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151-504: Metal Gear Solid is a 1998 action-adventure stealth video game developed and published by Konami for the PlayStation . It was directed, produced, and written by Hideo Kojima , and follows the MSX2 video games Metal Gear and Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake , which Kojima also worked on. It was unveiled at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show and then demonstrated at trade shows including

302-452: A Delta Force operative who assists Snake and Meryl, Col. Mark Cortez (v.b. Osamu Saka ), an old friend of Campbell who commands the fictional Esteria Army Special Forces, and Capt. Sergei Ivanovich (v.b. Kazuhiro Nakata ), a former war buddy of Revolver Ocelot from his SVR days. In September 2004, IDW Publications began publishing a series of Metal Gear Solid comics, written by Kris Oprisko and illustrated by Ashley Wood . The comic

453-415: A battery and relay . When the incoming radio wave reduced the resistance of the coherer, the current from the battery flowed through it, turning on the relay to ring a bell or make a mark on a paper tape in a siphon recorder . In order to restore the coherer to its previous nonconducting state to receive the next pulse of radio waves, it had to be tapped mechanically to disturb the metal particles. This

604-437: A cardboard box disguise. The emphasis on stealth promotes a less violent form of gameplay, as fights against large groups of enemies will often result in severe damage to Snake. Despite the switch to 3D, the game is still played primarily from an overhead perspective similar to the original 2D Metal Gear games. However, the camera angle will change during certain situations, such as a corner view when Snake flattens himself to

755-627: A fantasy " setting. Tutankham , debuted by Konami in January 1982, was an action-adventure released for arcades . It combined maze, shoot 'em up, puzzle-solving and adventure elements, with a 1983 review by Computer and Video Games magazine calling it "the first game that effectively combined the elements of an adventure game with frenetic shoot 'em up gameplay." It inspired the similar Time Bandit (1983). Action Quest , released in May 1982, blended puzzle elements of adventure games into

906-445: A feedback control system which monitors the average level of the radio signal at the detector, and adjusts the gain of the amplifiers to give the optimum signal level for demodulation. This is called automatic gain control (AGC). AGC can be compared to the dark adaptation mechanism in the human eye ; on entering a dark room the gain of the eye is increased by the iris opening. In its simplest form, an AGC system consists of

1057-446: A joystick -controlled, arcade-style action game, which surprised reviewers at the time. While noting some similarities to Adventure , IGN argues that The Legend of Zelda (1986) by Nintendo "helped to establish a new subgenre of action-adventure", becoming a success due to how it combined elements from different genres to create a compelling hybrid, including exploration, adventure-style inventory puzzles , an action component,

1208-571: A monetary system , and simplified RPG-style level building without the experience points . The Legend of Zelda series was the most prolific action-adventure game franchise through to the 2000s. Roe R. Adams also cited the arcade-style side-scrolling fantasy games Castlevania (1986), Trojan (1986) and Wizards & Warriors (1987) as early examples of action-adventure games. Games like Brain Breaker (1985), Xanadu (1985), Metroid (1986) and Vampire Killer (1986) combined

1359-413: A radio frequency (RF) amplifier to increase its strength to a level sufficient to drive the demodulator; (3) the demodulator recovers the modulation signal (which in broadcast receivers is an audio signal , a voltage oscillating at an audio frequency rate representing the sound waves) from the modulated radio carrier wave ; (4) the modulation signal is amplified further in an audio amplifier , then

1510-576: A rectifier which converts the RF signal to a varying DC level, a lowpass filter to smooth the variations and produce an average level. This is applied as a control signal to an earlier amplifier stage, to control its gain. In a superheterodyne receiver, AGC is usually applied to the IF amplifier , and there may be a second AGC loop to control the gain of the RF amplifier to prevent it from overloading, too. In certain receiver designs such as modern digital receivers,

1661-767: A subgenre of open world action-adventure video games in the third-person perspective . They are characterized by their likeness to the Grand Theft Auto series in either gameplay or overall design. In these types of open world games, players may find and use a variety of vehicles and weapons while roaming freely in an open world setting. Metroidvania is a portmanteau of Metroid and Castlevania ; such games are sometimes referred to as "search action", and are generally based on two-dimensional platformers. They emphasize both exploration and puzzle-solving with traditional platform gameplay. Survival horror games emphasize "inventory management" and making sure

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1812-410: A volume control to adjust the loudness of the audio, and some type of "tuning" control to select the radio station to be received. Modulation is the process of adding information to a radio carrier wave . Two types of modulation are used in analog radio broadcasting systems; AM and FM. In amplitude modulation (AM) the strength of the radio signal is varied by the audio signal. AM broadcasting

1963-410: A wireless modem , is applied as input to a computer or microprocessor , which interacts with human users. In the simplest type of radio receiver, called a tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver , the three functions above are performed consecutively: (1) the mix of radio signals from the antenna is filtered to extract the signal of the desired transmitter; (2) this oscillating voltage is sent through

2114-502: A "scanning" interface to search for characters and items in a three-dimensional view. Discoveries are added to a database which can be traded with other players via Wi-Fi . The "mission mode" allows the player to add collected information into a library. This information must be properly connected to complete a mission. Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel was released in North America on June 13, 2006, Japan on September 21 and

2265-566: A 34 out of 40. The VR Disc from Integral was released by itself during the same year in other regions as Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions in North America on September 23 and as Metal Gear Solid: Special Missions in the PAL region on October 29. While the content of both, VR Missions and Special Missions , are virtually identical to the VR Disc, the unlocking requirements for the Ninja missions and

2416-500: A Western-style gunslinger and expert interrogator whose weapon of choice is the Colt Single Action Army ; Sniper Wolf , a preternatural sniper; Vulcan Raven , a hulking Alaskan shaman armed with an M61 Vulcan torn from a downed F-16; Psycho Mantis , a psychic profiler and psychokinesis expert; and Decoy Octopus , a master of disguise. Other characters include Meryl Silverburgh , Colonel Campbell's niece and

2567-444: A cable, as with rooftop television antennas and satellite dishes . Practical radio receivers perform three basic functions on the signal from the antenna: filtering , amplification , and demodulation : Radio waves from many transmitters pass through the air simultaneously without interfering with each other and are received by the antenna. These can be separated in the receiver because they have different frequencies ; that is,

2718-545: A choice of what to say. The NPC gives a scripted response to the player, and the game offers the player several new ways to respond. Due to the action-adventure subgenre's broad and inclusive nature, it causes some players to have difficulty finishing a particular game. Companies have devised ways to give the player help, such as offering clues or allowing the player to skip puzzles to compensate for this lack of ability. Brett Weiss cites Atari 's Superman (1979) as an action-adventure game, with Retro Gamer crediting it as

2869-474: A combination of complex story elements, which are often displayed for players using audio and video. The story is heavily reliant upon the player character's movement, which triggers story events and thus affects the flow of the game. Popular examples of action-adventure games include The Legend of Zelda , God of War , and Tomb Raider series. There is a good deal of controversy over what actually constitutes an action-adventure game. One definition of

