440-898: Is also conducting efforts to revegetate certain areas in the watershed with trees and native grasses. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW), in cooperation with members of the Klamath and Yurok tribes, also finalized a two-phase plan to re-establish wild Chinook and other anadromous fishes in the Upper Klamath Basin. As of December 2022, the plan is in its monitoring phase, in which ODFW are studying 10,000 hatchery-born spring-run Chinook released in certain tributaries of Upper Klamath Lake . Introduced Chinook salmon in Lake Michigan are sought after by tourists enjoying chartered fishing trips . A 2016 survey of Wisconsin anglers found they would, on average, pay $ 140 for

1530-826: Is based on the Russian common name chavycha (чавыча). Chinook are anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America, ranging from California to Alaska , as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in Arctic northeast Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand and Patagonia . Introduced Chinook salmon are thriving in Lake Michigan and Michigan 's western rivers. A large Chinook

1620-664: Is compromised, affected stock can decline. One Seattle Times article states, "Pacific salmon have disappeared from 40 percent of their historic range outside Alaska," and concludes it is imperative for people to realize the needs of salmon and try not to contribute to destructive practices that harm salmon runs. In the Pacific Northwest, the summer runs of especially large Chinook once common (before dams and overfishing led to declines) were known as June hogs . A Chinook's birthplace and later evolution can be tracked by looking at its otolith (ear) bone. The bone can record

1710-693: Is contested by the Chinook Indian Nation. The Indian Claims Commission , Docket 234, found, in 1957, that the Clatsop Chinooks were part of the Chinook Indian Nation. The Indian Claims Commission also found in Docket 240, 1962, that the Nehalem people were part of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians . The Chinookan peoples were relatively settled and occupied traditional tribal geographic areas, where they hunted and fished; salmon

1800-592: Is declining from factors such as overfishing, loss of freshwater and estuarine habitat, hydropower development, poor ocean conditions, and hatchery practices. Historically, the native distribution of Chinook salmon in North America ranged from the Ventura River in California in the south to Kotzebue Sound in Alaska in the north. Recent studies have shown that Chinook salmon are historically native to

1890-485: Is essential for algae and other water-filtering agents not to be destroyed in the oceans because they contribute to the well-being of the food chain . With some populations endangered, precautions are necessary to prevent overfishing and habitat destruction , including appropriate management of hydroelectric and irrigation projects. If too few fish remain because of fishing and land management practices, salmon have more difficulty reproducing. When one of these factors

SECTION 20

#1732786951234

1980-570: Is in the Middle Fork and Upper Salmon River in Idaho. These fish travel over 2,100 m (7,000 ft) in elevation, and over 1,400 km (900 mi), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers. Chinook eat amphipods and other crustaceans and insects while young, and primarily other fish when older. Young salmon feed in streambeds for

2070-571: Is known locally in New Zealand) have established sizeable pelagic runs. The Chinook is blue-green, red, or purple on the back and on the top of the head, with silvery sides and white ventral surfaces. It has black spots on its tail and the upper half of its body. Although spots are seen on the tail in pink salmon and silver on the tail in coho and chum salmon , Chinook are unique among the Pacific salmon in combining black spots and silver on

2160-793: Is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British Humane Slaughter Association . In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index. Chile is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon. The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994. In Canada, most commercial Chinook salmon farming ceased by 2009. Fisheries in

2250-531: Is similar to how other tribes relied more on buffalo for food, and have many legends and spiritual ties to them. Chinook salmon were described and enthusiastically eaten by the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Lewis wrote that, when fresh, they tasted better than any other fish he had ever eaten. They did not particularly like dried or "pounded" salmon. Lewis and Clark knew about Pacific salmon but had never seen one. The Western world had known about Pacific salmon since

