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63-511: It includes the provinces of Gilan , Mazandaran , and Golestan (ancient kingdom of Hyrcania , medieval region of Tabaristan ). The major provinces, Gilan and Mazandaran, are covered with dense forests, snow-covered mountains and impressive sea shores. The major cities are Rasht , Gorgan , Sâri , Bâbol , Babolsar Amol , Qaem Shahr , Gonbad-e Kavus , Anzali , Lahijan and Behshahr . Northern Iran has numerous villages, particularly Massulé , appreciated by travellers. Northern Iran

126-477: A handsome portion of the proceeds. In the mid-19th century, a fatal epidemic among the silk worms paralyzed Gilan's economy, causing widespread economic distress. Gilan's budding industrialists and merchants were increasingly dissatisfied with the weak and ineffective rule of the Qajars . Re-orientation of Gilan's agriculture and industry from silk to production of rice and the introduction of tea plantations were

189-611: A large margin, the heaviest rainfall in Iran: reaching as high as 1,900 millimetres (75 in) in the southwestern coast and generally around 1,400 millimetres (55 in). Rasht, the capital of the province, is known internationally as the "City of Silver Rains" and in Iran as the "City of Rain". Rainfall is heaviest between September and December because the onshore winds from the Siberian High are strongest, but it occurs throughout

252-402: A native Iranian "north of Iran" are only the provinces on the south side of Caspian Sea which are Gilān , Māzandarān and Golestān , the last one has been separated from Māzandarān province at 1997. Here is the map of Iran with its provinces . Despite Iranian opinion of the north of Iran, Khorāsan at the east and the two Āzerbāijān s at the west side of Iran are geographically at

315-492: A partial answer to the decline of silk in the province. After World War I , Gilan came to be ruled independently of the central government of Tehran and concern arose that the province might permanently separate. Before the war, Gilanis had played an important role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran . Sepahdar-e Tonekaboni (Rashti) was a prominent figure in the early years of the revolution and

378-609: A result, it was one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Safavid annexation in the 16th century was at least partially motivated by this revenue stream. The silk trade, though not the production, was a monopoly of the Crown and the single most important source of trade revenue for the imperial treasury. As early as the 16th century and until the mid 19th century, Gilan was the major exporter of silk in Asia. The Shah farmed out this trade to Greek and Armenian merchants and, in return, received

441-439: Is a-tā with tā for determination of number ( a-tā kijā meaning a girl ). There exist some remnants of old Mazanderani indicating that, in the nominative case, female nouns used to end in a , while male nouns ended in e (as in jənā meaning the woman and mərdē meaning the man ). Grammatical gender is still present in certain modern languages closely related to Mazandarani such as Semnani , Sangesari and Zazaki . In

504-476: Is a Caspian language, and a member of the northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Iran's Gilan, Mazandaran and Qazvin provinces. Gilaki is one of the main languages spoken in the province of Gilan and is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki, Eastern Gilaki, and Galeshi (in the mountains of Gilan and Mazandaran). The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid Roud. Although Gilaki

567-575: Is a sample list obtained from the Online Mazanderani-Persian dictionary . / a / may also range to near-open [ æ ] or a more back [ ʌ ]. Allophones of / e, u, o, ɑ / are heard as [ ɪ, ʊ, ɒ ]. / ə / can also be heard as [ ɛ ] or [ ɐ ]. / w / appears as an allophone of / v / in word-final position. / ɾ / may appear as a voiceless trill in word-final position [ r̥ ]. An occasional glottal stop / ʔ / or voiceless uvular fricative / ʁ / or voiced plosive / ɢ / may also be heard, depending on

630-412: Is also spoken in the province of Gilan as it is Iran's official language, requiring everyone to know Persian. Heritage language data as of 2022: Mother tongue data as of 2022: At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 2,381,063 people in 669,221 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,480,874 in 777,316 households. The 2016 census measured the population of

693-650: Is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch spoken by the Mazandarani people . As of 2021 , there were 1.36 million native speakers. The language appears to be decreasing, as it is threatened, and due to the majority of its speakers shifting to Iranian Persian . As a member of the Northwestern branch (the northern branch of Western Iranian), etymologically speaking, it is rather closely related to Gilaki and also related to Persian , which belongs to

