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112-673: The New Black Panther Party ( NBPP ) is an American black nationalist organization founded in Dallas , Texas , in 1989. Despite its name, the NBPP is not an official successor to the Black Panther Party . Members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that the new party has no legitimacy and "there is no new Black Panther Party". The Anti-Defamation League , the Southern Poverty Law Center , and
224-473: A nondenominational church specifically for Black people. This in turn paved the way for the first independent Black churches in the United States. The church and its members played a key role in the abolition/anti-slavery and equal rights movement of the 1800s and it would later be involved in the civil rights movement. Mutual aid became a foundation of social welfare in the United States until
336-543: A "nation within a nation," and therefore should seek better rights and political power within a multicultural US. Black nationalists often fought racism, colonialism, and imperialism, and influenced the Organization of Afro-American Unity , Black Panther Party , Black Islam , and the Black Power movement . There are similarities between Black separatism and Black nationalism, since they both advocate for
448-573: A chapter of the Black Panther Militia in 1992, but choose to refer to his chapter as "The New Black Panther Party". Over time, McGee lost influence over the overall groups while Michaels' grew, and eventually, it would be Aaron Michaels who took overall leadership of the Panthers groups, now using "New Black Panther Party" as their banner. Michaels became increasingly radical, and so too did the group. In 1994, Khalid Abdul Muhammad ,
560-535: A confrontation between the NBPP and the Ku Klux Klan . Muhammad continued to seek out high profile and confrontational events, and that same year sought to organise a "Million Youth March" in Harlem , New York City . On the surface, the purpose of the march was to build solidarity amongst the black youth of America but Muhammad also sought to march into the heartland of Nation of Islam support and demonstrate he had
672-846: A diverse range of beliefs which have variously included forms of economic , political and cultural nationalism , or pan-nationalism . It often overlaps with, but is distinguished from, similar concepts and movements such as Pan-Africanism , Ethiopianism , the back-to-Africa movement , Afrocentrism , Black Zionism , and Garveyism . Critics of Black nationalism compare it to white nationalism and white supremacy , and say it promotes racial and ethnic nationalism , separatism and Black supremacy . Most experts distinguish between these movements, saying that while white nationalism ultimately seeks to maintain or deepen inequality between racial and ethnic groups, most forms of Black nationalism instead aim to increase equality in response to pre-existing forms of white dominance. Black nationalism reflects
784-530: A few weeks because of widespread protests by white students. During the cholera epidemics of 1833 and 1854 in Pittsburgh, Delany treated patients, even though many doctors and residents fled the city out of fear of contamination. Beginning in 1847, Delany worked alongside Frederick Douglass in Rochester, New York to publish the anti-slavery newspaper The North Star . Delany dreamed of establishing
896-405: A group to compete for their support. Mayor Rudolph Giuliani sought to block the march but was overruled by a federal judge. The March went ahead on 5 September 1998 and Muhammad gave a racist and anti-semitic speech to an audience of 6,000. When the police attempted to end the march at the designated end time, Muhammad encouraged those in attendance to physically confront them, leading to a riot. It
1008-516: A lecture to students at Ryerson University . The Ryerson Students' Union (RSU) had endorsed the event as it called for grade-school curricula to acknowledge the historical contribution of African-Canadians and African-Americans , and for the Brampton, Ontario , super jail project to be dismantled. A spokesperson for the RSU later stated that support for the event was given "before they knew that Shabazz
1120-602: A life for a life ". The bounty offer was condemned and repudiated by Martin's family and others, including the Rev. Jesse Jackson . The NBPP's organizer, Mikhail Mohammed, said that the United States Constitution granted the right to a citizen's arrest. In May 2007, Chairman Shabazz was invited by Black Youth Taking Action (BYTA) to speak at a rally at Queen's Park in Toronto , Ontario , Canada, and to give
1232-439: A member of that city's chapter several years earlier, for about six months. He also said Johnson had been asked to leave the group for espousing dangerous rhetoric and violating the organization's "chain of command", and that Johnson questioned NBPP's tactics, asking why they had not purchased more weapons and ammunition. In a written statement, the NBPP said Johnson was not a member of the organization and that "a simple like ... via
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#17327658583821344-456: A model for later African American banks. It operated ten private schools for Blacks across Pennsylvania, performed burials and weddings, and recorded births and marriages. Its activity and open doors served as motivator for growth for the city, inspiring many other Black mutual aid societies to pop up. In 1793, Jones and several other FAS members also founded the St. Thomas African Episcopal Church ,
1456-603: A peaceful protest against police killings of African-American men elsewhere in the United States, had " liked " the Facebook pages of several black nationalist organizations, including the NBPP, Mauricelm-Lei Millere and African American Defense League, who according to the Southern Poverty Law Center may have radicalized Johnson. Quanell X , the leader of the NBPP in Houston, Texas, said Johnson had been
1568-525: A polling place in Philadelphia . One of the two was a credentialed poll watcher, while the other was a New Black Panther member who had brought a police-style nightstick baton. A University of Pennsylvania student, Stephen Robert Morse, was hired by the local Republican Party on behalf of the John McCain presidential campaign to tape the incident. His video aired on several news outlets throughout
