132-498: Nanjinad (pronounced Nanjil Nadu ) is a historical region in India corresponding to present-day Thovalai and Agastheeshwaram of Kanyakumari district . The name is derived from nanj , meaning "plough", and nad , meaning "land". It was (and still is) an important centre of paddy (rice) cultivation. It is one of the five division of Venad (historical_region) , which was divided for administrative purpose. Five Thirupappur families ruled
264-459: A Teri dune complex extends along the coast; sand dunes also stretch from Manakudi to Sothavilai . Additionally, sandy beaches and isolated boulders define the southern coastline. The Peninsular India is typically described as a highland with faulting on both sides. During the Archaean Eon , the eastern coast experienced faulting, whereas the faulting of the western coast, including
396-622: A broken rocky spur shapes into Marunthuvazh Malai , situated approximately 7 kilometres northwest of Kanyakumari . The Vellimalai in Kalkulam taluk and the Maruntuvazh malai in Agastheeswaram taluk are important isolated hills. The variations in altitude and climate across the hilly terrain of the district have led to a diverse vegetation profile, showcasing distinct representations of different land types. The highest hill within
528-500: A choultry belonging to Elasa Naadu which accommodated morethan 200 traders. Vaniga Vizhai yard had the mass storage of timber, coconut and paddy besides other trade items. The Nanjil Nadu tax revenue were stored in Kalasamirakki Kudieruppu east of Panavizhai Palace of Thirupappur Royals. Maaraveera Pandiyan Thirupappur followed by Ezha Marthandan Thirupappur(Swamiyadiyaar Thirupappur) and his tribes were managing
660-647: A decade of lyrics; but of these two have not till now been discovered. Kannanar also lauds the Chera for conquering enemies from Kumari to the Himalayas (and carving the Chera bow emblem on the Himalayas). Nedum Cheral Athan, famous for his hospitality, gifted Kannanar with a part of Umbar Kattu. The greatest of his enemies were the Kadambus (possibly Kadambas ) whom he defeated in battles. Nedum Cheral Athan
792-444: A dense palisade of leaves over the water surface. Numerous marshy plants thrive between the reeds and along the margins. The plains, up to an elevation of 200 meters, are characterised by Southern tropical thorny forests . Notable locations within this ecosystem include Anjugramam , Vattakkottai, Kanniyakumari , Marunthuvazh Malai , Colachel , and Kuzhithurai . These forests support a variety of plant life. Common trees found in
924-472: A little later. The reverse side of both coins are blank. The impure silver coins bearing Brahmi legends "Kollippurai", "Kollipporai", "Kol-Irumporai" and "Sa Irumporai" were also discovered from Karur . The portrait coins are generally considered as imitation of Roman coins. All legends, assumed to be the names of the Chera rulers, were in Tamil-Brahmi characters on the obverse. Reverse often contained
1056-659: A minor river originates at an altitude of 950 m in the Velimalai hills and passes through Kothanalloor , Kalkulam, Eraniel , Thalakulam and Manavalakurichi before joining the Arabian Sea at Kadiapattanam. Along the way, it merges with the Thuvalar , another small river originating from the Mampazhathurai hills. Mullayar another minor river flows approximately 11 kilometres through Vilavancode taluk and joins
1188-546: A number of punch marked coins discovered from Amaravati riverbed. The square coins of copper and its alloys or silver have also been discovered. Most of these early square coins show a bow and arrow, the traditional emblem of the Cheras on the obverse, with or without any legend. Silver-punch marked coins, an imitation of the Maurya coins, and with a Chera bow on the reverse, have been reported. Hundreds of copper coins, attributed to
1320-504: A person wearing a Roman-type bristled-crown helmet was also discovered from Amaravati riverbed in Karur. Reverse side of the coin depicts a bow and arrow, the traditional symbol of the Chera family. A large body of Tamil works collectively known as the Sangam (Academy) texts ( c. 2nd century BCE - 3rd century CE) describes a number of Chera, Pandya and Chola rulers. Among them,
1452-435: A rich variety of avifauna , with about 360 species recorded. Notably, 140 out of the 204 species of South Indian Passerine birds are found here. The House Crow is the most common bird, while the jungle crow is less frequently seen. Common babblers include the earthy-brown jungle babbler and the slimmer common babbler found in dry plains. Magpie-robins are usually seen near human habitations. Other common birds include
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#17327871499601584-543: A rocky bed, steep banks, sharp curves, and frequent falls, the Kodayar remains largely untamed except for a few kilometres near its end. The Tirparappu Waterfalls along this river stands at approximately 13 meters. After covering 32 kilometres in Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, the Kodayar merges with the Paraliyar to form the western Tambaraparani. It flows southwest through Kuzhithurai , Munchirai and evantually into
1716-533: A significant portion of this region indicates that the rocks underwent intense isoclinal folding , resulting in repeated bands. These folds align in a northwest–southeast direction and may have subsequently experienced cross-folding. These charnockites also occur as lenses and patches within the khondalites. Additionally, thin Pegmatite bodies and quartz veins intrude the khondalites. Tertiary-age Varkala beds appear as thin cappings south of Kaliyakkavilai near
1848-617: A strong case of identification with the location. Roman coins have over a period of time been discovered in large numbers from central Kerala and the Coimbatore-Karur region (from locations such as Kottayam-Kannur, Valluvally, Iyyal, Vellalur and Kattankanni). A number of coins, assumed to be of the Cheras, mostly found in the Amaravati riverbed in Tamil Nadu, are a major source of early Chera historiography. This includes
1980-461: A temple ( virakkallu ) for the goddess Pattini (Kannaki) at Vanchi . A certain king called Gajabahu, often identified with Gajabahu , king of Sri Lanka (2nd century CE), was present at the Pattini festival at Vanchi. In this context, Chenguttuvan can be dated to either the first or last quarter of the 2nd century CE. as per akananuru Kaluvul was a velir chieftain of Kamur who fought against
2112-525: A varied topography with the sea on three sides and the mountains of the Western Ghats bordering the northern side. Except for a small stretch of land to the east of Kanniyakumari town, almost the entire district is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea – the only district in Tamil Nadu state facing the Arabian Sea . Historically, Nanjinad and Edai Nadu, which comprise
2244-575: Is abundant in wildlife, with its hill forests showcasing a wide variety of fauna, representing most species of Southern India . The district’s fauna belongs to the Cis gangetic sub-region of the Indomalayan realm , with its hill fauna showing affinities with the Himalayas and the southwestern hill group in Sri Lanka . The district hosts ten orders of mammals . Four species of primates are found in
2376-514: Is adorned with significant avenue trees , including the Banyan , jungle jack , Eugenia , Portia tree , Tamarind and more. Common edible fruits—such as mangoes , jackfruit , custard apple , various plantain varieties , pineapple , guava , and more—contribute to local livelihoods. Oranges , lime , and pomegranate also flourish. Grape cultivation occurs in specific pockets. 329 plant species have been identified across 201 sacred groves in
