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119-656: The National Action Network ( NAN ) is an American not-for-profit, civil-rights organization founded by the Reverend Al Sharpton in New York City , New York, in early 1991. In a 2016 profile, Vanity Fair called Sharpton "arguably the country's most influential civil rights leader". The organization's Board of Directors is chaired by Rev. Dr. W. Franklyn Richardson, the pastor of Grace Baptist Church in Mount Vernon. The Board of Directors has

238-552: A Brownie and a Girl Scout . She was inspired by U.S. efforts during the Space Race and sent a letter to NASA around 1961 asking what she could do to become an astronaut, only to be informed that women were not being accepted into the program. She attended Maine South High School , where she participated in the student council and school newspaper and was selected for the National Honor Society . She

357-506: A bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in international human rights instruments , such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected. However, most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil and political rights. Civil rights are considered to be natural rights . Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of

476-601: A leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time. During her second stint as the first lady of Arkansas, she made a point of using Hillary Rodham Clinton as her name. Clinton became involved in state education policy. She was named chair of the Arkansas Education Standards Committee in 1983, where worked to reform the state's public education system. In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought

595-570: A Professor of Practice at the School of International and Public Affairs. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26, 1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois . She was raised in a Methodist family who first lived in Chicago. When she was three years old, her family moved to the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge . Her father, Hugh Rodham , was of English and Welsh descent, and managed

714-419: A Republican-controlled Congress lacking protections for people coming off welfare, Hillary urged her husband to veto the bills, which he did. A third version came up during his 1996 general election campaign that restored some of the protections but cut the scope of benefits in other areas. While Clinton was urged to persuade the president to similarly veto the bill, she decided to support the bill, which became

833-861: A September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself. She declared, "it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights". Delegates from over 180 countries heard her declare, If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all." In delivering these remarks, Clinton resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks. The speech became

952-593: A case-by-case basis, except when there is evidence otherwise. The article became frequently cited in the field. During her postgraduate studies, Rodham was staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts , and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children. In 1974, she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., and advised

1071-513: A congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and, in 1975, married Bill Clinton. In 1977, Clinton co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families , and in 1979 she became the first woman partner at Little Rock 's Rose Law Firm . Clinton was the first lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. As the first lady of the U.S., Clinton advocated for healthcare reform. In 1994, her health care plan failed to gain approval from Congress. In 1997 and 1999, Clinton played

1190-418: A fellow teenage friend shortly after the election, she saw evidence of electoral fraud (a voting list entry showing a dozen addresses that was an empty lot) against Republican candidate Richard Nixon ; she later volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the 1964 election . Rodham's early political development was shaped mostly by her high school history teacher (like her father,

1309-524: A fervent anti-communist ), who introduced her to Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice ), with whom she saw and afterwards briefly met civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. at a 1962 speech in Chicago's Orchestra Hall . In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College , where she majored in political science . During her first year, she

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1428-556: A final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing. Another investigated scandal involving Clinton was the White House travel office controversy , often referred to as "Travelgate". Another scandal that arose was the Hillary Clinton cattle futures controversy , which related to cattle futures trading Clinton had made in 1978 and 1979. Some in

1547-545: A group focused on fighting racism and Jim Crow. Other things that civil rights have been associated with are not just race but also rights of Transgender and other LGBTQ individuals. These have been fights over sexuality instead of race and focused around whether these individuals may access certain spaces like bathrooms according to their sexual identity or biological sex. Gavin Grimm's fight in Virginia over whether he could use

1666-454: A key moment in the empowerment of women and years later women around the world would recite Clinton's key phrases. During the late 1990s, Clinton was one of the most prominent international figures to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Taliban . She helped create Vital Voices , an international initiative sponsored by the U.S. to encourage the participation of women in

1785-673: A leading role in promoting the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program , the Adoption and Safe Families Act , and the Foster Care Independence Act . In 1998, Clinton's marital relationship came under public scrutiny during the Lewinsky scandal , which led her to issue a statement that reaffirmed her commitment to the marriage. Clinton was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000 , becoming

