Government of India ( British India ) (1937-1947)
94-508: [REDACTED] Government of Pakistan (1948-1950) The Nankar rebellion ( Bengali : নানকার বিদ্রোহ , romanized : Nānkār Bidrōh , Urdu : بغاوت نانکار , romanized : Baghāvat-e-Nānkār ) was a peasant movement in the Sylhet District (now Sylhet Division ) of East Pakistan which was organised on 18 August 1949. The Nankar custom was a system in which zamindars would give land to peasants, nankars , in exchange for food. The movement against this system, which started in
188-543: A Surya artwork along with many other gods and goddesses at its doorway. The 8th and 9th century goddess (Shaktism) temples of central India, similarly engrave Surya along with other Hindu gods within the temple. The six century Shiva temple at Gangadhar in Rajasthan includes Surya. Similar mentions are found in stone inscriptions found near Hindu temples, such as the 5th century Mandasor inscription. These temples, states Michael Meister, do not glorify one god or goddess over
282-584: A cabinet as well as running the government operations. The Prime Minister makes key appointments on various important positions, including; The Cabinet can have a maximum of 11 percent (50 members including the Prime Minister) of the total strength of the Parliament . Each Cabinet member must be a member of Parliament (MP). The Cabinet Ministers chair the Cabinet and are further assisted by
376-485: A crown. It specifically describes his dress to be Northern (i.e. Central Asian, with boots). In contrast, the Vishnudharmottara, another Hindu text on architecture, states Surya iconography should show him with four hands, with flowers in two hands, a staff in third, and in fourth he should be shown to be holding writing equipment (Kundi palm leaf and pen symbolizing knowledge). His chariot driver in both books
470-588: A deity is also found in the arts and literature of Buddhism and Jainism . Surya is also regarded as the father of Sugriva and Karna , who play important roles in the two Hindu epic—the Ramayana and the Mahabharata , respectively. Surya was a primary deity in veneration by the characters of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Surya is depicted with a Chakra, also interpreted as Dharmachakra . Surya
564-729: A government: the legislative , whose powers are vested in a bicameral Parliament ; the executive , consisting of the President , aided by the Cabinet which is headed by the Prime Minister ; and the judiciary , with the Supreme Court . Effecting the Westminster system for governing the state, the government is mainly composed of the executive , legislative , and judicial branches, in which all powers are vested by
658-481: A grand chariot with twelve wheels pulled by seven horses. The temple features Surya in three representations, with the main large Surya destroyed and the temple damaged over the course of repeated Muslim invasions. Besides Konark, there are two other sun temples in Orissa called Biranchi Narayan Sun Temple . There are sun temples in many parts of India, such as Modhera , Gujarat. It was sponsored by King Bhimdev of
752-795: A mosque atop the site, abandoning the Sunni congregational mosque in Multan. This Ismaili Shia mosque atop the Sun Temple's ruins was then destroyed by the Sunni ruler Mahmud of Ghazni , the Surya temple was not rebuilt and an empty space left in place, actions that helped re-establish the importance of the Sunni mosque in Multan. While Shiva and Vishnu are more common in 1st millennium southeast Asian artwork such as those found in Cambodia and Thailand , archaeological evidence suggest god Surya were among
846-621: A primary deity in Hinduism longer than any most of the original Vedic deities, the worship of Surya declined greatly around the 13th century, perhaps as a result of the Muslim destruction of Sun temples in North India. New Sun temples virtually ceased to be built, and some were later repurposed to a different deity. A number of important Surya temples remain, but most are no longer in worship. In certain aspects, Surya has tended to be merged with
940-435: A semi-circular enclosure. The most important finds were two marble statues of Surya, the first example found during the original excavations (1934, Delegation Archaeologique Française Afghanistan), the second example found by accident in 1980. In Nepal, many Surya temples and artworks trace to the medieval era, such as the 11th-century Thapahiti and Saugal-tol, and 12th century Naksal stone sculptures. Artifacts discovered at
1034-484: Is Saranyu , daughter of Tvashtar . His sons include the Ashvins , Yama , and Manu . Through Manu, Vivasvat is considered an ancestor of humanity. Vivasvat is affiliated with Agni and Matarishvan , with Agni being stated to have been first revealed to those two. Vivasvat is also variously related to Indra , Soma , and Varuna . Vivasvant is also used as an adjective of Agni and Ushas to mean "brilliant". Already by
