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56-604: In December 1893, Sir Philip Magnus , a governor of the Borough Polytechnic Institute , now London South Bank University , proposed that a bakery school should be set up at the Polytechnic. During the following year Magnus visited a private bakery school run by a Mr John Blandy in Uxbridge (established 1889). He was impressed enough to invite Blandy to the Polytechnic for his advice on setting up

112-523: A Unionist Member of Parliament from 1906 to 1922. He had previously been appointed director of the City and Guilds of London Institute , from where he helped oversee the creation of a modern system of technical education in the United Kingdom. He was married to the writer and teacher Katie Magnus , and was father of the publisher Laurie Magnus . Laurie predeceased him, and on his own death in 1933 he

168-781: A celebration lunch at Mansion House and publishing a book of recipes submitted by staff and students of South Bank University called 'The Lightest Chocolate Mousse in the World'. During the 1990s John Marchant became Head of the National Bakery School, which ran until 2010, the Tower Restaurant, which was used to train students, sell food produced by the School and for formal dining at the London South Bank University . From September 2000

224-579: A focus on its full-time day students, of whom six enrolled in the first term. On 5 February 1902 the foundation stone of new bakery buildings was laid by Thomas Fletcher of Birmingham Town Council, with John Humphry, president of the National Association of Master Bakers and Adam Lawson Johnston, chairman of the Committee present. On 9 September of that year, the School's new buildings were opened by Alderman Francis Tonsley JP, president of

280-590: A lecture theatre was named after him, which is still is use. During World War II Mr Bennion the School's Head was seconded to the Ministry of Food to advise on rationing and the use of potato flour in baked goods. A higher diploma in Baking Technology was introduced in 1947 and in the following year the School made a silver wedding anniversary cake for King George VI and the Queen Elizabeth,

336-562: A post as assistant rabbi at the West London Synagogue in 1866. During his time as rabbi, Magnus supplemented his income by teaching private students, which grew steadily into a regular occupation. He held a lectureship at Stockwell teacher training college , taught at University College London, and examined prospective teachers for the College of Preceptors . In 1880, he finally left his rabbinical work to become director of

392-613: A procession from the City of London to the Royal Courts of Justice in the City of Westminster , where the lord mayor swears allegiance to the Crown. This pageantry has evolved into one of London's longest-running and most popular annual events, known as the "Lord Mayor's Show". The lord mayor travels in the City's state coach that was built in 1757 at a cost of £1,065.0s.3d. Nowadays, this festival combines traditional British pageantry with

448-733: A school for the technical and practical training of bakers. The scheme was approved by the London County Council Education Board in April 1894 and funds granted. On 10 October 1894 evening classes for Bakers and Confectioners were opened by Mr Henry C Kutz, President of the London Master Bakers' Protection Society. By 1898 bakers were the largest group in the Borough Polytechnic Institute's student body (142 students) and

504-825: Is elected at Common Hall each year on Michaelmas , and takes office on the Friday before the second Saturday in November, at The Silent Ceremony . The Lord Mayor's Show is held on the day after taking office; the Lord Mayor, preceded by a procession, travels to the Royal Courts of Justice at the Strand to swear allegiance to the sovereign before the Justices of the High Court . The Lord Mayor's main role nowadays

560-462: Is entirely separate from the directly elected Mayor of London , a political office controlling a budget which covers the much larger area of Greater London . The Corporation of London changed its name to the City of London Corporation in 2006, and accordingly the title Lord Mayor of the City of London was introduced, so as to avoid confusion with that of Mayor of London. The legal and commonly used title remains Lord Mayor of London . The Lord Mayor

616-586: Is known as Mansion House . The establishment of the residence was considered after the Great Fire of London (1666), but construction did not commence until 1739. It was first occupied by a lord mayor in 1752, when Sir Crispin Gascoigne took up residence. The official car of the lord mayor is a Rolls-Royce Phantom VI with registration number LM0. In each of the eighteen courtrooms of the Old Bailey ,