1904-551: A long time ago that those in power don't care that you're angry, they care if you use that anger to do something about it. — Al Sharpton In 1999, the organization launched The Madison Avenue Initiative (MAI), a program designed to address the inequities in the advertising industry. MAI was created after a racially charged memorandum, infamously dubbed, "The Katz Memo", was circulated among certain radio stations, stating that advertisers wanted "prospects, not suspects". The recognition of this memorandum set off an investigation into

2023-438: A non-profit organization that helps churches create and launch their own websites. Civil-rights Civil rights generally include ensuring peoples' physical and mental integrity, life , and safety , protection from discrimination , the right to privacy , the freedom of thought , speech , religion , press , assembly , and movement . Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law , such as

2142-440: A prescription drug program serving mostly poor individuals that gave them discounted prescriptions. This would have resulted in low-income individuals paying up to 30 percent more for their prescriptions. A coalition of minority groups, led by Reverend Al Sharpton's National Action Network, sent letters urging Gregory Wasson, CEO of Walgreens, to reconsider. Groups sending letters were National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference,

2261-486: A prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size. In 1985, she introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy. Clinton continued to practice law with

2380-471: A prominent in the organization's evolution. Since 1991, Hardy served as the organization's Executive Vice President and later also became its General Counsel in 2008. The National Action Network is widely credited with drawing national attention to critical issues such as racial profiling, police brutality, and the US Naval bombing exercises on the island of Vieques , Puerto Rico . Notably, the organization

2499-538: A role. Implied or unenumerated rights are rights that courts may find to exist even though not expressly guaranteed by written law or custom; one example is the right to privacy in the United States , and the Ninth Amendment explicitly shows that other rights are also protected. The United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including "Life, Liberty, and

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2618-494: A series of protests and marches to call for Zimmerman's arrest. Six weeks after the shooting, Zimmerman was arrested. On July 13, 2013 George Zimmerman was found not guilty of second-degree murder. He was also acquitted of manslaughter, a lesser charge. On July 20, 2013 National Action Network organized rallies in 100 cities around the country to speak out against the Zimmerman verdict and stand-your-ground-laws. On March 10, 2014

2737-496: A small but successful textile business, which he had founded. Her mother, Dorothy Howell , was a homemaker of Dutch , English, French Canadian (from Quebec ), Scottish , and Welsh descent. She has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony . As a child, Rodham was a favorite student among her teachers at the public schools she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in swimming and softball and earned numerous badges as

2856-891: A state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund. Later in 1977, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana) appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation . She held that position from 1978 until the end of 1981. From mid-1978 to mid-1980, she served as the first female chair of that board. Following her husband's November 1978 election as governor of Arkansas , Rodham became that state's first lady in January 1979. She would hold that title for twelve nonconsecutive years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed his wife to be

2975-437: A thorough review of Barneys' practices and procedures to ensure they reflect the company's "continued commitment to fairness and equality." Following this meeting the task force met with Macy's Inc Chairman Terry Lundgren to address similar concerns. One of the outcomes from these meetings was the creation of a 'Customers' Bill of Rights' that was then posted in 2013 during the holiday shopping season. Among those rights outlined in

3094-548: A tradition of including those most recognized in the civil rights movement of the 1960s, as it was first chaired by Dr. Wyatt Tee Walker, Pastor Emeritus of Canaan Baptist Church in Harlem, New York, and former Executive Director to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In addition to Dr. Walker, the late Coretta Scott King , widow of Dr. King, supported the organization and her son, Martin Luther King III , participates annually in

3213-692: A year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center. In late 1973, her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review . Discussing the new children's rights movement , the article stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals" and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but instead that courts should presume competence on

3332-406: Is America's union that represent the working-class people nationwide. Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( née Rodham ; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician and diplomat. She was the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, a U.S. senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and the first lady of

3451-510: Is a well-known non-profit organization that helps to preserve freedom of speech and works to change policy. Another organization is the NAACP , founded in 1909, which focuses on protecting the civil rights of minorities. The NRA is a civil rights group founded in 1871 that primarily focuses on protecting the right to bear arms. These organizations serve a variety of causes, one being the AFL–CIO , which