2340-578: Is the Sauvie Island Public Boat Ramp at RM 18 (RK 29), followed by Hadley's Landing and its tie-up and trail 0.5 miles (0.80 km) later. The Sauvie Island Wildlife Area begins at about the halfway point on the channel and extends from there to the mouth along the right bank. A major stopover for birds, it can be reached by boat from the Gilbert River Boat Ramp at RM 6 (RK 10). Parks near

2430-573: Is vitally important for the fish to reach the oceans to grow into healthy adult fish to sustain the species without being impeded by man-made structures such as dams. The bodies of water for salmon habitat must be clean and oxygenated. One sign of high productivity and growth rate in the oceans is the level of algae . Increased algal levels lead to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the water, which transfers into living organisms, fostering underwater plants and small organisms, which salmon eat. Algae can filter high levels of toxins and pollutants. Thus, it

2520-529: The California drought made them even more vulnerable. A study was done specifically on the California Delta over three years, and it was discovered that the Chinook salmon had a low survival rate for different reasons, and as a result, the Chinook salmon population here has been on a decline. Some of the factors affecting the populations include the route used during migration, drought conditions,

2610-464: The Chinook people living on Sauvie Island in the early 19th century called themselves. Several Chinook villages with longhouses occupied sites along the channel before the explorers' arrival. Sauvie Island and its mild climate were suited to wapato , a root vegetable, and provided access to fish and game. A large village, one of several on the island, was situated near its southeastern tip, where

2700-623: The Department of Interior under President Bill Clinton. After President George W. Bush was elected, his political appointees reviewed the case and, in a highly unusual action, revoked the recognition. The Chinook Nation sought Congressional support for recognition by the legislature in 2008 with a Bill Introduced by Brian Baird . The Bill died in Congress. The unrecognized Tchinouk Indians of Oregon trace their Chinook ancestry to two Chinook women who married French Canadians traders from

2790-610: The Gilbert River , which drains Sturgeon Lake , enter from the right. Then the channel receives Jackson Creek from the left and Cunningham Slough from the right before flowing around Louse Island and merging with Scappoose Bay , which is on the left. St. Helens is on the left as the channel enters the Columbia, about 86.5 miles (139.2 km) from the larger stream's mouth on the Pacific Ocean. A few islands, most notably Coon Island and Louse Island , are located within

Multnomah Channel - Misplaced Pages Continue

2880-719: The Guadalupe River watershed in California, the southernmost major metropolitan area hosting salmon runs in the United States. Populations have disappeared from large areas where they once flourished, however, or shrunk by as much as 40 percent. In some regions, their inland range has been cut off, mainly by dams and habitat alterations: in Southern California , in some areas east of the Coast Ranges of California and Oregon , and in large areas in

2970-615: The Hudson's Bay Company prior to 1830. The specific Chinook band these women were from or if they were Lower or Upper Chinook could not be determined. These individuals, settled in the French Prairie region of northwestern Oregon, becoming part of the community of French Canadians and Métis (Mix-Bloods) . There is no evidence that they are a distinct Indian community within French Prairie. The Chinook Indian Nation denied that

3060-499: The Klamath River , four dams on the Klamath ( Iron Gate Dam , Copco No 2 Dam , Copco No 1 Dam , and John C. Boyle Dam ) will be removed by the end of 2024. Klamath River Renewal Corporation (KRRC), who is in charge of the operation, cited the adverse effects of the dams on fish survivability and the blockage of fish habitat as major reasons for removal. In June 2023, Copco 2 Dam was torn down. In addition to dam removal, KRRC

3150-528: The Klamath tribes and the Yurok Tribe , have lived along the Klamath river , and the Chinook salmon have been an important part of their lives, spiritually and physically. An Indian legend of a tribe on the Klamath river describes how the construction of the dam has hurt the fish population and that the impact on them has gone unnoticed, and the destruction of the dam is what has brought back their food supply and made them happy again. The Klamath tribe had