2508-489: Is divided into two revenue divisions: Nagercoil division and Padmanabhapuram division . These divisions are further subdivided into taluks , which are the basic administrative units. Each taluk is managed by a Tahsildar , who handles revenue collection, land records, and local administration. There are nine blocks within these taluks: Agastheeswaram , Rajakkamangalam , Thovalai , Kurunthancode , Thuckalay , Thiruvattar , Killiyoor , Munchirai , and Melpuram . Each block
2640-492: Is found on grasslands, while the common weaver bird or Baya weaver is seen in coconut groves of valleys and plains. The skylark is often heard in low country and on hills. Three species of sunbirds — Cinnyris zeylanicus, Cinnyris asiaticus , and Loten's sunbird — are frequently found in gardens. Common woodpeckers include the golden-backed woodpecker , the Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker, and
2772-570: Is known about Cheras during this period. Cheras of Kongu country ( Karur ) initially appear as the rulers of western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala . There was a domination of present-day Kerala regions of the ancient Chera country by the Kongu Cheras/Keralas (probably via some form of viceregal rule). The family claimed that they were descended from the Cheras who flourished in pre- Pallava (early historic) south India. There are clear attestations of repeated Pandya conquests of
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#17327871499602904-520: Is managed by a Block Development Officer. There is a municipal corporation in the district, the Nagercoil Municipal Corporation , four municipalities and 51 Town Panchayats , which are responsible for urban infrastructure, sanitation , and public services. Rural areas are governed by Panchayats , which are local self-government bodies responsible for village-level administration and development. The District includes
3036-516: Is more intense due to weaker winds. The region’s proximity to the Equator makes it hard to distinctly define the summer season and summers are significantly wetter than winters. Winters from January to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures rarely dropping below 19°C (66°F). The district lies at the intersection of two distinct climate zones. To the northwest, the Malabar coast , west of
3168-502: Is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state and the southernmost district in mainland India . It stands second in terms of population density among the districts of Tamil Nadu . It is also the richest district in Tamil Nadu in terms of per capita income, and also tops the state in Human Development Index (HDI), literacy, and education. The district's headquarters is Nagercoil . Kanyakumari district has
3300-528: Is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state. The district is the birthplace of Ayyavazhi , the henotheistic belief initiated by Hari Gopalan Seedar , one among the 5 prime disciples of Ayya Vaikundar . The social, religious and cultural history of the 19th century Kanniyakumari district is intrinsically inter-twined with those of Ayyavazhi. Many historical assumptions persist in the district and state, which associate with sages namely Vyasa , Agastya , Tolkappiyar , Avvaiyar and Valluvar . The district
3432-628: Is said to have conquered an island, which had the kadambu tree as its guardian, by crossing the ocean. Poet Mamular also sings of his conquest of Mantai. He also punished and extracted ransom from the Yavanas. Chola Neytalankanal Ilam Set Chenni captured Pamalur, which belonged to the Chera Kudakko Nedum Cheral Athan. The Chera fought the Cholas at Por (and both combatants died in the battle) Kauthamanar Headquarters
3564-807: Is situated between 77°15' and 77°36' east longitude and 8°03' and 8°35' north latitude. The district has borders with Tirunelveli district in the North & North East, the Gulf of Mannar in the East, the Indian Ocean in the South, the Arabian Sea in the West and the Thiruvananthapuram District ( Kerala ) in the West. Kanniyakumari district has a varied topography with sea on three sides and
3696-472: Is the chief administrative officer, responsible for overall administration, including law and order , revenue collection , and implementation of government schemes. The Superintendent of Police oversees the police force and maintains law and order in the district. The District Revenue Officer (DRO) assists the District Collector in revenue administration and land-related issues. The District
3828-612: Is the largest of the two bovines found in the forests, living in rock caves on hills up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. Small herds of bison frequent the sholas and grassy areas around the Muthukuzhi valley and the higher reaches of Asambu. The wild goat is usually confined to grassy slopes. Wild bears are found on the hills and jungles in herds. Additionally, aquatic dolphins and porpoises are found in river mouths and backwaters. Indian pangolins are also present in forests and surrounding valleys. The district’s forests support
3960-680: Is the only district in Tamil Nadu facing the Arabian sea . Pazhayar , the southernmost river in India, originates from the secondary range of the Western Ghats, draining Mahendragiri peak and nearby estates. Flowing through Thovalai and Agastiswaram taluks, the Pazhayar significantly supports irrigation. Its course spans approximately 37 kilometres, ultimately joining the Manakkudy Lagoon at Thamaraikulam . Notable places along
4092-456: Is used by some historians to date the events described in the early Tamil texts to c. 1st - 2nd century CE. Despite its dependency on numerous conjectures, the method is considered as the sheet anchor for the purpose of dating the events in the early Tamil texts. Ilango Adigal author of the legendary Tamil epic poem Chilapathikaram describes Chenguttuvan as his elder brother. He also mentions Chenguttuvan's decision to propitiate
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4224-424: Is warm and humid, with significant rainfall during the monsoon Seasons . This tropical climate supports the region’s rich biodiversity and lush landscapes. As part of the Western Ghats , one of the world's eight hottest biodiversity hotspots, this district boasts a rich diversity of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to the region. The area is home to several endangered and threatened species, including
4356-577: The Chera Perumal kingdom and Kongu Chera kingdom (c. 9th–12th century CE). The exact nature of the relationships between the various branches of Chera rulers are unclear. After this, the present day parts of Kerala and Kongunadu became autonomous. Some of the major dynasties of medieval south India - Chalukya, Pallava, Pandya, Rashtrakuta, and Chola - seem to have conquered the Kongu Chera country. Kongu Cheras appear to have been absorbed into
4488-632: The Cheras , the Cholas , the Ays and the Nayaks . A few artefacts were unearthed by archaeological excavations in parts of the district. The district was part of the princely state of Travancore during the colonial times prior to India's independence ; four of the eight tehsils of Thiruvananthapuram district were separated to form the new district of Kanniyakumari in 1956 following the demands of reunion made by
4620-570: The Cholas and the Pandyas . The kingdom was attacked, and eventually forced into submission, by the Cholas in the early 11th century CE (in order to break the monopoly of trade with the Middle East). When the Perumal kingdom was eventually dissolved in the 12th century most of its autonomous chiefdoms became independent. The extent and nature of state formation of the Chera kingdoms, from
