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66-622: They succeeded the semi-independent Emishi families of the 11th century, who were gradually brought down by the Minamoto clan loyal to the Imperial Court in Kyoto . They ruled over an independent region that derived its wealth from gold mining, horse-trading and as middlemen in the trade in luxury items from continental Asian states and from the far northern Emishi and Ainu people . They were able to keep their independence vis-a-vis Kyoto by

132-601: A group of Emishi before Jimmu was enthroned as the Emperor of Japan . According to the Nihon Shoki , Takenouchi no Sukune in the era of Emperor Keikō proposed the subjugation the Emishi of Hitakami no Kuni ( 日高見国 ) in eastern Japan. In later records, the kanji spelling changed to 蝦夷 , composed of the characters for "shrimp" and "barbarian". The use of the "shrimp" spelling is thought to refer to facial hair, like

198-652: A huge army of over 20,000 men was sent to attack the Shiwa Emishi , an effort that failed, before the Shiwa Emishi launched a successful counterattack in the Ōu Mountains . In 780, the Emishi attacked the Sendai plain, torching Japanese villages there. The Japanese were in a near panic as they tried to tax and recruit more soldiers from the Bandō . In the 789 CE Battle of Koromo River (also known as Battle of Sufuse)

264-403: A number of forts along a defensive line from east to west established painstakingly over the past generation. Even Taga Castle was not spared. Large Japanese forces were recruited, numbering in the thousands, the largest forces perhaps ten to twenty thousand strong fighting against an Emishi force that numbered at most around three thousand warriors, and at any one place around a thousand. In 776

330-714: A quarter of all paddy fields in Japan. Chiba Prefecture is famous for its peanuts, also being the largest producer in Japan. Rare species of the lichen genus Menegazzia are found only in Honshu. Most of Japan's tea and silk is from Honshu. Japan's three largest industrial regions are all located on Honshu: the Keihin region , the Hanshin Industrial Region , and the Chūkyō Industrial Area . Honshu

396-479: A unique style of warfare in which horse archery and hit-and-run tactics proved very effective against the slower contemporary Japanese imperial army that mostly relied on heavy infantry . The livelihood of the Emishi was based on hunting and gathering as well as on the cultivation of grains such as millet and barley . Recently, it has been thought that they practiced rice cultivation in areas where rice could be easily grown. The first major attempts to subjugate

462-471: Is a family tree of the Fujiwaras who show up most frequently in historical accounts. 　 　 *a.k.a. Izumi (no) Saburo (Adopted kin are not shown.) This Japanese history–related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Emishi The Emishi ( 蝦夷 ) , also called Ebisu and Ezo , were a people who lived in parts of northern Honshū in present-day Japan, especially in

528-660: Is associated with this population and later gave rise to the Satsumon culture which is ancestral to the modern Ainu people of Hokkaido including some Okhotsk culture influence. Unlike the Ainu, the Emishi were horse riders and iron workers, pointing to cultural divergences between early Ainu and the Emishi. While there is evidence for some agriculture (millet and rice), the Emishi were mostly horse riders, hunters, fishers and traders. The Emishi of Northern Honshu primarily spoke an Ainu-related language. The Matagi are suggested to be

594-581: Is disputed. They are generally thought to have descended from tribes of the Jōmon people , particularly the Zoku-Jōmon . The majority of scholars believe that they were related to the Ainu people , not necessarily identical but a distinct ethnicity. The Emishi that inhabited Northern Honshu consisted likely of several tribes, which included pre-Ainu people, non- Yamato Japanese, and admixed people, who united and resisted

660-472: Is home to a large portion of Japan's minimal mineral reserves, including small oil and coal deposits. Several coal deposits are located in the northern part of the island, concentrated in Fukushima Prefecture and Niigata Prefecture , though Honshu's coal production is negligible in comparison to Hokkaido and Kyushu . Most of Japan's oil reserves are also located in northern Honshu, along

726-482: Is now northern Miyagi Prefecture , and established Momonofu Castle on the Kitakami River . The fort was built despite constant attacks by the Emishi of Isawa (present-day southern Iwate prefecture). On 5 September, 774 CE, the Emishi stormed Monou castle and the rebellion began. The Emishi counterattacked along a broad front, starting with Monou Castle, destroying the garrison there before going on to destroy