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672-418: Is known as the "Silent Ceremony" because, aside from a short declaration by the incoming Lord Mayor, no speeches are made. At Guildhall, the outgoing lord mayor transfers the mayoral insignia – the seal , the purse, the sword and the mace — to the incoming lord mayor. The lord mayor to be elected in November 2017 was known in April of that year. The day after being sworn into office, the lord mayor leads

728-556: Is non-affiliated politically, typically delivering many hundreds of speeches and addresses per year and attending many receptions and other events in London and beyond. Incumbents usually make overseas visits under the auspices of the FCDO . The Lord Mayor, ex officio Rector of City, University of London and also Admiral of the Port of London , is assisted in day-to-day administration by

784-551: Is to represent, support and promote the businesses and residents in the City of London. Today these businesses are mostly in the financial sector, and the Lord Mayor is regarded as the champion of the entire UK-based financial sector regardless of ownership or location throughout the country. As leader of the Corporation of the City of London, the Lord Mayor serves as the key spokesman for the local authority and also has important ceremonial and social responsibilities. The Lord Mayor

840-608: Is worn a black silk damask robe trimmed with gold lace of a design exactly the same as that of the Lord Chancellor , known as the Entertaining Gown. At coronations, the lord mayor wears a special coronation robe: a mantle of scarlet superfine wool trimmed with bars of gold lace and ermine. It is lined with white silk satin; they also carry the Crystal Sceptre as a baton of office. After the coronation,

896-520: Is worn at most formal meetings of the Corporation with the scarlet robe substituted on certain days or occasions as directed by the City Ceremonial Book. For State occasions when the monarch is present, the lord mayor wears a crimson velvet robe of state trimmed with an ermine cape and facings, very similar to a royal earl's coronation robe. It is tied with gold cordons, and dates from the reign of George IV. On other ceremonial occasions

952-546: Is worn with black silk stockings, patent court shoes with steel buckles, white shirt with lace cuffs and a large jabot stock. This form of court dress is worn by all lord mayors regardless of gender. When outdoors, they wear a black beaver plush tricorne hat trimmed with black ostrich feathers and a steel 'loop' for the cockade. This has been traditionally made by Patey's commissioned by the Worshipful Company of Feltmakers for each incumbent lord mayor. Since 1545

1008-786: The 1902 educational reforms . Magnus was re-elected in 1910, after which, in 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservatives to form the Unionist Party. He held the seat in 1918 – where he defeated Sidney Webb – but did not seek re-election in 1922. In retirement, he continued to sit as a member of the Senate of the University of London, and chaired the council of the Royal Society of Arts . He

1064-617: The Lord Mayor of London was presented with special pieces of bread made by students of the department, which were delivered by hand cart to Mansion House , where the Mayor and Lady Mayoress received students for afternoon tea. From 1969 the National Bakery School moved to purpose built accommodation within new extension buildings of the then Polytechnic of the South Bank , which were opened by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . In 1989

1120-624: The Mansion House ' Esquires ' whose titles include the City Marshal , Sword Bearer and Common Crier . Alastair King serves as the 696th Lord Mayor (for 2024–2025). The Lord Mayor is also assisted by The Venerable Ray Pentland CB QHC as Lord Mayor's Chaplain . The Lord Mayor’s office is also served by Aide de Camp representing the Uniformed Youth Organisations and they will be pleased to assist in

1176-555: The Order of the British Empire (GBE)). Since 1993, lord mayors have not automatically received any national honour upon appointment; instead, they have been made knights bachelor upon retirement, although Gordon Brown's Government broke with that tradition by making Ian Luder a CBE , after his term of office in 2009, and the following year Nick Anstee declined offers of an honour. Furthermore, foreign heads of state visiting

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1232-415: The mayor of the City of London , England, and the leader of the City of London Corporation . Within the City, the Lord Mayor is accorded precedence over all individuals except the sovereign and retains various traditional powers, rights, and privileges, including the title and style The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London . One of the world's oldest continuously elected civic offices , it

1288-504: The City of London ). The Corporation comprises the Court of Aldermen and the Court of Common Council ; the former includes only the aldermen, while the latter includes both aldermen and common councilmen. The Lord mayor belongs to and presides over both bodies. As noted earlier, the main role of the lord mayor is to represent, support and promote all aspects of UK-financial service industries, including maritime. They undertake this as head of

