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100-415: Commissariats were created as central organs of state administration when Soviet power was established in the republics in the territory of the former Russian Empire. The number of People's Commissariats changed in accordance with the requirements of the current moment; overall it increased due to the separation of existing ones and the formation of new ones. The first People's Commissariats were created by

200-483: A "free" socialist one with mutual trust, peace and international cooperation and solidarity. The former sought to destroy the latter, but because of the common good that the latter is based on, the former has failed . The declaration goes on and lists three factors as to why this Union is a necessary step. First of all, the aftermath of the Civil War left many of the republics' economies destroyed, and rebuilding in

300-646: A decree where the former Bukharan, Khivan People's Republics as well as the RSFSR's Turkestan were re-organized as the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR , both of whom became full Union Republics on 13 May 1925. The borders of the new republics matched to an extent the ethno-social, linguistic, and tribal groups inhabiting the regions in question, and Uzbekistan initially also contained a newly formed Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which would be elevated to

400-652: A different agenda . Lenin himself saw the creation of national republics as a permanent feature in line with his korenizatsiya policies. In spring of 1922, Lenin suffered his first stroke, and Stalin, still being a People's Commissar for Nationalities , gained a new official chair as the General Secretary of the Communist Party . Stalin argued that, because the Russian Civil War had now concluded and war communism had been replaced by

500-741: A full Union Republic on October 16, 1929, to become the Tajik SSR . Meanwhile, in 1924 the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast was carved out of the northeastern part of the former Turkestan, to be upgraded to the level of Autonomous SSR (within the RSFSR) and eventually made a union-level republic in the form of the Kirghiz SSR in 1936, along with the " Kirghiz Autonomous SSR " which became the Kazakh SSR . In January 1924,

600-519: A future fifth column . At the same time, it created a new centralised federal government in which key functions would clearly be in the hands of Moscow. The original document included a cover sheet, the declaration, the treaty (containing the preface and 26 articles) and the signatures of the delegations that signed it. In the cover sheet, the title Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was typed in Russian , French , English and German , as well as

700-586: A minority to undermine the standing army (such as the establishment Tatar and Bashkir autonomies) and, where there was no national minority, a government based on geographical locale – Far Eastern Republic , Turkestan . However, the Red Army 's ultimate failure in the Polish–Soviet War placed the Bolshevik world revolution plans on hold. Simultaneously, the growing figure of Joseph Stalin pursued

800-590: A mob of law over the overthrown ministers, demanding "pin them". At 2:10 am, the ministers of the Provisional Government arrested by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko were taken to the Peter and Paul Fortress. On the way, in the area of Trinity Bridge , the crowd that surrounded the ministers demanded "to cut off their heads and throw them into the Neva". The first meeting was divided into two parts: – until

900-660: A number of moderate socialist parties (Mensheviks, Right Socialist Revolutionaries, delegates of Bund) left the Congress in protest at the Bolsheviks uprising and boycotted it. They went to the City Council of Petrograd and formed the " Committee for Salvation of Motherland and Revolution " (it operated until November 10). In turn, Trotsky at the first session of the Second Congress declared that "the uprising of

1000-761: A result of Soviet annexations of other countries. The first was the Karelo-Finnish SSR , ceded by Finland to the USSR after the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939, which on 31 March 1940 was elevated to a union republic from the Karelian ASSR , previously part of the Russian SFSR. After the invasion and annexation of the Baltic states in 1940, Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia were transformed into

1100-545: A revolution". The Second Congress of Soviets, acting on Lenin's proposal, enacted Decree no.1 officially creating the Council of People's Commissars, which, due to the refusal of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries , included only Bolsheviks. Lenin was announced as its founding chairman. Trotsky became people's commissar for foreign affairs, and Stalin became commissar of minorities affairs. Due to

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1200-519: A single state that would guarantee prosperity, security and development. Finally the declaration then specifies that the resultant Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is one that is created on free will of the peoples, that its purpose follows the ideals of the October Revolution , that each and every socialist republic has the right to join and leave the Union at its own will, and hinting at