3020-448: A complex text parser and no free-moving character. While they share general gameplay dynamics, action-adventures vary widely in the design of their viewpoints, including bird's eye , side-scrolling, first-person, third-person , over-the-shoulder, or even a 3/4 isometric view . Many action-adventure games simulate a conversation through a conversation tree . When the player encounters a non-player character , they are allowed to select

3171-472: A concept artwork of Metal Gear RAY , a mech that would later appear in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty . Additional content includes preview trailers of Metal Gear Solid from trade events and a photoshoot mode where the player can take photographs of fully expressive polygonal models of Mei Ling and Dr. Naomi after completing the main game. Famitsu magazine rated Metal Gear Solid: Integral

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3322-420: A distance of 3500 km (2200 miles), which was received by a coherer. However the usual range of coherer receivers even with the powerful transmitters of this era was limited to a few hundred miles. The coherer remained the dominant detector used in early radio receivers for about 10 years, until replaced by the crystal detector and electrolytic detector around 1907. In spite of much development work, it

3473-474: A downloadable PocketStation minigame. The Torture Event was also made easier, reducing the number of rounds to three per session on all five difficulty settings. The VR training mode is now stored on a separate third disc, known as the "VR Disc", and has been expanded into 300 missions. These new set of missions are divided into four main categories: Sneaking, Weapons, Advanced, and Special. The first three categories feature standard training exercises that test

3624-405: A few bonus arranged tracks), and a 40-page booklet, Metal Gear Solid Classified, featuring production notes, interviews with the developers, and a glossary of terminology in the game. The North American version was released a month later on October 20. Changes and additions were made to this version, such as a choice of three difficulty settings when starting a new game (with a fourth setting that

3775-605: A filter increases with its center frequency, so as the TRF receiver is tuned to different frequencies its bandwidth varies. Most important, the increasing congestion of the radio spectrum requires that radio channels be spaced very close together in frequency. It is extremely difficult to build filters operating at radio frequencies that have a narrow enough bandwidth to separate closely spaced radio stations. TRF receivers typically must have many cascaded tuning stages to achieve adequate selectivity. The Advantages section below describes how

3926-552: A game controller or not up to that point). Other omissions include the removal of the eighth Codec frequency (140.07), which featured written commentaries by the developers, Meryl's alternate sneaking suit outfit, and the mission logs when loading a save file. However, the Windows version adds the option to toggle moving and shooting in first-person view mode at any time regardless of difficulty setting, and players can now save their progress at any point without contacting Mei-Ling through

4077-517: A game with a mix of elements from an action game and an adventure game , especially crucial elements like puzzles inspired by older adventure games. Action-adventures require many of the same physical skills as action games, but may also offer a storyline, numerous characters, an inventory system, dialogue, and other features of adventure games. They are typically faster-paced than pure adventure games, because they include both physical and conceptual challenges. Action-adventure games normally include

4228-543: A limited range of its transmitter. The range depends on the power of the transmitter, the sensitivity of the receiver, atmospheric and internal noise , as well as any geographical obstructions such as hills between transmitter and receiver. AM broadcast band radio waves travel as ground waves which follow the contour of the Earth, so AM radio stations can be reliably received at hundreds of miles distance. Due to their higher frequency, FM band radio signals cannot travel far beyond

4379-485: A nuclear weapons disposal facility. FOXHOUND threatens to use the nuclear-capable mecha Metal Gear REX, being secretly tested at the facility, against the US government, if they do not receive the remains of Big Boss and a ransom of $ 1 billion within 24 hours. Solid Snake is forced out of retirement by Colonel Roy Campbell to infiltrate the island and neutralize the threat. Snake enters the facility via an air vent and locates

4530-448: A paper tape machine. The coherer's poor performance motivated a great deal of research to find better radio wave detectors, and many were invented. Some strange devices were tried; researchers experimented with using frog legs and even a human brain from a cadaver as detectors. By the first years of the 20th century, experiments in using amplitude modulation (AM) to transmit sound by radio ( radiotelephony ) were being made. So

4681-498: A radio drama, comics, and novels. The player must navigate the protagonist , Solid Snake , through a nuclear weapons facility without being detected by enemies. When Snake moves into an enemy's field of vision , he sets off an "alert mode" that draws enemies. The player must then hide until "evasion mode" begins; when the counter reaches zero, the game returns to "infiltration mode", where enemies are no longer suspicious. The radar cannot be used in alert or evasion mode. In addition to

Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game) - Misplaced Pages Continue

4832-616: A related problem is DC offset of the signal. This is corrected by a similar feedback system. Radio waves were first identified in German physicist Heinrich Hertz 's 1887 series of experiments to prove James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory . Hertz used spark-excited dipole antennas to generate the waves and micrometer spark gaps attached to dipole and loop antennas to detect them. These primitive devices are more accurately described as radio wave sensors, not "receivers", as they could only detect radio waves within about 100 feet of

4983-576: A rookie soldier stationed in Shadow Moses who did not join the revolt; Dr. Hal Emmerich , the lead developer of Metal Gear REX ; and Gray Fox, also known as the " Ninja ", a mysterious cybernetically enhanced agent who is neither an ally nor an enemy of Snake but does oppose FOXHOUND. In 2005, renegade genetically enhanced special forces unit FOXHOUND seized control of a remote island in Alaska 's Fox Archipelago codenamed "Shadow Moses", which houses

5134-423: A second goal of detector research was to find detectors that could demodulate an AM signal, extracting the audio (sound) signal from the radio carrier wave . It was found by trial and error that this could be done by a detector that exhibited "asymmetrical conduction"; a device that conducted current in one direction but not in the other. This rectified the alternating current radio signal, removing one side of

5285-492: A seven-minute limit. Metal Gear Solid takes place in an alternate history in which the Cold War continued into the 1990s, ending at some point near the end of the 20th century. The game's events take place six years after those in downfall of Zanzibarland , and form the third chapter in an overarching plot concerning the character of Solid Snake. The protagonist is Solid Snake, a legendary infiltrator and saboteur. During

5436-711: A side-scrolling platformer format with adventure exploration, creating the Metroidvania platform-adventure subgenre. Similarly, games like 005 (1981), Castle Wolfenstein and Metal Gear (1987) combined action-adventure exploration with stealth mechanics, laying the foundations for the stealth game subgenre, which would later be popularized in 1998 with the releases of Metal Gear Solid , Tenchu: Stealth Assassins , and Thief: The Dark Project . The cinematic platformer Prince of Persia (1989) featured action-adventure elements, inspiring games such as Another World (1991) and Flashback (1992). Alone in

5587-400: A single avatar as the protagonist . This type of game is often quite similar to role-playing video games . They are distinct from graphic adventures , which sometimes have free-moving central characters, but also a wider variety of commands and fewer or no action game elements and are distinct too from text adventures , characterized by many different commands introduced by the user via