3570-402: Is that if individuals have fewer political rights than are they more likely to commit political violence such as in countries where individual rights are highly restricted. That is why it is important for countries to protect the political rights of all citizens including minority groups. This extends to racial, ethnic, tribal, and religious groups. By granting them the same rights it helps reduce

3689-614: The New York Post , several major corporations, including Anheuser-Busch and Colgate-Palmolive , have donated thousands of dollars to the National Action Network. The Post asserted that the donations were made to prevent boycotts or rallies by the National Action Network. In 2016, an associate of Rev. Sharpton and a member of his NAN national board, Rev. Dr. Boise Kimber , along with businessman and philanthropist Don Vaccaro , launched Grace Church Websites,

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3808-646: The New York Times Best Seller List that year, including three weeks at number one. By 2000, it had sold 450,000 copies in hardcover and another 200,000 in paperback. Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording. Other books published by Clinton when she was the first lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to

3927-472: The 2011 military intervention in Libya , but was harshly criticized by Republicans for the failure to prevent or adequately respond to the 2012 Benghazi attack . Clinton helped to organize a regime of international sanctions against Iran in an effort to force it to curtail its nuclear program , which eventually led to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015. The strategic pivot to Asia

4046-662: The Clinton health care plan . This was a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations . Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare" and it even faced opposition from some Democrats in Congress. Failing to gather enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate (although Democrats controlled both chambers),

4165-651: The Edict of Milan in 313, these rights included the freedom of religion; however, in 380, the Edict of Thessalonica required all subjects of the Roman Empire to profess Nicene Christianity. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of universal rights could still be made based on Christian doctrine. According to the leaders of Kett's Rebellion (1549), "all bond men may be made free, for God made all free with his precious blood-shedding." In

4284-639: The House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal . The committee's work culminated with the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974. By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future. Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide Rodham's career. Wright thought Rodham had

4403-529: The U.S. Bill of Rights (1789). The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a "civil disability". In early 19th century Britain, the phrase "civil rights" most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons , support for civil rights was divided, with many politicians agreeing with the existing civil disabilities of Catholics. The Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829 restored their civil rights. In

4522-532: The Vietnam War were changing in her early college years. In a letter to her youth minister at that time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal". In contrast to the factions in the 1960s that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it. By her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy . In early 1968, she

4641-580: The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 , as the best political compromise available. Together with Attorney General Janet Reno , Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice . In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act , which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as the first lady. In 1999, she was instrumental in

4760-656: The right to a fair trial , (in some countries) the right to keep and bear arms , freedom of religion , freedom from discrimination , and voting rights . They were pioneered in the seventeenth and eighteenth-century during the Age of Enlightenment . Political theories associated with the English, American, and French revolutions were codified in the English Bill of Rights in 1689 (a restatement of Rights of Englishmen , some dating back to Magna Carta in 1215) and more fully in

4879-427: The rights of the accused , including the right to a fair trial ; due process ; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy ; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association , the right to assemble , the right to petition , the right of self-defense , and the right to vote . These rights also must follow the legal norm as in they must have the force of law and fit into

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4998-546: The 'national action to realize the dream' march in honor of the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington, on August 24, 2013. The march was led by Rev. Al Sharpton and Martin Luther King III with: US Attorney General Eric Holder; Congressman John Lewis; Nancy Pelosi, House Democratic Leader; Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer ; the families of Trayvon Martin and Emmett Till; and many more. National Action Network brought down 1,000 buses carrying activists and marchers. On August 28, 2017,

5117-502: The 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights . The Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. It was one of the influences drawn on by George Mason and James Madison when drafting the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776. The Virginia declaration heavily influenced

5236-761: The 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey . Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics. In the spring of 1971, she began dating fellow law student Bill Clinton . During the summer, she interned at the Oakland, California , law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein . The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights , civil liberties and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members ); Rodham worked on child custody and other cases. Clinton canceled his original summer plans and moved to live with her in California;