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792-460: Is now northern Miyagi Prefecture , became allies of the Japanese. This was a stunning reversal to the aspirations of the Emishi who still fought against the Japanese. The Shiwa Emishi were a very powerful group and were able to attack smaller Emishi groups successfully as their leaders were promoted into imperial rank. This had the effect of isolating one of the most powerful and independent Emishi,

858-513: Is roughly 1,300 km (810 mi) long and ranges from 50 to 230 km (31 to 143 mi) wide, and its total area is 227,960 km (88,020 sq mi), making it slightly larger than the island of Great Britain . Its land area has been increasing with land reclamation and coastal uplift in the north due to plate tectonics with a convergent boundary . Honshu has 10,084 kilometres (6,266 mi) of coastline. Mountainous and volcanic, Honshu experiences frequent earthquakes (such as

924-412: Is seismically active, and is home to 40 active volcanoes. In 2011, an earthquake of magnitude 9.0–9.1 occurred off the coast of Honshu, generating tsunami waves up to 40.5 meters (133 ft) high and killing 19,747. It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan , and the fourth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900. The tsunami subsequently led to

990-701: Is the largest and most populous island of Japan . It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait , north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea , and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits . The island separates the Sea of Japan , which lies to its north and west, from the North Pacific Ocean to the south and east. It is the seventh-largest island in the world, and

1056-517: The Abe and Kiyowara were created by local Japanese gōzoku and became regional semi-independent states based on the Emishi and Japanese people. However, even before these emerged, the Emishi people progressively lost their distinct culture and ethnicity as they became minorities. The Northern Fujiwara were thought to have been Emishi, but there is some doubt as to their lineage, and most likely were descended from local Japanese families who resided in

1122-494: The Ainu people , with both descending from the Jomon people of Northern Japan. The exact relationship between the Emishi and Ainu however remains disputed; they may either share a common "pre-Ainu" ancestor or Emishi tribes are ancestral to the later Ainu via the Satsumon culture . Both Emishi and Ainu were historically referred to as 'Ezo', with this name written using the same kanji characters . The Esan culture of northern Honshu

1188-646: The Chūson-ji founded in 1095. During the Genpei War (1180-1185), fought between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan , the Northern Fujiwara remained neutral. A conflict erupted between lord Minamoto no Yoritomo and the Northern Fujiwara clan over the extradition of Minamoto no Yoshitsune , younger brother and former general of Yoritomo, who had fled to Hiraizumi. Hidehira had remained neutral during

1254-543: The Great Kantō earthquake , which heavily damaged Tokyo in September 1923; and the earthquake of March 2011 , which moved the northeastern part of the island by varying amounts of as much as 5.3 m (17 ft) while causing devastating tsunamis). The highest peak is the active volcano Mount Fuji at 3,776 m (12,388 ft), which makes Honshu the world's 7th highest island . There are many rivers, including

1320-516: The Isawa confederation . The newly appointed shōgun general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro then attacked the Isawa Emishi, relentlessly using soldiers trained in horse archery. The result was a desultory campaign that eventually led to Aterui's surrender in 802. The war was mostly over and many Emishi groups submitted themselves to the imperial government. However, skirmishes still took place, and it

1386-728: The Kurushima Kaikyō Bridge ; Shimotsui-Seto Bridge , Hitsuishijima Bridge , Iwakurojima Bridge , Yoshima Bridge , Kita Bisan-Seto Bridge , and the Minami Bisan-Seto Bridge ), the Seikan Tunnel connects Honshu with Hokkaidō, and the Kanmonkyo Bridge and Kanmon Tunnel connect Honshu with Kyūshū . These are notable flora and fauna of Honshu. Being on the Ring of Fire , the island of Honshu

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1452-530: The Mutsu and Dewa Province for over a century. Along with Kiyohira, the next two generations of Fujiwara no Motohira and Hidehira saw the zenith of Northern Fujiwara's power in the Tōhoku region. At the zenith of their rule, they attracted a number of artisans from imperial capital Kyoto and created a capital city, Hiraizumi. They introduced the Kyoto and Heian culture into the area and built many temples, such as

1518-533: The Shinano River , Japan's longest. The Japanese Alps span the width of Honshu, from the 'Sea of Japan' coast to the Pacific shore. The climate is generally humid subtropical in western Japan and humid continental in the north. Honshu has a total population of 104 million people, according to a 2017 estimate, 81.3% of the entire population of Japan. The largest city is Tokyo (population: 13,988,129),