5738-477: A smaller team so that he got to know everyone in the team and what they were working on, and could know if anyone was sick or unhappy. The team size did not expand to full strength until September 1996; initially, there was only a single programmer working on the game's code. Because the developers wanted the game's action to be stylized and movie-like rather than realistic, they opted not to use motion capture , instead having an artist with experience in anime design

5889-708: A switch to select which band to receive; these are called AM/FM radios . Digital audio broadcasting (DAB) is an advanced radio technology which debuted in some countries in 1998 that transmits audio from terrestrial radio stations as a digital signal rather than an analog signal as AM and FM do. Its advantages are that DAB has the potential to provide higher quality sound than FM (although many stations do not choose to transmit at such high quality), has greater immunity to radio noise and interference, makes better use of scarce radio spectrum bandwidth, and provides advanced user features such as electronic program guide , sports commentaries, and image slideshows. Its disadvantage

6040-463: A t-shirt, dog tags, memory card stickers, a double sided movie-style poster and a set of postcards. The Japanese PlayStation version of Metal Gear Solid was reissued twice: once under "The Best" series and later under "PS one Books." Likewise, the American and European versions of Metal Gear Solid were reissued under the "Greatest Hits" and "Platinum" series respectively. The game is included in

6191-417: A tank ambush. Snake fends off the attack from Vulcan Raven and proceeds to the rendezvous, where he locates Otacon. The ninja reappears, and Snake realizes it is his former ally Gray Fox , believed dead. Devastated over learning REX's true intentions, Otacon agrees to aid Snake remotely using special camouflage to procure information and supplies. Snake meets Meryl and receives the PAL card. As they head for

Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game) - Misplaced Pages Continue

6342-410: A wall next to an open space, or into first-person when crawling under tight spaces or when equipping certain items such as the binoculars or a sniper rifle. The player can also use the first-person view while remaining idle to look around Snake's surroundings and see what's ahead of him. Progress is punctuated by cutscenes and codec , as well as encounters with bosses. To progress, players must discover

6493-444: Is a transmitter and receiver combined in one unit. Below is a list of a few of the most common types, organized by function. A radio receiver is connected to an antenna which converts some of the energy from the incoming radio wave into a tiny radio frequency AC voltage which is applied to the receiver's input. An antenna typically consists of an arrangement of metal conductors. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields of

6644-485: Is a broadcast radio receiver, which reproduces sound transmitted by radio broadcasting stations, historically the first mass-market radio application. A broadcast receiver is commonly called a "radio". However radio receivers are very widely used in other areas of modern technology, in televisions , cell phones , wireless modems , radio clocks and other components of communications, remote control, and wireless networking systems. The most familiar form of radio receiver

6795-428: Is a broadcast receiver, often just called a radio , which receives audio programs intended for public reception transmitted by local radio stations . The sound is reproduced either by a loudspeaker in the radio or an earphone which plugs into a jack on the radio. The radio requires electric power , provided either by batteries inside the radio or a power cord which plugs into an electric outlet . All radios have

6946-450: Is allowed in the AM broadcast bands which are between 148 and 283 kHz in the longwave range, and between 526 and 1706 kHz in the medium frequency (MF) range of the radio spectrum . AM broadcasting is also permitted in shortwave bands, between about 2.3 and 26 MHz, which are used for long distance international broadcasting. In frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of

7097-735: Is an action game that includes situational problem-solving. Adventure gamers may also be purists, rejecting any game that makes use of physical challenges or time pressure. Regardless, the action-adventure label is prominent in articles over the internet and media. The term "action-adventure" is usually substituted for a particular subgenre due to its wide scope. Although action-adventure games are diverse and difficult to classify, there are some distinct subgenres. Many games with gameplay similar to those in The Legend of Zelda series are called Zelda clones or Zelda -like games. Popular subgenres include: A Grand Theft Auto clone belongs to

7248-436: Is applied to a loudspeaker or earphone to convert it to sound waves. Although the TRF receiver is used in a few applications, it has practical disadvantages which make it inferior to the superheterodyne receiver below, which is used in most applications. The drawbacks stem from the fact that in the TRF the filtering, amplification, and demodulation are done at the high frequency of the incoming radio signal. The bandwidth of

7399-443: Is called the intermediate frequency (IF). The IF signal also has the modulation sidebands that carry the information that was present in the original RF signal. The IF signal passes through filter and amplifier stages, then is demodulated in a detector, recovering the original modulation. The receiver is easy to tune; to receive a different frequency it is only necessary to change the local oscillator frequency. The stages of

7550-462: Is confused to discover Anderson's body in his cell, seemingly dead for days. He escapes with the help of Otacon, makes his way up the communications tower, and fends off a Hind D helicopter attack from Liquid. As he emerges onto a snowfield, he is confronted again by Sniper Wolf. He kills her, devastating Otacon, who was infatuated with her. Snake continues to REX's hangar and is ambushed again by Raven. After Snake defeats him, Raven tells Snake that

7701-428: Is first mixed with one local oscillator signal in the first mixer to convert it to a high IF frequency, to allow efficient filtering out of the image frequency, then this first IF is mixed with a second local oscillator signal in a second mixer to convert it to a low IF frequency for good bandpass filtering. Some receivers even use triple-conversion . At the cost of the extra stages, the superheterodyne receiver provides

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7852-564: Is interrupted by a mysterious cyborg ninja who cuts off Ocelot's right hand. Baker briefs Snake on the Metal Gear project and advises him to contact Meryl, whom he gave a PAL card that might prevent the launch, but he too dies of a sudden heart attack. Over Codec, Meryl agrees to meet in the warhead disposal area on the condition that Snake contacts Metal Gear's designer, Dr. Hal "Otacon" Emmerich . En route, Snake receives an anonymous codec call calling themselves " Deepthroat ", warning him of

8003-537: Is not the degree of amplification but random electronic noise present in the circuit, which can drown out a weak radio signal. After the radio signal is filtered and amplified, the receiver must extract the information-bearing modulation signal from the modulated radio frequency carrier wave . This is done by a circuit called a demodulator ( detector ). Each type of modulation requires a different type of demodulator Many other types of modulation are also used for specialized purposes. The modulation signal output by

8154-556: Is performed in Irish by Aoife Ní Fhearraigh . The main theme was composed by Tappi Iwase from the Konami Kukeiha Club . Music played in-game has a synthetic feel with increased pace and introduction of strings during tense moments, with a looping style endemic to video games. Overtly cinematic music, with stronger orchestral and choral elements, appears in cutscenes. The soundtrack was released on September 23, 1998, under

8305-445: Is that it is incompatible with previous radios so that a new DAB receiver must be purchased. As of 2017, 38 countries offer DAB, with 2,100 stations serving listening areas containing 420 million people. The United States and Canada have chosen not to implement DAB. DAB radio stations work differently from AM or FM stations: a single DAB station transmits a wide 1,500 kHz bandwidth signal that carries from 9 to 12 channels from which