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756-619: Is more likely that they were a separate people, had come from the region of Dagestan , and taken the place of the Kadusii. That the native inhabitants of Gilan have some originating roots in the Caucasus is supported by genetics and language, as the Y-DNA of Gilaks most closely resemble that of Georgians and other South Caucasus peoples, while their mtDNA closely resembles other Iranian groups. Their languages shares typologic features with

819-480: Is no distinction between the dative and accusative cases, and the nominative in the sentence takes almost no indicators but may be inferred from word order (depending on dialect it may end in a/o/e). Since Mazanderani lacks articles , there is no inflection for nouns in the sentence (no modifications for nouns). For definition, nouns take the suffix e ( me dətere meaning The daughter of mine while me dəter means my daughter ). The indefinite article for single nouns

882-466: Is one of the 31 provinces of Iran , in the northwest of the country. Its capital is the city of Rasht . The province lies along the Caspian Sea , in Iran's Region 3 , west of the province of Mazandaran , east of the province of Ardabil , and north of the provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin . It borders Azerbaijan ( Astara District ) in the north. The northern section of the province is part of

945-526: Is rich in synonyms , some such nouns also retaining the gender they possessed in Indo-European times: for instance the words miš , gal , gerz all have the meaning of mouse , although they are not all of the same gender. While many Indo-Iranian languages use a masculine noun taking such related forms as muš or muska or mušk , in Mazandarani the most commonly used name for

1008-596: Is the earliest known human habitation site in Gilan province; it is located in a deep tributary canyon of the Siah Varud and contains evidence for the earliest prehistoric human cave occupation during the Lower Paleolithic in Iran. Stone artifacts and animal fossils were discovered by a group of Iranian archaeologists that dates back to the late Chibanian . Yarshalman is a Middle Paleolithic shelter that

1071-585: Is the most widely spoken language in Gilan , the Talysh language is also spoken in the province. There are only two cities in Gilan where Talyshi is exclusively spoken: Masal and Masoleh (although other cities speak Talyshi alongside Gilaki) while Talyshi is spoken mostly in the city of Astara , Hashtpar and surrounding towns. The Kurdish language is used by Kurds who have moved to the Amarlu region. Persian

1134-649: The Caspian Sea shores of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan as part of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus' . Initially, the Rus' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route , selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged

1197-643: The Ilkhan Öljeitü conquered the region. This was the first time the region came under the rule of the Mongols after the Ilkhanid Mongols and their Georgian allies failed to do it in the late 1270s. After 1336, the region seemed to be independent again. Before the introduction of silk production (date unknown but a pillar of the economy by the 15th century AD), Gilan was a poor province. There were no permanent trade routes linking Gilan to Persia. There

1260-699: The Ottoman Empire without rendering tribute to the Sublime Porte , in 1534 and 1591. The Safavid emperor, Shah Abbas I ended the rule of Khan Ahmad Khan (the last semi-independent ruler of Gilan) and annexed the province directly to his empire. From this point onward, rulers of Gilan were appointed by the Persian Shah . In the Safavid era, Gilan was settled by large numbers of Georgians , Circassians , Armenians , and other peoples of

1323-890: The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (commonly known as the Socialist Republic of Gilan), which lasted from June 1920 until September 1921. In February 1921 the Soviets withdrew their support for the Jangali government of Gilan and signed the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921) with the central government of Tehran. The Jangalis continued to struggle against the central government until their final defeat in September 1921 when control of Gilan returned to Tehran. Gilaks form

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1386-542: The Turkmen language . The following verses are in an eastern Mazandarani dialect spoken in the Caspian littoral in northern Iran. They were transcribed and translated by Maryam Borjian and Habib Borjian . bεlεndi níš mε vεlεnd-e nεfār-ε bεlbεl xavεr biārdε nо̄bεhār ε dār-e čel-ču-rε bā r ánde nέnāle batεrkessέ dεl dā́rmo qam-e yār-ε I was sitting [on] the heights, on the lofty nefār ; The nightingale brought