4752-519: The Graeco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to the Cheras as Keprobotras . All these Graeco-Roman names are evidently corruptions of "Kedala Puto/Kerala Putra" probably received through relations with northern India . The term Chera , derived from Dravidian words Cheran (meaning island), is a Classical Tamil name of Sri Lanka that takes root from the term "Chera". Recent studies on ancient south Indian history suggest that
4884-542: The Indian cobra are common, often found in tree hollows and dilapidated houses. Rat snakes are frequently seen and Pythons are found in dry sandy areas. Among amphibians , 34 species of frogs are present, including Rana aurantiaca , Ixalus travancoricus, and Ferguson's toad . The Indian Leaping frog is found around Kiripparai areas. The coastal area is known for its rich variety of fish, with nearly 370 species identified. Whale sharks and Saw fish are abundant in
5016-827: The Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency , which is represented in the Lok Sabha by a Member of Parliament . This constituency is divided into six assembly constituencies, each represented by a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly . The legislative assembly segments include Kanyakumari , Nagercoil , Colachal , Padmanabhapuram , Vilavancode , and Killiyoor . Chera dynasty Kongu Cheras Chera Perumals The Chera dynasty ( or Cēra , IPA: [t͡ʃeːɾɐr] ),
5148-1393: The Legume family , the root parasites Aeginetia indica and pedunculata have also been recorded in the region. Moist deciduous forests : These forests occur around Kilaviaru mountains and Kalikesam river near Balamore and Vallachithode at an altitude of about 60 meters. Common trees include Acronychia pedunculata , Alstonia scholaris , Scleropyrum wallichianum , and Vateria indica . Lianas Gnetum and Derris thyrsiflora thrive in these areas. Lithophytic herbs like Begonia floccifera and Begonia malabarica are abundant around Kilaviyaru . Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests : These forests and found in Upper Kodayar , Muthukuzhivayal , and Mahendragiri above 800 meters. These dense, impenetrable forests receive heavy monsoon rains, supporting abundant epiphytic and terrestrial orchids . Tall trees with huge trunks include Aglaia bourdillonii , Cullenia exarillata , Dimocarpus longanetc . Climbers like Embelia basaal and Smilax zeylanica are common along with epiphytes Aeschynanthus perrottetii and Hoya pauciflora . Grasslands : At elevated altitudes in Muthukuzhivayal, Mahendragiri , and Upper Kodayar, distinct grasslands thrive. Within
5280-463: The Pahrali and Thamirabarani have their origin in this forest. The forests and jungles of Kanyakumari district host approximately 600 species of timber trees and 3,500 other plant species. The wetlands of Suchindrum and Arumanallur alone support numerous variety of floral and faunal species across hundreds of genera. New species are frequently being identified throughout the region. Out of
5412-542: The South-west and the North-east monsoons . The region receives moderate rainfall, with the heaviest rains occurring from October to December due to the northeast monsoon which sometimes causes floods. The southwest monsoon, from June to September, also brings some rain, but its effects are less pronounced compared to other parts of India . The average rainfall of the district is 1456.8 mm per annum. From 2005 onwards
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5544-642: The Southern Rufous woodpecker . The Malabar whistling thrush , a blue-black bird, is found near hilly streams. Paradise flycatchers often visit shady groves, gardens, and deciduous jungles with bamboo-clad regions. 87 bird species from 39 families and 15 orders, including omnivores , carnivores , piscivores , herbivores , granivores , and nectarivores , such as the Eurasian Spoonbill , Brahminy Starling , Glossy Ibis , Oriental White Ibis and Spot-billed Pelican have been observed around
5676-491: The Swamithoppe saltpans . The House sparrow is commonly found around human habitations. Parrots are mostly seen in hilly and woody areas while various varieties of Kingfishers including White-throated kingfisher , Common kingfisher and Pied kingfisher are found beside inundated paddy fields, ponds, kutcha wells and sandy seashores. Bee-eaters are very common. The Indian blue rock pigeons are seen all over
5808-732: The Thengapattanam estaury where it meets the sea. Originating north of Mahendragiri, the Paraliyar , another major river of the district flows southwesterly and passes out of the forest area a mile above Ponmanai where it encounters the Perunchani Dam . The Left Bank Channel supplies water from the Pechipparai reservoir before reaching the weir known as Puthen dam. The ancient Pandyan dam , built in Pandiyan era, across
5940-488: The cuckoo , golden oriole and Indian robin which are frequently noted in dry areas. The tailorbird and the drongo or king crow often visit the countryside. The red-vented bulbul is seen in plains where food is plentiful and at elevations of about 4,000 feet. The Iora is found in gardens and groves. Among Shrikes , the Scarlet minivet is the most common, found in woody areas and evergreen jungles. The Common myna
6072-730: The pariah kite and the Brahminy kite . Among the birds of prey , the White-rumped vulture and the White scavenger vulture are prominent. Water birds are common along coastal backwaters, inundated paddy fields, and tanks. The White-breasted waterhen is often seen in marshy areas overgrown with reeds and bushes, and on the margins of ponds. Storks and Coots are frequently found in inundated paddy fields, tanks, ponds, and rivers. Comb ducks are observed at Suchindram and Theroor wetlands while four other species of ducks are common in
6204-489: The ponds , large associations of lotus and water lilies thrive, along with smaller Limnanthemum plants. Floating plants like Trapa bispinosa and pistia statistis cover water surfaces, often beneath the shade of big banyan trees. Submerged plants, including Ceratophyllum , Utricularia , and Chara , form a close tangle underwater. In shallow tanks and river basins, reeds flourish in marshy soil. These reeds consist of juncus , scirpus , cyperus , and typha , forming
6336-620: The sholas and moist deciduous forests , including the Bonnet macaque and Toque macaque at lower altitudes, and the Lion-tailed macaque and Nilgiri Langur at elevations above 2,000 feet. The Slender Loris of the order Lemuroidea occurs in the interior forests. Situated at the tail-end of the Central Asian Flyway , the region attracts numerous migratory birds from thousands of miles away. Tigers are found around
6468-538: The 1st century CE, in the Periplus of the 1st century CE, and by Claudius Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE. There are brief references in the present forms of the works by author and commentator Katyayana (c. 3rd - 4th century BCE), author and philosopher Patanjali (c. 5th century BCE) and Maurya statesman and philosopher Kautilya (Chanakya) ( c. 3rd - 4th century BCE ) [though Sanskrit grammarian Panini (c. 6th - 5th century BCE) does not mention either
6600-562: The Black Rock estate which descend to lower reaches during October and November, occasionally entering bordering villages. Panthers inhabit moist deciduous forests and often prey on domesticated animals. Bears usually reside at elevations above 3,000 feet but sometimes descend to lower levels. Wild dogs are found in the lower hills of the Muthukuzhi valley, while the Indian Grey Mongoose and Jungle Cats are common in