8456-419: Is the result of a bug. Of course, it wasn't totally coincidence since we wanted that effect anyway, but we did get a somewhat unexpected result." Kojima wanted greater interaction with objects and the environment, such as allowing the player to hide bodies in a storage compartment. Additionally, he wanted "a full orchestra right next to the player"; a system which made modifications such as tempo and texture to

8607-518: Is unlocked after completing the game once), an alternate tuxedo outfit for Snake (which the character wears on every third playthrough on the same save file), and a "demo theater" mode where the player views every cutscene and radio conversations relevant to the main story. Jeremy Blaustein , who previously worked on the English localization of Snatcher for the Sega CD , wrote the English version of

8758-502: The Metal Gear Solid: Master Collection . The title is available as stand-alone download with the original Metal Gear and Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake included as bonuses, with all three titles also included as part of a compilation titled Metal Gear Solid: Master Collection Vol.1 along with re-releases of Metal Gear Solid 2 and Metal Gear Solid 3 (both available as separate downloads as well). In

8909-578: The Tokimeki Memorial series) not being released outside Japan. This resulted in Kojima's cameo (in which he thanks the player for supporting his work via a voiceover) being cut from the Western versions, as save data from two PlayStation games not available outside Japan, Snatcher and Policenauts , needed to be present on the player's memory card for this Easter egg to appear. The game

9060-596: The Uncharted franchise, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Ark: Survival Evolved . Receiver (radio) Radio receivers are essential components of all systems that use radio . The information produced by the receiver may be in the form of sound, video ( television ), or digital data . A radio receiver may be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electronic circuit within another device. The most familiar type of radio receiver for most people

9211-540: The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer . Kojima was initially planning Metal Gear Solid while Policenauts (1994) was still in development. Conceptual artwork by Yoji Shinkawa of the characters Solid Snake , Meryl Silverburgh , who was also a character in the adventure game Policenauts , and the FOXHOUND team, were included in the Policenauts: Pilot Disk preceding the release of the full version of

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9362-644: The King Records label. Metal Gear Solid was first released for the PlayStation in Japan on September 3, 1998. The game was available in a standard edition, as well as a limited "Premium Package" edition sold in a large box that also contained a t-shirt , a pair of FOXHOUND-themed dog tags , memory card stickers, an audio CD featuring the soundtracks from the MSX2 Metal Gear games (including

9513-597: The Master Collection , the game runs on an emulator developed by M2 , with the option to play any of the seven regional versions (Japanese, North American, European English, German, French, Italian and Spanish) of the game via additional downloads, as well as the Integral / VR Missions / Special Missions expansions. The Master Collection edition handles the Psycho Mantis' mind reading event by giving

9664-587: The PAL region on September 22. In 2006, the game received IGN 's award for Best Use of Sound on the PSP. A DVD-Video version is included with its sequel ( Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Dessinée ), which was released in Japan on June 12, 2008. The DVD version features full voice acting. A novelization based on the original Metal Gear Solid was written by Raymond Benson and published by Del Rey. The American paperback edition

9815-533: The PlayStation Classic released in 2018. The game is included in both the Japanese and western models of the unit in their respective versions. Released on June 25, 1999, for the PlayStation in Japan, Metal Gear Solid: Integral is an expanded edition of the game that features the added content from the American and European versions. It replaces the Japanese voices from the original version with

9966-413: The amplitude (voltage or current) of the signal. In most modern receivers, the electronic components which do the actual amplifying are transistors . Receivers usually have several stages of amplification: the radio signal from the bandpass filter is amplified to make it powerful enough to drive the demodulator, then the audio signal from the demodulator is amplified to make it powerful enough to operate

10117-451: The "Anderson" he conversed with was, in fact, FOXHOUND disguise artist Decoy Octopus. Infiltrating Metal Gear's hangar, Snake overhears Liquid and Ocelot preparing the REX launch sequence and uses the PAL card, but this unexpectedly activates REX. Liquid reveals that he has been impersonating Snake's advisor Master Miller and that FOXHOUND has used Snake to facilitate REX's launch. He and Snake are

10268-818: The "first to utilize multiple screens as playing area". Mark J.P. Wolf credits Adventure (1980) for the Atari VCS as the earliest-known action-adventure game. The game involves exploring a 2D environment, finding and using items which each have prescribed abilities, and fighting dragons in real-time like in an action game . Muse Software 's Castle Wolfenstein (1981) was another early action-adventure game, merging exploration, combat, stealth, and maze game elements, drawing inspiration from arcade shoot 'em ups and maze games (such as maze-shooter Berzerk ) and war films (such as The Guns of Navarone ). According to Wizardry developer Roe R. Adams, early action-adventure games "were basically arcade games done in

10419-428: The 1997 Electronic Entertainment Expo ; its Japanese release was originally planned for late 1997, before being delayed to 1998. Players control Solid Snake , a soldier who infiltrates a nuclear weapons facility to neutralize the terrorist threat from FOXHOUND , a renegade special forces unit. Snake must liberate hostages and stop the terrorists from launching a nuclear strike. Cinematic cutscenes were rendered using

10570-516: The 3DO game in 1995. The game was titled Metal Gear Solid , rather than Metal Gear 3 , as Kojima felt that the previous MSX2 games that he worked on were not widely known, due to the fact that they were not released in North America and only the first one was released in Europe (an NES version of the first Metal Gear was released in North America, but Kojima had no involvement with it or its sequel Snake's Revenge ). The word "Solid," derived from

10721-490: The Dark (1992) used 3D graphics , which would later be popularized by Resident Evil (1996) and Tomb Raider (1996). Resident Evil in particular created the survival horror subgenre, inspiring titles such as Silent Hill (1999) and Fatal Frame (2001). Action-adventure games have gone on to become more popular than the pure adventure games and pure platform games that inspired them. Recent examples include

10872-461: The English dub, offering players a choice between Japanese and English subtitles during cutscenes and CODEC conversations (item descriptions, mission logs, and other text are still in Japanese). Further additional content to the main game include an alternate "sneaking suit" outfit for Meryl (which she wears when Snake is dressed in the tuxedo), a "Very Easy" difficulty setting where the player starts

11023-663: The Japanese Metal Gear Solid: 20th Anniversary Collection set and in the American Essential Collection set. The original Metal Gear Solid was released on the PlayStation Store for download on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable on March 21, 2008, in Japan and on June 18, 2009, in North America and on November 19 of the same year in Europe. Metal Gear Solid is one of the twenty PlayStation games included in

11174-450: The PlayStation version of Integral and lacks some of its content. The most significant change was reducing the number of discs from three to two, which was done by giving each disc two separate executable files , one for the main game (mgsi.exe) and the other for the VR training portion (mgsvr.exe), thus eliminating the need for a stand-alone third disc. One notable omission was the removal of