1449-584: The languages of the Caucasus . Gilan province was the place of origin of the Ziyarid dynasty and Buyid dynasty in the mid-10th century. Previously, the people of the province had a prominent position during the Sassanid dynasty through the 7th century, so that their political power extended to Mesopotamia . The first recorded encounter between Gilak and Deylamite warlords and invading Muslim armies

1512-470: The Caucasus whose descendants still live or linger across Gilan. Most of these Georgians and Circassians are assimilated into the mainstream Gilaks. The history of Georgian settlement is described by Iskandar Beg Munshi , the author of the 17th century Tarikh-e Alam-Ara-ye Abbasi , and the Circassian settlements by Pietro Della Valle , among other authors. The Safavid empire became weak towards

1575-588: The Deylamites were the only warriors in the Caspian region who could fight the fearsome Varangian Vikings as equals. Deylamite mercenaries served as far away as Egypt , al-Andalus , and in the Khazar Kingdom . The Buyids established the most successful of the Deylamite dynasties of Iran. In the 9th–11th century AD, there were repeated military raids undertaken by the Rus' between 864 and 1041 on

1638-519: The Mazandarani language, independent personal pronouns have three cases: active, passive and possessive. Conjugation (hākārden) "to work" in Mazandarani language (Sari dialect). Adpositions in Mazanderani are after words, while most of other languages including English and Persian have preposition systems in general. The only common postpositions that sometimes become preposition are Še and tā . Frequently used postpositions are: The list below

1701-550: The Southwestern branch. Though the Persian language has influenced Mazandarani to a great extent, Mazandarani still survives as an independent language with a northwestern Iranian origin. Mazandarani is closely related to Gilaki, and the two languages have similar vocabularies. The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain typological features with Caucasian languages (specifically

1764-654: The Tabari themselves do. The name Tapuri / Tabari (which was the name of an ancient language spoken somewhere in former Tapuria) is now used in preference to the name Mazandarani by the young. However, both Gilan and Mazanderan formed part of the state known as Tapuria. The earliest references to the language of Mazandaran, called Tabari, are to be found in the works of the early Muslim geographers. Al-Muqaddasī (or Moqaisi, 10th century), for example, notes: "The languages of Komish and Gurgan are similar, they use hā , as in hā-dih and hāk-un , and they are sweet [to

1827-622: The dialect. Mazanderani is commonly written in the Perso-Arabic script . However, some use the Roman alphabet , for example in SMS messages. Spoken in a territory sheltered by the high Alborz mountains, Mazanderani preserves many ancient Indo-European words no longer in common use in modern Iranian languages such as Persian . Listed below are a few common Mazanderani words of archaic, Indo-European provenance with Vedic cognates. Mazandarani

1890-550: The ear], related to them is the language of Tabaristan, [similar] save for its speediness." Among the living Iranian languages , Mazanderani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of Mazandaran in the centuries after the Arab invasion. The rich literature of this language includes books such as Marzban Nameh (later translated into Persian) and

1953-410: The ear], related to them is the language of Tabaristan, [similar] save for its speediness." The next province is Gilān , people of Gil ā n have three major languages: Gilaki language , Rudbāri and Tāleshi with some other old languages which are spoken in small region on Gilān only. In the western side of Gilān people speak some sort of Gilaki which is heavily mixed with Āzari Turkish ,

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2016-721: The end of the 17th century CE. By the early 18th century, the once-mighty empire was in the grips of civil war and uprisings. The ambitious Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) sent a force that captured Gilan and many of the Iranian territories in the North Caucasus , Transcaucasia , as well as other territories in northern mainland Iran, through the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) and the resulting Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) . Gilan and its capital of Rasht, which

2079-470: The language They speak Tabari ( Mazandarani and Katuli), Gilaki language, Talshi language and Tati language. In addition to their mother tongue, the people of northern Iran also speak Persian .Iran is a very diverse country. "Dialect wise" there are different sub-languages and dialects of native speakers in the north of Iran as well the rest of the country. From the east to the west there are five major languages and hundreds of local dialects. If you talk to