5355-610: The Clinton health care plan in their campaign for the 1994 midterm elections . The Republican Party saw strong success in the midterms, and many analysts and pollsters found the healthcare plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters. After this, the White House subsequently sought to downplay Clinton's role in shaping policy. Along with senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch , Clinton

5474-518: The Clintons countered the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated. Clinton was twice named by The National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America—in 1988 and 1991. When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary Clinton considered running. Private polls were unfavorable, however, and in

5593-493: The Clintons' private residence. In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for American children in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us . In January 1996, she went on a ten-city book tour and made numerous television appearances to promote the book, although she was frequently hit with questions about her involvement in the Whitewater and Travelgate controversies. The book spent 18 weeks on

5712-749: The Congress of Racial Equality, Hispanic Leadership Fund, and others. In 2011 National Action Network, joined forces with the National Urban League and NAACP to negotiate an agreement between three of the leading civil rights organizations and Comcast NBCUniversal. As part of their filings with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Comcast NBC Universal agreed to a written African American Memorandum of Understanding to provide four television stations owned and operated by African Americans (two of which were designated to Magic Johnson and Sean "Diddy" Combs). The MOU

5831-914: The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 and the United States Bill of Rights in 1791. They were enshrined at the global level and given status in international law first by Articles 3 to 21 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and later in the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . In Europe, they were enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights in 1953. There are current organizations that exist to protect people's civil and political rights in case they are infringed upon. The ACLU , founded in 1920,

5950-562: The Keepers of the Dream Awards Dinner and National Convention. National Action Network's Annual Convention draws more than 8,000 delegates and leaders from media, business, politics, entertainment and the civil rights from across the country. The 2007 convention featured six presidential candidates and was dubbed by the media the "Sharpton Primary". In Barack Obama's speech during the 2007 convention he said that Rev. Al Sharpton

6069-549: The NAACP and SEIU and 115 other organizations in a march down Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, NY to call for an end to Stop-and-frisk. This New York Police Department policy, National Action Network had been opposed to and spoke out against for years due to its bias towards individuals of color and the databases created by people stopped by Stop-and-frisk. The NYPD released data that nearly 90 percent of those targeted by stop-and-frisks in

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6188-454: The National Action Network led a march to Florida's state capitol to rally against stand-your-ground laws. Among those present were the family of Trayvon Martin, Jordan Davis, and Oscar Grant. The family of Marissa Alexander, who was sentenced to 20 years for firing a gun at her estranged husband and the family of Michael Giles, a U.S. Airman sentenced to 25 years in a self-defense case also joined. On June 17, 2012 National Action Network joined

6307-650: The National Action Network organized the Ministers March for Justice. The event, which focused on fighting racism, was attended by thousands of Christian , Jewish , Muslim , and Sikh ministers. The march also criticized President Donald Trump 's response to the Unite the Right rally , in which one person was killed by a vehicle attack. The United States and the New York State governments have investigated

6426-644: The Republican nomination. Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach . However, she was upset by the way Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and she left the Republican Party for good. Rodham wrote her senior thesis , a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky , under Professor Schechter. Years later, while she

6545-502: The Rights of British America that "a free people [claim] their rights as derived from the laws of nature, and not as the gift of their chief magistrate ." The question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. Although in many countries citizens are considered to have greater protections against infringement of rights than non-citizens, civil and political rights are generally considered to be universal rights that apply to all persons . One thing to mention

6664-508: The Rose Law Firm while she was the first lady of Arkansas. The firm considered her a " rainmaker " because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent it and to her corporate board connections. She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges. Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest because Rose Law did state business;

6783-567: The Silver Anniversary 2016 National Action Network Convention. "You stand up and always have against gun violence, advocate for criminal justice reform, help young people find jobs, hold corporations accountable, and in a million ways, lift up voices that often go unheard," Clinton said during her speech. The National Action Network is headquartered in Harlem, New York and has regional offices in Washington, D.C.., Atlanta and Los Angeles. It currently has over 105 chapters in cities around

6902-635: The United States as the wife of Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party , she was the party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election , becoming the first woman to win a presidential nomination by a major U.S. political party and the only woman to win the popular vote for U.S. president. She is the only first lady of the United States to have run for elected office. Rodham graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 and from Yale Law School in 1973. After serving as