1680-532: A prominent member of the Nation of Islam , survived an assassination attempt from a former member of that group. Following the attempt on his life, Muhammad left the Nation of Islam and went to Dallas to recover, and it was during this time that Muhammad became aligned to Aaron Michaels, and subsequently joined the NBPP. By 1998 Muhammad had seized entire control of the NBPP from Michaels by filling with former members of
1792-568: A racially mixed population. He inspired a racist social movement in Germany, named Gobinism , and his works were influential on prominent antisemites like Richard Wagner , Houston Stewart Chamberlain , A. C. Cuza , and the Nazi Party . In 1885, Haitian anthropologist and barrister Anténor Firmin published De l'égalité des races humaines ( On the Equality of Human Races ) as
1904-539: A rebuttal to Count Arthur de Gobineau 's work, challenging the idea that brain size was a measure of human intelligence and noting the presence of Black Africans in Pharaonic Egypt . Firmin then explored the significance of the Haitian Revolution of 1804 and the ensuing achievements of Haitians such as Léon Audain , Isaïe Jeanty and Edmond Paul. (Both Audain and Jeanty had obtained prizes from
2016-464: A right to representation or self-governance . Black nationalists therefore seek to acquire political and economic power to improve the quality of life and freedoms of Black people collectively. Black nationalists tend to believe in self-reliance and self-sufficiency for Black people, solidarity among Black people as a nation, and pride in Black achievement and culture , in order to overcome
2128-830: A settlement in West Africa. He visited Liberia , a United States colony founded by the American Colonization Society , and lived in Canada for several years, but when the American Civil War began, he returned to the United States. When the United States Colored Troops were created in 1863, he recruited for them. Commissioned as a major in February 1865, Delany became the first African American field grade officer in
2240-630: A single majority-black precinct in Philadelphia. So far—after months of hearings, testimony and investigation no one has produced actual evidence that any voters were too scared to cast their ballots." According to an April 23, 2010 press release from the New Black Panther Party, the Philadelphia member involved in the nightstick incident was suspended until January 2010. "The New Black Panther Party made it clear then and now we don't support voter intimidation ... The charges against
2352-604: A social media website does not represent membership, affiliation, or endorsement. It simply is what it is ... a like on the page." The Huey P. Newton Foundation issued a news release denouncing the New Black Panther Party. Its release read in part: As guardian of the true history of the Black Panther Party, the Foundation, which includes former leading members of the Party, denounces this group's exploitation of
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#17327658583822464-554: A spokesman for Bill O'Reilly, who has no respect for women." Calling the NBPP extremist, critics have cited Muhammad's Million Youth March in Harlem , a youth equivalent of the Million Man March , in which the protest against police brutality included speakers calling for the extermination of white South Africans . The rally ended in scuffles with the New York Police Department as Muhammad urged
2576-504: A way to advocate for democratic representation in culturally plural societies or to establish self-governing independent nation-states for Black people. Modern Black nationalism often aims for the social, political, and economic empowerment of Black communities within white majority societies , either as an alternative to assimilation or as a way to ensure greater representation and equality within predominantly Eurocentric cultures. As an ideology, Black nationalism encompasses
2688-402: Is a television documentary series, in which Louis Theroux gives viewers the chance to get brief glimpses into the worlds of individuals and groups that they would not normally come into contact with or experience up close. In most cases this means interviewing people with extreme beliefs of some kind, or just generally belonging to subcultures not known to exist by most or just frowned upon. It
2800-399: Is currently led by Krystal Muhammad. Malik Zulu Shabazz announced on an October 14, 2013 online radio broadcast that he was stepping down and that Hashim Nzinga, then national chief of staff, would replace him. This move created a schism within the group. A vote was held and Krystal Muhammad was elected leader of the group. However, those loyal to Nzinga left and formed a splinter group called
2912-543: Is especially popular among those who have become disillusioned with "deferred American racial equality". In this schema, Black nationalism without Black separatism is called "cultural nationalism". Separatist nationalism often rejects integration into white society—which may extend into rejection of existing political systems—preferring to organise alternative structures. Black nationalism, however, often focuses on engagement with societal and political structures to enact change, such as by attempting to elect Black representatives at
3024-459: Is largely seen by both the general public and prominent members of the original party as illegitimate. Huey Newton Foundation members, containing a significant number of the original party's leaders, once successfully sued the group; their ultimate objective in doing so—to prevent the NBPP from using the Panther name—appears to have been unsuccessful. In response to the suit, Aaron Michaels branded
3136-618: Is laughing at me, adrift in their world, as much as at them. I don't have to play up that stuff. I'm not a matinee idol disguised as a nerd. In 2005 Louis released a book called The Call of the Weird: Travels in American Subcultures where he revisits people he previously interviewed for the Weird Weekends documentaries. He attempts to track down ten of his subjects, up to seven years after the shows, claiming
3248-726: Is run from Israel." Nkem Anizor, president of the BYTA, also blamed the " Jewish lobby " for the government's decision to deny Shabazz entry to Canada, Shabazz later said, "Canada is on Malik alert," and " B'nai Brith has won this one, and I'm starting to see the power of the Jewish lobby in Canada, full force. I thought Canada was free. I think this is evidence that black people are being oppressed in Canada." Micah Xavier Johnson, who ambushed and shot at police officers in Dallas, Texas, in July 2016 after