6732-461: The Cheras, have been discovered from Pattanam in central Kerala. Bronze dyes for minting punch marked coins were discovered from a riverbed in Karur. Other discoveries include a coin with a portrait and the Brahmi legend "Mak-kotai" above it and another one with a portrait and the legend " Kuttuvan Kotai " above it. Both impure silver coins are tentatively dated to c. 1st century CE or
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#17327871499606864-667: The Foreshore sandy areas, species like Spinifex littoreus , Ipomoea pes-caprae (Sweet), Sesuvium portulacastrum , Trianthema portulacastrum , Atriplex repens , Cyperus rotundus , Mollugo cerviana , Tephrosia purpurea , T. hirta , Pedalium murex and various Portulaca species shall be found. In marshy backwater areas, Suaeda nudiflora , Salicornia brachiata , and Arthrocnemum indicum are frequently found. Backwaters near river mouths and connecting canals are often thickly fringed with Pandanus tectorius . Acrostichum aureum and Excoecaria agallocha are common in shallow waters. In
6996-462: The Himalayas to sculpt the idol of goddess Pattini. Controlled the port of Naravu. He married the sister of the wife of Nedum Cheral Athan. Selva Kadumko defeated the combined armies of the Pandyas and the Cholas . Father of Perum Cheral Irumporai. Died at Chikkar Palli. Identified with Mantharan Poraiyan Kadumko. Pasum Put-Poraiyan and Perumput-Poraiyan. He is sometimes identified as
7128-549: The Indian Bison, Indian Rock Python, Lion-tailed Macaque, and Nilgiri Tahr. The Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary , a protected area covering 457.78 km , is situated in the northern and north-western parts of the district. It constitutes the southern section of the Agastyamalai region, bordered by Kerala's Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary to the west and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve to the east. Seven rivers including
7260-613: The Indian Ocean coast ( Kerala ) and Kongunadu . They governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap , the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu . However
7392-415: The Kadamba warriors took shelter was stormed. Later the Kadambas (helped by the Yavanas) attacked Kuttuvan by sea, but the Chera ruler destroyed their fleet. Kuttuvan is said to have defeated the Kongu people and a warrior called Mogur Mannan (one of the Chera's allies was Arugai, an enemy of the Mogurs). According to Chilapathikaram , Chenguttuvan led his army to north India to get the sacred stone from
7524-496: The Kavalkinaru Toll and the Vattakkottai pearl storage. From Vaniga Vizhai, there always had bullock cart industry which had 7 units each was specialising in making different parts of the cart. Later some of the units were shifted near Chettikkulam and in the eastern gate of the harbour. This Kanyakumari district location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kanyakumari district Kanyakumari district , officially Kanniyakumari district ,
7656-501: The Kerala or Chera country in the 7th and 8th centuries CE. While the Pallava and Pandya rulers in Tamil Nadu emerged into established kingship by c. 5th - 6th centuries CE, the formation of the monarchical polity in Kerala took place not before c. 9th century CE. The Chera Perumals are known to have ruled what is now Kerala between c. 9th and 12th century CE. Scholars tend to identify Alvar saint Kulasekhara and Nayanar saint Cherman Perumal (literally "the Chera king") with some of
7788-417: The Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai mentioned in the Aranattar-malai inscription of Pugalur ( c. 2nd century CE ). Described as the descendant of Nedum Cheral Athan . The following Cheras are knowns from Purananuru collection (some of the names are re-duplications) . After the 5th century CE, the Chera family's political prestige and influence declined considerably. Comparatively little
7920-410: The Malabar and Kerala parts became autonomous of Karur. The Perumal kingdom derived most of its wealth from maritime trade relations (the spice trade) with the Middle East. The port of Kollam , in the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia. Political units known as "nadus", controlled by powerful hereditary chiefs or by households, occupied central importance in
8052-503: The Manakudy, Thengapattanam Munchirai backwater area, Barringtonia racemosa , Ixora coccinea , and Nauclea missionis thrive. Closer to the shore, Neptunia and Hygrophila grow intermingled with Aeschynomene aspera , Ludwigia , and Ipomoea reptans . More than 100 species, spanning across 90 genera and 46 families including Adenanthera pavonina , Ficus religiosa , Psidium guajava , Ocimum tenuiflorum , Waltheria indica , Dendrobium macrostachyum and Sida acuta were recorded in
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#17327871499608184-408: The Nanjilnadu beckoned many invaded kings including the Nayaks during the reign of Umayamma Rani . The Venad region was in anarchy before Marthanda Varma ascended the throne in 1729 CE. Under their rule anarchy was dominant in Kanniyakumari region. However, Marthanda Varma brought a sense of disorder under control by annexing the nearby territories, putting down the feudal lords and establishing
8316-400: The Pandya political system by 10th/11th century CE. Even after the dissolution of the Perumal kingdom, royal inscriptions and temple grants, especially from outside Kerala proper, continued to refer the country and the people as the "Cheras or Keralas". The rulers of Venad (the Venad Cheras or the "Kulasekharas"), based out of the port of Kollam in south Kerala, claimed their ancestry from
8448-433: The Paraliyar in Kalkulam taluk, along with the Pandyan Kal and related irrigation works, constitute one of the region's ancient irrigation systems. About a kilometre downstream from the Pandyan dam, the river meets the 250-year-old Puthen dam. The river runs through the Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks and covers 37 kilometres before joining the Kodayar near Thiruvattar , forming the western Thamirabarani River . Valliyar
8580-496: The Perumals. Cheranad was also the name of an erstwhile province in the kingdom of Zamorin of Calicut , which had included parts of present-day Tirurangadi and Tirur Taluks of Malappuram district in it. Later it became a Taluk of Malabar District , when Malabar came under the British Raj . The headquarters of Cheranad Taluk was the town of Tirurangadi . Later the Taluk was merged with Eranad Taluk. The term Chera — and its variant form "Keralaputas" — stands for
8712-448: The Sangam epic poem Cilappatikaram . After the end of the early historical period, around the 3rd-5th century CE, there seems to be a period where the Cheras' power declined considerably. Cheras of the Kongu country are known to have controlled eastern Kerala and only a few kilometres of current western Tamil Nadu in the early medieval period. Present-day central Kerala and Kongu Cheras detached around 8th–9th century CE to form
8844-438: The Sangam texts (and the possible hero of the lost first decade of Pathitrupattu ). Uthiyan Cheral was also known as "Vanavaramban" ( Purananuru ) . His headquarters were at Kuzhumur near Kuttanad ( Akananuru ). He is described as the Chera ruler who prepared food ("the Perum Chotru") for Pandavas and the Kauravas at the Kurukshetra War ( Purananuru and Akananuru ). He Married Nallini, daughter of Veliyan Venman, and