7021-401: The United States gathered steam by 1848 with such documents as the Declaration of Sentiment. Consciously modeled after the Declaration of Independence , the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments became the founding document of the American women's movement, and it was adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention, July 19 and 20, 1848. Worldwide, several political movements for equality before

7140-429: The United States, the term civil rights has been associated with the civil rights movement (1954–1968), which fought against racism. The movement also fought segregation and Jim Crow laws and this fight took place in the streets, in public places, in government, and in the courts including the Supreme Court. The civil rights movement was also not the only movement fighting for civil rights as The Black Panthers were also

7259-457: The White House Security Office. The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter. In early 2001, a controversy arose over gifts that were sent to the White House; there was a question whether the furnishings were White House property or the Clintons' personal property. During the last year of Bill Clinton's time in office, those gifts were shipped to

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7378-435: The area include Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld , and Jean Edward Smith . First-generation rights, often called "blue" rights, deal essentially with liberty and participation in political life. They are fundamentally civil and political in nature, as well as strongly individualistic : They serve negatively to protect the individual from excesses of the state. First-generation rights include, among other things, freedom of speech ,

7497-420: The bathroom of his choice is a well known case in these civil right fights. Another issue in civil rights has been the issue with police brutality in certain communities especially minority communities. This has been seen as another way for minority groups to be oppressed and their rights infringed upon. Outrage has also been a massive result of incidents caught on tape of police abusing and in some cases causing

7616-452: The chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year, in which role she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees. In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner in Rose Law Firm. From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband. During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham engaged in

7735-461: The city in 2011 were either black or Hispanic. Blacks and Hispanics together make up less than 53 percent of the city's population. A total of 685,724 people — 8.6 percent of the city's population — were detained by cops for "reasonable suspicion." Out of the total of the stop-and-frisk stops 605,328 were totally innocent (88 percent). In January 2014 the City of New York under the leadership of Mayor Bill de Blasio reached an agreement which resulted in

7854-444: The city's first rape crisis center. In 1974, Bill Clinton lost an Arkansas congressional race, facing incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt . Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975 and she agreed to marry him. The wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room. A story about the marriage in the Arkansas Gazette indicated that she decided to retain

7973-429: The corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–92), Wal-Mart Stores (1986–92) and Lafarge (1990–92). TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law. Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to it. Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices. She

8092-476: The couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school. The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern . She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973, having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton. He first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined, uncertain if she wanted to tie her future to his. Rodham began

8211-435: The couple's only child, a daughter whom they named Chelsea . In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for re-election . Two years after leaving office, Bill Clinton returned to the governorship of Arkansas after winning the election of 1982 . During her husband's campaign, Hillary began to use the name "Hillary Clinton", or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters; she also took

8330-463: The deaths of people from minority groups such as African Americans. That is why to address the issue has been accountability to police engaging in such conduct as a way to deter other officers from committing similar actions. T. H. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights and still later by social rights. In many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in

8449-445: The document is a requirement for store security personnel — some of whom roam the aisles in plainclothes — to identify themselves when interacting with customers. Prohibited is "the use of excessive force" or "threatening, vulgar language" when detaining people suspected of theft. People suspected of engaging in a crime can be detained "only in a reasonable manner and not for more than a reasonable time." National Action Network organized

8568-597: The end he ran and was reelected for the final time. From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation , which funded a variety of New Left interest groups . Clinton was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund and on the board of the Arkansas Children's Hospital 's Legal Services (1988–92). In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on

8687-562: The event. Her address followed that of the commencement speaker , Senator Edward Brooke . After her speech, she received a standing ovation that lasted seven minutes. She was featured in an article published in Life magazine, because of the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Brooke. She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet 's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers. She

8806-494: The first female president of the United States. To help her better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference , and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program. Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller 's late-entry campaign for

8925-620: The first female senator from New York and the first First Lady to simultaneously hold elected office. As a senator, she chaired the Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee from 2003 to 2007. Clinton ran for president in 2008 , but lost to Barack Obama in the Democratic primaries . In 2009, she resigned from the Senate to become Obama's secretary of state. She responded to the Arab Spring by advocating