3360-571: The Académie Nationale de Médecine .) Though marginalized for his belief in the equality of all races, his work influenced Pan-African and Black nationalist thought, and the négritude movement. Firmin influenced Jean Price-Mars , the initiator of Haitian ethnology and developer of the concept of Indigenism , and 20th-century American anthropologist Melville Herskovits . Martin Delany (1812–1885), an African American abolitionist ,
3472-750: The Bible . This helped establish a new class of educated black people in America. Before the American Revolutionary War of 1775–1783, few slaves were manumitted. On the eve of the American Revolution, there was an estimated 30,000 free African Americans in Colonial America which accounts for about 5% of the total African American population. The Revolutionary War greatly disrupted slave societies and showed Bl With
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3584-673: The Black Panther Party and the Revolutionary Action Movement also adopted a set of anti-colonialist politics inspired by the writings of notable revolutionary theorists including Frantz Fanon , Mao Zedong , and Kwame Nkrumah . In the words of Ahmad Muhammad (formerly known as Max Stanford) the national field chairman of the Revolutionary Action Movement: We are revolutionary black nationalist[s], not based on ideas of national superiority, but striving for justice and liberation of all
3696-719: The Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor , a British organization with government support, launched its efforts to establish the Sierra Leone Province of Freedom , a colony in West Africa for London 's "Black poor". After Nova Scotia proved a hostile environment for many of the new settlers, with extreme weather as well as racism from the white Nova Scotians, about a third of the Loyalists, and nearly all of
3808-757: The Fortress of Louisbourg on Île-Royale (now Cape Breton Island ) became the first Black community in Nova Scotia. During this early period, 381 Black people, some free and others enslaved, escaped or were brought to the Fortress, mostly from the Francophone Caribbean colonies. It was home to a mix of freed and unfree enslaved Africans, who undertook a variety of trades and professions, such as gardeners, bakers, stonemasons, musicians, soldiers, sailors, fishermen, hospital workers, and more. After
3920-761: The Free African Society , and the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas lay the groundwork for the independent Black organizations and communities that would follow. Meanwhile, Black people were relocated from the Americas and Britain to new colonies in Sierra Leone and Liberia , paving the way for Black-led nations in those countries. Back in the Caribbean, the Haitian Revolution proved to disparate Black communities across
4032-793: The Jamaican Maroons , petitioned the British for passage to Sierra Leone as well, eventually leading to the founding of Freetown in 1792. Their descendants are known as the Sierra Leone Creole people . Since most sources of welfare at the time were controlled by whites, free blacks across the early United States created their own mutual aid societies. These societies offered cultural centers, spiritual assistance, and financial resources to their members. The Free African Union Society , founded in 1780 in Newport, Rhode Island ,
4144-629: The Ku Klux Klan . Interest among the South's Black population in African emigration peaked during the 1890s, a time when racism reached its peak and the greatest number of lynchings in American history took place. During the period known as New Imperialism (1833 to 1914), European nations colonized and occupied Africa in the " Scramble for Africa ". This mobilized Black people in the diaspora to activism in their home nations. Ethiopia and Liberia were
4256-1000: The Revolutionary War , General Washington urged the British to return the Black Loyalists as stolen property, under the Treaty of Paris (1783). The British attempted to keep their promise to the Loyalists by relocating them outside the US. The British transported more than 3,000 Black Loyalists and Jamaican Maroons to resettle in Nova Scotia (part of present-day Ontario ). Between 1749 and 1816, approximately 10,000 Black people settled in Nova Scotia. Those settlers who remained in Nova Scotia would go on to found large communities of freed Black people, forming 52 black settlements in total, and would develop their own national identity as Black Nova Scotians . Meanwhile, in 1786,
4368-479: The Revolutionary War , when educated Africans within the colonies became disgusted with the social conditions of Black people, and sought to create organizations that would unite Black people and improve their situation. The third period of Black nationalism arose during the post -Reconstruction era, as community leaders began to articulate the need to separate Blacks from non-Blacks for safety and to collectivize resources. The new ideology of this third period informed
4480-597: The Southern Poverty Law Center , Black nationalist groups have "little or no impact on mainstream politics and no defenders in high office", unlike white supremacists. Black nationalism may also be divided into revolutionary or reactionary Black nationalism. Revolutionary Black nationalism combines cultural nationalism with scientific socialism in order to achieve Black self-determination . Proponents of revolutionary Black nationalism say it rejects all forms of oppression, including class-based exploitation under capitalism. Revolutionary Black nationalist organizations such as
4592-568: The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights consider the NBPP to be a hate group , accusing the organization and its leaders of racism , antisemitism and anti-Zionism . The NBPP traces its origins to the Black Panther Militia created in 1990 by original Panther Michael McGee in Milwaukee . However, as McGee expanded his organization, it later came under the control of Aaron Michaels in Dallas. In turn, Aaron Michaels lost control of
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4704-768: The United States Army . After the Civil War, Delany went to the South, settling in South Carolina, where he worked for the Freedmen's Bureau and became politically active, including in the Colored Conventions Movement . Delany ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor as an Independent Republican . He was appointed as a trial judge, but he was removed following a scandal. Delany later switched his party affiliation. He worked for