1300-573: A truce", "immediately begin negotiations on a just democratic peace" without any annexations and indemnities. The Congress adopted the Land Decree (at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of November 8), which contains the following provisions: According to Trotsky's memoirs, it was he who coined the term "people's commissar"; later this authorship was attributed to Antonov-Ovseenko. At a meeting of the Bolshevik Central Committee on

1400-531: Is impossible to liquidate a legal entity by terminating the agreement on its establishment or to liquidate an entire state by simply denouncing the treaty establishing it. At the same time, the treaty was not, in the proper sense, an agreement on the creation of a state, but was only a part of the future Constitution [1924], and, finally, the Treaty on the formation of the USSR in 1922 was originally conceived as part of this constitution being developed, and therefore, it

1500-477: Is taken by Dmitry Lukashevich, candidate of legal sciences, who considers the Union Treaty of 1922 to be a constituent act of domestic legal nature. He makes the following arguments: "The treaty on the formation of the USSR in 1922 was not an international legal, but a constituent act of a domestic nature. The function of this treaty is only to establish the state, and not to legitimize its existence. Just as it

1600-556: Is vested in the collegium of the chairmen of these commissions, that is, the Council of People's Commissars. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets and its executive body, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , had the right to control the activities of the People's Commissars and to remove them. By the same decree the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was formed, including

1700-730: The Lithuanian SSR (July 13), Latvian SSR (July 21) and Estonian SSR (also July 21) and were formally adjoined to the Soviet Union on 3, 5 and 6 August respectively. The final republic was the Moldavian SSR , which merged the large territory of Bessarabia (annexed from Romania) with the Moldavian ASSR , previously part of the Ukrainian SSR. After World War II, no new republics were established. Instead,

1800-507: The New Economic Policy , it was necessary to reorganise the Bolshevik state into a single sovereign entity, so that its legal de jure framework would match its de facto condition. That process would require the liquidation of the many splinter Soviet governments and the restoration of supreme rule to Moscow. In January 1922, Georgy Chicherin , the then People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs , sent an official inquiry to

1900-509: The People's Commissariat of Food Industry USSR . In 1946, the People's Commissariats of all levels were transformed into ministries of the same name. Second All-Russian Congress of Workers%27 and Soldiers%27 Deputies%27 Soviets The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was held on November 7–9, 1917, in Smolny , Petrograd . It was convened under

2000-687: The Provisional Government , after long delays, finally called elections to the Constituent Assembly for November 12, and its first meeting – for November 28. The situation at the front during this period also deteriorated greatly: on October 16, an order was issued for the evacuation of Revel , on October 21, the Germans captured the Moonsund Islands , threatening Petrograd directly. The General Rehearsal of

2100-598: The Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union , which provided for the formation of the government of the union state. It was called the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union ; it included the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, his deputies, the leaders of the People's Commissariats of the Soviet Union. The Treaty (Article 11) provides the following list of People's Commissariats of

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2200-529: The armed uprising that began in Petrograd ; the opening session was attended by many delegates from the socialist parties coming from all over Russia, from a variety of sectors of society. On the eve of the October Revolution there were 1429 Soviets of workers, soldiers and peasants' deputies. At the congress, a total of 402 Soviets of Russia, out of all the 1,429 mentioned, were represented in

2300-757: The upper house of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (the lower house , the Soviet of the Union , was without a quorum ). The treaty's text was prepared by a commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (at that time the Russian Communist Party, the Bolsheviks). The treaty was a result of many internal political conflicts within the Bolshevik Party and governments inside

2400-467: The "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the 2nd Congress of Soviets on November 9, 1917. The decree was established: The management of certain branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, whose composition should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the Congress, in close union with the mass organizations of workers, women workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and employees. Government power

2500-575: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee agreed to convene a Congress, having achieved only its postponement from October 20 to October 25. Preparation of the Congress was the reason for the differences between Lenin and Trotsky. While Lenin demanded to start an armed uprising, not waiting for the Congress, Trotsky managed to convince the majority of the Central Committee to postpone the uprising until