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#17327909483431128-665: Is a series of planned economic programs to take control of financial imbalances and equally manage the financial resources for the four provinces to meet their expenditure liabilities while alleviating the horizontal fiscal imbalances. According to stipulations and directions of the Constitution, the provisional governments and Federal government compete to get higher share of the program's revenues in order to stabilize their own financial status. Aviation Division Surya Traditional Surya ( / ˈ s uː r j ə / ; Sanskrit : सूर्य , IAST : Sūrya )
1222-523: Is in Islamabad , "Islamabad" is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The Constitution of Pakistan established and constituted the federal government of four provinces of federation of nation-state, known as State of Pakistan . The Constitution reads as: The Federal Government is Subject to the Constitution. The executive authority of the Federation shall be exercised in
1316-587: Is mentioned as her son or her husband. Surya's origin differs heavily in the Rigveda, with him being stated to have been born, risen, or established by a number of deities, including the Ādityas , Aditi , Dyaush , Mitra - Varuna , Agni , Indra , Soma , Indra-Soma, Indra-Varuna, Indra- Vishnu , Purusha , Dhatri , the Angirases, and the gods in general. The Atharvaveda also mentions that Surya originated from Vritra . The Vedas assert Sun (Surya) to be
1410-413: Is often depicted riding a chariot harnessed by horses, often seven in number which represent the seven colours of visible light, and the seven days of the week. During the medieval period, Surya was worshipped in tandem with Brahma during the day, Shiva at noon, and Vishnu in the evening. In some ancient texts and art, Surya is presented syncretically with Indra , Ganesha , and others. Surya as
1504-705: Is one among the Navagraha temples and it is dedicated to Surya. Here lord Surya is called as Sivasurya Perumal. It is the first among the Navagraha temples of Tamil Nadu. The most famous Surya temple is the Konark Sun Temple , a World Heritage Site in Orissa . Constructed in the 13th century by the Eastern Ganga dynasty, on a pre-existing pilgrimage site for Surya god, the temple architecture mimics
1598-529: Is reverentially aligned the direction of the rising Surya. This alignment towards the sunrise is also found in most Buddhist and Jaina temples in and outside of India. A prominent temple dedicated to Surya can be found in Arasavalli , which is in the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh , India. The coastal district temple is peculiar with its latitude aligned to the minor lunar standstill . Also
1692-641: Is selected to be the Prime Minister. All members of the federal legislature, the Parliament, are directly elected. Elections in Pakistan take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. There are four provincial governments that rule the four provinces of the state. The Chief Minister heads the provincial government. All provincial assemblies are unicameral , elected for five years. The Governors appointed by President after consulting
1786-652: Is spread in the present day south east Asia at historical Kalinga (province) , Kalingga Kingdom etc. Other most worshiped Surya temple is the Deo Surya Mandir . Sun Temple of Deo is one of the most remarkable, major crowd-puller and notable temple and religious place in Deo, Bihar , India for chhath puja. Deo Sun Temple Built in during the 8th century. In Tamil Nadu , Navagraha temples are world famous. Suryanar kovil situated in Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu
1880-430: Is stated to be Aruṇa who is seated. Two females typically flank him, who represent the dawn goddesses named Usha and Pratyusha. The goddesses are shown to be shooting arrows, a symbolism for their initiative to challenge darkness. In other representations, these goddesses are Surya's two wives, Samjna and Chhaya . He had two other wives according to some texts, Rajni and Prabha. Aniconic symbols of Surya include
1974-682: Is the Sun as well as the solar deity in Hinduism . He is traditionally one of the major five deities in the Smarta tradition, all of whom are considered as equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja and a means to realise Brahman . Other names of Surya in ancient Indian literature include Aditya , Arka , Bhanu , Savitr , Pushan , Ravi , Martanda , Mitra , Bhaskara , Prabhakara , Kathiravan , and Vivasvan . The iconography of Surya
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#17327909483432068-736: Is the lord of Simha (Leo), one of the twelve constellations in the zodiac system of Hindu astrology . Surya or Ravi is the basis of Ravivara , or Sunday , in the Hindu calendar. Major festivals and pilgrimages in reverence for Surya include Makar Sankranti , Pongal , Samba Dashami , Ratha Saptami , Chath puja , and Kumbha Mela . He is particularly venerated in the Saura and Smarta traditions found in Indian states such as Rajasthan , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh , Bihar , Maharashtra , Uttar Pradesh , Jharkhand , and Odisha . Having survived as
