76-697: The Nepali Army ( Nepali : नेपाली सेना , romanized: Nēpālī Sēnā ), also referred to as the Gorkhali Army ( गोरखाली सेना , Gōrakhālī Sēnā ; see Gorkhas ), is the land service branch of the Nepali Armed Forces . After the Gorkha Kingdom was founded in 1559, its army was established in 1560, and initially became known as the Gorkhali Army. Later it was known as the Royal Nepali Army (RNA) following
152-554: A lingua franca . Nepali has official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal . It is spoken by about a quarter of Bhutan 's population. Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the states of Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Himachal Pradesh , Manipur , Meghalaya , Mizoram and Uttarakhand . In Myanmar it is spoken by
228-534: A direct derivative of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya from the root kṣatra meaning "rule or authority" which was associated with the ruling and warrior class of Hindu society. According to the 1854 Legal Code ( Muluki Ain ) of Nepal, Chhetris were a social group among the sacred thread bearers ( Tagadhari ) and twice-born people of the Hindu tradition. Almost all Chhetris are Hindu. The term 'Chhetri'
304-683: A key role in the Unification of Nepal , providing the core of the Gorkhali army of the mid-18th century. Bir Bhadra Thapa was a Thapa of Chhetri group and leading Bharadar during Unification of Nepal . His grandson Bhimsen Thapa became Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister) of Nepal . Swarup Singh Karki , a leading politician and military officer, belonged to Chhetri family. Abhiman Singh Basnyat of Basnyat dynasty , Damodar Pande of Pande dynasty were both members of Chhetri caste. and Jung Bahadur Rana , founder of Rana dynasty also belonged to
380-515: A powerless figurehead. Khas Chhetris were traditionally considered a division of the Khas people with Khas Brahmin (commonly called Khas Bahun). They make up 16.45% of Nepal's population according to the 2021 Nepal census , making them the most populous caste or ethnic community in Nepal . Chhetris speak an Indo-Aryan Nepali language ( Khas-Kura ) as mother tongue. Chhetri is considered
456-560: A pre-modern orthography. Few changes including changing Kari (करि) to Gari (गरि) and merging Hunu (हुनु) with cha (छ) to create huncha (हुन्छ) were done. The most prominent work written during this time was Bhanubhakta Acharya 's Bhanubhakta Ramayana , a translation of the epic Ramayana from Sanskrit to Nepali for the first time. Acharya's work led to which some describe as "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of Nepal, comparatively to Prithvi Narayan Shah who unified Nepal. The modern period of Nepali begins in
532-649: A short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fuelled by Adhyatma Ramayana ; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the ancient Indian epic Ramayana by Bhanubhakta Acharya (d. 1868). The contribution of trio-laureates Lekhnath Paudyal , Laxmi Prasad Devkota , and Balkrishna Sama took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in Darjeeling and Varanasi in India,
608-405: Is also a separate highest level honorific, which was used to refer to members of the royal family, and by the royals among themselves. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Instead, it relies heavily on periphrasis , a marginal verbal feature of older Indo-Aryan languages. Nepali
684-671: Is also notable. Nepali-language speakers are rapidly migrating around the globe in last a couple of decades and many books of Nepali language literature are published from different corners of the world. Diasporic literature has developed new ways of thinking and created a new branch in Nepali language literature. Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi. These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli and Acchami
760-595: Is considered to be a Golden Age for the language. In West Bengal , Nepali language was recognised by West Bengal Government in 1961 as the official language for the Darjeeling district , and Kalimpong and Kurseong . The Nepali Language Movement took place in India around 1980s to include Nepali language in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India . In 1977, Nepali was officially accepted by Sahitya Academy , an organisation dedicated to
836-416: Is currently known as Sajha Prakashan . Conversely, the term Gorkhali in the former national anthem entitled " Shriman Gambhir " was changed to Nepali in 1951. However, the term Nepali was used before the official adoption notably by Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh , now considered one of the national heroes of Nepal , who advocated for the embracement of the term. The initial name of Nepali language