1344-455: The City of London Corporation and, during the year, host visiting foreign government ministers, businessmen and dignitaries; furthermore, they conduct several foreign visits of their own so as to promote British financial sectors. Banquets hosted by the Lord Mayor serve as opportunities for senior government figures to deliver major speeches. At the Lord Mayor's Banquet (held on the Monday after

1400-417: The City of London on a UK state visit, diplomatically bestow upon the Lord Mayor one of their suitable national honours. For example, in 2001, Sir David Howard was created a grand cordon (first class) of the Order of Independence of Jordan by King Abdullah II . Recently lord mayors have been appointed at the beginning of their term of office knights or dames of St John , as a mark of respect, by

1456-459: The City's Pearl Sword to the sovereign as a symbol of the latter's overlordship. The monarch does not, as is often purported, wait for the lord mayor's permission to enter the City. When the sovereign enters the City, a short ceremony usually takes place where the lord mayor presents a sword to the monarch, symbolically surrendering their authority. If the sovereign is attending a service at St Paul's this ceremony would take place there rather than at

1512-525: The City's Commission of Lieutenancy, which represents the sovereign in the City of London (other counties usually have lord lieutenants , as opposed to Commissions), and annually attends the Treloar Trust (named after Sir William Treloar , lord mayor in 1906), in Hampshire . The Treloar Trust runs two educational sites for disabled children, a school and college. The residence of the lord mayor

1568-636: The Garter (alternating) and also the Portcullis, from which hangs the Mayoral Jewel. The collar is worn over whatever the lord mayor may be wearing, secured onto their underdress or State Robes by means of black or white silk satin ribbons on the shoulders. As an alderman of the City of London the lord mayor has a scarlet gown and a violet gown, which are identical to those worn by their fellow aldermen except that they are trained . The violet robe

1624-956: The Lord Mayor's Show), the Prime Minister delivers the keynote address. At the Banker's Dinner in June, the Chancellor of the Exchequer delivers a speech known as the "Mansion House Speech", which takes its name from the Lord Mayor's residence. At the Easter Banquet, also hosted each year at the Mansion House, the Foreign Secretary addresses an audience of international dignitaries. The lord mayor sometimes takes part in major state occasions; for example, in 2013,

1680-671: The National Association of Master Bakers, supported by the mayors of Northampton and Southwark, the chairman of the Institute and its governing body. Mr John Kirkland was appointed head of department in the same year. On 10 September 1909 the new day session of the National School for Bakers and Confectioners was opened by the Lord Mayor of London , Sir George Wyatt Truscott with 44 full-time students. The first fourteen female bakery students were admitted in April 1916. In 1927 John Kirkland left his position as head of department and

1736-753: The Queen Mother as well as the christening cake for the infant Prince Charles . In 1958 the Bakery Department won the grand prix d'excellence and a gold medal at the Brussels International Confectioners' Exhibition. In 1960 a member of the Department's staff, Miss Joan Russell designed one of the wedding cakes accepted for the wedding of Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret and Mr. Antony Armstrong Jones. The Worshipful Company of Bakers Hall on Harp Lane

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1792-503: The School introduced foundation degrees in Baking Technology Management. During 2004 bakery students worked with designer Jean Paul Gaultier to recreate some of his iconic designs in bread . Another interesting commission was received in 1996 when artist Sharon Baker asked to bake bread in life-size moulds she had had made by lifecast artists CJ Munn and Andre Masters of herself. The finished body-shaped bread

1848-464: The School yet again baked a cake for a major celebration, this time marking the 800th anniversary of the office of Lord Mayor of London . The cake which stood nearly three metres tall featured a model of Dick Whittington and his cat. In 1992 the School pioneered a BSc (Hons) in Baking Technology and Process Management – a first in the UK. The National Bakery School celebrated its centenary in 1994, holding

1904-528: The arranging of new affiliations. The Lord Mayor has six individual Cadet ADCs representing the various Uniformed Youth Organisation branches who provide him with a connection to the City Cadet Forces. Of the 69 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have lord mayors (or, in Scotland , lords provost ). The Lord Mayor is entitled to the prefix The Right Honourable ;