4816-551: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 over the incident at the Philadelphia polling place. The suit accused members King Samir Shabazz and Jerry Jackson of being outside a polling location wearing the uniform of the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, and said that Shabazz repeatedly brandished a police-style baton weapon. The suit sought an injunction preventing further violations of the Voting Rights Act. After
4928-583: The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 , when many other residents abandoned the city. Notable members included African-American abolitionists such as Cyrus Bustill , James Forten , and William Gray, as well as survivors of the Haitian Revolution in Saint-Domingue , as well as fugitive slaves escaping from the South. The FAS provided guidance, medical care, and financial advice. The last became particularly important, and would establish
5040-440: The "New Black Panther Party for Self Defence" or "NBPP SD". In 1987, Michael McGee, an alderman in Milwaukee , threatened to disrupt white events throughout the city unless more jobs were created for black people. He held a "state of the inner city" press conference in 1990 at City Hall to announce the creation of the Black Panther Militia . Aaron Michaels, a community activist and radio producer in Dallas , Texas established
5152-496: The 1775 proclamation of Lord Dunmore , governor of Virginia, the British began recruiting the slaves of American revolutionaries and promised them freedom in return. Free Blacks like Prince Hall proposed that Blacks be allowed to join the American side, believing if they were involved in founding the new nation, it would aid in attaining freedom for all Black people. The Continental Army gradually began to allow Blacks to fight in exchange for their freedom. Between 1713 and 1758,
5264-600: The 18th century, Nanny Town and other Jamaican maroon villages began to fight for independent recognition. Jamaican Maroons consistently fought British colonists, leading to the First Maroon War (1728–1740). By 1740, the British governor of the Colony of Jamaica , Edward Trelawny had signed two treaties promising them 2,500 acres (1,012 ha) in Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) and Crawford's Town , bringing an end to
5376-409: The ACS, as did the abolitionist movement . Many African Americans, both free and enslaved, were pressured into emigrating anyway. By 1833, the Society had transported only 2,769 individuals out of the U.S. and close to half the arrivals in Liberia died from tropical diseases. During the early years, 22% of the settlers in Liberia died within one year. According to Benjamin Quarles , however,
5488-495: The Americas that they could achieve independence or equality in the law, if they cooperated and worked together. The First Great Awakening ( c. 1730–1755) was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen North American colonies . The revival movement permanently affected Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. Northern Baptist and Methodist preachers converted both white and Black people, whether
5600-552: The Caribbean, escaped slaves began to form independent Black communities either in exile or with Indigenous American groups , becoming known as maroons . Maroons armed themselves to survive attacks by hostile colonists while also obtaining food for subsistence living and setting up their own communities. Others enslaved Africans were freed or bought their freedom, and began to seek their own independence, away from white society. This often included calls to emigrate to Africa and help build independent Black nations there. On some of
5712-401: The Justice Department, testified before the Commission on Civil Rights and alleged that the case was dropped because "[w]e abetted wrongdoing and abandoned law-abiding citizens". Former Civil Rights Division Voting Section Chief Christopher Coates testified on September 24, 2010, "I am here today to testify about the Department of Justice's final disposition of the New Black Panther Party case and
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#17327658583825824-441: The NBPP claimed a few thousand members organized in 45 chapters, while independent estimates by the Anti-Defamation League suggest that the group is much smaller but is nevertheless able to attract a large turnout of non-members to its events by focusing on specific issues of local interest. In April 2010, Malik Zulu Shabazz appointed French Black leader Kémi Séba as the representative of the movement in France. However, Séba left
5936-430: The NBPP say that the group's politics represent a dangerous departure from the original intent of black nationalism ; specifically, that they are starkly anti-white, and also antisemitic . The group blames the September 11 attacks on Jews. The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies the NBPP as a black separatist hate group and says that its leaders "have advocated the killing of Jews and white people". As of 2009,
6048-407: The Nation of Islam and other Black Muslims. In 2012, Michaels claimed it was at this point he departed from the NBPP. In 1998, Khalid Abdul Muhammad brought the organization into the national spotlight when he led an armed group of NBPP members to provide armed protection to the family of James Byrd Jr. , who had just been murdered in Jasper, Texas by three white supremacists. Events escalated into
6160-460: The New Panthers. On August 19, 2015, Dhoruba Bin Wahad (a member of the original Black Panther Party) and an associate were assaulted by a faction of the New Black Panther Party. Bin Wahad had been attending a conference in Atlanta , Georgia held by the Nzinga faction of the "New" Panthers. Bin Wahad confronted the group about their adoption of the Black Panther name and their rhetoric. The two were ordered to leave but when they refused, Bin Wahad
6272-511: The Party's name and history. Failing to find its own legitimacy in the black community, this band would graft the Party's name upon itself, which we condemn. ... [T]hey denigrate the Party's name by promoting concepts absolutely counter to the revolutionary principles on which the Party was founded. ... The Black Panthers were never a group of angry young militants full of fury toward the "white establishment." The Party operated on love for black people, not hatred of white people. Bobby Seale , one of