2600-771: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars , issued a number of key decrees ( Decree on Peace , Decree on Land , Decree on the Total Power of the Soviets, decree abolishing the death penalty at the front, etc.). Treaty on the Creation of the USSR The Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( Russian : Декларация и договор об образовании Союза Советских Социалистических Республик ) officially created

2700-476: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, choosing instead the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and form a provisional workers' and peasant government – the Council of People's Commissars . The congress adopted (around 10:30 pm on November 8) the Peace Decree, which contains an appeal to all the warring peoples and their respective national governments to "immediately conclude

2800-623: The All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Councils. However, no list of People's Commissariats was provided in the Constitution. Since the formation of the Soviet Union, the Union republics delegated part of their sovereign powers to the newly formed state, only a part of governance issues remained in their jurisdiction. The Treaty on the Creation of the Soviet Union (Article 18) defines

2900-670: The All-Union). Although the republics' parties remained, Russia's party retained its primus inter pares position but also officially took over as a supreme authority in the USSR. One area in which the Soviet division of power was not resolved during the treaty's signing was Soviet Central Asia , which contained several problems. A major battleground during the Russian Civil War , the region would remain unstable after it. Turkestan had come under Russian control fairly recently, between 1867 and 1885. Moreover, unlike other ethnic borders of

3000-585: The Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition won about two thirds of the votes there. According to other sources, 739 deputies arrived at the congress, including 338 Bolsheviks, 211 right and left Socialist Revolutionaries and 69 Mensheviks. At the time of the opening of the congress, the Bolsheviks already controlled the whole of Petrograd, but the Winter Palace was not yet taken. At around 6:30pm, an ultimatum

3100-407: The Bolsheviks accused them of numerous frauds in the selection of congress delegates. On November 7, the old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also condemned the Bolsheviks, stating that The Central Executive Committee considers the Second Congress failed and regards it as a private meeting of the Bolshevik delegates. The decisions of this congress, as illegal, are declared by

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3200-862: The Central Council of the National Economy, of which the first six are non-united (autonomous), and the last five are combined with the corresponding People's Commissariats of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, implementing the directives of the last, submitting to the Central Executive Committee, its Presidium and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Constitution of

3300-466: The Central Executive Committee as optional for local Soviets and all army committees. The Central Executive Committee calls on the Soviets and army organizations to rally around him to defend the revolution. The Central Executive Committee will convene a new congress of Soviets as soon as the conditions are created for its proper convocation. The Central Committee of the Menshevik Party condemned

3400-637: The Congress: According to the bureau of all factions, by the opening of the congress 649 delegates were present of which: 390 were Bolsheviks , 160 Social Revolutionaries , 72 Mensheviks , 14 United Internationalists , 6 Mensheviks-Internationalists, and 7 Ukrainian socialists. By the end of the congress, after the departure of the right-wing socialists and with the arrival of the new delegates, there were 625 delegates, of which 390 were Bolsheviks, 179 left-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, 35 United Internationalists and 21 Ukrainian socialists. Thus,

3500-626: The Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1918 provided for the opportunity for "regions differing in special life and national composition" to create autonomous regions with the formation of their regional Congresses of Soviets and their executive bodies, that is, the Councils of People's Commissars. Thus, in the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic , formed in 1926 as part of

3600-527: The Declaration on the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Statement about Principles of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Some experts argue that the original Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, ceased to exist as such, upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on 5 December 1936, which greatly altered the internal arrangement and reorganised

3700-616: The Karello-Finnish SSR was downgraded into an autonomous republic and re-admitted into the Russian SFSR on July 16, 1956. On December 8, 1991, the leaders of the Ukrainian and Byelorussian SSRs, and the Russian SFSR met to agree on the annulment of the 1922 treaty . On 26 December, the Soviet of the Republics , the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union , ratified a relevant resolution, effectively voting

3800-662: The Mensheviks and Right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries did, but noted that "the peasantry is not the Bolsheviks, but the peasantry is the infantry of the revolution, without which the revolution must die". According to the Decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" approved by the Congress, the Council of People's Commissars was formed before the Constituent Assembly was convened, and