8976-401: The Tamil speaking majority people (about 70% of the population), who feels that their feelings were suppressed by the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom which has Malayalam-majority population. The four taluks were made the part of then Madras State under recommendations from the States Reorganisation Commission in 1956. The Madras State was later renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969 and Kanniyakumari, today,
9108-458: The Western Ghats, experiences heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon from June to September. In contrast, the southeastern coast, starting from Kanyakumari , has a semi-arid climate due to the limited impact of the summer monsoon. However, the retreating monsoon from October to December brings more rain, though its effects are somewhat reduced by the proximity of Sri Lanka . Unlike other districts in Tamil Nadu , it receives rainfall both from
9240-437: The annual rainfall is estimated to be 1006 mm. The driest month is February and the greatest amount of precipitation occurs in November. Humidity levels are relatively high, especially during the monsoon seasons, contributing to a humid and warm atmosphere. June has the highest relative humidity, while February has the lowest. November experiences the most rainy days, whereas January has the fewest. Overall, Kanyakumari’s climate
9372-448: The area and the English East India company's army under Col. Leger broke through the fortifications and entered Travancore in 1810. In the year 1949, the area became a part of the reestablished Travancore Cochin state. The people of Agasteeswarem, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, which formed the southern divisions of the former district of Trivandrum , were predominantly Tamil speaking people. The present Kanniyakumari district
9504-548: The area. The Indian pond heron is abundant in paddy fields and ponds. Flamingos including Greater flamingos could be spotted across the Rajakkamangalam and Manakudi estuary throughout the year. The region’s reptiles include crocodiles , tortoises , turtles , lizards , and snakes . There are two species of crocodiles , nine species of chelonians , 33 of lizards , and 74 of snakes . The King Cobra frequents rivers and streams in shola forests. The Viper and
9636-650: The both taluks forms Nanjilnadu are fertile lands with paddyfields, coconut farms and of fishing hamlets, which too were formed a good part of Venad revenue. The ships entering from the Arabian Sea to Kottaru harbour through the Palayaaru had to pay taxes based on the trade commodities. there were a minimum of 200 bullock carts came from Pandiya Elasa Naadu to Kottaru harbour to cross to the Kottaru market and to Vaniga Vizhai yard. At kottar St.Xaviers Church campus had
9768-509: The bow and arrow symbol. An alliance between the Cholas is evident from a joint coin bearing the Chola tiger on the obverse and the Chera bow and arrow on the reverse. Lakshmi-type coins of possible Sri Lankan origin have also been discovered from Karur. The macro analysis of the Mak-kotai coin shows close similarities with the contemporary Roman silver coin. A silver coin with the portrait of
9900-577: The bow and arrow, Roman amphorae and Roman coins. An ancient route, from the harbours in Kerala (such as Muchiri or Thondi) through the Palghat Gap to Karur in interior Tamil Nadu can be traced with the help of archaeological evidence. Historians have yet to precisely locate Muziris, known in Tamil as "Muchiri", a base of the Chera rulers. Archaeological excavations at Pattanam (near Cochin ) suggest
10032-405: The chera supremacy. Perum chera irumporai along with fourteen chieftains attacked kamur but perum chera irumporai was impressed with Kaluvuls resistance in battle field and let him rule kamur and accepted friendship from him. .Some of the velirs under Kaluvul joined the chera after the defeat. Uthiyan Cheral Athan is generally considered as the earliest known ruler of the Chera family from
10164-423: The coast showcases notable projections toward the sea at locations such as Kanniyakumari, Muttam , and Erayanthurai. Additionally, there are a few minor sea ports. The ancient port of Colachel stands as the sole natural port on the west coast of Tamil Nadu while Kanyakumari serves as another minor port, primarily catering to tourists. Another minor port at is situated along the edge of Manakudi Estaury. Kanyakumari
10296-698: The coast. The basement rocks are covered by a sequence of soil types, including red soil , lateritic soil , clay , river alluvium , coastal alluvium, and black and red sandy soils . These soil layers have thicknesses ranging from 1 metre to 1.5 meters in most locations. The underlying geological terrain belongs to the Peninsular Gneiss . The coastal belt around Kanyakumari, Kovalam , and Vattakottai contains recent-age formations, including Calcareous sandstones , limeshells , and Kankary Limestone . Lateral deposits, including sand, zircon , rutile , ilmenite , and garnet , are commonly found along
10428-635: The conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe." The Chera Perumal kingdom had alternating friendly or hostile relations with
10560-466: The district and state, which associate sages such as Agastya , Vyasa , Tolkappiyar , Avvaiyar and Valluvar with the district. The area that comprises the current Kanniyakumari district was a part of the old Ay kingdom of the first and second Sangam ages. Following the decline of the Ay kingdoms, the area became Venad, with its capital Padmanabhapuram located North, North West of Nagercoil. The wealth of
10692-888: The district are lush and virgin and is 75 million years old. The forest of this region comes under Boothapandy Mahendra-giri Reserve forest and is managed by the District Forest Officer with Headquarters at Nagercoil . The jungles host around 600 species of gigantic timber trees and 3,500 other plants, many of which hold significant economic value. Notable timber trees include teak , rosewood (blackwood), Jungle Jack , Malabar ebony , Adina cordifolia , Karumaruthu , and Vengai . Softwood varieties like Bombax ceiba and glossy-leaved jack are also abundant, along with reeds , bamboos , and sandalwood . Plantations of cardamom and tea thrive at higher elevations, while pepper , rubber , ginger , and turmeric flourish in lower areas. Due to various local geological factors,
10824-533: The district is Mahendragiri (1654 meters) in Thovalai taluk , situated on the border between Kanniyakumari and Tirunelveli districts. Kalmalai (900 meters), Moliyadi (700 meters) located at the head of old Kulasekaram reserved forest area and Tadakai malai (960 meters) are some of the notable hills in the district. The mountainous terrain in the northern and eastern portions of the district contains an extensive plateau amidst elevated hilltops. While most of
10956-461: The district. Elephants are abundant in the upper reaches of Asambu and Veerapuli reserves and are occasionally spotted around Kodayar, Perunchani and Balamore areas. Deer are seen throughout the hilly forests, with three species present: The Spotted Deer , Sambur , and the Barking Deer . The Muthukuzhi valley and the entire Asambu region are favoured by Sambur deer. The Gaur
11088-592: The district. These species belong to 251 genera within 110 families. Among them, 12 are categorised as rare, endemic , and threatened . One out of every seven species found in the groves of the region are rare. Notably, Alpinia galanga , Gloriosa superba , Nymphaea pubescens , Hemidesmus indicus , Kaempferia galanga , and Rauvolfia serpentina are endangered while Justicia beddomei , Leea indica , and Petiveria alliacea are considered rare. Furthermore, species such as Indigofera uniflora , Naregamia alata , Ochlandra scriptoria , and Osbeckia aspera are endemic to