6384-406: The RSU that it had received e-mails of threats of violent disruption of the event. The RSU canceled Shabazz's lecture because of safety concerns. Heather Kere, RSU's Vice-President of Education, said, "We definitely recognize there was some criticism of his views" and "we were endorsing the campaign's goals and not the individual speaker." Kere added, "He deflected attention away from the main point of
6496-409: The West is not orthodox Marxism (although it might be called Maoism or Castroism). As long as American Marxists cannot deal with the implications of revolutionary nationalism, both abroad and at home, they will continue to play the role of revolutionaries by proxy. Historian Wilson Jeremiah Moses suggests the development of Black nationalism can be examined over three different periods, giving rise to
6608-432: The campaign of Democrat Wade Hampton III , who won the 1876 election for governor in a season marked by violent suppression of Black Republican voters by Red Shirts and fraud in balloting. After Emancipation, the back-to-Africa movement eventually began to decline. In 1877, at the end of the Reconstruction era , it would experience a revival as many Black people in the American South faced violence from groups such as
6720-453: The campaign. We still strongly believe in the campaign." Hashim Nzinga, Shabazz's chief of staff, blamed Jewish groups for the incident, stating in a telephone interview, "They let these groups like the ADL ( Anti-Defamation League ) and the JDL ( Jewish Defense League ), which is nothing but a bunch of gangsters, dictate what happens in the world today," and "They told Canada not to let us in and Canada followed [its] rules, because this country
6832-442: The civil rights of Black people. While Black separatists believe that Black people should be physically separated from other races, primarily whites, Black nationalism focuses primarily on civil rights , self-determination , and democratic representation . These two ideologies can also overlap as "separatist nationalism", which typically manifests in the belief in a literal or metaphorical secession from white American society, and
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#17327658583826944-425: The co-founding members of the Black Panther Party, also spoke out against the New Black Panther Party. In a 2010 interview, he called the group's rhetoric xenophobic and described its leaders' remarks as "absurd, racial, [and] categorical". [W]e will never, ever stoop to the low level of the mentality of a racist to just hate another person because of the color of their skin or ethnicity. We don't do that. That's not
7056-435: The colonies (specifically within New England and Pennsylvania) had become disgusted with the social conditions of Black people. Individuals such as Prince Hall , Richard Allen , Absalom Jones , James Forten , Cyrus Bustill and William Gray sought to create organizations that would unite Black people, who had been excluded from white society, and improve their situation collectively. Institutions such as Black Masonic lodges ,
7168-495: The colonization movement "originated abolitionism" by arousing the free Black people and other opponents of slavery. Between 1822 and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, more than 15,000 freed and free-born African Americans , along with 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans , relocated to Liberia. The settlers carried their culture and tradition with them, gradually developing a Black national identity as Americo-Liberians . Liberia declared independence on July 26, 1847, becoming
7280-445: The country. Republican poll watcher Chris Hill stated that voters were complaining about intimidation, while the District Attorney's office stated that they had not been contacted by any voters. The New Black Panther with the nightstick was escorted away by the police. On January 7, 2009, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a civil suit against the New Black Panther Party and three of its members alleging violations of
7392-513: The crowd to attack officers who had attempted to confiscate firearms. Chairs and bottles were thrown at the police, but only a few in the clash suffered injuries. The Million Youth March was subsequently named an annual event. King Samir Shabazz , a former Nation of Islam member and head of the New Black Panther Party's Philadelphia chapter, has a long history of confrontational racist behavior. He advocated racial separation and made incendiary racial statements while promoting anti-police messages in
7504-405: The defendants did not appear for court, a default judgment was entered. On May 29, 2009, the Department of Justice requested and received an injunction against the member who had carried the nightstick, but against the advice of prosecutors who had worked on the case, department superiors ordered the suit dropped against the remaining members. On July 6, 2010, J. Christian Adams , a former lawyer for
7616-402: The discrimination African Americans experienced as a result, and the perceived failures of the nonviolent civil rights movement of the time. After the assassination of Malcolm X in 1965, the Black nationalism movement gained increased traction in various African American communities. A focus on returning to Africa became less popular, giving way to the idea that Black people constituted
7728-416: The early 20th century, Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey moved to the US and, inspired by Zionism and Irish independence , promoted Black nationalist and Pan-African ideas, which collectively became known as Garveyism . Modern Black nationalist ideas coalesced as a distinct movement during the era of racial segregation in America , as a response to centuries of institutionalized white supremacy ,
7840-593: The early 20th century. Following the American Revolutionary War , the population of free people of color in the US had grown from 60,000 in 1790 to 300,000 by 1830. The prevailing view of white people was that free people of color could not integrate into U.S. society and slaveowners feared these free Blacks might help their slaves to escape or rebel . In addition, many White Americans believed that African Americans were inherently inferior and should be relocated. In Boston, Black Quaker and activist Paul Cuffe advocated settling freed American slaves in Africa. He