3900-593: The October Revolution), it needed an excuse to cross them. One such method was a creation of an alternative government, a Soviet Republic , which would then take over authority as the Red Army ousted the existing government. That was the case with Ukraine , Georgia , Armenia and Azerbaijan and failed campaigns such as in the Baltic States and Poland . Alternatively, it would use the presence of

4000-464: The October uprising, calling it "the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks by military conspiracy against the will of democracy and the usurpation of the rights of the people". Menshevik Martov ascertains the ambiguity of the situation in which his party finds itself: on the one hand, "the power created by armed soldiers' uprising, the power of one party cannot be recognized as a country and democracy", on

4100-543: The Petrograd City Council against the new government. The Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was the second most important event after the armed uprising, the event of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia. The congress actually solved the tasks facing the Constituent Assembly in the matter of choosing the form of power in the country. The congress formed the new composition of

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4200-478: The Petrograd Soviet, it happened more than once that the Council checked or corrected the decisions of the government. It seemed to be part of the constitution of the regime that went down in history under the name Kerenshchyna. Having come to power in the Petrograd Soviet, we Bolsheviks only continued and deepened the methods of dual power. We took over the verification of the order for the withdrawal of

4300-431: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, in 1929 the Constitution was adopted, which reads: People's Commissariats are established in the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to directly manage individual branches of government: 1) Internal Affairs, 2) Justice, 3) Education, 4) Health, 5) Social Security, 6) Agriculture, 7) Finance, 8) Labor , 9) Workers' and Dekhkan (Peasant) Inspections, 10) Trade, and 11)

4400-460: The Second Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union , that was called in accordance to the treaty ratified the first 1924 Soviet Constitution . The constitution's text is essentially the rewritten and expanded treaty. It even contains the same declaration. The treaty had 26 articles, but the constitution had eleven chapters and 72 articles. In Ukraine the treaty was approved by the Seventh All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets in December 1922 by adopting

4500-423: The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in September was made by the First Congress, but the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sabotaged its meeting, not wanting to yield power to the strengthened Bolsheviks. At the end of September, the executive committee of the Bolshevik Petrograd Soviet sent to 69 local Soviets and army soldiers' committees a request their attitude towards

4600-440: The Second Congress for the Bolsheviks was the First Congress of the Soviets of the Northern Region organized by them in October, the lion's share of whose delegates were representatives of Petrograd and the Baltic Fleet, which were significantly Bolshevik by that time. As Richard Pipes claimed, this Congress was convened with a number of violations by the unrecognized Regional Committee of the Army, Navy and Workers of Finland. Among

4700-674: The Soviet Union ( TsIK ), while the Council of People's Commissars composed the executive . The Treaty, along with the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR was approved on 30 December 1922 by a conference of delegations from the Russian SFSR , the Transcaucasian SFSR , the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR . The Treaty and the Declaration were confirmed by the First All-Union Congress of Soviets and signed by heads of delegations  – Mikhail Kalinin , Mikhail Tskhakaya , and Grigory Petrovsky , Alexander Chervyakov respectively on December 30, 1922. The treaty provided flexibility to admit new members. Therefore, by 1940

4800-406: The Soviet Union from a confederation into a more centralized federal country. Instead of the Congress of Soviets , the new constitution created a permanent parliament, the Supreme Soviet . It also tied together most of the authorities and most significantly affirmed the role of the Communist Party as the "driving force" behind the Soviet Union's working masses. With regard to the original Treaty,

4900-460: The Soviet Union grew from the founding four (or six, depending on whether 1922 or 1940 definitions are applied) republics to 15 republics . On 8 December 1991, Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian presidents signed the Belovezha Accords . The agreement declared the dissolution of the USSR by its remaining founder states (denunciation of the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR) and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). On 10 December,

5000-411: The Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the Soviet of the Union , had been unable to work since 12 December, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum ). The Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov, who signed the decree on the denunciation of the Union Treaty, subsequently stated that the treaty ceased to exist as a state legal document with