1584-559: The Tōhoku region . The first mention of the Emishi in literature that can be corroborated with outside sources dates to the 5th century CE, in which they are referred to as máorén (毛人—"hairy people") in Chinese records. Some Emishi tribes resisted the rule of various Japanese emperors during the Asuka , Nara , and early Heian periods (7th–10th centuries CE). The origin of the Emishi

1650-582: The second-most populous after the Indonesian island of Java . Honshu had a population of 104 million as of 2017 , constituting 81.3% of the entire population of Japan, and mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and plains. Approximately 30% of the total population resides in the Greater Tokyo Area on the Kantō Plain . As the historical center of Japanese cultural and political power,

1716-539: The Ainu and early Yamato. These were likely ethnic Japanese, who resisted the Yamato dynasty's consolidation of political power in early Japan and instead allied themselves with other local tribes. The similarity of the modern Tōhoku dialect and the ancient Izumo dialect in particular supports the notion that some of the Izumo people, who did not submit to Yamato royalty after the establishment of their governance, escaped to

1782-563: The Emishi fushu , and may have been seen as fushu themselves since they had lived in the region for several generations. Importantly, the Abe held the post of Superintendent of the indigenous. This post proves that the Emishi population was seen as different from other Japanese though it is unclear what the responsibilities of the post were. Soon after World War II , mummies of the Northern Fujiwara family in Hiraizumi (the capital city of

1848-405: The Emishi in the 8th century were largely unsuccessful. The imperial armies, which were modeled after the mainland Chinese armies, proved unsuccessful when faced with the guerrilla tactics employed by the Emishi. Following the adoption and development by the imperial forces of horseback archery and the guerilla tactics used by the Emishi, the army soon saw success, leading to the eventual defeat of

1914-733: The Emishi to the semi-nomadic Malgal/Mohe people . There was also a distinction between contemporary Honshu Emishi and Watarishima Emishi of Hokkaido. Historical evidence suggests frequent fights between Honshu Emishi and Watarishima Emishi. It is argued that the Watarishima Emishi consisted of Honshu Emishi and proto-Ainu-speakers. Kudo Masaki and Kitakamae Yasuo concluded that the Emishi were of predominantly Tungusic origin with some assimilated Japonic groups (Izumo people). They further argue that linguistic place names (toponyms) previously suggested to be Ainu, can be explained by Amur Tungusic substratum onto proto-Ainu. Kudo also suggests that

1980-496: The Emishi. The success of the gradual change in battle tactics came at the very end of the 8th century in the 790s under the command of the general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro . The adoption of horseback archery and horseback combat later led to the development of the samurai . Following their defeat, the Emishi either submitted themselves to imperial authorities as fushu or ifu , or migrated further north, some to Hokkaidō . By

2046-569: The Genpei War, but when Yoshitsune took refuge in Hiraizumi, he decided to protect him. Hidehira, who had protected Yoshitsune, soon died and his son Fujiwara no Yasuhira succeeded his father as the 4th head of the Northern Fujiwara clan. Yasuhira failed to resist Minamoto no Yoritomo's pressure, and had Yoshitsune assassinated. After Yoshitsune was assassinated in April 1189, his severed head

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2112-545: The Japanese Imperial army until the 16th century, and that later settlement was from a local Japanese warlord who was independent of any central control. In 709, the fort of Ideha was created close to present day Akita . This was a bold move since the intervening territory between Akita and the northwestern countries of Japan was not under government control. The Emishi of Akita, in alliance with Michinoku, attacked Japanese settlements in response. Saeki no Iwayu

2178-473: The Japanese army under Ki no Kosami Seito shōgun was defeated by the Isawa Emishi under their general Aterui . A four thousand-strong army was attacked as they tried to cross the Kitakami River by a force of a thousand Emishi. The imperial army suffered its most stunning defeat, losing a thousand men, many of whom drowned. In 794, many key Shiwa Emishi, including Isawa no kimi Anushiko of what

2244-699: The Manchurian Plain. The term "Emishi" is used for the concealed village tribe of the main character Ashitaka in the Hayao Miyazaki animated film Princess Mononoke . The fictional village was a last pocket of Emishi surviving into the Muromachi period (16th century). Honsh%C5%AB Honshu ( 本州 , Honshū , pronounced [hoꜜɰ̃ɕɯː] ; lit.   ' main island ' ) , historically called Akitsushima ( 秋津島 , lit.   ' Dragonfly island ' ) ,