11220-543: The district. Ticks of the genus Ixodes are commonly found in grasslands. Among arthropods , insects such as Ranatra , Cybister , Earwigs , Prodasineura , Hydrometra , Cockroaches , leaf insects , Grasshoppers , and Crickets are notable. Kanyakumari District was officially formed on 1 November 1956, as a result of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 , which aimed to reorganise state boundaries based on linguistic lines. The District Collector
11352-605: The earliest Perumals. The exact nature of the relation between the Cheras of Kongu and the Chera Perumals remains obscure. The Later arrived Nambutiris from Northern land asked for a regent of the Chera king from Karur in Coimbatore and were granted lands from Tamil kings hailing from Pundurai . Hence the Tamil kings lost their power to Newly arrived Namboothris who created Zamorin and started to call themselves title 'Punthurakkon' (King from Punthura). After this,
11484-479: The early years of his rule, the Kuttuvan successfully intervened in a succession dispute in the Chola territory and established his relative Nalam Killi on the Chola throne. The rivals of Killi were defeated in the battle of Nerivayil, Uraiyur. The Kadambas are described as the arch enemies of the Chera ruler. Kuttuvan was able to defeat them in the battle of Idumbil, Valayur (Viyalur). The "fort" of Kodukur in which
11616-600: The eastern areas. Several rose varieties flourish in well-tended gardens. Of the Spices , the Kanyakumari clove which accounts for 65% of India's clove production is produced around Maramalai , Karumparai and Velimalai areas above Veerapuli Reserve and Mahendragiri hills of the district. Cardamom , black pepper , ginger , turmeric and other spices too thrive here. Tuberous plants like sweet potato , arrow-root , and tapioca yield edible roots. The hedges in
11748-518: The entire sea coast of Kanyakumari. Kanyakumari district experiences a tropical climate , characterised by warm temperatures throughout the year as per the Köppen climate classification . The district generally has high temperatures year-round, with average highs ranging from 29°C to 33°C (84°F to 91°F) and average lows from 23°C to 26°C (73°F to 79°F). The Summer from March to May is typically hot, with temperatures often exceeding 34°C (93°F). The heat
11880-496: The erstwhile Travancore Kingdom to form the new district of Kanniyakumari, and they were made the part of Madras Presidency under recommendations from the States Reorganisation Commission in 1956. The Presidency was later renamed Tamil Nadu and Kanniyakumari, today, is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state. The district is the birthplace of Ayyavazhi . Many historical assumptions persist in
12012-578: The five lands of Venad. The Nanjilnad was ruled from a palace in Panavilai in the south uphill of the Kottaaru harbour. Parts of Nanjil nadu were intermittently ruled by Pandiyaas, and those lands were purchased by Venad before the declaration of Thivithaamcore Kingdom.It was known as the land of Nanji Kuravan. a regional ruler. The Kavalkinaru was the only gateway for the entire trade between Paandiya kingdom and Chaera Kingdom, and Kavalkinaru toll brought
12144-722: The forested areas, each river basin— Kodayar and Pahrali —encompasses approximately 30 square miles of grasslands. Common grass species in this region include Chrysopogon orientalis , Eulalia phaeothrix , Themeda trimula , and Zenkeria sebastinei . Amidst the grasses and rocky crevices, one can find beautiful orchids and Impatiens flowering alongside ferns. Additionally, other herbaceous plants such as Acrotrema arnottianum , Centratherum rangacharii , Exacum travancoricum , Leucas vestita , Linum mysorense , Hedyotis purpurascens , Heracleum candeolleanum , and Senecio ludens thrive. On dripping rocks, Utricularia purpurea and Utricularia reticulata are commonly observed. The Hills of
12276-1022: The forests in the Kanyakumari division encompass 14 distinct types, based on the Champion and Seth's classification ranging from lush tropical wet evergreen forests to tropical thorn forests, all within a relatively small area. The region hosts a diverse array of plant species, with its natural vegetation encompassing southern thorn forests , dry deciduous forests, moist deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, and evergreen hill sholas interspersed with grassy downs . Dry deciduous forests : These forests, ranging from an altitude of 200 to 600 meters occur in regions like Keeriparai , Mangolamottai (lower Kodayar), Maruthaparai ( Kulasekaram ), Ulakkaruvi , and Kuttiyar. Tree and shrub species include Adina cordifolia , Cochlospermum religiosum , Dillenia pentagyna Hydnocarpus laurifolius , Lannea coromandelica and Terminalia chebula etc. Desmodium triangulare of
12408-423: The grandson of Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai. Arunattarmalai, Velayudhampalayam A short Brahmi inscription, containing the word Chera ("Kadummi Pudha Chera") was found at Edakkal in the Western Ghats. Recent archaeological discoveries increasingly confirm Karur as a political, economic and cultural centre of ancient south India. Excavations at Karur yielded huge quantities of copper coins with Chera symbols such as
12540-485: The grandson of Ko Athan Cheral of the Irumporai clan. Inscribed portrait coins with Brahmi legends give a number of Chera names, with the Chera symbols of the bow and the arrow depicted in the reverse. The anthologies of early Sangham texts are a major source of information about the early Cheras. Cenguttuvan , or the good Chera, is famous for the traditions surrounding Kannaki , the principal female character of
12672-405: The grasses, ephemeral annual herbs and herbaceous perennials emerge during favourable seasons. In the sheltered valleys, extensive paddy cultivation sustains the region. Paddy remains the staple food crop. Tapioca , the second most important food crop, thrives primarily in Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks. Palmyrah and coconut groves dot the plains and coastal regions. The landscape
12804-453: The hills have steep slopes, some exhibit a more gradual spread. While the area is predominantly agricultural, numerous plantations and few handloom industries thrive in this region. The central area of the district, particularly Agastiswaram taluk, consists of vast plains. This includes the plains at Vellimalai , Mylaudy and Derisanamcope . The district features an extensive 68-kilometer coastline. Predominantly regular in its configuration,
12936-873: The interior plains include Cassia siamea , Dichrostachys cinerea , Morinda pubescens , Thespesia populnea , Ficus bengalensis , Mangifera indica , Alstonia scholaris , Pongamia pinnata , and Calophyllum inophyllum . Shrubs and under shrubs like Crotalaria gigantea , Cassia auriculata , Vitex negundo , Crotalaria striata , and Dodonaea viscosa are abundant. Beneath the shade of these shrubs and trees, herbaceous plants such as Rhinacanthus nasutus , Asystasia gangetica and Vernonia cinerea thrive. Climbers like Pterolobium hexapetalum , Lantana camara , Cissus quadrangularis , Aganosma cymosa , Coccinia grandis , Pergularia daemia and Jasminum angustifolium are also frequently encountered in this ecosystem. The coastal areas face unique challenges due to factors like sandy soil, aridity , scanty rainfall, and strong winds. In