3240-663: The Snake River and upper Columbia River drainage basins . In certain areas such as California's Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta , it was revealed that extremely low numbers of juvenile Chinook salmon (less than 1%) were surviving. In the western Pacific, the distribution ranges from northern Japan ( Hokkaido ) in the south to the Arctic Ocean as far as the East Siberian Sea and Palyavaam River in

3330-681: The Yakama Nation (primarily Wishram ), the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation (primarily Wasco ), and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community . The Chinook Indian Nation, consisting of the five westernmost tribes of Chinookan peoples, Lower Chinook, Clatsop , Willapa, Wahkiakum, and Kathlamet is currently (2024) working to restore federal recognition . The Chinook Nation gained Federal Recognition on January 3, 2001 from

3420-525: The alewife , an invasive species of nuisance fish from the Atlantic Ocean. In the 1960s, alewives constituted 90% of the biota in these lakes. Coho salmon had been introduced the year before, and the program was successful. Chinook and Coho salmon thrived on the alewives and spawned in the lakes' tributaries. After this success, Chinook were introduced into the other Great Lakes , where sport fishermen prize them for their aggressive behaviour on

3510-403: The 2008 estimate was 66,000 fish. Scientists from universities and federal, state, and tribal agencies concluded the 2004 and 2005 broods were harmed by poor ocean conditions in 2005 and 2006, in addition to "a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment." Such conditions included weak upwelling, warm sea surface temperatures , and low densities of food. In Oregon,

3600-679: The 2010 spring Chinook run was forecast to increase by up to 150% over 2009 populations, growing from 200,000 to over 500,000, making this the largest run in recorded history. Lower temperatures in 2008 North Pacific waters brought in fatter plankton, which, along with greater outflows of Columbia River water, fed the resurgent populations. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife estimated 80% were hatchery-born. Chinook runs in other habitats have not recovered proportionately. In April 2016, Coleman National Fish Hatchery outside of Red Bluff, California , released 12 million juvenile Chinook salmon, with many salmon being tagged for monitoring. The release

3690-629: The Cascades region of the Columbia: Chinook salmon The Chinook salmon / ʃ ɪ ˈ n ʊ k / ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) is the largest and most valuable species of Pacific salmon . Its common name is derived from the Chinookan peoples . Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon , Quinnat salmon , Tsumen , spring salmon , chrome hog , Blackmouth , and Tyee salmon . The scientific species name

Multnomah Channel - Misplaced Pages Continue

3780-674: The Chinook are in highly impacts their survival rates, as some, like the Chinook in the Fraser River, only have a 30% survival rate. More studies and actions are needed for there to be an impact on the survival rates of the Chinook. Due to many of these reasons, the National Wildlife Federation has listed Chinook populations as endangered or threatened. The Chinook salmon is spiritually and culturally prized among certain First Nations peoples. For tribes on

3870-479: The Chinook language and English translation. The " Native Legends of Oregon and Washington Collected " is collection of Chinook legends and stories written and collected by Boas in 1893, it was a collection of different Chinook folklore taken from his time spent with the Chinookan people between the years of 1890 and 1891 during his summer trips to Oregon and Washington. He also wrote the " Chinook Texts ", which

3960-574: The Multnomah Channel as well as the main stem. Chinook people Chinookan peoples include several groups of Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest in the United States who speak the Chinookan languages . Since at least 4000 BCE Chinookan peoples have resided along the upper and Middle Columbia River (Wimahl) ("Great River") from the river's gorge (near the present town of The Dalles, Oregon ) downstream (west) to

4050-597: The North Shore of the Columbia River. In 2019, the Chinook Indian Nation purchased ten acres of the 1851 Tansy Point treaty grounds. In the 21st century, a large proportion of Chinook people live in the regions surrounding the towns of Bay Center, Chinook , and Ilwaco in southwest Washington and in Astoria, Oregon . Chinookan-speaking groups include: The Lower Chinookans are the related groups who spoke dialects of Lower Chinook , and who had their villages around