2142-495: The language of the neighboring province. After Gilān in the northwest of Iran, there are two Āzerbāijān provinces, the east and west ones, the main language is Āzari Turkish which is native language to the people of these provinces. Majority of young generations of Iranian, in all over the country, are able to speak, read, and write Persian , which is a national language of the country and they learn it in schools. Gilan Gilan province ( Persian : استان گیلان )

2205-521: The lowest population with 1,868,819 people. The total population of the 3 provinces according to 2016 census was 7,683,097 people, with 2,486,429 households. The northern provinces of Iran are the motherland and fatherland of the Tabari people ( Mazandarani and Katul people), Gilaks , Talashes , Tats , and the majority of the population of these three provinces are the Tabaris ( Mazandarani and Katul people), Gilaks , Talashes , and Tats , who speak

2268-646: The main trading port between Iran and Europe. The Jangalis are glorified in Iranian history and effectively secured Gilan and Mazandaran against foreign invasions. However, in 1920 British forces invaded Bandar-e Anzali , while being pursued by the Bolsheviks . In the midst of this conflict, the Jangalis entered into an alliance with the Bolsheviks against the British. This culminated in the establishment of

2331-557: The majority are Talysh, and Azerbaijanis make up a significant portion of the population. There are also Kurdish-speaking Gormanj in Talysh county who are immigrants from Khalkhal of Ardabil province . Persians are concentrated in the city of Rasht and are divided into immigrants from Tehran and other central Iranian cities, and the local Gilak people who have adopted the Persian language and became Persianized. The Gilaki language

2394-747: The majority of the population, while Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Talysh and Persians are significant minorities in the province. Gilaks live in most of the cities and villages in the province, except Astara and Hashtpar counties. The city and county of Astara are inhabited by majority Azerbaijanis , and a Talysh minority. There are four groups of Kurds in the province with different origins. Amarlou in Rasht and Rudbar (Districts of Ammarlu, Deylaman, and Raḥmatabad), Reshvand in Rasht , Jalalvand in Langroud , and Kormanj in Hashtpar . In Talysh county (Hashtpar),

2457-527: The mazandarani language. The native people of Galugah , Behshahr , Neka , Sari , Shahi , Babol , Amol , Nowshahr , Chalus , Kelardasht , Abbasabad and Tonekabon in Mazandaran province are Mazanderani people and speak the Mazanderani language. Mazanderani is an inflected and genderless language . It is SOV, but in some tenses it may be SVO, depending on the particular dialect involved. Just as in other modern Iranian languages , there

2520-724: The mazandarani language. The native people of Shemiranat , Damavand and Firuzkuh in Tehran province are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The native people of north of Karaj and Taleqan in Alborz province are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The people of east of Alamut in Qazvin province are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The native of people of Aradan , Garmsar , Shahmirzad and north of Damghan in Semnan province are Mazandarani and speak

2583-446: The military theaters of Iran and Mesopotamia were openly Zoroastrian (for example, Asfar Shiruyeh a warlord in central Iran, and Makan, son of Kaki, the warlord of Rey) or were suspected of harboring pro-Zoroastrian (for example Mardavij ) sentiments. Muslim chronicles of Varangian (Rus', pre-Russian Norsemen) invasions of the littoral Caspian region in the 9th century record Deylamites as non-Muslim. These chronicles also show that

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2646-598: The mouse is the feminine noun gal . Another example relates to the cow, the most important animal in the symbolism of Indo-European culture: in Mazanderani there are more than 1000 recognized words used for different types of cow. The table below lists some specimens of this rich vocabulary. In Mazandaran there are even contests held to determine those with the greatest knowledge of this bovine nomenclature. In Iran, there are some popular companies and products, like Rika (boy) or Kija (girl), which take their name from Mazanderani words. There are some Mazanderani loanwords in

2709-528: The news that it is early spring. Tell the tree branches not to lament so much, I have a blasted heart for the care of the beloved. bεlεnd-e bālxεnε, bεlεnd-e lamε vέne sar ništ bío Āl-e Mohammεd har ki mεn o tέrε bázunε tomεt vεšúnnε bákuše Darviš Mohammεd The lofty balcony, the long mat; On its top had sat the Dynasty of Muhammad. Whoever lay the blame on you and me, May Dervish Muhammad kill him (lit. 'them')! In dates given below, A.P. denotes