1960-530: The boundary of the City for matters of convenience. The importance of the office is reflected by the composition of the Accession Council , a body which proclaims the accession of new sovereigns. The Council includes the lord mayor and aldermen of London, as well as members of the House of Lords and privy counsellors . At the coronation banquet which followed, the lord mayor of the City of London had

2016-466: The centre of the judges' bench is reserved for the lord mayor, in his capacity of chief justice of the City of London. The presiding judge therefore sits to one side. It is sometimes asserted that the lord mayor may exclude the monarch from the City of London. The legend is based on the misinterpretation of the ceremony observed each time the sovereign enters the City: at Temple Bar the lord mayor presents

2072-451: The closest weekday. Voting is by show of hands; if any liveryman so demands, balloting is held a fortnight later. The qualification to stand for election is that one must have served as a City sheriff and be a current alderman. Since 1385, prior service as sheriff has been mandatory for election to the lord mayoralty. Two sheriffs are selected annually by Common Hall, which meets on Midsummer's Day for this purpose. By an ordinance of 1435,

2128-402: The element of carnival , and since 1959 it has been held on the second Saturday in November. Participants include the livery companies, bands and members of the military, charities and schools. In the evening, a fireworks display is held. The lord mayor is a member of the City of London's governing body, the City of London Corporation (incorporated as The Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of

2184-463: The late Queen Elizabeth II , Sovereign Head of the Order of St John until her death in 2022 . The office of mayor was instituted in 1189, the first holder of the office being Henry Fitz-Ailwin de Londonestone . The mayor of the City of London has been elected by the City, rather than appointed by the sovereign, ever since a royal charter providing for a mayor was issued by King John in 1215. The title "lord mayor" came to be used after 1354, when it

2240-408: The lord mayor must be chosen from amongst the aldermen of the City of London. Those on the electoral roll of each of the City's 25 wards select one alderman, who formerly held office for life or until resignation. Now each alderman must submit for re-election at least once in every six years. The lord mayor is then sworn in November, on the day before the Lord Mayor's Show ( see below ). The ceremony

2296-461: The lord mayor of London has worn a Royal Livery Collar of Esses . The collar's origins are not royal, Sir John Alleyn , twice lord mayor, having bequeathed it to the next lord mayor and his successors "to use and occupie yerely at and uppon principall and festivall dayes". It was enlarged in 1567, and in its present shape has 28 Esses (the Lancastrian ‘S’), Tudor roses and the tasselled knots of

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2352-600: The newly formed City and Guilds of London Institute . He oversaw the rapid growth of the institute, focusing his attentions on the technical education departments, of which he became Superintendent in 1888; he would hold this post until retiring in 1915. Outside of the institute, Magnus was influential in setting national education policy; he sat on the Samuelson Commission (the Royal Commission on Technical Instruction) of 1884, and for his work here

2408-437: The office is also known as a Lord Mayor . The wife of a male Lord Mayor is styled as Lady Mayoress , but no equivalent title exists for the husband of a female Lord Mayor. A female lord mayor or an unmarried male lord mayor may appoint a female consort, usually a fellow member of the corporation, to the role of lady mayoress. In speech, a lord mayor is referred to as "My Lord Mayor", and a lady mayoress as "My Lady Mayoress". It

2464-534: The only women to have held the office. Some lord mayors in the Middle Ages , such as Sir Edward Dalyngrigge (1392), did not reside in London. Since 1435, the lord mayor has been chosen from amongst the aldermen of the City of London. The lord mayor is elected at Common Hall, comprising liverymen belonging to all of the City's livery companies . Common Hall is summoned by the sitting lord mayor; it meets at Guildhall on Michaelmas Day (29 September) or on

2520-462: The right to assist the royal butler. The same privilege is held by the lord mayor of Oxford ; the mayor of Winchester may assist the royal cook. Such privileges have not been exercised since 1821, when the last coronation banquet (celebrating the coronation of George IV ) was held. On formal occasions the lord mayor wears traditional black velvet court dress (old style) consisting of a coat, waistcoat and knee breeches with steel cut buttons. This