4140-463: The Northwest coast, salmon were an important part of their culture for spiritual reasons and food. Many celebrate the first spring Chinook caught each year with "first-salmon ceremonies." While salmon fishing in general remains important economically for many tribal communities, it is especially the Chinook harvest that is typically the most valuable. The relation to salmon for the tribes in this area

4230-642: The Tchinouk had any common history with them or any organizational affiliation. On January 16, 1986, the Bureau of Indian Affairs determined that the Tchinouk Indians of Oregon do not meet the requirements necessary to be a federally recognized tribe. The unrecognized Clatsop-Nehalem Confederate Tribes was formed in 2000. The Clatsop-Nehalem have approximately 130 members and claim to have Chinookan and Salish-speaking Tillamook (Nehalem) ancestry. This

4320-573: The U.S. and Canada are limited by impacts to weak and endangered salmon runs. Nine populations of Chinook salmon are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) as either threatened or endangered. In the Snake River , Spring/Summer Chinook and Fall Chinook are ESA listed as Threatened. The fall and late-fall runs in the Central Valley population in California is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) species of concern . The Center for Biological Diversity and Pacific Rivers,

4410-448: The amount of snowmelt, and infrastructure that affects the flow of water (such as dams and levees). Each of these factors has significantly impacted Chinook survival rates, as most have made it more challenging for Chinook to travel from their spawning grounds to the ocean and back. The fluctuation of water depth as well as temperature have made this more challenging, and as a result, Chinook populations are declining. Which rivers or streams

4500-560: The association of a round head with servility. The Chinook were known colloquially by early white explorers in the region as "Flathead Indians". Living near the coast of the Pacific Ocean , the Chinook were skilled elk hunters and fishermen. The most popular fish was salmon . Owing partly to their settled living patterns, the Chinook and other coastal tribes had relatively little conflict over land, as they did not migrate through each other's territories and they had rich resources in

4590-592: The baby salmon are typically grown to the smolt stage (around six months of age) before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds. Most sea cage farming occurs in the Marlborough Sounds , Stewart Island, and Akaroa Harbour, while freshwater operations in Canterbury , Otago , and Tasman use ponds, raceways, and hydro canals for grow-out operations. Low stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m and around 25 kg/m (depending on

SECTION 50

#1732786951234

4680-412: The bridge, Ennis Creek enters from the left, then McCarthy Creek from the left at RM 18 (RK 29). Further along, Johns Creek enters from the left, and then Joy Creek enters from the left where the channel leaves Multnomah County and enters Columbia County. About 8 miles (13 km) from the mouth, the channel flows around Coon Island. Shortly thereafter, Crane Slough, which drains Crane's Lake, and

4770-472: The channel begins. Another village, with 28 houses and more than 1,000 residents, was sited along the west shore of Scappoose Bay near the downstream end of the channel. The channel offers many moorages for boats and houseboats . Private moorages and marinas, some with public fee-for-service boat ramps, lie along the channel between the main stem and the Sauvie Island Bridge. Further downriver

4860-553: The channel. The channel had a variety of names before the United States Board on Geographic Names (USBGN) agreed to Multnomah Channel in 1913. In 1792, William Robert Broughton was the first European explorer to discover the channel. He named it Calls River , probably after the English engineer Sir John Call . The early 19th century explorers Lewis and Clark called it Wappato Inlet after Wappato Island ,

4950-445: The chemical composition of the water the fish had lived in, just as a tree's growth rings provide hints about dry and wet years. The bone is built with the chemical signature of the environment that hosted the fish. Researchers were able to tell where different individuals of Chinook were born and lived in the first year of their lives. Testing was done by measuring the strontium in the bones. Strontium can accurately show researchers

5040-545: The energy for migration. Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water. They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean. Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying. In his book King of Fish , David Montgomery writes, "The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes." Thus, it