9044-530: The first lady. Her press secretary reiterated she would be using that form of her name. She was the first in this role to have a postgraduate degree and her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House . She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual first lady offices in the East Wing . During the presidential transition , she

9163-488: The first time when her husband became a candidate for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination . Before the New Hampshire primary , tabloid publications printed allegations that Bill Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers . In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes , where Bill denied the affair, but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage". This joint appearance

9282-502: The government intervene to protect individuals from infringement on their rights by other individuals , or from corporations —e.g., in what way should employment discrimination in the private sector be dealt with? Political theory deals with civil and political rights. Robert Nozick and John Rawls expressed competing visions in Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia and Rawls' A Theory of Justice . Other influential authors in

9401-436: The history of the organization and the largest civil rights convening of the year in the nation. During the 2014 convention President Barack Obama returned to address over 1,200 convention attendees where he addressed voting rights and said "We've got to create a national network committed to taking action. We can call it the National Action Network." Democratic presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders spoke at

9520-429: The increase was that it represented repayment of loans previously made by Sharpton to the National Action Network. The organization's 2018 IRS Form 990 listed Sharpton's compensation at about $ 1.05 million. Sharpton has engaged in controversial donation policies — specifically the practice of threatening protests and boycotts of corporations while simultaneously soliciting donations and sponsorships from them. According to

9639-424: The law occurred between approximately 1950 and 1980. These movements had a legal and constitutional aspect, and resulted in much law-making at both national and international levels. They also had an activist side, particularly in situations where violations of rights were widespread. Movements with the proclaimed aim of securing observance of civil and political rights included: Most civil rights movements relied on

9758-399: The name Hillary Rodham. Her motivation was threefold. She wanted to keep the couple's professional lives separate, avoid apparent conflicts of interest, and as she told a friend at the time, "it showed that I was still me". The decision upset both mothers, who were more traditional. In 1976, Rodham temporarily relocated to Indianapolis to work as an Indiana state campaign organizer for

9877-514: The nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume. Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg 's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary's own past ideological and ethical record came under attack from conservatives. At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth . When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became

9996-497: The nation. In July 2024, civil rights attorney Michael Hardy , who was one of the National Action Network 's most prominent founding members, died. Hardy, who also served as Sharpton's defense lawyer in the defamation case which was brought against Sharption for accusations he made about a Tawana Brawley prosecutor, was credited as the main legal architect for the National Action Network's legal cases and played

10115-442: The organization for tax payment irregularities. As late as 2006, the National Action Network owed $ 1.9 million in payroll taxes and penalties. Many donors to the National Action Network were subpoenaed in connection with a 2008 tax probe, including Anheuser-Busch . Sharpton's rate of pay remained around the same until 2014, when he was given a 71% raise to $ 412,644, which included a bonus of $ 64,400. The organization's explanation for

10234-419: The passage of the Foster Care Independence Act , which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care . Clinton traveled to 79 countries as first lady, breaking the record for most-traveled first lady previously held by Pat Nixon . She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a role in U.S. diplomacy attaining its objectives. In

10353-441: The political processes of their countries. One prominent investigation regarding Clinton was the Whitewater controversy , which arose out of real estate investments by the Clintons and associates made in the 1970s. As part of this investigation, on January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first spouse of a U.S. president to be subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury . After several Independent Counsels had investigated,

10472-419: The poor. In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman 's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale 's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor . There she researched various migrant workers ' issues including education, health and housing. Edelman later became a significant mentor. Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on

10591-657: The popular vote. Following her loss, she wrote multiple books and launched Onward Together , a political action organization dedicated to fundraising for progressive political groups. In 2011, Clinton was appointed the Honorary Founding Chair of the Institute for Women, Peace and Security at Georgetown University , and the awards named in her name has been awarded annually at the university. Since 2020, she has served as Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast . In 2023, Clinton joined Columbia University as