2310-648: The Matagi hunters are in fact descendants of the Emishi, with the specific hunting vocabulary to be of Tungusic rather than Ainu origin. Kikuchi Toshihiko argues that there was much contact between the aboriginal peoples in northern Honshu and Hokkaido who formed the Satsumon and Okhotsk cultures and Tungusic and Paleoasiatic groups in the Russian Far East, especially along the Amur River Basin and on

2376-568: The Northern Fujiwara), who were thought to have been related to the Ainu, were studied by scientists. However, the researchers concluded that the rulers of Hiraizumi were not related to the ethnic Ainu but more similar to contemporary Japanese of Honshū. This was seen as evidence that the Emishi were not related to the Ainu. This had the effect of popularizing the idea that the Emishi were like other contemporary ethnic Japanese who lived in northeastern Japan, outside of Yamato rule. However,

2442-467: The Sendai plain and into the interior mountains in what is now Yamagata Prefecture . Guerilla warfare was practiced by the horseriding Emishi who kept up pressure on these forts, but Emishi allies, ifu and fushu , were also recruited and promoted by the Japanese to fight against their kinsmen. In 758, after a long period of stalemate, the Japanese army under Fujiwara no Asakari penetrated into what

2508-470: The Tōhoku (unrelated to the Fujiwara of Kyoto). Both the Abe and Kiyowara families were almost certainly of Japanese descent, both of whom represented gōzoku , powerful families who had moved into the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa perhaps during the 9th century, though when they emigrated is not known for certain. They were likely Japanese frontier families who developed regional ties with the descendants of

2574-574: The Tōhoku region and became part of the Emishi. Additionally, the evidence of rice cultivation by some of the Emishi supports the theory of a possible Japonic component of their ancestry. Several historians noted striking similarities between the horseriding nomads of the Amur region, specifically Tungusic peoples , and the Emishi. It is suggested that the Emishi originated from a Tungusic source population, which later assimilated Japonic-speaking Izumo migrants. Oishi Naomasa, Emori Susumu, and others link

2640-540: The capital of Japan and part of the Greater Tokyo Area , the most populous metropolitan area in the world. Honshu is connected to the islands of Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku by tunnels and bridges. Three bridge systems have been built across the islands of the Inland Sea between Honshu and Shikoku ( Akashi Kaikyo Bridge and the Ōnaruto Bridge ; Shin-Onomichi Bridge , Innoshima Bridge , Ikuchi Bridge , Tatara Bridge , Ōmishima Bridge , Hakata–Ōshima Bridge , and

2706-720: The central government. The Emishi are described in the Nihon Shoki , which presents a view of the Emishi stemming more from a need to justify the Yamato policy of conquest than from accuracy to the Emishi people: Amongst these Eastern savages the Yemishi are the most powerful; their men and women live together promiscuously; there is no distinction of father and child. In winter, they dwell in holes; in summer, they live in nests. Their clothing consists of furs, and they drink blood. Brothers are suspicious of one another. In ascending mountains, they are like flying birds; in going through

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2772-456: The date and the existence of Yūryaku are uncertain, and the Korean reference may be anachronistic. However, the compilers clearly felt that the reference to Emishi troops was credible in this context. In 658, Abe no Hirafu 's naval expedition of 180 ships reached Aguta (present day Akita Prefecture ) and Watarishima (Hokkaidō). An alliance with Aguta Emishi, Tsugaru Emishi and Watarishima Emishi

2838-419: The descendants of these Ainu-speakers, which also contributed several toponyms and loanwords, related to geography and certain forest and water animals which they hunted, to the local Japonic-speaking people. There is some evidence that some of the Emishi spoke a divergent Japonic language , most likely the ancient "Zūzū dialect" (ja) (the ancestor of Tōhoku dialect ) and are a different ethnic group from

2904-719: The economy along the northwestern Sea of Japan coast is largely based on fishing and agriculture. The island is linked to the other three major Japanese islands by a number of bridges and tunnels. The island primarily shares two climates, with Northern Honshu having a mainly humid continental climate while the south has a humid subtropical climate . The name of the island, Honshū ( 本州 ) , directly translates to "main province" or "original land" in English. Humans first arrived in Honshu approximately 37,000 years ago, and likely earlier. The first humans to arrive in Honshu were Stone Age hunter-gatherers from Northeast Asia, likely following