5130-428: The exact location and time of a fish swimming in a river. The total North Pacific fisheries harvest of the Chinook salmon in 2010 was some 1.4 million fish, corresponding to 7,000 tonnes ; 1.1 million of the fish were captured in the United States, and others were divided by Canada and Russia. The share of Chinook salmon from the total commercial Pacific salmon harvest was less than 1% by weight and only about 0.3% of

5220-484: The fish has spent five years in the ocean) have declined from being up to 3–5% of the population to being almost none. Ocean-4 chinook are also seeing a rapid decline in their population. This means that Chinook are not living as long as they used to. This trend has mostly been seen in Alaska, but also Oregon and Washington. New trends have also been seen regarding the size of Ocean-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 from 1975 to 2015. The size of Chinook who have spent one and two years in

5310-402: The harvestable size of 3–4 kilograms (7–9 pounds). The broodstock for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations. Eggs and milt are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (at around 10–12 °C or 50–54 °F). After hatching,

5400-594: The hook. The species has also established itself in Patagonian waters in South America, where both introduced and escaped hatchery fish have colonized rivers and established stable spawning runs . Chinook salmon have been found spawning in headwater reaches of the Rio Santa Cruz , apparently having migrated over 1,000 km (620 mi) from the ocean. The population is thought to be derived from

5490-716: The largest of the Pacific salmon. In the Kenai River of Alaska, mature Chinook averaged 16.8 kg (37 lb 1 oz). The current sport-caught world record, 44.1 kg ( 97 + 1 ⁄ 4  lb), was caught on May 17, 1985, in the Kenai River. The commercial catch world record is 57 kg (126 lb) caught near Rivers Inlet , British Columbia, in the late 1970s. Chinook, like many other species of salmon, are considered euryhaline , and thus live in both saltwater and freshwater environments throughout their life. Once hatching, salmon spend one to eight years in

SECTION 60

#1732786951234

5580-420: The late 18th century. Maritime fur traders and explorers, such as George Vancouver , frequently acquired salmon by trade with the indigenous people of the Northwest coast. Lewis and Clark first encountered Chinook salmon as a gift from Chief Cameahwait , on August 13, 1805, near Lemhi Pass . Tasting it convinced Lewis they had crossed the continental divide. In Oregon, many Native American tribes, including

5670-494: The life stage of the salmon), and the absence of disease in the fish mean New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines to maintain the health of their salmon stocks. The salmon are fed food pellets of fish meal specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) that contain no steroids or other growth enhancers. Regulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in

5760-561: The longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon . Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon re-entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids . However, the high costs of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability. The highest elevation Chinook spawn

5850-488: The low count of Chinook salmon present because of the collapse of the Sacramento River run, one of the biggest south of the Columbia. In April 2009, California again canceled the season. The Pacific Fishery Management Council's goal for the Sacramento River run is an escapement total (fish that return to freshwater spawn areas and hatcheries) of 122,000–180,000 fish. The 2007 escapement was estimated at 88,000, and

5940-626: The lower Willamette main stem. U.S. Route 30 and tracks of the Burlington Northern Railroad run roughly parallel to the channel, and to its left , between its source and the Multnomah–;Columbia county border at about the channel's river mile (RM) 12.5 or river kilometer (RK) 20.1. In its first 0.5 miles (0.80 km), the channel receives Miller Creek from the left, then passes under Wapato Bridge , which carries Northwest Sauvie Island Road. Below

6030-600: The mouth include Nob Hill Nature Park and Sand Island Marine Park at St. Helens, St. Helens Landing, Columbia View Park at Scappoose Bay, and Scappoose Bay Landing. A productive fishery for spring Chinook salmon , the channel is also home to sturgeon , walleye , shad , brown bullhead catfish , and other small fish, and crayfish . The average Chinook entering the channel weighs 18 pounds (8.2 kg), but some weigh as much as 40 pounds (18 kg). Oregon's lower-Willamette health advisories on consumption of resident (non-migratory) fish, especially large bottom feeders, apply to