2162-501: Is typically shown as a resplendent standing person holding a lotus flower in both hands, riding a chariot pulled by one or more horses typically seven. The seven horses are named after the seven meters of Sanskrit prosody : Gayatri, Brihati, Ushnih, Jagati, Trishtubha, Anushtubha and Pankti. The Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira ( c. 505–587 ), a Hindu text that describes architecture, iconography and design guidelines, states that Surya should be shown with two hands and wearing
2256-491: The British Raj , and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries . Institutional and judicial procedures were later changed, in 1950s, under the influence of American legal system to remove the fundamental rights problems. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Pakistan , Provincial High Courts , District Courts , Anti-terrorism courts , Sharia courts , and Environmental courts all over
2350-511: The CSS examinations . Not all the employees of the Government of Pakistan are civil servants; other employees of the Government of Pakistan come from the scientific institutions, state-owned corporations and commissioned military science circles. In the parliamentary democracy , the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people who are
2444-725: The Cabinet Secretary of Pakistan , whose appointment comes from the Civil Services of Pakistan. Other Ministers are Ministers of State , junior members who report directly to one of the Cabinet Ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government. Once appointed by the Prime Minister, all Cabinet Ministers are officially confirmed to their appointment offices by the President in a special oath of ceremony. The President of Pakistan , officially
2538-755: The Chaulukya dynasty . Other major Surya temples are found in Kanakaditya Temple in Kasheli (Dist ratnagiri) – Maharashtra , near the famous Galtaji 's temple in Jaipur, Rajasthan and Assam . Adithyapuram Sun Temple is a Hindu temple located in Iravimangalam near Kaduthuruthy in Kottayam district in the Indian state of Kerala dedicated to Surya. It is noted as the only Surya shrine in
2632-462: The Constitution in the Parliament , the Prime Minister and the Supreme Court . The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts and amendments of the Parliament, including the creation of executive institutions, departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court . By constitutional powers, the President promulgates ordinances and passes bills. The President acts as
2726-519: The Devas win over Asuras who use darkness. Arka, Mitra, Vivasvat, Aditya, Tapan, Ravi and Surya have different characteristics in early mythologies, but by the time of the epics they are synonymous. The term "Arka" is found more commonly in temple names of north India and in the eastern parts of India. The 11th century Konark Temple in Odisha is named after a composite word "Kona and Arka", or "Arka in
2820-691: The Federal Government , commonly known as the Centre , is the national authority of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , a federal republic located in South Asia , consisting of four provinces and one federal territory . The territories of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir are also part of the country but have separate systems and are not part of the federation. Under the Constitution , there are three primary branches of
2914-531: The Hindu temples related to Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha, and Shakti. Reliefs on temple walls, forts and artwork above doorways of many Hindu monasteries feature Surya. Many of the temples that contain Surya icons and artwork are dated to the second half of the 1st millennium BCE and early centuries of the 2nd millennium. The 11th-century Vaishnava temple at Kadwaha in Madhya Pradesh, for example, features
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3008-586: The Kerala state. The Martand Sun Temple in Jammu and Kashmir was destroyed by Islamic armies. A surviving Surya temple in northern India is Kattarmal Surya mandir in Almora District , Uttarakhand created by King Kattarmal in the 12th century. The Gurjars were essentially sun worshipers and some of the sun temples were erected by them during the medieval period. The sun temple known as Jayaditya
3102-548: The President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces . The office of president was created upon the proclamation of Islamic Republic on 23 March 1956. The then serving governor-general , Major-General Iskander Mirza , assumed office as the first president. Following the 1958 coup d'etat ,
3196-517: The Ramayana 's Yuddha Kanda, Rama was taught the Ādityahṛdayam stotra before his war against Ravana , the king of the rakshasas . The stotra was composed in Anushtup Chanda in praise of Surya, who is described as the embodiment of all gods and the origin of everything in the universe. The Mahabharata epic opens its chapter on Surya that reverentially calls him as the "eye of the universe, soul of all existence, origin of all life, goal of
3290-469: The Samkhyas and Yogis , and symbolism for freedom and spiritual emancipation. In the Mahabharata , Karna is the son of Surya and unmarried princess Kunti . The epic describes Kunti's trauma as an unmarried mother, then abandonment of Karna, followed by her lifelong grief. Baby Karna is found and adopted by a charioteer but he grows up to become the greatest warrior and one of the central heroes of