5100-466: The Soviet Union: As the national economy developed and strengthened, the number of People's Commissariats at all levels increased. So, in 1932, the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the Soviet Union was transformed into three people's commissariat: Further, from 1936 to 1939, the number of People's Commissariats increased to 24. For example, in 1939, the People's Commissariats of Fish Industry and Meat and Dairy Industry were divided off from

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5200-400: The Soviet foreign policy of socialist irredentism (see World revolution ), finishes stating that the treaty ...will serve a decisive step on the path of unification of all workers into a "World Socialist Soviet Republic". Following the declaration, is the treaty itself consisting of a preface and 26 articles. Initially, the treaty did little to alter the major political spectrum. Most of

5300-465: The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , adopted in 1919, in article 14 established: Heading individual branches of the country's management is assigned to special departments of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets – the People's Commissariats headed by the Heads elected by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee of the Councils. The number, subjects of department departments and their internal organization are established by

5400-403: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union . It de jure legalised a political union of several Soviet republics that had existed since 1919 and created a new federal government whose key functions were centralised in Moscow . Its legislative branch consisted of the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union and the Central Executive Committee of

5500-444: The Union. Initially, Vladimir Lenin did not see that Russia's October Revolution would end all foreign borders as such. That view was supported by Leon Trotsky and his followers, who believed that Russia was only a first step in a future world revolution . However, as the Red Army approached the edges of the former Russian Empire and its borders (including the newly created borders of areas that had declared independence after

5600-413: The accord was ratified by the Ukrainian and Belarusian parliaments . On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Russian Parliament , therefore the Russian SFSR renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and de facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR. On 26 December 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union ,

5700-468: The actual words Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics also in those four languages. It contained the original state emblem of the Soviet Union . The declaration was written as a reflection on contemporary international relations and why the treaty was necessary. According to the narrative, there are now two distinct camps, an "exploiting" capitalist with colonialism , chauvinism and social and ethnic inequalities and

5800-401: The adoption of the Constitution re-organised the make-up of the Union moving from seven to eleven SSRs. On December 5, 1936, the Transcaucasian SFSR was broken into Armenian , Georgian and Azerbaijani SSRs. The same day, two of RSFSR's autonomies, the Kazak and the Kirghiz ASSRs , were re-organised as full republics. In a prelude to World War II , several new republics were created as

5900-409: The adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR in 1924. There is no consensus among Russian lawyers about the effect of the Union Treaty of 1922 at the time of the Soviet Union's break-up. Doctor of Law Petr Kremnev believes that the treaty had an international legal character and was in effect from the moment of its adoption until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. A diametrically opposite position

6000-414: The arrested socialist ministers of the Provisional Government were released on parole. Some of those released soon engaged in anti-Bolshevik activities. Thus, the Minister of Food Sergei Prokopovich was released November 6, but immediately joined the anti-Bolshevik Committee for Salvation of Motherland and Revolution and became one of the main organizers of the protest demonstration of the rebel members of

6100-439: The aspirations of large minorities (the named examples of Georgia and Ukraine) and also to allow for potential expansion, as well. Byelorussia was the smallest republic, but its official languages included Polish and Yiddish in addition to Russian and Belarusian to undermine the authority of the neighbouring Second Polish Republic and to use its sizeable Jewish minority, as well as the Belarusians and Ukrainians in Poland as

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6200-407: The authorities of the Russian SFSR about the possibility of representing the legal interests of other republics. Stalin took the position that the Russian SFSR should represent the other republics in the field of foreign policy (including at the Genoa conference in 1922), although there was no legal act that would grant it such powers. The first talks between the authorities of individual republics on

6300-412: The beginning of its convocation. According to Richard Pipes, this strategy turned out to be "more realistic": the establishment of Bolshevik power was "disguised" as the seizure of power by non-partisan Soviets. According to the description of Trotsky himself, ...We call this rebellion "legal" – in the sense that it grew out of the "normal" conditions of diarchy. And under the rule of the Compromisers in