6120-661: The mouth of the Columbia River and along the coast: The Kathlamet/Downstreamers grouping includes several small village groups which all spoke the Kathlamet language: This grouping refers to a dense stretch of Upper Chinook -speaking villages between the mouth of the Lewis River to Government Island : The Clackamas were a Kiksht -speaking group that had one village along the Clackamas River : The "Upstreamers" group refers to village groups and villages in

6210-399: The name they used for Sauvie Island. In the 1840s, nautical surveyor Charles Wilkes referred to the channel as Warrior Branch because it met the Columbia River at Warrior Point, on the northern tip of Sauvie Island. Before its renaming by the USBGN, the channel had become known as Willamette Slough . Multnomah , used by Lewis and Clark to refer to the main stem of the Willamette, is what

6300-492: The natural environment. In the manner of numerous settled tribes, the Chinook resided in longhouses . More than fifty people, related through extended kinship, often resided in one longhouse. Their longhouses were made of planks made from red cedar trees. The houses were about 20–60 feet wide and 50–150 feet long. In 1888, Franz Boas published " The Journal of American Folk-Lore " a journal discussing American Folklore, here he describes some "Chinook songs" and offers them in both

6390-512: The north. Nevertheless, they are consistently present and the distribution is well known only in Kamchatka . Elsewhere, information is scarce, but they have a patchy presence in the Anadyr River basin and parts of the Chukchi Peninsula . Also, in parts of the northern Magadan Oblast near the Shelikhov Gulf and Penzhina Bay , stocks might persist but remain poorly studied. In 1967, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources introduced Chinook into Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to control

6480-447: The number of fish. The trend has been down in the captures compared to the period before 1990, when the total harvest had been around 25,000 tonnes. Global production has, however, remained at a stable level because of increased aquaculture. The world's largest producer and market supplier of Chinook salmon is New Zealand. In 2009, New Zealand exported 5,088 tonnes (5,609 short tons) of Chinook salmon, marketed as king salmon, equating to

6570-413: The ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn. The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead. Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue. Salmon are sexually dimorphic , and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth, and their jaws develop

6660-431: The ocean has been rising, while the size of Chinook of three to five years has been declining. The size increase was seen mainly in hatchery fish, not wild, and hatchery fish were often larger than wild, but the decrease was seen in both types of populations. Factors have been discovered that have influenced the size of the Chinook. They include, but are not limited to, the years they spent in fresh water before migrating to

6750-530: The ocean, reaching age eight. More northerly populations tend to have longer lives. Salmon need suitable spawning habitat. Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development. Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon. Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures. Chinook also need healthy ocean habitats. Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain

6840-423: The ocean, the time of year they were caught, which season run they participated in, and where they were caught. However, what is causing these negative trends is still not fully known or researched. Some possibilities can be climate change, pollution, and fishing practices. In California specifically, Chinook populations in the rivers have been declining. Chinook that are migratory are already more vulnerable, and

6930-505: The practice of head binding , flattening their children's forehead and top of the skull as a mark of social status. They bound the infant's head under pressure between boards when the infant was about 3 months old and continued until the child was about one year of age. This custom was a means of marking social hierarchy; flat-headed community members had a rank above those with round heads. Those with flattened skulls refused to enslave other persons who were similarly marked, thereby reinforcing

7020-415: The previous administration. Efforts by Brian Baird , D-Wash. from Washington's 3rd congressional district, to gain passage of legislation in 2011 to achieve recognition of the tribe were not successful. In his decision on a lawsuit filed in late 2017, U.S. District Court Judge Ronald B. Leighton ruled recognition could only be granted from Congress and other branches of government, but largely sided with

7110-530: The river's mouth, and along adjacent portions of the coasts, from Tillamook Head of present-day Oregon in the south, north to Willapa Bay in southwest Washington . In 1805 the Lewis and Clark Expedition encountered the Chinook Tribe on the lower Columbia. The term "Chinook" also has a wider meaning in reference to the Chinook Jargon , which is based on Chinookan languages, in part, and so