11325-684: The PlayStation version. A remake, Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes , was developed by Silicon Knights under the supervision of KCE Japan and released for the GameCube in North America, Japan, and Europe in March 2004. Although Twin Snakes was primarily developed at Silicon Knights, its cutscenes were developed in-house at Konami and directed by Japanese film director Ryuhei Kitamura , reflecting his dynamic signature style, utilizing bullet time photography and choreographed gunplay extensively. While

11476-625: The US government searching for him. Naomi Hunter, who injected Snake with the FOXDIE virus, tells him that he has an indeterminate amount of time before it kills him. Ocelot calls the US President ; he was a double agent whose mission was to steal Baker's disk of Metal Gear specifications, and identifies the President as being the secret third clone of Big Boss . Director Hideo Kojima originally planned his third Metal Gear game in 1994 for

11627-500: The ability to switch to first person on the fly to make it feel as though the game were taking place in a real 3D world. Development for Metal Gear Solid began in 1995, but was briefly halted due to the Great Hanshin earthquake which caused major damage to the development studio. When development of Metal Gear Solid resumed, it was moved over to the PlayStation platform. Developers aimed for accuracy and realism while making

11778-439: The actors returned for the 2004 remake Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes , they were credited with their real names. The musical score of Metal Gear Solid was composed by Konami 's in-house musicians, including Kazuki Muraoka, Hiroyuki Togo, Takanari Ishiyama, Lee Jeon Myung, and Maki Kirioka. Composer and lyricist Rika Muranaka provided a song called "The Best is Yet To Come" for the game's ending credits sequence. The song

11929-411: The additional circuits and parallel signal paths to reproduce the two separate channels. A monaural receiver, in contrast, only receives a single audio channel that is a combination (sum) of the left and right channels. While AM stereo transmitters and receivers exist, they have not achieved the popularity of FM stereo. Most modern radios are able to receive both AM and FM radio stations, and have

12080-409: The advantage of greater selectivity than can be achieved with a TRF design. Where very high frequencies are in use, only the initial stage of the receiver needs to operate at the highest frequencies; the remaining stages can provide much of the receiver gain at lower frequencies which may be easier to manage. Tuning is simplified compared to a multi-stage TRF design, and only two stages need to track over

12231-440: The amplitude of the modulation does not vary with the radio signal strength, but in all types the demodulator requires a certain range of signal amplitude to operate properly. Insufficient signal amplitude will cause an increase of noise in the demodulator, while excessive signal amplitude will cause amplifier stages to overload (saturate), causing distortion (clipping) of the signal. Therefore, almost all modern receivers include

12382-468: The animations by hand. A gameplay demo of Metal Gear Solid was first revealed to the public at the 1996 Tokyo Game Show and was later shown at E3 1997 as a short video. The 1997 version had several differences, including a more controllable camera and blue-colored vision cones. The demo generated significant buzz and positive reviews at the event, for its game design emphasizing stealth and strategy (like earlier Metal Gear games), its presentation, and

12533-431: The antenna is mixed with an unmodulated signal generated by a local oscillator (LO) in the receiver. The mixing is done in a nonlinear circuit called the " mixer ". The result at the output of the mixer is a heterodyne or beat frequency at the difference between these two frequencies. The process is similar to the way two musical notes at different frequencies played together produce a beat note . This lower frequency

12684-428: The codename of series's protagonist Solid Snake (as well as the title of the second MSX2 game), was chosen not only to represent the fact that it was the third entry of the series, but also the transition from 2D to 3D computer graphics . Considering first person games difficult to control, the team opted to give the gameplay a 2D style by having it predominantly played from an overhead angle, while using 3D graphics and

12835-502: The currently playing track, instead of switching to another pre-recorded track. Although these features could not be achieved, they were implemented in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty . Kojima used Lego building blocks and toy figurines to model 3D areas and see what the planned camera views would look like. The game was developed by a staff of twenty people, a small team for such a major title. Kojima preferred to have

12986-406: The cutscene before the Psycho Mantis battle in which he reads the player's memory card and activates the vibration function of the player's controller if a DualShock is being used, as this scene involved the use of PlayStation-specific peripherals. The method for defeating Mantis was also changed from using the second controller to simply using the keyboard (regardless of whether the player was using

13137-420: The demodulator is usually amplified to increase its strength, then the information is converted back to a human-usable form by some type of transducer . An audio signal , representing sound, as in a broadcast radio, is converted to sound waves by an earphone or loudspeaker . A video signal , representing moving images, as in a television receiver , is converted to light by a display . Digital data , as in

13288-450: The desired signal. A single tunable RF filter stage rejects the image frequency; since these are relatively far from the desired frequency, a simple filter provides adequate rejection. Rejection of interfering signals much closer in frequency to the desired signal is handled by the multiple sharply-tuned stages of the intermediate frequency amplifiers, which do not need to change their tuning. This filter does not need great selectivity, but as

13439-655: The earphone the signal sounded like a musical tone or buzz, and the Morse code "dots" and "dashes" sounded like beeps. The first person to use radio waves for communication was Guglielmo Marconi . Marconi invented little himself, but he was first to believe that radio could be a practical communication medium, and singlehandedly developed the first wireless telegraphy systems, transmitters and receivers, beginning in 1894–5, mainly by improving technology invented by others. Oliver Lodge and Alexander Popov were also experimenting with similar radio wave receiving apparatus at

13590-485: The filtering at the lower intermediate frequency. One of the most important parameters of a receiver is its bandwidth , the band of frequencies it accepts. In order to reject nearby interfering stations or noise, a narrow bandwidth is required. In all known filtering techniques, the bandwidth of the filter increases in proportion with the frequency, so by performing the filtering at the lower f IF {\displaystyle f_{\text{IF}}} , rather than

13741-417: The first hostage, DARPA Chief Donald Anderson . Anderson reveals that Metal Gear REX can be deactivated with a secret detonation override code, but dies of a heart attack . Colonel Campbell's niece Meryl Silverburgh , held hostage in a neighboring cell, helps Snake escape. Snake locates another hostage, ArmsTech president Kenneth Baker , but is confronted by FOXHOUND member Revolver Ocelot . Their gunfight

13892-476: The frequency of the original radio signal f RF {\displaystyle f_{\text{RF}}} , a narrower bandwidth can be achieved. Modern FM and television broadcasting, cellphones and other communications services, with their narrow channel widths, would be impossible without the superheterodyne. The signal strength ( amplitude ) of the radio signal from a receiver's antenna varies drastically, by orders of magnitude, depending on how far away

14043-493: The game enjoyable and tense. In the early stages of development, the Huntington Beach SWAT team educated the creators with a demonstration of vehicles, weapons, and explosives. Weapons expert Motosada Mori was also tapped as a technical adviser in the research, which included visits to Fort Irwin and firing sessions at Stembridge Gun Rentals . Kojima stated that "if the player isn't tricked into believing that