6400-429: The chairman. On November 9, the Congress issued an appeal to the local Soviets with a call to "rally around the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee", the powers of the commissars of the former (Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik) composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the armed forces (Army and Navy) and on the ground were thus dissolved, with full responsibllity falling under

6500-409: The congress approved the appeal "To the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants of Russia" officially declaring the official overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of all powers of state to the Congress at large, stating that from this day onward, "all power will now belong to the Soviets of workers, peasants and soldiers' deputies" within the territories of the Russian Republic. Ironically, it

6600-399: The congress was held from 21:00 of November 8 (OS:October 26) to 5:15 of November 9 (OS:October 27), 1917. At the second session of the Congress, Lenin, met with stormy applause, after informing the congress of the formation of a new government of the Soviets, read to the congress decrees on Peace and on Land . Further, Lenin proposed that the Congress should dissolve the old composition of

6700-459: The convocation of the Second Congress. This idea was met with hostility by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks . Of the 69 organs requested, only 8 responded positively. The reaction of the Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik army committees, which recognized the convocation of the Congress "untimely", was particularly harsh. The Bolshevization of the Soviets took place against the background of an aggravated political and military situation:

6800-411: The delegates were even representatives of the Moscow province, not included in the Northern region. The Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries sharply prevailed in the Congress. Following its results, the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary Northern Regional Committee was elected, starting from October 16, began work on the convocation of the Second Congress. All this activity of the Bolsheviks

6900-415: The drafting of the treaty began in August 1922. The line went directly in conflict with both proponents of korenizatsiya and some of the local governments, most notably in Ukraine (where it was opposed by Christian Rakovsky ) and Georgia (where the dispute gave rise to the Georgian Affair ). Thus, the treaty can be viewed as a compromise between the different groups within the Bolshevik camp to satisfy

7000-405: The election of the presidium of the Congress – consists of protest speeches of moderate socialist parties against the uprising of the Bolsheviks; – after the election of the Presidium of the Congress from the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries and the departure of the representatives of the Mensheviks, the Right Socialist Revolutionaries and the representatives of Bund from the Congress,

7100-421: The former Russian Empire , which were delimited during the Tsarist days (for example, Transcaucasia lost its feudal administration by the mid-19th century), the Soviet authorities inherited two provinces that were de jure never part of Russia proper, the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva . During the Russian Civil War, they shared the fate of the other republics, but even there, their special status

7200-528: The garrison. By this we covered up the actual uprising of the Petrograd garrison with the traditions and methods of the legal dual power. ...If the Compromisers caught us on the Soviet legality through the Pre-Parliament , which came out of the Soviets, then we caught them on the same Soviet legality – through the Second Congress of the Soviets... In order for... the maneuver to be victorious, it

7300-535: The governing positions of the RSFSR's supreme organs were automatically transferred to those of the USSR. For example, Lenin's position as chairman of RSFSR's Council of People's Commissars (SNK), which he held since the Revolution, would now to be transformed as the Chairman of the Union's SNK. However, as Lenin remained ill from the stroke, both of his chairs would be occupied by Alexei Rykov as acting head of

7400-668: The government accountable to the Congress of Soviets and its permanent body in between its sessions, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It would be a provisional government that would rule until the Constituent Assembly can meet. Among the 101 members of the new Central Executive Committee (often referred to as the All-Russian Central Executive Committee) there were 62 Bolsheviks and 29 left-wing Social Revolutionaries, 6 United Social Democrats Internationalists, 3 Ukrainian socialists and 1 Social Revolutionary Maximalist. Lev Kamenev thus became

7500-679: The government. Joseph Stalin 's position as General Secretary of the Communist Party was also unchanged. However, the party's position was. Prior to the treaty, the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (RKP(b)) had its own bureaus to oversee activities in distant regions such as the Turkestani Bureau, the Transcaucasian Bureau etc. After the Treaty, the party was reorganised as the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (VKP(b) – V for Vsesoyuznaya,