3384-782: The Shaka era with the Saka , or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the Indian national calendar , which is also called the Saka calendar. The Hindu calendar is a Lunisolar calendar which records both lunar and solar cycles. Like the Navagraha, it was developed with the successive contributions of various works. Surya temples are found in many parts of India. More common than Surya temples are artwork related to Surya, which are found in all types of temples of various traditions within Hinduism, such as
3478-575: The Supreme Judicial Council Article 209 an inquiry into the capacity or conduct of a Judge, who is a member of the council, may be conducted. The civil service of Pakistan is the permanent bureaucracy of the Government of Pakistan. The civil servants are the permanent officials of the government, occupying a respected image in the civil society . Civil servants come from different cadres (e.g. Pakistan Administrative Service , Police Service of Pakistan etc.) after passing
3572-483: The Sylhet region , the landowners were called mirashdars and the greater mirashdar were called zamindars . The nankars would be accommodated close to the zamindars or mirashdars residence and also had permission to use the house and agricultural land provided. However, they had to be engaged in the work of the landlord's entire house, even during late hours after midnight. The nankars would not earn wages for this work. When
3666-463: The chairman of Senate exercises the responsibilities of the post, until the actual president resumes office, or the next office holder is elected . There have been a total of 13 presidents . The first president was Iskander Ali Mirza who entered office on 23 March 1956. The current office holder is Asif Ali Zardari , who took charge on 10 March 2024, following his victory in the 2023 elections . Pakistan's independent judicial system began under
3760-425: The military takeover in 1977 reversed the changes. The 8th Amendment turned Pakistan into a semi-presidential republic and in the period between 1985 and 2010, the executive power was shared by president and prime minister. The 18th Amendment in 2010 restored Parliamentary Democracy in the country, and reduced presidency to a ceremonial position. The constitution prohibits the president from directly running
3854-424: The "rising sun" and its symbolism as dispeller of darkness, one who empowers knowledge, the good and all life. However, the usage is context specific. In some hymns, the word Surya simply means Sun as an inanimate object, a stone or a gem in the sky (Rigvedic hymns 5.47, 6.51 and 7.63); while in others it refers to a personified deity. Surya is prominently associated with the dawn goddess Ushas and sometimes, he
Nankar Rebellion - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-554: The 20th century, ended in the year 1950 with the abolishment of the zamindari system . Nankar is a Bengali term derived from the Persian word Naan meaning bread and the Sanskrit word Kar meaning tax/rent or service . The land which was given to the peasant, in exchange for food, was called the land of Nankar. These Nankar people were the landlords' mandate. Not only the people, their wives and children also became slaves of
4042-419: The 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata , the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla. These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion. Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between
4136-411: The 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies. The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Surya- and planets-based calculation and its relative motion to earth. These vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives. For example, the 10th century BCE Hindu scholars had estimated
4230-730: The Atman (soul, self) within, in texts such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad , Chandogya Upanishad , Kaushitaki Upanishad and others. Surya in Indian literature is referred to by various names, which typically represent different aspects or phenomenological characteristics of the Sun. The figure of Surya as we know him today is an amalgamation of various different Rigvedic deities. Thus, Savitr refers to one that rises and sets, Aditya means one with splendor, Mitra refers to Sun as "the great luminous friend of all mankind", while Pushan refers to Sun as illuminator that helped
4324-400: The Cabinet ministers as well as the Prime Minister must be members of Parliament (MPs), according to the constitution. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers are jointly accountable to the Parliament. If there is a policy failure or lapse on the part of the government, all the members of the cabinet are jointly responsible. If a vote of no confidence is passed against the government, then