2970-544: The expansion of the Yamato Empire . It is suggested that the Emishi spoke an early variant of the Ainu languages or an Ainu-like language, while some may have spoken a divergent Japonic language , similar to the historical Izumo dialect . The first mention of the Emishi is from a Chinese source, the Book of Song in 478 CE, which referred to them as "hairy people" ( 毛人 ). The book refers to "the 55 kingdoms ( 国 ) of

3036-432: The grass, they are like fleet quadrupeds. When they receive a favour, they forget it, but if an injury is done them they never fail to revenge it. Therefore, they keep arrows in their top-knots and carry swords within their clothing. Sometimes, they draw together their fellows and make inroads on the frontier. At other times, they take the opportunity of the harvest to plunder the people. If attacked, they conceal themselves in

3102-578: The hairy people ( 毛人 ) of the East" as a report by King Bu — one of the Five kings of Wa . The first recorded use of the Japanese word Emishi is in the Nihon Shoki in 720CE, where the word appears in the phonetic spelling 愛瀰詩 for emi 1 si (see also Old Japanese § Vowels for an explanation of the subscript). This is in the record of Emperor Jimmu , stating that his armed forces defeated

3168-468: The herbage; if pursued, they flee into the mountains. Therefore, ever since antiquity, they have not been steeped in the kingly civilizing influences. The Nihon Shoki 's entry for Emperor Yūryaku , also known as Ohatsuse no Wakatakeru, records an uprising, after the Emperor's death, of Emishi troops who had been levied to support an expedition to Korea . Emperor Yūryaku is suspected to be King Bu, but

3234-541: The island includes several past Japanese capitals, including Kyōto , Nara , and Kamakura . Much of the island's southern shore forms part of the Taiheiyō Belt , a megalopolis that spans several of the Japanese islands. Honshu contains Japan's highest mountain, Mount Fuji, and its largest lake, Lake Biwa . Most of Japan's industry is located in a belt running along Honshu's southern coast, from Tokyo to Nagoya , Kyōto , Osaka , Kobe , and Hiroshima ; by contrast,

3300-571: The long whiskers of a shrimp, but this is not certain. The "barbarian" portion clearly described an outsider, living beyond the borders of the emerging empire of Japan, which saw itself as a civilizing influence; thus, the empire was able to justify its conquest. This kanji spelling was first seen in the T'ang sources that describe the meeting with the two Emishi that the Japanese envoy brought with him to China. The kanji spelling may have been adopted from China. The oldest attested pronunciation emi 1 si may have come from Old Japanese , perhaps from

3366-617: The meltdown of 3 nuclear reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant , leading to the Fukushima nuclear disaster . Honshu island generates around US$ 3.5 trillion or more than 80% of Japan's GDP . Fruit, vegetables, grains, rice and cotton make up the main produce grown in Honshu. The Tohoku region, spanning the north-eastern part of the island, is notable for its rice production, with 65% of cultivated land being rice paddy fields – almost

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3432-476: The mid-9th century, most of the land held by the Emishi in Honshū had been conquered, and the Emishi became part of wider Japanese society. However, they continued to be influential in local politics, as subjugated, though powerful, Emishi families created semi-autonomous feudal domains in the north. In the two centuries following the conquest, a few of these domains became regional states that came into conflict with

3498-786: The migration of ice age megafauna . Surviving artifacts from this period include finely-crafted stone blades, similar to those found in Siberia . Honshu was the target of devastating air raids during the Pacific War of World War II . The first air raid to strike Honshu and the other home islands was the Doolittle Raid . With the introduction of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress , the firebombing of Tokyo culminated in Operation Meetinghouse ,

3564-640: The most destructive air raid in human history, which destroyed 16 square miles (41 km ; 10,000 acres) of central Tokyo , leaving an estimated 100,000 civilians dead, and over one million homeless. The war ended with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki shortly before Japan's surrender and signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on September 2, 1945, on board the USS ; Missouri  (BB-63) in Tokyo Bay . The island

3630-741: The most heavily used. The San'yō Shinkansen , connects the two largest cities in western Japan, Shin-Osaka in Osaka with Hakata Station in Fukuoka . Both the Tokaido Shinkansen and the Sanyo Shinkansen help form a continuous high-speed railway through the Taiheiyō Belt megalopolis. The island is divided into five nominal regions and contains 34 prefectures, including metropolitan Tokyo. Administratively, some smaller islands are included within these prefectures, notably including