7600-447: The leadership of the Congress passes to the Bolsheviks. The opening session of the congress was accompanied by a fierce political struggle in which Trotsky represented the Bolsheviks as the most capable speaker. The peasant councils and all the soldier-level committees of the army refused to participate in the activities of the congress. The Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the Bolsheviks as an "illegal coup". Opponents of

7700-665: The list of People's Commissariats, whose leaders were members of the Council of People's Commissars of the Republics: The Council of People's Commissars of the Republic with a deliberative vote also included representatives representing those People's Commissariats, whose leadership began to fall within the competence of the Soviet Union: The creation of the Soviet Union was legally formalized by

7800-529: The list of People's Commissariats: Later, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of December 15, 1917, the Supreme Council of National Economy under the Council of People's Commissars, which had the status of People's Commissariat, was established to organize and manage the national economy. When Soviet power was established in other Soviet republics, similar commissariats were established on

7900-463: The masses does not need justification; what happened is not a conspiracy, but an uprising. We hardened the revolutionary energy of the Petrograd workers and soldiers, we openly forged the will of the masses for an uprising, not a conspiracy, "and called the departure of the Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionaries from the congress" as a criminal attempt to thwart the authorized representative office of

8000-414: The morning of November 8, the first after the seizure of power, Vladimir Lenin , Lev Trotsky , Joseph Stalin , Ivar Smilga , Vladimir Milyutin , Grigory Zinoviev , Lev Kamenev , Jan Antonovich Berzin gathered. According to Trotsky, it was him who envisioned the term "people's commissar" and later on developed the name in which the new government will be formed, Lenin agreed, stating that "it smells of

8100-626: The new committee. On the morning of November 9, 1917 at 5:15 in the morning, the second meeting ended and the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Councils, with its duty completed, officially adjourned sine die , with the ARCEC and CPC now preparing for the start of their work as the new legislature and government of Russia, awaiting the convening of the planned Constituent Assembly, beginning with elections to be held just days later. That same day, all

8200-404: The new socialist fashion is proving difficult without closer economic cooperation. Secondly, foreign threats continue to loom over the socialist camp, and its sovereignty requires an alliance for defence. Finally, the ideological factor, that the Soviet rule is internationalist in nature and pushes the working masses to unite in a single socialist family. These three factors justify in uniting in

8300-606: The official Soviet newspaper Izvestia noted that No other committee [except the All-Russian Central Executive Committee] is authorized and does not have the right to take the initiative to convene a congress. Nevertheless, the Northern Regional Congress, convened in violation of all the rules established for regional conventions and representing random and randomly chosen Councils, has the right to do so. Nevertheless,

8400-517: The other "if the Bolsheviks are defeated by force of arms, the winner will be the third force that will crush us all". As Martov puts it, the Bolsheviks demonstrate "the Arakcheev understanding of socialism, and the Pugachev understanding of class struggle". Menshevik Liber at an extraordinary congress of Mensheviks on November 30 declares that "if we took power, we would have been stormed both on

8500-690: The pressure of the Bolsheviks on the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the First Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies . During the autumn of 1917, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) launched an activity to win a majority in the Soviets, primarily in Petrograd and Moscow. On September 17, Bolshevik Viktor Nogin was elected Chairman of the Moscow Council Presidium; on September 20, Lev Trotsky

8600-465: The pressure of the executive committee of the railway union of the Vikzhel , the post of People's Commissar for Railroad Affairs was temporarily in sede vacante until it would be filled in a later time. At the second meeting of the Second Congress of Soviets, the left Socialist Revolutionary Kamkov announced that the left-wing Socialist Revolutionary faction did not intend to leave the congress after

8700-559: The right and on the left, and the power could be kept only by Bolshevik methods. And since we are not adventurers, we would have to leave power". The reaction of the Social Revolutionaries was just as sharp. Thus, the central press organ of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, the newspaper Matter of the People, condemned the Bolshevik speech, saying that "our duty is to expose these traitors to

8800-486: The roar of artillery; According to eyewitnesses, the Menshevik Martov started, and declared: "The civil war has begun, comrades! Our first question should be the peaceful resolution of the crisis... the issue of power is solved by a military conspiracy organized by one of the revolutionary parties...". After the election of the presidium which would be filled by Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary members,