4418-408: The Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases. The "Pakistan Government" or "Government of Pakistan" are often used in official documents representing the federal government collectively. Also, the terms "Federal" and "National" in government institutions or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. As the seat of government
4512-496: The Government of Pakistan. Taxation is a debated and controversial issue in public and political science circle of the country, and according to the International Development Committee , Pakistan had a lower-than-average tax take. Only 0.57% of Pakistanis, or 768,000 people out of a population of 190 million pay income tax. The Finance Minister of Pakistan presents the annual federal budget in
4606-569: The Parliament in the midst of the year, and it has to be passed by both houses of the Parliament . The budget is preceded by an economic survey which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial fiscal year. Constituted under the Article 160 of the Constitution of Pakistan by the Constitution, the National Finance Commission Award (NFC) program
4700-481: The President on a "required and necessary" basis, upon consultation and approval from the prime minister. The president is indirectly elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. The Constitution requires the president to be a " Muslim of not less than forty five (45) years of age". The president resides in an estate in Islamabad known as Aiwan-e-Sadar (President's House). In his absence,
4794-496: The Prime Minister (responsible for Prime Minister's Office), Secretary Interior (responsible for law and order), Secretary Finance (responsible for the country's treasury), Secretary Foreign Affairs (responsible for foreign relations), Secretary Maritime Affairs (responsible for ports and shipping), Secretary Power (responsible for the electricity and power sector), Secretary Planning and Development (responsible for development projects), Secretary Petroleum (responsible for
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#17327909483434888-469: The Prime Minister, according to Article 242 of the Constitution. Since 1947, Pakistan has an asymmetric federal government , with elected officials at the national (federal), provincial, tribal, and local levels. Constitution has set the limit of government for five years, but if a Vote of no confidence movements takes place in the parliament (and prelude of movements are proved at the Judicial branch),
4982-558: The Prime minister, act only as representatives of federal government in the province and do not have any part in running the government. The provincial governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Pakistanis ' daily lives. The Local government functions at the basic level. It is the third level of government, consisting Jirga in rural tribal areas. Pakistan has a complex taxation system of more than 70 unique taxes administered by at least 37 tax collection institutions of
5076-639: The Sun. Surya is a part of the Navagraha in Hindu zodiac system. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. Deifying the sun and its astrological significance occurred as early as the Vedic period and was recorded in the Vedas . The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE. It
5170-468: The Supreme Court to make judicature transfers. Although the proceedings in the Supreme Court arise out of the judgement or orders made by the subordinate courts, the Supreme Court reserves the right to transfer any case, appeal or proceedings pending before any High Court to any other High Court. Misconduct of judges is highly intolerable as is mentioned in the constitution. Under the mainframe of
5264-639: The Swastika and the ring-stone. In various texts including Mahabharata , Suryasataka , or Prasasti of Vatsabhatti, Surya is depicted as being worshipped by a host of semi-divine beings. These beings, namely Siddhas , Charanas , Gandharvas , Yaksas , Guhyakas , and the Nagas , desirous of obtaining boons, follow the course of Surya's chariot through the sky. Surya as an important heavenly body appears in various Indian astronomical texts in Sanskrit , such as
5358-414: The call of the zamindar was not immediately accepted, untimely torture was prosecuted. In the village of Bahadurpur in Lauta , Beanibazar , there lived a zamindar who practiced the Nankar custom. His regulations were known to be strict such as the different prohibitions in the road in front of his home which included wearing shoes and sandals, using umbrellas and riding horses. The word locally spread of
5452-415: The ceremonial figurehead while the people-elected Prime Minister acts as the Chief Executive (of the executive branch) and is responsible for running the federal government. There is a bicameral Parliament with the National Assembly as a Lower house and the Senate as an upper house. The most influential officials in the Government of Pakistan are considered to be the Federal Secretaries , who are
5546-402: The citizens of Pakistan are set down in major parliamentary legislation (a term inherited from the United Kingdom ), such as the Exit Control List , the Pakistan Penal Code , and the Frontier Crimes Regulations . By the Article 246th and Article 247th to the constitution, the Islamic Jirga (or Panchayat ) system has become an institution for local governance. The 1950s reforms in