3696-408: The next day. Yasuhira was found and killed in Nienosaku, Hinai, Mutsu Province (present-day Ōdate , Akita Prefecture ) on October 14. The Battle of Ōshū resulted in the destruction of the Northern Fujiwara clan. This marked the end of the tumultuous period of civil war that began in 1180, and the completion of Yoritomo's nationwide domination and the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate . Below

3762-412: The reason the study of the Northern Fujiwara was done was the assumption that they were Emishi, which they were not. They were descendants of the northern Fujiwara branch from Tsunekiyo and the Abe clan. They took liberties with giving themselves Emishi titles because they had become rulers of the previous Emishi held lands of the Tohoku. It is generally accepted that the Emishi were ethnically related to

3828-403: The strength of their warrior bands until they were ultimately conquered by the Kantō samurai clans led by Minamoto no Yoritomo , in the Battle of Ōshū in 1189. Historically, there has been a theory that the Northern Fujiwara descended from the ethnic Emishi people , but in terms of genealogy, they were descended from Fujiwara no Hidesato . Fujiwara no Kiyohira , after his father's death,

3894-404: The west coast, spanning Niigata, Yamagata , and Akita Prefectures. Most of Japan's copper, lead, zinc and chromite is located on Honshu, along with smaller, scattered deposits of gold, silver, arsenic, sulfur and pyrite . The Tokaido Shinkansen , opened in 1964 between Tokyo and Shin-Ōsaka , is Japan's first high-speed rail line. It is the world's oldest high-speed rail line and one of

3960-409: The word "yumishi" meaning " bowyer " (in reference to an important weapon, the bow), however some suggest that it came instead from the Ainu term emushi meaning "sword". The yumishi theory is problematic, as the Old Japanese term for "bowyer" was 弓削 ( yuge ), whereas 弓師 ( yumishi ) is not attested until the 1600s. Meanwhile, the later pronunciation Ebisu (derived from Emishi )

4026-457: Was also spelled as 戎 , which also means "warrior", possibly aligning with the proposed Ainu derivation via metonymy wherein the word for "sword" was used to mean "warrior". The Emishi were represented by different tribes, some of whom became allies of the Japanese (referred to as "fushu" and "ifu" ) while others remained hostile (referred to as "iteki" ). The Emishi in northeastern Honshū relied on horses in warfare, developing

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4092-425: Was appointed Sei Echigo Emishi shōgun . He used 100 ships from the Japan sea side countries along with soldiers recruited from the eastern countries and defeated the Echigo (present day Akita) Emishi. In 724, Taga Fort was built by Ōno no Omi Azumahito near present-day Sendai and became the largest administrative fort in the northeast region of Michinoku. As Chinju shōgun , he steadily built forts across

4158-502: Was delivered to Kamakura by July for Yoritomo to see. However, Yoritomo was already set on attacking Hiraizumi and this did nothing to repair their damaged relations. On September 1, 1189, 284,000 cavalrymen led by Yoritomo set out to attack Hiraizumi. Yasuhira prepared himself an army of 170,000 cavalrymen to defend his realm. Thus, the Battle of Ōshū began. Yasuhira's forces were defeated one after another, and on October 2, he fled Hiraizumi leaving it afire. Yoritomo entered Hiraizumi

4224-410: Was formed by Abe who then stormed and defeated a settlement of the Mishihase (Su-shen in the Aston translation of the Nihongi ), a people of unknown origin. This is one of the earliest reliable records of the Emishi people extant. The Mishihase may have been another ethnic group who competed with the ancestors of the Ainu for Hokkaidō. The expedition happens to be the furthest northern penetration of

4290-419: Was not until 811 that the so-called Thirty-Eight Years' War was over. North of the Kitakami River, the Emishi were still independent, but the large scale threat that they posed ceased with the defeat of the Isawa Emishi in 802. After their conquest, some Emishi leaders became part of the regional framework of government in the Tōhoku culminating with the Northern Fujiwara regime. This regime and others such as

4356-410: Was raised as a member of the Kiyohara clan as his mother remarried into a Kiyohara family in Dewa Province . However, Kiyohira, with the aid of Minamoto no Yoshiie , became independent and established themselves in Hiraizumi (in present-day Iwate Prefecture ) in 1087, when he won the victory in the Gosannen War . After its foundation by Fujiwara no Kiyohira in 1087, the Northern Fujiwara clan ruled

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