10710-571: The potential to become a future senator or president. Meanwhile, boyfriend Bill Clinton had repeatedly asked Rodham to marry him, but she continued to demur. After failing the District of Columbia bar exam and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head". She thus followed Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington, where career prospects were brighter. He

10829-492: The presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter . In November 1976, Bill Clinton was elected Arkansas attorney general , and the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock . In February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm , a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence. She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law while working pro bono in child advocacy. In 1977, Rodham cofounded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families ,

10948-666: The press had alleged that Clinton had engaged in a conflict of interest and disguised a bribery. Several individuals analyzed her trading records; however, no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing in relation to this. An outgrowth of the "Travelgate" investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called " Filegate ". Accusations were made that Clinton had requested these files and she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head

11067-527: The proposal was abandoned in September 1994. Clinton later acknowledged in her memoir that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat but cited many other factors. The first lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50 percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994. The Republican Party negatively highlighted

11186-653: The pursuit of Happiness". It is considered by some that the sole purpose of government is the protection of life, liberty , and property. Some thinkers have argued that the concepts of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the medicine one takes , and the habit one indulges . Civil rights guarantee equal protection under the law. When civil and political rights are not guaranteed to all as part of equal protection of laws , or when such guarantees exist on paper but are not respected in practice, opposition, legal action and even social unrest may ensue. Civil rights movements in

11305-472: The risk of political violence breaking out. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr., analyzing the causes of and lack of protection from human rights abuses in the Global South should be focusing on the interactions of domestic and international factors—an important perspective that has usually been systematically neglected in the social science literature. Custom also plays

11424-436: The second portion). The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-generation rights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights . The phrase "civil rights" is a translation of Latin jus civis (right of the citizen). Roman citizens could be either free ( libertas ) or servile ( servitus ), but they all had rights in law. After

11543-854: The spending practices of corporations, specifically examining whether their advertising budgets with African-American and Latino publications and advertising agencies were commensurate with their consumer bases. In 2000, the organization launched the Truth Hamer Voter Registration and Education Initiative. The Truth Hamer Initiative set out to register one million women to vote, targeting populations in traditionally overlooked areas, such as public housing developments, transitional housing communities and rural areas. Sharpton's organization has been heavily courted for endorsement by presidential candidates, including both Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama . In 2011, Walgreens announced they would be ending their relationship with Express Scripts,

11662-448: The store he was confronted by undercover New York Police Department officers, who said a Barneys employee raised concerns over the sale. In court documents, Christian says he showed officers his receipt, debit card and identification but was told "he could not afford to make such an expensive purchase" before being placed in a cell for more than two hours. Ultimately, no charges were filed. At this initial meeting Barneys CEO Mark Lee promised

11781-429: The system of administrative justice. A key feature in modern society is that the more a state can guarantee political rights of citizens the better the states relations are with its citizens. Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights . They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising

11900-560: The technique of civil resistance , using nonviolent methods to achieve their aims. In some countries, struggles for civil rights were accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and even armed rebellion. While civil rights movements over the last sixty years have resulted in an extension of civil and political rights, the process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not achieve or fully achieve their objectives. Questions about civil and political rights have frequently emerged. For example, to what extent should

12019-460: The top five percent of her class. Rodham's mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career. Her father, who was otherwise a traditionalist, felt that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender. She was raised in a politically conservative household, and she helped canvass Chicago's South Side at age 13 after the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election . She stated that, while investigating with

12138-495: The trading of cattle futures contracts ; an initial $ 1,000 investment generated nearly $ 100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months. At this time, the couple began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal . Both of these became subjects of controversy in the 1990s . On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to

12257-471: The withdrawal of the City's appeal of the landmark stop-and-frisk case, Floyd v. City of New York. On October 29, 2013 National Action Network along with other civil rights groups formed a shop-and-frisk task force and convened their first meeting with Barneys CEO Mark Lee. The meeting was brought about when a young African American man claimed that after making a purchase of a designer belt Barneys, after leaving

12376-465: Was "The voice of the voiceless and a champion for the downtrodden." In 2011 President Barack Obama delivered a keynote address at their convention, applauding NAN's activism by saying: "National Action Network is not the National 'Satisfaction' Network; it's the National 'Action' Network". At the National Action Network's convention in April of 2014 close to 7,000 people attended, making it the biggest in