5640-405: The coinage of Greco-Bactrian kings, such as Plato I . The iconography of Surya has varied over time. In some ancient arts, particularly from the early centuries of the common era, his iconography is similar to those found in Persia and Greece suggesting likely adoption of Greek, Iranian and Scythian influences. After the Greek and Kushan influences arrived in ancient India, some Surya icons of
5734-432: The corner". Other Surya temples named after Arka include Devarka (Deva teertha) and Ularka (Ulaar) in Bihar, Uttararka and Lolarka in Uttar Pradesh , and Balarka in Rajasthan . Another 10th-century sun temple ruin is in Bahraich , Uttar Pradesh named Balarka Surya Mandir, which was destroyed in the 14th century during the Turkish invasions. Vivasvat, also known as Vivasvant, is also one such of these deities. His wife
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#17327909483435828-407: The country; Supreme Court being the superior court. The Supreme Court of Pakistan consists of a Chief Justice, and Senior Justices appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of Pakistan . The Constitution does not fix the number of justices of the Supreme Court, though it can be fixed by Parliament through an act signed by the President. The Constitution grants powers to
5922-405: The creator of the material universe ( Prakriti ). In the layers of Vedic texts, Surya is one of the several trinities along with Agni and either Vayu or Indra , which are presented as an equivalent icon and aspect of the Hindu metaphysical concept called the Brahman . In the Brahmanas layer of Vedic literature, Surya appears with Agni (fire god) in the same hymns. Surya is revered for
6016-541: The day, while Agni for its role during the night. The idea evolves, states Kapila Vatsyayan, where Surya is stated to be Agni as the first principle and the seed of the universe. It is in the Brahmanas layer of the Vedas, and the Upanishads that Surya is explicitly linked to the power of sight, to visual perception and knowledge. He is then interiorized to be the eye as ancient Hindu sages suggested abandonment of external rituals to gods in favor of internal reflections and meditation of gods within, in one's journey to realize
6110-417: The executive branch – an attempt to preserve individual liberty in response to tyrannical leadership throughout history. The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( Urdu : وزیراعظم ; lit: 'Wazir-e- Azam ), is the executive head of government of Pakistan, constitutionally designated as the Chief Executive (CE). Popularly elected by direct elections in the parliament, the Prime minister is responsible for appointing
6204-422: The first day of this religious festival, the Nankar Hindus in Saneshwar Uluri began preparing to worship Manasa late at night until they start to feel sleepy. During sunrise, an armed force attacks the village and the Hindus begin to flee, many towards the nearby village of Uluri. Members of the rebellion staying in Uluri were Aparna Pal, Shushama De, Ashita Pal and Surath Pal. Eventually a conflict occurs between
6298-679: The force and Uluri villagers along the banks of the Sunai River. On 18 August 1949, six Nankars were killed in an armed attack by the EPR , police and zamindars belonging to the Muslim League , who were armed with lathis . The victims were: Being pregnant, during the persecution of police, Aparna Pal Chowdhury had a miscarriage on the spot. She became lame in the severe torture and imprisoned for 5 years in Sylhet , Rajshahi and Dhaka jail . Wounded and captured people included Hridoy Ranjan Das, Dinanath Das, Adwayta Charan Das, Sushama Dey, Asita Pal, and Prakash Chandra Das, Hiran Bala Das, Priyamoni Das, Pramod Chandra Das and Mana Chandra Das. After
6392-458: The government administration, the constitutional law and jurisprudence in Pakistan have been greatly influenced by the United States Of America ' legal system. Since the 1970s, the traditional jirga -based law has also been in place in a few areas, and has influenced the country's judicial development. The legislative branch has two houses, which combined are known as the Parliament of Pakistan The Parliament enjoys parliamentary supremacy . All
6486-433: The government collapses and a new one must be formed. By general definition, the executive branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy . The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers . The separation of powers system is designed to distribute authority away from
6580-412: The government falls and immediately replaced with caretaker government initiated by the president (consultation of Prime Minister also required to make such move), in regards to Article 58 of the constitution. There has been four times that the martial law has been in effect, and controversially approved by the supreme court . Through a general election where the leader of the majority winning party