2576-429: The same privilege extends only to the lord mayors of York , Cardiff , Bristol and Belfast , and to the lords provost of Edinburgh and Glasgow . The style is used when referring to the office as opposed to the holder thereof; thus, "The Rt Hon Lord Mayor of London" would be correct, while "The Rt Hon William Russell" would be incorrect. The latter prefix applies only to privy counsellors and peers. A woman who holds

2632-450: The success prompted John Blandy to propose that a national bakery school should be set up at the Polytechnic. The proposal prompted the National Association of Master Bakers (founded 1887) to take over the management of the Polytechnic's Bakery School on 25 September 1899 at their own cost. The bakery school was from then on formally known as the National School of Bakery and Confectionary. The School continued its evening classes but now put

2688-676: The then-lord mayor, Sir Roger Gifford , carried the Mourning Sword at Margaret Thatcher's funeral , processing ahead of the Queen and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , into St Paul's Cathedral . The lord mayor performs numerous other functions, including serving as the chief magistrate of the City of London, admiral of the Port of London , rector of City, University of London , president of Gresham College , president of City of London Reserve Forces and Cadets Association , and trustee of St Paul's Cathedral . The lord mayor also heads

2744-599: Was a governor of the Northampton Institute and Royal Grammar School, Guildford , and a vice-president of the Anglo-Jewish Association , the Board of Deputies of British Jews , and Jews' College . In 1917, he co-founded the anti-Zionist League of British Jews . He died in 1933 and is buried at Golders Green Jewish Cemetery . Lord Mayor of London The Lord Mayor of London is

2800-564: Was elected to Parliament as a Liberal Unionist , representing the London University constituency . He narrowly defeated Sir Michael Foster , a prominent Cambridge physiologist, by twenty-four votes. Foster was a Liberal, who on his initial election had joined the Liberal Unionists and supported Salisbury's Conservative government; however, he later crossed the floor to rejoin the Liberals , in large part due to his opposition to

2856-444: Was granted to Thomas Legge (then serving his second of two terms) by King Edward III . Lord mayors are elected for one-year terms; by custom, they do not now normally serve more than one consecutive term. Numerous individuals have served multiple terms in office, including: As mayor As Lord Mayor Almost 700 people have served as lord mayor. Dame Mary Donaldson , elected in 1983, as well as Dame Fiona Woolf , elected in 2013, are

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2912-500: Was knighted in 1886. The commission's report led to the Technical Instruction Act 1889 , which supported local authorities in creating technical schools around the country. He encouraged the reform of primary and secondary state education in London, and helped oversee the merger of the City and Guilds Institute into the newly formed Imperial College of Science and Technology . In the 1906 general election , he

2968-730: Was officially opened by the Lord Mayor of London in 1963 and the Bakery Department were invited to provide the peppercorn rent of three white and three brown loaves for the Bakers Company to provide to the Lessors of the Hall at a new annual event. In 1965 the National Bakery Students' Society celebrated it Diamond Jubilee with a sherry party held at the Borough Polytechnic's Edric Hall. In that same year

3024-491: Was once customary for lord mayors to be appointed knights upon taking office and baronets upon retirement, unless they already held such a title. This custom was followed with a few inconsistencies from the 16th until the 19th centuries; creations became more regular from 1889 onward. From 1964 onward, the regular creation of hereditary titles such as baronetcies was phased out, so subsequent lord mayors were offered knighthoods (and, until 1993, most often as Knight Grand Cross of

3080-438: Was presented to the audience at the art event 'Eat Me' which formed part of the annual London Thames Festival. 51°29′53″N 0°06′06″W  /  51.49814°N 0.10154°W  / 51.49814; -0.10154 Philip Magnus Sir Philip Magnus, 1st Baronet (7 October 1842 – 29 August 1933) was an English educational reformer, rabbi, and politician, who represented the London University constituency as

3136-441: Was succeeded in the baronetcy by Laurie's eldest son Philip . After studying at University College School and University College London , where he took first-class honours in both arts and science, Magnus chose to take up a religious career. An active member of the Reform Judaism movement in Britain , he spent three years studying at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums in Berlin and returned to London to take up

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