14194-463: The game's backstory . In addition to the main story, there is also a VR training mode in which the player can test out their sneaking skills in a series of artificially constructed environments. This mode is divided into three main categories (practice, time attack, and gun shooting), each consisting of ten stages. After completing all 30 stages, a survival mission is unlocked in which the player must sneak their way through ten consecutive stages under

14345-442: The game's demonstrations at several trade shows between 1996 and 1998 had received a positive response. This had generated significant worldwide interest in the game prior to its release in 1998. Action-adventure game An action-adventure game is a video game hybrid genre that combines core elements from both the action game and adventure game genres. Typically, classical adventure games have situational problems for

14496-406: The gameplay still follows a number of adventure game genre tropes (gathering items , exploration of and interaction with one's environment, often including an overworld connecting areas of importance, and puzzle-solving). While the controls are arcade-style (character movement, few action commands) there is an ultimate goal beyond a high score. In most action-adventure games, the player controls

14647-438: The in-game engine and graphics, and voice acting is used throughout. Metal Gear Solid received critical acclaim. It sold more than seven million copies worldwide and shipped 12   million demos. It scored an average of 94/100 on the aggregate website Metacritic . It is regarded as one of the greatest and most important video games of all time and helped popularize the stealth genre and in-engine cinematic cutscenes. It

14798-428: The incoming radio signal is at the resonant frequency, the resonant circuit has high impedance and the radio signal from the desired station is passed on to the following stages of the receiver. At all other frequencies the resonant circuit has low impedance, so signals at these frequencies are conducted to ground. The power of the radio waves picked up by a receiving antenna decreases with the square of its distance from

14949-417: The listener can choose. Broadcasters can transmit a channel at a range of different bit rates , so different channels can have different audio quality. In different countries DAB stations broadcast in either Band III (174–240 MHz) or L band (1.452–1.492 GHz). The signal strength of radio waves decreases the farther they travel from the transmitter, so a radio station can only be received within

15100-579: The mission armed with a suppressor-equipped MP5 submachine gun with infinite ammo (substituting the FAMAS rifle in Snake's inventory), an eighth Codec frequency featuring commentary from the development team (unvoiced and in Japanese text only) on every area and boss encounter, hidden music tracks, an alternate game mode where the player controls Snake from a first-person perspective (on Normal difficulty only), an option for alternative patrol routes for enemies, and

15251-457: The mission, Snake receives support and advice via codec radio. Colonel Roy Campbell , Solid Snake's former commanding officer , supports Snake with information and tactics. While he initially keeps some secrets from Snake, he gradually reveals them. He is joined by Naomi Hunter, who gives medical advice; Nastasha Romanenko , who provides item and weapon tips; Master Miller , a former drill instructor and survival coach; and Mei Ling , who invented

15402-454: The photoshoot mode were changed accordingly, so that save data from the main game was no longer required. The Special Missions version also adds an additional requirement in which the user must also own a copy of the original Metal Gear Solid in PAL format in order to start the game - after booting Special Missions on the console, the player will be asked to switch the disc with the first disc from Metal Gear Solid to load data before asking

15553-489: The player has enough ammunition and recovery items to " survive " the horror setting. This is a thematic genre with diverse gameplay, so not all survival horror games share all the features. The Resident Evil franchise popularized this subgenre. Action-adventure games are faster-paced than pure adventure games, and include physical as well as conceptual challenges where the story is enacted rather than narrated. While motion-based, often reflexive, actions are required,

15704-405: The player option to create a virtual memory card with save files from supported games in order to trigger specific lines of dialogue. There's also a new animated sequence when the player reaches the blast furnace which visually depicts the disc-swapping process. A Japanese radio drama version of Metal Gear Solid , directed by Shuyo Murata and written by Motosada Mori, was produced shortly after

15855-473: The player to explore and solve to complete a storyline, involving little to no action . If there is action, it is generally confined to isolated instances. Classical action games, on the other hand, have gameplay based on real-time interactions that challenges the player's reflexes and eye-hand coordination . Action-adventure games combine these genres by engaging both eye-hand coordination and problem-solving skills. An action adventure game can be defined as

16006-537: The player to switch back to the Special Missions disc to proceed through the rest of the game. The Windows version of Metal Gear Solid was released in North America on September 22, 2000, in the United Kingdom on October 20, 2000, and in other European and Asian territories (excluding Japan) in late 2000. This version was published by Microsoft Games and developed by Digital Dialect. It supports

16157-617: The player's sneaking, shooting, and combat skills, while the fourth category contains less conventional tests involving murder mysteries, giant genome soldiers, and flying saucers. One particular set of missions has the player controlling the Cyborg Ninja, unlocked by either completing a minigame on the PocketStation and uploading the data to the VR Disc or by achieving the Fox rank on the main game. Completing all 300 missions will unlock

16308-490: The product of the Les Enfants Terribles project, a 1970s government program to clone Big Boss. He also reveals to Snake the government's true reason for sending him: Snake is unknowingly carrying a weaponized "FOXDIE" virus that causes cardiac arrest in FOXHOUND members on contact, allowing the government to retrieve REX undamaged. As Liquid, in REX, battles Snake, Gray Fox appears. He reveals to Snake that he

16459-478: The radio signal is varied slightly by the audio signal. FM broadcasting is permitted in the FM broadcast bands between about 65 and 108 MHz in the very high frequency (VHF) range. The exact frequency ranges vary somewhat in different countries. FM stereo radio stations broadcast in stereophonic sound (stereo), transmitting two sound channels representing left and right microphones . A stereo receiver contains

16610-416: The radio transmitter is, how powerful it is, and propagation conditions along the path of the radio waves. The strength of the signal received from a given transmitter varies with time due to changing propagation conditions of the path through which the radio wave passes, such as multipath interference ; this is called fading . In an AM receiver, the amplitude of the audio signal from the detector, and

16761-410: The radio wave from each transmitter oscillates at a different rate. To separate out the desired radio signal, the bandpass filter allows the frequency of the desired radio transmission to pass through, and blocks signals at all other frequencies. The bandpass filter consists of one or more resonant circuits (tuned circuits). The resonant circuit is connected between the antenna input and ground. When

16912-401: The radio wave push the electrons in the antenna back and forth, creating an oscillating voltage. The antenna may be enclosed inside the receiver's case, as with the ferrite loop antennas of AM radios and the flat inverted F antenna of cell phones; attached to the outside of the receiver, as with whip antennas used on FM radios , or mounted separately and connected to the receiver by

17063-565: The radio wave to demodulate the later amplitude modulated (AM) radio transmissions that carried sound. In a long series of experiments Marconi found that by using an elevated wire monopole antenna instead of Hertz's dipole antennas he could transmit longer distances, beyond the curve of the Earth, demonstrating that radio was not just a laboratory curiosity but a commercially viable communication method. This culminated in his historic transatlantic wireless transmission on December 12, 1901, from Poldhu, Cornwall to St. John's, Newfoundland ,