7200-879: The rivers of Canterbury and North Otago: Rangitata River , the Opihi River , the Ashburton River , the Rakaia River , the Waimakariri River , the Hurunui River , and the Waiau Uwha River . The success of the latter introductions is thought to be partly attributable to the use of ova from autumn-run populations as opposed to ova from spring-run populations used in the first attempts. Whilst other salmon have also been introduced into New Zealand, only Chinook salmon (or king salmon as it

7290-442: The scarcity of the Chinookan people at the time. The book was mainly written for trading purposes and Gibbs collected the majority of his translation from the traders themselves. The Chinookan peoples have long had a community on the lower Columbia River. These lower Columbia Chinook tribes and bands re-organized in the 20th century, setting up an elected form of government and reviving tribal culture. They first sought recognition as

7380-608: The species in New Zealand began in the 1970s when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks, with the first commercial operations starting in 1976. After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in Stewart Island by British Petroleum NZ Ltd. Today, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to

7470-571: The superior castes are said to have practiced social discrimination, limiting contact with commoners and forbidding play between the children of the different social groups. Some Chinookan peoples practiced slavery , a practice borrowed from the northernmost tribes of the Pacific Northwest . They took slaves as captives in warfare, and used them to practice thievery on behalf of their masters. The latter refrained from such practices as unworthy of high status. The elite of some tribes had

7560-437: The tail. Another distinctive feature is a black gum line that is present in both salt and fresh water. Adult fish typically range in size from 60 to 90 cm (24 to 36 in), but may be up to 150 cm (58 in) in length; they average 4.5 to 22.7 kg (10 to 50 lb), but may reach 59 kg (130 lb). The meat can be either pink or white, depending on what the salmon have been feeding on. Chinook salmon are

7650-430: The term "Chinookan" was coined by linguists to distinguish the older language from its offspring, Chinuk Wawa . There are several theories about where the name "Chinook" came from. Some say it is a Chehalis word Tsinúk for the inhabitants of and a particular village site on Baker Bay, or "Fish Eaters". It may also be a word meaning "strong fighters". Some Chinookan peoples are part of several federally recognized Tribes:

7740-551: The timber-rich Quinault Reservation in Grays Harbor County, Washington . The Quinault appealed recognition of the Chinook in August 2001, and the matter was taken up by the new administration. After President George W. Bush was elected, his new political appointees reviewed the Chinook materials. In 2002, in a highly unusual action, they revoked the recognition of the Chinook and of two other tribes also approved by

7830-611: The tribe; Leighton denied seven of eight claims by the Interior Department to dismiss the case, including a challenge to a 2015 rule that bars tribes from seeking recognition again. The Chinook Indian Nation's offices are in Bay Center, Washington . The tribe holds an Annual Winter Gathering at the plankhouse in Ridgefield, Washington . It also holds an Annual First Salmon Ceremony at Chinook Point (Fort Columbia) on

7920-403: Was a mainstay of their diet. The women also gathered and processed many nuts, seeds, roots and other foods. They had a society marked by social stratification , consisting of a number of distinct social castes of greater or lesser status. Upper castes included shamans , warriors , and successful traders. They composed a minority of the community population compared to common members. Members of

8010-591: Was done in hopes of helping restore the salmon population of Battle Creek . In June 2021, the California State Water Resources Control Board approved a plan by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to release water from Lake Shasta for irrigation use, which "significantly" increased the risk of extinction of winter-run Chinook in the Sacramento River. In an effort to restore the fish habitat of

8100-569: Was published in 1894. In this reference book, Boas includes various, myths, beliefs, customs, tales, and historical tales, as told by the Chinookan people themselves. George Gibbs was another popular anthropologist of his time. He collected the " Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language ". Gibbs was assisted by Robert Shortess and Soloman H. Smith of Oregon and A. C. Anderson of Victoria, Vancouver Island. The many words were collected and scattered from various different tribes given

#233766