6674-421: The government. Instead, the executive power is exercised on his behalf by the prime minister who keeps him informed on all matters of internal and foreign policy , as well as all legislative proposals. The Constitution however, vests the president with the powers of granting pardons, reprieves , and the control over the military ; however, all appointments at higher commands of the military must be made by
6768-740: The great war of Kurukshetra . Earliest representations of Surya riding a chariot occur in the Buddhist railings of the Mahabodhi temple in Bodhgaya (2nd century BCE), in the Bhaja Caves (1st century BCE), and the Jain cave of Ananta Gumpha in Khandagiri (1st century CE). They follow similar depiction of the chariot-riding god Helios of Hellenistic mythology, as appearing for example on
6862-636: The help of the Communist Party and Peasants Association, a Nankar movement against the feudalistic exploitation system was developed and centered in Bahadurpur, Lauta in Beanibazar , and spread to other Nankar-populated areas such as Golapganj , Barlekha , Kulaura , Balaganj and Dharamapasha . On the 17th of August 1949, there was an important festival day, Makar Sankranti , in reference to deity Surya (sun), for Bengali Hindus . During
6956-406: The highest ranking bureaucrats in the country and run cabinet-level ministries and divisions. The judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court , Federal Shariat Court , High courts of five provinces , district, anti-terrorism , and the green courts; all inferior to the Supreme Court. The full name of the country is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . No other name appears in
7050-589: The incident in Beanibazar, the movement became increasingly popular throughout the country. As a result of this sacrifice, the Pakistan government was forced to abolish the zamindari system and repeal the non-governmental rule to recognize the ownership of the land of peasants. Government of Pakistan The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu : حکومتِ پاکستان , romanized : hukūmat-e-pākistān ) (abbreviated as GoP ), constitutionally known as
7144-592: The landowners. Generally, the lower caste of Hindus ; for example, Kiraans, Namasudras , Malis (Gardeners) , Dhulis, Napits (Barbers), Patnis etc. were the Nankars. The Nankar custom was a labor exploitation system, much like the Medieval slavery system. The feudal tradition originated during the colonial period and was practiced mainly in the Sylheti thanas of Beanibazar , Barlekha and Golapganj . In
7238-461: The ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The cabinet and its ministers are expected to lay down the policy guidelines, and the civil servants are responsible for implementing and enforcing it. The federal secretaries are the most senior, experienced, and capable officials in the country. Each ministry/division has its Secretary to oversee and enforce
7332-469: The name of the President by the Federal Government, consisting of the Prime Minister and the (Federal) Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister, who shall be the chief executive of the Federation. In the performance of his functions under the Constitution, the Prime Minister may act either directly or through the (Federal) Ministers. The basic civil and criminal laws governing
7426-483: The office of prime minister was abolished, leaving the Presidency as the most powerful office in the country. This position was further strengthened when the 1962 Constitution was adopted. It turned Pakistan into a Presidential Republic , giving all executive powers to the president. In 1973, the new Constitution established Parliamentary democracy and reduced president's role to a ceremonial one. Nevertheless,
7520-715: The other, but present them independently and with equal emphasis in a complex iconography. Cave temples of India, similarly, dedicated to different gods and goddesses feature Surya. For example, the 6th century carvings in the Ellora Caves in Maharashtra as well as the 8th and 9th century artworks there, such as Cave 25, the Kailasha Temple (Cave 16) and others feature complete iconography of Surya. Hindu temples predominantly have their primary entrance facing east, and their square principle based architecture
7614-479: The pantheon of ideas adopted early in these regions and retained after Buddhism became the dominant tradition. In Kabul Khair Khāna , there is a Hindu temple dedicated to Surya, of two distinct periods. The first period consisted of a mud-brick temple with possible human sacrifice remains dedicating it. This was then superseded by three distinct sanctuaries built of schist slabs, surrounded by subsidiary buildings of diaper masonry construction and an open-air altar in
7708-647: The period that followed show him wearing a cloak and high boots . In some Buddhist artwork, his chariot is shown as being pulled by four horses. The doors of Buddhist monasteries of Nepal show him, along with the Chandra (moon god), symbolically with Surya depicted as a red circle with rays. In Hindu context, the sun-god only appears at a later period, as in the Virūpākṣa temple in Paṭṭadakal (8th century CE). The iconography of Surya in Hinduism varies with its texts. He