2772-504: The non-Indo-European South Caucasian languages ), reflecting the history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the Caucasus region and Caucasian peoples of Mazandaranis and Gilak people . The name Mazanderani (and variants of it) derives from the name of the historical region of Mazandaran ( Mazerun in Mazanderani), which was part of former Kingdom of Tapuria . People traditionally call their language Tabari , as

2835-469: The north of Iran, therefore, their languages have been included in this article. From the northeast, Khorasan which is a large province laid out from the north to the middle south of Iran and is a neighbor to the Afghanistan border. The language from the north to the south of this province changes drastically, In the north of Khorāsan people speak “ Ghaz Turkish ” going from the north to the middle of

2898-847: The poetry of Amir Pazevari. Use of Mazanderani, however, has been in decline for some time. Its literary and administrative prominence had begun to diminish in favor of Persian by the time of the integration of Mazandaran into the national administration in the early seventeenth century. The Mazanderani language is closely related to Gilaki and the two languages have similar vocabularies. In 1993, according to Ethnologue , there were three million native Mazanderani speakers. The dialects of Mazanderani are Saravi, Amoli, Baboli, Ghaemshahri, Chaloosi, Nuri, Shahsavari, Ghasrani, Shahmirzadi, Damavandi, Firoozkoohi, Astarabadi and Katouli. The native people of Aliabad-e Katul , Gorgan , Kordkuy and Bandar-e Gaz in Golestan province are Mazandarani and speak

2961-565: The province are mountainous, green and forested. The coastal plain along the Caspian Sea is similar to that of Mazandaran and mainly used for rice paddies. Due to successive cultivation and selection of rice by farmers, several cultivars including Gerdeh, Hashemi, Hasani, and Gharib have been bred. Mazanderani language Mazandarani (Mazanderani: مازِرونی , Mazeruni ; also spelled Mazani ( مازنی ) or Tabari ( تبری ); also called mazeruni , Geleki , Tati & Galeshi )

3024-412: The province as 2,530,696 people in 851,382 households. [REDACTED] The population history and structural changes of Gilan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. According to the 2016 census, 1,598,765 people (over 63% of the population of Gilan province) live in the following cities: Gilan has a humid subtropical climate with, by

3087-442: The province, the dialect changes to some sort of Arabic which belonged to an old Iraqi Arabic language. This language has been mixed drastically with Persian language which makes it impossible for an Arab speaker to understand it. There are some Kurdish speakers in the north of khorāsan as well. From the north of Iran heading to the west, the next province is Golestān which has its own diversity in languages. until 1997 Golestān

3150-546: The region had Russian schools and significant traces of Russian culture can be found today in Rasht. Russian class was mandatory in schools and the significant increase of Russian influence in the region lasted until 1946 and had a major impact on Iranian history, as it directly led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution . Gilan was a major producer of silk beginning in the 15th century CE. As

3213-416: The territory of South (Iranian) Talysh . At the center of the province is Rasht . Other cities include Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh , Astara , Fuman , Hashtpar , Lahijan , Langarud , Masuleh , Manjil , Rudbar , Rudsar , Shaft , Siahkal , and Sowme'eh Sara . The main port is Bandar-e Anzali , formerly known as Bandar-e Pahlavi. Early humans were present at Gilan since Lower Paleolithic . Darband Cave

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3276-495: The way the constitutionalists had strived for, and Iran came to face much internal unrest and foreign intervention, particularly from the British and Russian empires. During and several years after the Bolshevik Revolution , the region saw another massive influx of Russian settlers (the so-called White émigrées ). Many of the descendants of these refugees are in the region. During the same period, Anzali served as

3339-438: The westernmost parts of Gorgan as well as Gilan and Mazandaran , taking slaves and goods. The Turkish invasions of the 10th and 11th centuries CE, which saw the rise of Ghaznavid and Seljuk dynasties, put an end to Deylamite states in Iran. From the 11th century CE to the rise of Safavids , Gilan was ruled by local rulers who paid tribute to the dominant power south of the Alborz range but ruled independently. In 1307