13068-474: The kingdom a good revenue. The last chieftain of Kavalkinaru toll was Maathavadiyaan Thirupappur, whose family was staying in Vethakarakudieruppu. The Vattakkottai was the storeyard of pearls and the fort was often taken over by Pandiyas and even europeans. With all that insurgence, vattakkottai was managed by Venad and it was another important source of tax revenue to Government. Neeless to say
13200-433: The leadership of Marshal Nesamony took place for including Kanniyakumari within Tamil Nadu . Eventually the merger happened in 1956 based on language reorganisation of states . Historically, Nanjilnadu (Agastheeswaram and Thovalai taluks) and Eda Nadu (Vilavancode and Kalkulam taluks) which comprises the present Kanniyakumari district. The district were ruled by various dynasties: Venad Kingdom , Travancore Kingdom ,
13332-600: The low country and jungles. Jackals and foxes are also common. The South Indian Hedgehog is found throughout the district. Bats are very common, with four different species present. Among squirrels , the Palm Squirrel is most commonly found in the countryside, while the Malabar Squirrel inhabits the jungles. The Indian Porcupine is found throughout the forests. Rats , mice , and hares are very common, with Black rat and Mus booduga found across
13464-532: The major parts of the Kanyakumari district, occurred later—approximately 25 million years ago—during the early Miocene era . Subsequent transgressions and regressions of the sea led to the formation of various sedimentary layers. Over time, the sea receded, resulting in uplifted land masses. Evidence of this uplift includes deeply entrenched streams, waterfalls, high hanging valleys, alluvial flats, and marine sediment patches at higher elevations. Notably, shelly limestone formations in Kanyakumari further support
13596-683: The most important sources for the Cheras are the Pathitrupattu , the Akananuru , and the Purananuru . The Pathitrupattu , the fourth book in the Ettuthokai anthology, mentions a number of rulers and heirs-apparent of the Chera family. Each ruler is praised in ten songs sung by a court poet. However, the book is not worked into connected history and settled chronology so far. A method known as Gajabahu-Chenguttuvan synchronism ,
13728-463: The mountains of the Western Ghats bordering the northern side. Geologically, the landmass of the district is much younger when compared to the rest of state – faulted as late as 2.5 million years during the Miocene , after which numerous transgression , as well as regression of sea, had shaped the western coast of the district. The district can be categorised into three natural divisions: Within
13860-503: The northern mountainous range of the district lies the scenic sanitarium of Muthukuzhivayal . South of Peermedu , this range stands out due to its significant breadth. The rugged landscape boasts bluff ridges and conical peaks, forming a continuation of the Western Ghats that stretches all the way to the Aralvaimozhi Pass. Notably, the perfectly detached Kattadimalai stands out as a prominent rocky mass. Continuing southward,
13992-497: The people or the land]. Archaeologists have found epigraphic and numismatic evidence of the Early Cheras. Two almost identical inscriptions discovered from Pugalur (near Karur ) dated to c. 1st - 2nd century CE, describe three generations of Chera rulers of the Irumporai lineage. They record the construction of a rock shelter for Jains on the occasion of the investiture of Ilam Kadungo, son of Perum Kadungo , and
14124-781: The plains. Among game birds , the Jungle fowl is common around the Asambu forests in the Azhagiapandiapuram range. Francolinus is often seen in thorny scrubby areas . Two main varieties of owls are the Spotted owlet and the Barn owl , which occasionally stray into the countryside and perch on house tops. Other varieties include the Brown fish owl and the Indian great horned owl . Two important species of kites in this district are
14256-449: The present day northern-central Kerala and Kongu region western Tamil Nadu. The rest of Kerala was under Ay dynasty (southern tip of Kerala) and Mushika dynasty (northern tip of Kerala).The political structure of the chiefdom was based on communal holding of resources and kinship-based production. The authority was determined by "the range of redistributive social relationships sustained through predatory accumulation of resources". There
14388-610: The present-day Kanniyakumari district, were ruled by various Tamil and Malayalam dynasties: the Cheras , the Ay / Venad / Travancore dynasty, the Pandyans , the Chozhans and the Nayaks . A few artefacts have been unearthed by archaeological excavations. It was part of the princely state of Travancore during the colonial times prior to India's independence ; four of the eight tehsils of Thiruvananthapuram district were separated from
14520-487: The region consist of a variety of thorny or succulent shrubs. Among them are the Screw-pine , Prickly-pear , Pineapple , Agave , and Euphorbia . Additional hedge plants include Jatropha , Pithecolobium , Casuarina , Sesbania , Erythrina , Pongu , and Lantana . Climbers , most of which have leafy growth, overgrow these hedges. Other than the xerophytic vegetation, the district also hosts hydrophytic flora. In
14652-544: The region features two main rock groups: the Khondalites , and Charnockites while a third group, Migmatites is also found. The Khondalites, composed of garnetiferous Sillimanite - Graphite Gneisses and Garnet - Biotite gneisses , dominate a significant portion of the district. The Charnockites are exposed in areas between Padmanabhapuram , Aralvaimozhi , Kulasekaram , Thuckalay , and Rajakkamangalam . The distinctive occurrence of feldspathic granites across
14784-439: The region harbour a unique xerophytic flora, adapted to arid conditions. At higher elevations, large grasses like Andropogon , Panicum , lemon grass , and fodder grass thrive, creating a verdant carpet. Closer to the base, shrubby forms—such as species of Phoenix , Cycas , and Inthai—find their niche. Abundant bamboo clumps (including Ochlandra ) and dense cane growths (both bamboo family members) abound. Sheltered beneath
14916-480: The river include Boothapandi , Thalakudi , Vadasseri, Nagercoil , and Suchindram . Kodayar originates east of Valia Malai peak within the southern part of the Muthukuzhivayal plateau and flows southwest through a wild tract. Two streams—one from Motavan Pothai and the other from Thacchamala hills—contribute to this river. The Pechiparai Dam intercepts the Kodayar, creating the Pachipparai lake. With
15048-544: The ruling lineage and the country associated with them. The etymology of "Chera" is still a matter of considerable speculation among historians. One approach proposes that the word is derived from Cheral , a corruption of Charal meaning "declivity of a mountain" in Tamil , suggesting a connection with the mountainous geography of Kerala . Another theory argues that the "Cheralam" is derived from "cher" (sand) and "alam" (region), literally meaning, "the slushy land". Apart from
15180-649: The sacred groves along the south-west coast of the district. The vegetation in the cape area is typically xerophytic . Acacia planifrons groves characterise this region. Within the Acacia woods, cacti , agave , and aloe grow, accompanied by a ground cover of typical xerophytic herbs, including various grasses. Moving to the inland sandy areas, these regions are characterised by xerophytic plants such as Euphorbia tirucalli , Jatropha curcas , Jatropha gossypiifolia , Cleome aspera , Chorispora tenella , Aerva lanata , Phyla nodiflora , and Zornia diphylla . The district