12495-474: Was a central aspect of her tenure. Her use of a private email server as secretary was the subject of intense scrutiny; while no charges were filed, the controversy was the single-most-covered topic during her second presidential run in 2016 . She won the Democratic nomination, but lost the general election to her Republican Party opponent, Donald Trump , in the Electoral College , while winning

12614-564: Was a comprehensive commitment covering all business units and focusing on the following five areas: corporate governance, employment/workforce recruitment and retention, procurement, programming and philanthropy and community investment. On February 26, 2012 seventeen-year-old Trayvon Martin was killed by neighborhood watch captain George Zimmerman, who said that he had acted in self-defense. A month later National Action Network and other civil rights organizations came to Sanford, FL for

12733-414: Was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, which gave state support to children whose parents could not provide them health coverage. She participated in campaigns to promote the enrollment of children in the program after it took effect. Enactment of welfare reform was a major goal of Bill Clinton's presidency. When the first two bills on the issue came from

12852-608: Was asked to speak at the 50th anniversary convention of the League of Women Voters in Washington, D.C., the next year. That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions). Rodham then entered Yale Law School , where she

12971-563: Was credited with rescuing his campaign. During the campaign, Hillary made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette 's outlook on marriage as described in her classic song " Stand by Your Man ". Later in the campaign, she commented she could have chosen to be like women staying home and baking cookies and having teas, but wanted to pursue her career instead. The remarks were widely criticized, particularly by those who were, or defended, stay-at-home mothers. In retrospect, she admitted they were ill-considered. Bill said that in electing him,

13090-445: Was elected class vice president for her junior year but then lost the election for class president for her senior year against two boys, one of whom told her that "you are really stupid if you think a girl can be elected president". For her senior year, she and other students were transferred to the then-new Maine South High School . There she was a National Merit Finalist and was voted "most likely to succeed." She graduated in 1965 in

13209-611: Was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association, a position she held until early 1969. Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty. In her student government role, she played a role in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges. A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become

13328-465: Was largely unsuccessful in her campaign for more women to be added to the company's management and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices. According to Dan Kaufman, awareness of this later became a factor in her loss of credibility with organized labor, helping contribute to her loss in the 2016 election, where slightly less than half of union members voted for Donald Trump . Clinton received sustained national attention for

13447-407: Was no different from that of other White House advisors, and that voters had been well aware she would play an active role in her husband's presidency. In January 1993, President Clinton named Hillary to chair a task force on National Health Care Reform , hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform. The recommendation of the task force became known as

13566-714: Was on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action . During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center , learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale–New Haven Hospital , and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for

13685-505: Was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration. Her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones. After Eleanor Roosevelt , Clinton was regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history. Some critics called it inappropriate for the first lady to play a central role in public policy matters. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy

13804-580: Was president of the Wellesley Young Republicans . As the leader of this " Rockefeller Republican "-oriented group, she supported the elections of moderate Republicans John Lindsay to mayor of New York City and Massachusetts attorney general Edward Brooke to the United States Senate. She later stepped down from this position. In 2003, Clinton would write that her views concerning the civil rights movement and

13923-534: Was prominently involved with the police brutality cases of Amadou Diallo , Abner Louima , Patrick Dorismond (New York) Eric Garner (all in New York), and Michael Brown (Ferguson, Missouri). I tell young people all the time—and most of the National Action Network leadership in our chapters are younger than me—you have to make a choice at some point in your life: are you going to do something about what angers you, or do you want to just be angry? Because I learned

14042-516: Was the first lady, access to her thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation. The thesis was later released. In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, with departmental honors in political science. After some fellow seniors requested that the college administration allow a student speaker at commencement, she became the first student in Wellesley College history to speak at

14161-644: Was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas , and became one of only two female faculty members at the University of Arkansas School of Law in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Rodham became the first director of a new legal aid clinic at the University of Arkansas School of Law. During her time in Fayetteville, Rodham and several other women founded

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