3402-427: The year though least abundantly from April to August. Humidity is very high because of the marshy character of the coastal plains and can reach 90 percent in summer for wet bulb temperatures of over 26 °C (79 °F). The Alborz range provides further diversity to the land in addition to the Caspian coasts. The coastline is cooler and attracts large numbers of domestic and international tourists. Large parts of

3465-580: Was a part of Māzandarān province. The main languages from the east to the west in this province are Turkmen , Turkish and then Māzandarāni which is among the oldest written languages of the country. Māzandarāni Māzandarān is the neighboring province which has the language of Māzandarāni all over the province which has over tens of different dialects in different regions. , almost all of them are sub categories of Māzandarāni . Native people of Māzandarān call themselves Tabari and their Mazanderani language . The name Tapuri / Tabari (which

3528-404: Was a small trade in smoked fish and wood products. It seems that the city of Qazvin was initially a fortress-town against marauding bands of Deylamites, another sign that the economy of the province did not produce enough on its own to support its population. This changed with the introduction of the silk worm in the late Middle Ages. Gilan recognized twice, for brief periods, the suzerainty of

3591-487: Was a trendy spot during the Pahlavi era , especially among foreign tourists. It was a luxurious place that provided all types of modern recreational facilities as well as tourism infrastructure. Today, it's mostly visited by domestic tourists . Mazandaran is the most populous of the 3 provinces of northern Iran, with 3,283,582 people at the time of 2016 census. Gilan's population in 2016 was 2,530,696 people and Golestan had

3654-713: Was at the Battle of Jalula in 637 AD. Deylamite commander Muta led an army of Gils, Deylamites, Persians and people of the Rey region. Muta was killed in the battle, and his defeated army managed to retreat in an orderly manner. However, this appears to have been a Pyrrhic victory for the Arabs, since they did not pursue their opponents. Muslim Arabs never managed to conquer Gilan as they did with other provinces in Iran. Gilanis and Deylamites successfully repulsed all Arab attempts to occupy their land or to convert them to Islam. In fact, it

3717-706: Was conquered between late 1722 and late March 1723, stayed in Russian possession for about ten years. Qajars established a central government in Persia (Iran) in the late 18th century CE. They lost a series of wars to Russia (Russo-Persian Wars 1804–1813 and 1826–28 ), resulting in an enormous gain of influence by the Russian Empire in the Caspian region , which would last up to 1946 . The Gilanian cities of Rasht and Anzali were all but occupied and settled by Russians and Russian forces. Most major cities in

3780-524: Was instrumental in defeating Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar . In the late 1910s, many Gilanis gathered under the leadership of Mirza Kuchik Khan , who became the most prominent revolutionary leader in northern Iran in this period. Khan's movement, known as the Jangal movement of Gilan , had sent an armed brigade to Tehran that helped depose the Qajar ruler Mohammad Ali Shah . However, the revolution did not progress

3843-640: Was probably occupied by Neanderthals about 40,000 to 70,000 years ago. Later Paleolithic sites in Gilan are Chapalak Cave and Khalvasht shelter. It seems that the Gelae , or Gilites, entered the region south of the Caspian coast and west of the Amardos River (now called the Sefid-Rud ) in the second or first century BCE, Pliny identifies them with the Cadusii who were living there previously. It

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3906-720: Was the Deylamites under the Buyid king Mu'izz al-Dawla who finally shifted the balance of power by conquering Baghdad in 945. Mu'izz al-Dawla, however, allowed the Abbasid caliphs to remain in comfortable, secluded captivity in their palaces. The Church of the East began evangelizing Gilan in the 780s, when a metropolitan bishopric was established under Shubhalishoʿ . In the 9th and 10th centuries AD, Deylamites and later Gilanis gradually converted to Zaydi Shiʿism . Several Deylamite commanders and soldiers of fortune who were active in

3969-451: Was the name of an ancient language spoken somewhere in former Tapuria) is now used in preference to the name Mazandarani by the young. The earliest references to the language of Mazandaran, called Tabari, are to be found in the works of the early Muslim geographers. Al-Muqaddasī (or Moqaisi, 10th century), for example, notes: "The languages of Komish and Gurgan are similar, they use hā , as in hā-dih and hāk-un , and they are sweet [to

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