15312-609: The sacred groves of the district. Around 60 species of medicinal plants thrive in the district. These include the medicinal weeds such as Abrus precatorius , Abutilon indicum , Acalypha indica , Achyranthes aspera , Acorus calamus , Aloe vera , Alternanthera sessilis , etc., and those found around the sacred groves include Atalantia monophylla , Atalantia racemosa , Mesua ferrea , Commelina benghalensis , and Sterculia urens . Showy or scented flowers—such as Kolunthu , Chempakam , henna , Ceylon Jasmine Nanthiarvattam , Asokam , and more—adorn gardens and natural spaces of
15444-408: The seas, along with flatfish , Prawns , Shrimp , and Crabs . Rock oysters form dense colonies at Kovalam , and a small octopus species is found under rocks at Cape Comorin. The sacred chank is found in large quantities here. At Cape Comorin, two species of top shells Trochus radiatus and Trochus costatus are abundant. Various poisonous insects, including Scorpions and Spiders , are found in
15576-545: The southern region of the present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and southern Alappuzha ) was under Ay dynasty , who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai . The early historic pre-Pallava polities are often described as a "kinship-based redistributive economies" largely shaped by "pastoral-cum-agrarian subsistence" and "predatory politics". Old Tamil Brahmi cave label inscriptions, describe Ilam Kadungo, son of Perum Kadungo , and
15708-525: The speculations mentioned, a number of other theories do appear in historical studies. In ancient non-Tamil sources, the Cheras are referred to by various names. The Cheras are referred as Kedalaputo (Sanskrit: "Kerala Putra") in the Emperor Ashoka 's Pali edicts (3rd century BCE). While Pliny the Elder and Claudius Ptolemy refer to the Cheras as Kaelobotros and Kerobottros respectively,
15840-587: The strong state of Travancore . He had also bought some portions of Kanniyakumari from the then viceroy making it the southern boundary. Under his rule, the district improved in a social context as well as economically. The famous battle of Colachel took place in the district. Later, the Maharajas of Travancore built the forts at Aramboly (Aralvaimozhy) to prevent any invasion from the Carnatic Kings. Key elements of Velu Thampi Dalawa's revolt occurred in
15972-469: The structuring of the Chera Perumal state. The rulers of the nadus usually acted with the help of a Tamil military retinue. The prominent nadus continued to exist even after the end of the Chera rule during the beginning of the 12th century. Nambudiri-Brahmin settlements of agriculturally rich areas (fertile wet land) were another major source of support to the kingdom. "A naval campaign led to
16104-654: The theory of land uplift in this area. The uplift likely occurred in stages, rejuvenating older streams. The wind gap at Mekkode resulted from river piracy, where the Paraliyar was captured by the Kodayar , possibly during the Tertiary period . The straight west coastline, uninterrupted by breaks, suggests faulting during the Pliocene epoch . Similarly, changes in the Kodayar river's course—from northward to northeast to southwest indicate faulting along its path. Geologically,
16236-591: The three major rulers – the Pandya , the Chera and the Chola – based originally in Madurai in Tamil Nadu, Vanchi , present day Karur , in Tamilnadu and Uraiyur ( Tiruchirappalli ) in Tamil Nadu, respectively. They had established outlets on the Indian Ocean namely Korkai , Muchiri (Muziris), and Kaveripattinam respectively. Territory of the Chera chiefdom of the early historical period (pre-Pallava ) consisted of
16368-436: The total land area of 168,356.216 hectares, approximately 48,423 hectares are covered by forests. Reserved forests account for 44,799 hectares, while 3,605 hectares are unclassed forests. Additionally, there are 19 hectares of reserved lands. Most of the forests in the district are situated on slopes of hills and plateaus, benefiting from high rainfall and serving as catchment areas for numerous streams and rivers. The forests in
16500-697: The total tax revenue of Nanjil Nadu. In the southern uphill of Kottaru harbour was stationed an army, and the place was called as Pattaazha Vizhai. The army was supported by 12 Aasaans who managed the Panchavankaattu Chaalai(The University of 64 Arts). The army in Pattazha Vizhai was providing security to the Vaniga Vizhai Yard, Kalasamirakki Kudieruppu treasury, the Kottaru Harbour & Market,
16632-581: The western Tambraparani near Thikkurichi. The district features diverse topography with its northern and western regions consist of hilly terrain and forests, while the southeastern and central parts are characterised by agricultural lands. Along the southern border lies an extensive sea-shore interspersed by valleys and plains. The coastal uplands of the district are characterised by rocky outcrops and rugged coastlines, with notable Teri sand dune complexes. The coastlines of Kanyakumari , Theerthakkarai , Muttom , and Kadiyapattanam are especially rocky. In Muttom,
16764-498: Was a Sangam age Tamil dynasty which unified various regions of the western coast and western ghats in southern India to form the early Chera empire. The dynasty, known as one of the Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam alongside the Chola and Pandya , has been documented as early as the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE. Their governance extended over diverse territories until the 12th century CE. The Chera country
16896-456: Was geographically well placed to profit from maritime trade via the extensive Indian Ocean networks . Exchange of spices, especially black pepper , with Middle Eastern and Graeco-Roman merchants are attested in several sources. The Cheras of the early historical period (c. second century BCE – c. third century CE ) are known to have had their original centre at Kuttanad in Kerala, and harbours at Muchiri (Muziris) and Thondi (Tyndis) on
17028-484: Was historically part of the erstwhile Travancore State. Four Tamil-speaking taluks viz., Vilavancode, Kalkulam, Thovala and Agastheeswaram which now form the Kanniyakumari district was transferred to Madras State on 1 November 1956. The changes that were effected between the taluks and the villages as on 1 October 1956 are furnished in the fly-leaf to Table A-I. An extreme agitation by Tamil speaking residents under
17160-400: Was located on the mouth river Periyar. Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan is often identified with the legendary "Chenguttuvan Chera", the most illustrious ruler of the Early Cheras. Under his reign, the Chera territory extended from Kollimalai (near Karur Vanchi) in the east to Thondi and Mantai (Kerala) on the western coast. The wife of Chenguttuvan was Illango Venmal (the daughter of a Velir chief). In
17292-407: Was more than one branch of the Chera family ruling at the same time and contenting for leadership (one in central Kerala and the other one in western Tamil Nadu). The Cheras are referred to as Kedalaputo (Sanskrit: "Kerala Putra") in the Emperor Ashoka 's Pali edicts (3rd century BCE, Rock Edicts II and XII). The earliest Graeco-Roman accounts referring to the Cheras are by Pliny the Elder in
17424-589: Was the father of Imayavaramban Nedum Cheralathan ( Pathitrupattu (II) ). Uthiyan Cheral Athan is probably identical with the Perum Cheral Athan who fought against the Chola Karikala at the battle of Venni. In the battle of Venni, the Chera was wounded on the back by the Chola ruler Karikala . Unable to bear the disgrace, the Chera committed suicide by slow starvation. As the name Pathitrupattu indicates, they were ten texts, each consisting
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