8900-527: The territory of the former Russian Empire. The Council of People's Commissars adopted on December 1, 1917, at the suggestion of Lenin, the decree "On the amount of remuneration of the people's commissars and senior officials" (published on December 6, 1917, in No. 16 of the "Newspapers of the Provisional Worker and Peasant Government"). According to the decree, the remuneration of the people's commissars

9000-464: The time of the revolution... that in this form, this experience will never happen again. But careful study of it is necessary. The second congress held two plenary sessions. The first session of the congress ran from 10:45 pm on November 7 (OS:October 25) to 6 am on November 8 (OS: October 26) of 1917. The congress was opened by the Menshevik Dan on November 7 at 10:45 pm, at the height of

9100-494: The workers and soldiers in the masses with arms in hand protects the Congress and the revolution from the onslaught of counter-revolution". From 2:40 to 3:10 on November 8 the first session of Congress went on immediate recess. At 3:10 am the Second Congress reconvened to hear the address of Lev Kamenev , who announced the fall of the Winter Palace and the arrest of the ministers of the Provisional Government. After this,

9200-407: The working class. Our duty is to mobilize all forces and stand up for the cause of the revolution". In its last appeal before the Congress, the Council of the Republic called the new government "an enemy of the people and revolution" and condemned the arrest by the Bolsheviks among the ministers of the Provisional Government as well as the socialist ministers. During the meeting, the delegates heard

9300-554: Was 500 rubles plus 100 rubles for each disabled family member, which was approximately equal to the average wage of the worker. With minor changes and additions, the same list of people's commissariats of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is also presented in Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1918 adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Article 11 of

9400-504: Was Kamenev himself, who had recently opposed the uprising, had to inform the Congress of Soviets about his victory. At a meeting of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), Kamenev remarked that "well, if you did something stupid and took power, then you need to make up a ministry". On November 8 at 6 am the congress adjourned for the day. The second session of

9500-607: Was elected Chairman of the Petrograd Council . The Bolsheviks occupy up to 90% of the seats in the Petrograd Soviet and up to 60% in the Moscow Soviet. As early as the end of September 1917, the Bolsheviks set a course for the conquest of the majority in the All-Russian Soviet organs, for which it was necessary to obtain a majority at the corresponding congresses of the soviets. The decision to hold

9600-615: Was in no way coordinated with the old Soviet bodies, the majority of which remained Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik (the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the First Congress of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies , the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the First Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies, army committees, the Central Executive Committee of the Navy ). On October 19,

9700-405: Was necessary the confluence of very exceptional circumstances, large and small. First of all, an army was needed that did not want to fight anymore. The whole course of the revolution, especially in its first period, from February to October, inclusively – we have already spoken about this – would have looked completely different if we didn't have a broken and dissatisfied multimillion peasant army by

9800-506: Was presented to the defenders of the Winter Palace under threat of shelling from the cruiser Aurora and the Peter and Paul Fortress . "Aurora" made one single shot at 9pm, just two hours later, as the congress was in session, an unmarked cannon shelling from the Peter and Paul Fortress was carried out at 11pm. At night, most of the defenders of the palace dispersed, and the place was occupied by revolutionary soldiers and sailors who tried to make

9900-586: Was preserved, and they were established as the Bukharan and Khorezm People's Soviet Republics . Despite Mikhail Frunze 's victories, the conflict was ongoing, and whole provinces were under control of the Basmachi movement in 1922. To settle the issue, in line with the korenizatsiya policy a massive programme of national delimitation in Central Asia was undertaken. On October 27, 1924, TsIK issued

10000-587: Was simply impossible to denounce "or otherwise terminate it in December 1991." On March 15, 1996, the State Duma of the Russian Federation expressed its legal position in relation to the decision of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in "The denunciation of the Treaty establishing the Soviet Union" as the wrongful, unconstitutional act passed by a grave violation of the Constitution of the RSFSR,

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