7952-511: The effects of institutionalized inequality , self-hate and internalized racism . The roots of Black nationalism extend back to the time of the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans , when some enslaved Africans revolted or formed independent Black settlements (such as the Maroons ), free of European control. By the 19th century, African Americans such as Paul Cuffe and Martin Delany called for free and fugitive Black people to emigrate to Africa to help establish independent nations. In
8064-550: The entire organization and the chairman were dropped. The actions of one individual cannot be attributed to an entire organization any more than every act of any member of the Catholic Church be charged to the Vatican." Another controversy occurred in 2012 after the NBPP offered a $ 10,000 bounty for the citizen's arrest of George Zimmerman , the man who killed Trayvon Martin . The group also stated that it believed in "
8176-413: The first African republic to proclaim its independence and Africa's first and oldest modern republic. The U.S. did not recognize Liberia's independence until February 5, 1862. The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue (now the sovereign state of Haiti ). The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with
8288-482: The former colony's independence. From the revolt, the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerged as Haiti's most prominent general. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery (though not from forced labour ) and ruled by non-whites and former captives. The successful revolution was a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World and
8400-405: The goal objective. The goal objective is human liberation. The goal objective is the greater community cooperation of humanism. The goal objective is to get rid of institutionalized racism. Reacting to a video of two NBPP members positioned outside of a polling place on Election Day in 2008 in Philadelphia , Seale agreed with CNN Newsroom anchor Kyra Phillips "to some degree" that the incident
8512-420: The group would continue to appear across America during instances of racial tension and conflict, however, Shabazz was never able to return the group to the high profile it had in the media and public's mind during Muhammad's time. The New Black Panther Party identifies with the original Black Panther Party and it claims to uphold its legacy. It also says that many others see the organization similarly. The NBPP
8624-803: The hostility in the Civil Rights Division and the Voting Section toward the equal enforcement of some of the federal voting laws." (pp. 7, 22–25; pp. 8, 1–2) Abigail Thernstrom , the Republican-appointed vice chairwoman of the Commission, wrote that the Panthers should perhaps have been prosecuted under section 11 (b) of the Voting Rights Act for [its] actions of November 2008, but the legal standards that must be met to prove voter intimidation—the charge—are very high. And "The incident involved only two Panthers at
8736-547: The idea that, in racialized societies, people of diverse African descent are often treated as a single racial, ethnic and cultural group (such as African Americans in the US or Black Britons in the UK). Because of a shared history of oppression and a distinct culture shaped by that history, Black nationalism argues that Black people in the African diaspora therefore form a distinct nation (or multiple distinct nations) and so have
8848-771: The immediate aftermath of the European Revolutions of 1848 , French aristocrat Count Arthur de Gobineau wrote the pseudoscientific An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races ( Essai sur l'inégalité des Races Humaines ), legitimizing scientific racism and decrying race-mixing as the doom of civilization . Gobineau's writings were quickly praised by white supremacist , pro-slavery Americans like Josiah C. Nott and Henry Hotze , who translated his book into English, but omitted around 1,000 pages, including parts that negatively described Americans as
8960-561: The jury organized by then- District Attorney Mike Nifong convict the accused lacrosse players. On April 12, 2007, after the case brought by Nifong collapsed and the Duke Lacrosse players were exonerated, Malik Zulu Shabazz appeared on The O'Reilly Factor . He refused to apologize for his actions in the lead-up to the Duke University lacrosse rape scandal, stating that he did not know whether or not anything happened to
9072-446: The larger Caribbean islands, maroon communities were able to grow crops and hunt for food. As more slaves escaped from plantations , their numbers could grow. Seeking to separate themselves from colonisers, the maroons gained in power amid increasing hostility. They raided and pillaged plantations until the planters began to fear a massive slave revolt. As early as 1655, escaped Africans had formed communities in inland Jamaica , and by
9184-526: The latter were free or not. The message of spiritual equality appealed to many enslaved people and, as African religious traditions continued to decline in North America, Black people accepted Christianity in large numbers for the first time. Black people even began to take active roles in these mixed churches, sometimes even preaching. Many leaders of the revivals also proclaimed that enslaved people should be educated so that they could read and study
9296-474: The leadership of the group to Khalid Abdul Muhammad , a former leading member of the Nation of Islam , who proceeded to fill the ranks of the New Panthers with ex-Nation of Islam members and other Black Muslims . Under Muhammad and his successors' leadership, the New Panthers shifted radically from the ideology of the original Black Panther Party towards an extremist form of Black nationalism . The NBPP
9408-945: The local and national level. Black cultural nationalism has broader support among African-Americans than separatist nationalism; the latter is more popular among young men and people of lower economic status. Examples of Black separatist organizations include the Nation of Islam and the New Black Panther Party . Black nationalists often reject conflation with Black supremacy , as well as comparisons with white supremacists , characterizing their movement as an anti-racist reaction to white supremacy and color-blind white liberalism as racist. Additionally, while white nationalism often seeks to maintain or re-establish systems of white majority dominance, Black nationalism instead aims to challenge white supremacy through increased civil rights and representation (or independence) for black people as an oppressed minority . According to