17214-511: The recasting of Gray Fox from Greg Eagles , who still reprises the role of the DARPA chief, to Rob Paulsen . The graphics were also updated to match those of Metal Gear Solid 2 . The original version of Metal Gear Solid was re-released in October 2023 for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 5 , Xbox Series X/S , Nintendo Switch and Windows (via Steam ) as part of a series of re-releases titled

17365-448: The receiver after the mixer operates at the fixed intermediate frequency (IF) so the IF bandpass filter does not have to be adjusted to different frequencies. The fixed frequency allows modern receivers to use sophisticated quartz crystal , ceramic resonator , or surface acoustic wave (SAW) IF filters that have very high Q factors , to improve selectivity. The RF filter on the front end of

17516-420: The receiver is needed to prevent interference from any radio signals at the image frequency . Without an input filter the receiver can receive incoming RF signals at two different frequencies,. The receiver can be designed to receive on either of these two frequencies; if the receiver is designed to receive on one, any other radio station or radio noise on the other frequency may pass through and interfere with

17667-466: The receiver is tuned to different frequencies it must "track" in tandem with the local oscillator. The RF filter also serves to limit the bandwidth applied to the RF amplifier, preventing it from being overloaded by strong out-of-band signals. To achieve both good image rejection and selectivity, many modern superhet receivers use two intermediate frequencies; this is called a dual-conversion or double-conversion superheterodyne. The incoming RF signal

17818-499: The release of the original PlayStation game. 12 episodes were aired, from 1998 to 1999 on Konami's CLUB db program. The series was later released on CD as a two-volume series titled Drama CD Metal Gear Solid . Set after the events of the PlayStation game, Snake, Meryl, Campbell and Mei Ling (all portrayed by their original Japanese voice actors) pursue missions in hostile third world nations as FOXHOUND. The new characters introduced include Sgt. Allen Iishiba (voiced by Toshio Furukawa ),

17969-467: The same time in 1894–5, but they are not known to have transmitted Morse code during this period, just strings of random pulses. Therefore, Marconi is usually given credit for building the first radio receivers. The first radio receivers invented by Marconi, Oliver Lodge and Alexander Popov in 1894-5 used a primitive radio wave detector called a coherer , invented in 1890 by Edouard Branly and improved by Lodge and Marconi. The coherer

18120-510: The same year in Japan with an extensive promotional campaign. Television and magazine advertisements, in-store samples, and demo giveaways contributed to a total of $ 8 million in promotional costs. Except for David Hayter (Solid Snake), the English voice cast was credited with pseudonyms . Reportedly, this was done because the Screen Actors Guild 's rules at the time were unclear regarding performances for video games. When

18271-431: The script. One change in the English script was the addition of Western sources and authors to Mei-Ling's pool of motivational quotes; originally the character only cited Chinese proverbs natively, providing an explanation afterward in Japanese, but this proved challenging to adapt during the translation. The games detected by Psycho Mantis when he reads the player's memory card were also changed, due to certain games (such as

18422-412: The soliton radar system used in the mission and is also in charge of mission data; the player can call her to save the game. The main antagonist of the game is Liquid Snake , leader of a now-terrorist splinter cell of the organization FOXHOUND, and genetic counterpart to Solid Snake. An elite special forces unit, FOXHOUND contains experts specializing in different tasks. Members are Revolver Ocelot ,

18573-420: The sound volume, is proportional to the amplitude of the radio signal, so fading causes variations in the volume. In addition as the receiver is tuned between strong and weak stations, the volume of the sound from the speaker would vary drastically. Without an automatic system to handle it, in an AM receiver, constant adjustment of the volume control would be required. With other types of modulation like FM or FSK

18724-402: The speaker. The degree of amplification of a radio receiver is measured by a parameter called its sensitivity , which is the minimum signal strength of a station at the antenna, measured in microvolts , necessary to receive the signal clearly, with a certain signal-to-noise ratio . Since it is easy to amplify a signal to any desired degree, the limit to the sensitivity of many modern receivers

18875-520: The stealth gameplay, set-piece sequences entail firefights between the player and enemies. To remain undetected, the player can perform techniques that make use of Snake's abilities and the environment, such as crawling under objects, using boxes as cover , ducking or hiding around walls, and making noise to distract enemies. An on-screen radar provides the player with the location of nearby enemies and their field of vision. Snake can also make use of many items and gadgets, such as infra-red goggles and

19026-412: The storyline and settings of the game were unchanged (although a select few lines of dialog were re-written more closely resembling the original Japanese version), a variety of gameplay features from Sons of Liberty were added such as the first-person aiming and hanging from bars on walls. Another change in the English voice acting was the reduction of Mei Ling's, Naomi's and Nastasha's accents, as well as

19177-476: The superheterodyne receiver overcomes these problems. The superheterodyne receiver, invented in 1918 by Edwin Armstrong is the design used in almost all modern receivers except a few specialized applications. In the superheterodyne, the radio frequency signal from the antenna is shifted down to a lower " intermediate frequency " (IF), before it is processed. The incoming radio frequency signal from

19328-430: The term "action-adventure" may be '"An action/adventure game is a game that has enough action in it not to be called an adventure game, but not enough action to be called an action game." In some cases an action game with puzzles will be classified as an action-adventure game, but if these puzzles are quite simple they might be classified as an action game. Others see action games as a pure genre, while an action-adventure

19479-683: The transmitter, and were not used for communication but instead as laboratory instruments in scientific experiments. The first radio transmitters , used during the initial three decades of radio from 1887 to 1917, a period called the spark era , were spark gap transmitters which generated radio waves by discharging a capacitance through an electric spark . Each spark produced a transient pulse of radio waves which decreased rapidly to zero. These damped waves could not be modulated to carry sound, as in modern AM and FM transmission. So spark transmitters could not transmit sound, and instead transmitted information by radiotelegraphy . The transmitter

19630-404: The transmitting antenna. Even with the powerful transmitters used in radio broadcasting stations, if the receiver is more than a few miles from the transmitter the power intercepted by the receiver's antenna is very small, perhaps as low as picowatts or femtowatts . To increase the power of the recovered signal, an amplifier circuit uses electric power from batteries or the wall plug to increase

19781-427: The tuning range. The total amplification of the receiver is divided between three amplifiers at different frequencies; the RF, IF, and audio amplifier. This reduces problems with feedback and parasitic oscillations that are encountered in receivers where most of the amplifier stages operate at the same frequency, as in the TRF receiver. The most important advantage is that better selectivity can be achieved by doing

19932-399: The underground base, Meryl is possessed by psychic Psycho Mantis and pulls her gun on Snake. He disarms her and defeats Mantis, who informs Snake that he has "a large place" in her heart. After they reach the underground passageway, Sniper Wolf ambushes them, wounds Meryl, and captures Snake. Liquid confirms Snake's suspicion that they are twin brothers. After being tortured by Ocelot, Snake