7802-545: The petroleum sector) and Secretary Industries (responsible for industrial development). Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordination of activities of the various Ministries in such situations are the functions of the Cabinet Division . Appointment for the chairman of the FPSC , the prestigious body responsible for the recruitment of elite bureaucrats, is made by the President after consulting
7896-558: The prominent deities of Vishnu or Shiva , or seen as subsidiary to them. The Sun and the Earth The Sun causes day and night on the earth, because of revolution, when there is night here, it is day on the other side, the sun does not really rise or sink. — Aitareya Brahmana III.44 (Rigveda) The oldest surviving Vedic hymns, such as the hymn 1.115 of the Rigveda , mention Sūrya with particular reverence for
7990-621: The public policy matters. The secretaries, who are basic pay scale (BPS)-22 grade officers, are largely considered to be the most powerful officials in the country. Due to the importance of their respective assignments, there are twelve specific federal secretaries which are considered to be the most vital in the Government of Pakistan. These include the Secretary Establishment (responsible for civil service matters), Secretary Commerce (responsible for trade), Secretary Cabinet (responsible for Cabinet Division), Secretary to
8084-598: The sidereal length of a year as follows, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results: The oldest of these is likely to be the Surya Siddhanta , while the most accurate is the Siddhanta Shiromani . Surya's synonym Ravi is the root of the word 'Ravivara' or Sunday in the Hindu calendar. In both Indian and Greek-Roman nomenclature for days of the week, the Sunday is dedicated to
8178-576: The time of his earliest appearance (the Rigveda), Vivasvat had declined in importance. He was likely a solar deity, but scholars debate his specific role as one. In the Rigveda, Indra drinks Soma alongside Manu Vivasvat and Trita . In post-Vedic literature, Vivasvat further declines in importance, and is merely another name for the sun. He is cognate to the Avestan Vivanhvant, who is the father of Yima (cognate to Yama) and Manu. As per
8272-476: The transition from lunar calendar of north India to solar calendar of south India can be seen in the local culture . This is probably the eastern most coastal sun temple in the peninsular India, where prayers are offered until date. The place, Chicacole , has a significance in the Kalinga (historical region) kingdom with their port at Kalingapatnam , making it to Megasthenes dairy ( Calingae ). The diaspora
8366-598: The zamindar's oppression and consultations took place establishing the Communist Party and Peasants Association in 1937. Comrade Ajay Bhattacharya, a man who was arrested multiple times by the British for his activism, led the Nankar movement. Other members from Beanibazar also joined him such as Shishir Bhattacharya, Shailendra Bhattacharya and Lalitapal from Lauta, Jawad Ullah from Nandirpal and Abdus-Subhan from South Potti. Uniting other Nankars, they publicly rebelled against
8460-512: The zamindar. They stopped the zamindar from earning his revenue and stopped him from entering markets. This news spread to other zamindars who, out of fear, petitioned to the Government of Pakistan against the rebellion. The government later took action to suppress the rebellion. Other organizers included Varun Roy and Hena Das . According to Bhattacharya, 10% (300,000) of the population of Greater Sylhet were Nankars. From 1922 to 1949, with
8554-502: Was constructed by Gurjar king of Nandipuri , Jayabhatta II. This temple is situated at Kotipura near Kapika in the Bharukachha district. The Surya temple of Bhinmal known as Jagaswami Surya temple was also erected during this period. The Sun Temple of Multan (in modern-day Pakistan) contained a revered statue of Surya. It was one of the focal points of Hindu-Muslim religious conflicts. After 871 BCE, Multan (Panjab)
8648-690: Was furthered by additional contributions from Western Asia , including Zoroastrian and Hellenistic influences. The Yavanajataka , or 'Science of the Yavanas ', was written by the Indo-Greek named " Yavanesvara " ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I . The Yavanajataka written in 120 BCE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in
8742-557: Was possibly based on works from the Indus Valley Civilization as well as various foreign influences. Babylonian astrology was the first to develop astrology and the calendar, and was adopted by multiple civilizations including India. The Navagraha developed from early works of astrology over time. The Sun and various classical planets were referenced in the Atharvaveda around 1000 BCE. The Navagraha
8836-474: Was under the rule by Arab princes, who kept the Surya temple hostage and desecrated it, in order to threaten its destruction if the Hindu Gurjara attacked them. The early Muslim rulers taxed Hindu pilgrims for the privilege to visit the Surya temple, and this provided these rulers an important source of revenue. The Surya temple was destroyed by Ismaili Shia rulers in the late 10th century, who built
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