9520-518: The media and on the streets of Philadelphia. He publicly announced, "I hate white people. All of them." He also suggested the killing of white babies. Shabazz was arrested in June 2013 for carrying a loaded, unlicensed weapon. The party has claimed his arrest is part of an "onslaught of attacks against the New Black Panther Party." During the 2008 presidential election , poll watchers found two New Black Panther militia members shouting racial slurs outside
9632-487: The mid-to-late 18th century, Methodist and Baptist evangelists during the period of the First Great Awakening ( c. 1730–1755) encouraged slave owners to free their slaves, in their belief that all men were equal before God. They converted many slaves to Christianity and approved Black leaders as preachers; Blacks developed their own churches . After the Revolutionary War , educated Africans within
9744-748: The name "New Black Panther Party", while the Nzinga faction dubbed themselves "The New Black Panther Party for Self Defence" or "NBPP SD". The two groups remain at odds, each attempting to control the name recognition of "The New Panthers". The New Black Panther Party became involved in a melee outside Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney 's campaign headquarters after she lost a Democratic primary election to her opponent, Hank Johnson . The NBPP's Chief of Staff, Hashim Nzinga, had been acting as security detail for McKinney when he physically attacked reporters, calling them Jews and insisting that they must focus on Hank Johnson rather than on McKinney, since Johnson, he alleged,
9856-503: The natives. Escaped slaves sought refuge away from the coastal plantations of Ponce . In the plantation colony of Suriname , escaped slaves revolted and started to build their own villages. On October 10, 1760, the Ndyuka signed a treaty with the Dutch recognising their territorial autonomy; it was drafted by Adyáko Benti Basiton of Boston , a formerly enslaved African from Jamaica. In
9968-557: The only African countries to maintain their sovereignty and independence during this time. The African Times and Orient Review would later encourage others to emigrate to Ethiopia as part of the back-to-Africa movement. In 1919, Marcus Garvey became President of the Black Star Line , designed to forge a link between North America and Africa and facilitate African-American migration to Liberia . Louis Theroux%27s Weird Weekends Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends
10080-473: The oppressed peoples of the world. ... There can be no liberty as long as black people are oppressed and the peoples of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are oppressed by Yankee imperialism and neo-colonialism. After four hundred years of oppression, we realize that slavery, racism and imperialism are all interrelated and that liberty and justice for all cannot exist peacefully with imperialism." Professor and author Harold Cruse said revolutionary Black nationalism
10192-481: The oppression of black and brown people and that its members are on top of current issues facing black communities across the world. Also, it notes that not all of its members are members of the Nation of Islam , although the group acknowledges universal spirituality practices within the organization. Over time, many groups subscribing to varying degrees of radicalism have called for the "right to self-determination " for black people, particularly US blacks. Critics of
10304-540: The original Panthers "has-been wannabe Panthers", adding: "Nobody can tell us who we can call ourselves." Although the NBPP says it sees capitalism as the fundamental problem with the world and revolution as the solution, the new party does not draw its influences from Marxism or Maoism as the original party did. Instead, it promotes the Kawaida theory of Maulana Karenga , which includes black unity, collective action, and cooperative economics. The NBPP says it fights
10416-640: The philosophy of groups like the Moorish Science Temple and the Nation of Islam . In the New World , as early as 1512, African slaves escaped from Spanish captors and either joined indigenous peoples or eked out a living on their own. The first recorded slave rebellion in the region occurred in what is today the Dominican Republic , on the sugar plantations owned by Admiral Diego Columbus , on 26 December 1522. Especially in
10528-422: The position in 2011. In October 2013, Malik Zulu Shabazz announced he was stepping down as leader of the organization. He attempted to place Hashim Nzinga as his main successor. However, this move prompted a body of the group to gather for a meeting, where they elected Krystal Muhammad as their new chairperson. These events prompted a split of the organization into two competing factions. Muhammad's faction retained
10640-511: The post -Reconstruction era, particularly among various African-American clergy circles. Separated circles were already established and accepted because African-Americans had long endured the oppression of slavery and Jim Crowism in the United States since its inception. The clerical phenomenon led to the birth of a modern form of Black nationalism that stressed the need to separate Blacks from non-Blacks and build separate communities that would promote racial pride and collectivize resources. In
10752-533: The revolution's effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. Independence and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms the former slaves had won, and with the collaboration of already free people of color , of their independence from white Europeans. This had the effect of encouraging other Black communities suffering under slavery or colonialism to imagine independence and self-rule. The third period of Black nationalism arose during
10864-465: The survivors also fled to Sierra Leone . In 1816, modeled after Cuffe's work and the British resettlement of Black people in Sierra Leone , Robert Finley founded the American Colonization Society (ACS). The ACS and organizations like it aimed to encourage and support the migration of freeborn people of color and emancipated slaves to the continent of Africa . The African American community, who wanted to keep their homes, overwhelmingly opposed
10976-491: The various ideological perspectives within today's Black nationalism. The first period of pre-classical Black nationalism began when the first Africans were brought to the Americas as slaves through the American Revolutionary period. Many of these slaves rebelled against their captors or formed independent Black societies , beyond the reach of Europeans. The second period of Black nationalism began after