20083-465: The unprecedented level of real-time 3D graphical detail for the PlayStation. The enthusiastic response to the game at E3 took Kojima by surprise, and increased his expectations for the game's performance in the American market. The game's Japanese release was originally planned for late 1997, but was delayed to 1998. It was playable for the first time at the Tokyo Game Show in 1998 and released

20234-569: The use of a keyboard or a USB game controller with at least six buttons (with the manual recommending the Sidewinder Game Pad Pro ). It also supports Direct3D -capable video cards, allowing for a high resolution of up to 1024x768. The Windows version is labeled Metal Gear Solid on the packaging, but the actual game uses the Metal Gear Solid: Integral logo, although it has some differences as well from

20385-399: The use of quicksaves. On the VR training portion, all 300 missions, as well as the photoshoot mode, are available from the start, although the opening video and the three unlockable preview trailers from the PlayStation version have been removed. Scoring 83 on Metacritic 's aggregate, the game was criticized for "graphic glitches," the aged nature of the port, and being virtually identical to

20536-464: The visual horizon to about 30–40 miles (48–64 km). Radios are manufactured in a range of styles and functions: Radio receivers are essential components of all systems that use radio . Besides the broadcast receivers described above, radio receivers are used in a huge variety of electronic systems in modern technology. They can be a separate piece of equipment (a radio ), or a subsystem incorporated into other electronic devices. A transceiver

20687-605: The visual horizon; limiting reception distance to about 40 miles (64 km), and can be blocked by hills between the transmitter and receiver. However FM radio is less susceptible to interference from radio noise ( RFI , sferics , static) and has higher fidelity ; better frequency response and less audio distortion , than AM. So in countries that still broadcast AM radio, serious music is typically only broadcast by FM stations, and AM stations specialize in radio news , talk radio , and sports radio . Like FM, DAB signals travel by line of sight so reception distances are limited by

20838-463: The weaknesses of each boss and defeat them. Play controls and strategies can also be accessed via the Codec, a radio communication device where advice is delivered from Snake's support team; for example, the support team may chastise Snake for not saving his progress often enough, or explain his combat moves in terms of which buttons to press on the gamepad. The Codec is also used to provide exposition on

20989-453: The world is real, then there's no point in making the game." To fulfill this, adjustments were made to every detail, such as individually designed desks. The characters and mecha designs were made by artist Yoji Shinkawa based on Kojima's concepts. When designing props and hardware, he first built plastic models at home, and then drew the final designs from the models. According to Shinkawa, Solid Snake's physique in this particular installment

21140-434: Was Deepthroat, destroys REX's radome , and is crushed to death by REX. Snake destroys REX and defeats Liquid, then escapes with Meryl or Otacon via a tunnel, pursued by Liquid in a jeep . After their vehicles crash, Liquid pulls a gun on Snake but dies from FOXDIE. Colonel Campbell, briefly ousted from command, calls off a nuclear strike to destroy evidence of the operation and has Snake registered as killed in action to stop

21291-415: Was a glass tube with metal electrodes at each end, with loose metal powder between the electrodes. It initially had a high resistance . When a radio frequency voltage was applied to the electrodes, its resistance dropped and it conducted electricity. In the receiver the coherer was connected directly between the antenna and ground. In addition to the antenna, the coherer was connected in a DC circuit with

21442-418: Was a very crude unsatisfactory device. It was not very sensitive, and also responded to impulsive radio noise ( RFI ), such as nearby lights being switched on or off, as well as to the intended signal. Due to the cumbersome mechanical "tapping back" mechanism it was limited to a data rate of about 12-15 words per minute of Morse code , while a spark-gap transmitter could transmit Morse at up to 100 WPM with

21593-427: Was based on Jean-Claude Van Damme , while his facial appearance was based on Christopher Walken . Konami had decided that the middle-aged appearance of Snake in the previous games did not have good commercial appeal, and opted to redesign him so that he would look younger. The characters were completed by polygonal artists using brush drawings and clay models by Shinkawa. According to Kojima, "the ninja's cloaking effect

21744-406: Was called a " detector ". Since there were no amplifying devices at this time, the sensitivity of the receiver mostly depended on the detector. Many different detector devices were tried. Radio receivers during the spark era consisted of these parts: The signal from the spark gap transmitter consisted of damped waves repeated at an audio frequency rate, from 120 to perhaps 4000 per second, so in

21895-415: Was done by a "decoherer", a clapper which struck the tube, operated by an electromagnet powered by the relay. The coherer is an obscure antique device, and even today there is some uncertainty about the exact physical mechanism by which the various types worked. However it can be seen that it was essentially a bistable device, a radio-wave-operated switch, and so it did not have the ability to rectify

22046-507: Was followed by an expanded version for PlayStation and Windows , Metal Gear Solid: Integral (1999) , and a GameCube remake , Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes (2004). The original game was re-released for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable as a downloadable PSone Classics title on the PlayStation Network on March 21, 2008 in Japan, June 18, 2009 in North America, and November 19, 2009 in Europe; this version

22197-655: Was later bundled alongside its sequels in the Metal Gear Solid: The Legacy Collection compilation in 2013 for PS3. The game was later ported by M2 and included as part of the Metal Gear Solid: Master Collection Vol. 1 compilation for Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 5 , Windows and Xbox Series X/S in 2023. It produced numerous sequels, starting with Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty in 2001, and media adaptations including

22348-604: Was launched in Europe on February 22, 1999, with versions voiced in French, Italian, and German available in addition to English. A Spanish dubbed version was later released on May 1. Like in Japan, a limited edition of the game was released, although the contents of the European limited edition differs from the Japanese counterpart. The European Premium Package comes with the game software itself and its soundtrack album CD, along with

22499-458: Was published bimonthly until 2006, lasting 12 issues fully covering the Metal Gear Solid storyline. The comic was adapted into a PlayStation Portable game, Metal Gear Solid: Digital Graphic Novel ( Metal Gear Solid: Bande Dessinée in Japan). It features visual enhancements and two interactive modes designed to give further insight into the publication. Upon viewing the pages, the player can open

22650-795: Was published on May 27, 2008, and the British Edition on June 5, 2008. A second novelization by Kenji Yano (written under the pen name Hitori Nojima), Metal Gear Solid Substance I , was published by Kadokawa Shoten in Japan on August 25, 2015. This novelization is narrated through a text file written by a young man living in Manhattan in 2009 (the present year of the Plant chapter in Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty ). The story also acknowledges certain plot elements from Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain regarding certain characters such as Liquid Snake and Psycho Mantis. Prior to release,

22801-500: Was switched on and off rapidly by the operator using a telegraph key , creating different length pulses of damped radio waves ("dots" and "dashes") to spell out text messages in Morse code . Therefore, the first radio receivers did not have to extract an audio signal from the radio wave like modern receivers, but just detected the presence of the radio signal, and produced a sound during the "dots" and "dashes". The device which did this

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