11088-554: The warfare between the communities and effectively freeing the Maroons a century before the Slavery Abolition Act came into effect in 1838. In Cuba , maroon communities formed in the mountains when escaped African slaves joined the indigenous Taínos . Before roads were built into the mountains of Puerto Rico , heavy brush kept many escaped maroons hidden in the southwestern hills where many also intermarried with
11200-478: The young accuser. He stated his beliefs that the rich white families of Duke had placed political pressure on the investigation and forced the charges to be dropped. When questioned by guest host Michelle Malkin , he labeled her a political prostitute and mouthpiece for a male, chauvinist, racist Bill O'Reilly . Malkin said, "There's only one whore on this split screen and it's you, Mr. Shabazz." Shabazz replied, "You should be ashamed of yourself for defending and being
11312-587: Was voter intimidation . He also described what he saw as significant differences between the original Black Panthers and the New Black Panthers, particularly between their respective Ten-Point Programs . In April 2002, an event was held in Washington, D.C. to celebrate the 35th anniversary of the creation of the Black Panther Party. Ron Scott, a co-founder of the Detroit chapter of the Panthers,
11424-470: Was America's first African benevolent society . Founders and early members included Prince Amy, Lincoln Elliot, Bristol Yamma, Zingo Stevens and Newport Gardner . It became the model for multiple similar organizations across the Northeast. In 1787, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones formed the Free African Society (FAS) of Pennsylvania. It became famous for its members' work as nurses and aides during
11536-583: Was a " Tom ." In a subsequent appearance on the Fox News Channel program Hannity & Colmes , Nzinga defended these actions. He accused his interviewers of being part of a " Zionist " media complex bent on defaming African Americans and, by extension, the New Black Panthers. In 2006, the New Black Panther Party regained the media spotlight by intervening in the 2006 Duke University lacrosse team scandal , organizing marches outside Duke University and making numerous media appearances to demand that
11648-421: Was a guest speaker, and many in attendance were also original members of the Black Panther Party. During the course of the night, the event was interrupted by 30 members of the New Black Panther Party dressed in motorcycle helmets and steel-capped boots, led by Malik Zulu Shabazz. Shabazz and his NBPP member seized control of the event and ordered under threat of violence that the original Panthers cease criticism of
11760-404: Was a necessary and logical progression from other leftist ideologies, as non-Black leftists could not properly assess the particular material conditions of the Black community and other colonized people: Revolutionary nationalism has not waited for Western Marxian thought to catch up with the realities of the "underdeveloped" world...The liberation of the colonies before the socialist revolution in
11872-432: Was a successful ship owner and in 1815, he attempted a settlement for freedmen on Sherbro Island . By 1811, he had transported some members of the Free African Society to Liberia . He also gained broad political support to take emigrants to Sierra Leone , and in 1816, Cuffe took 38 American Black people to Freetown . He died in 1817 before undertaking other voyages. By 1821, his Sherbro Island settlement had failed and
11984-535: Was arguably the first proponent of Black nationalism as we understand it today. Delany is credited with the Pan-African slogan of "Africa for Africans." Born as a free person of color in what is now West Virginia , and raised in Pennsylvania , Delany trained as a physician's assistant. In 1850, Delany was one of the first three Black men admitted to Harvard Medical School , but all were dismissed after
12096-509: Was assaulted. Wahad was left with a concussion, a broken jaw and lacerations from the attack. The event led founding member of the original Black Panthers, Elbert "Big Man" Howard , to denounce the group as "reactionaries" and "thugs". Black nationalist Black nationalism is a nationalist movement which seeks representation for Black people as a distinct national identity , especially in racialized , colonial and postcolonial societies. Its earliest proponents saw it as
12208-434: Was denied entry to Canada because of a minor criminal record. Shabazz flew back to Buffalo , New York and attempted to cross the border by car, but border agents spotted him and again prevented him from entering Canada. The rally at Queen's Park went ahead without Shabazz, with approximately 100 people, plus at least two dozen journalists. Ryerson University canceled the planned lecture. The university administration alerted
12320-722: Was first shown in the United Kingdom on BBC2 . In 2001, Theroux was awarded the Richard Dimbleby Award as well as the Best Presenter BAFTA for his work on the series. Theroux's view on Weird Weekends : Weird Weekends sets out to discover the genuinely odd in the most ordinary setting. To me, it's almost a privilege to be welcomed into these communities and to shine a light on them and, maybe, through my enthusiasm, to get people to reveal more of themselves than they may have intended. The show
12432-459: Was in this same time period that Muhammad and the NBPP featured in an episode of Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends entitled " Black Nationalism ". Khalid Muhammad died of a brain aneurysm on February 17, 2001, and was succeeded by Malik Zulu Shabazz , a protege of Muhammad's as well as his personal attorney. Like Muhammad, Shabazz continued to push the NBPP in an increasingly anti-Semitic and racial segregationist direction. Under Shabazz's leadership,
12544-588: Was the speaker." Shabazz arrived at Toronto Pearson International Airport as planned but Canada border officials prevented him from entering Canada because of past rhetoric that violated Canadian hate laws . Although Canada's airports and borders are within the federal jurisdiction , the Ontario Community Safety and Correctional Services Minister , Monte Kwinter , justified the barring of Shabazz. Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty expressed concern about Shabazz. The press reported that Shabazz
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