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#1732772020006912-773: Is generally written in Devanagari script. In certain regions, the Tibetan script was also used in regions with predominantly Tibetic population, with common Tibetan expressions and pronunciation. In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the IAST scheme and IPA . The chief features are: subscript dots for retroflex consonants ; macrons for etymologically, contrastively long vowels ; h denoting aspirated plosives . Tildes denote nasalised vowels . Nepali developed significant literature within
988-521: Is headquartered in Kathmandu and the incumbent Chief of Army Staff is General Ashok Raj Sigdel . The Nepal unification campaign was a turning point in the history of the Nepali army. Since unification was not possible without a strong army, the management of the armed forces had to be exceptional. Apart from the standard Malla -era temples in Kathmandu , the army organized itself in Gorkha . After
1064-823: Is low. The dialect of the Nepali language spoken in Karnali Province is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali. The language is known by its old name as Khas Bhasa in Karnali. The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription ( IPA ). Chhetri Chhetri ( Kshetri , Kshettri , Kshetry or Chhettri ), ( Nepali : क्षेत्री pronounced [tsʰetri] ; IAST : Kṣetrī ) historically called Kshettriya or Kshetriya or Khas are Nepali speaking Rajputs historically associated with
1140-824: Is often in free variation with [õ]. Nepali has ten diphthongs : /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/. [j] and [w] are nonsyllabic allophones of [i] and [u], respectively. Every consonant except [j], [w], and /ɦ/ has a geminate counterpart between vowels. /ɳ/ and /ʃ/ also exist in some loanwords such as /baɳ/ बाण "arrow" and /nareʃ/ नरेश "king", but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes. The murmured stops may lose their breathy-voice between vowels and word-finally. Non-geminate aspirated and murmured stops may also become fricatives, with /pʰ/ as [ ɸ ], /bʱ/ as [ β ], /kʰ/ as [ x ], and /ɡʱ/ as [ ɣ ]. Examples of this are /sʌpʰa/ 'clean' becoming [sʌɸa] and /ʌɡʱaɖi/ 'before' becoming [ʌɣaɽi]. Typically, sounds transcribed with
1216-484: Is shown in the table: As per the Public Service Commission of Nepal, Brahmins (33.3%) and Chhetris (20.01%) were the two largest caste groups to obtain governmental jobs in the fiscal year 2017–18, even though 45% governmental seats are reserved for women, Madhesis , lower caste and tribes , and other marginalized groups. The frequency of Chhetris was higher than national average (16.4%) in
1292-680: Is the army's fifth oldest unit. The unofficial participation of women in Nepal Army was first during the Anglo-Nepalese War on Battle of Nalapani . Battle of Nalapani was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and Nepal, then ruled by the Gorkha Kingdom . Nepalese women were heavily involved in this battle supporting
1368-466: Is the official language of the state of Sikkim and of Gorkhaland , West Bengal . Despite being spoken by about a quarter of the population, Nepalese has no official status in Bhutan. According to the 2011 national census , 44.6% of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its first language . and 32.8% speak Nepali as a second language. Ethnologue reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from
1444-538: Is the second most commonly spoken language other than English. Allawah and Hurstville have third most Nepali speaking population in New South Wales . There are regular Nepali language News papers and Magazines in Australia. Vowels and consonants are outlined in the tables below. Nepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five nasal vowels . /o/ does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart, although it
1520-731: The Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814. It became even more involved in the British Indian Army until independence, remaining an independent entity (since it was a protected state of the British Raj until 1947, though nominal autonomy had been achieved in 1923). In 1946, the Royal Nepali Army troops were led by Commanding General Baber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana at the Victory Parade in London . Prior to 2006,
1596-713: The Burmese Gurkhas . The Nepali diaspora in the Middle East , Brunei , Australia and worldwide also use the language. Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million native speakers and another 14 million as a second language . Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the Northern zone of Indo-Aryan. The language originated from the Sinja Valley , Karnali Province then
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#17327720200061672-757: The Command and General Staff College and the US Army War College . The IMET budget for FY2001 was $ 220,000. The EIPC program is an inter-agency program between the US Department of Defense and US Department of State to increase the pool of international peacekeepers and to promote interoperability. Nepal received about $ 1.9 million in EIPC funding. The US Commander in Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC) coordinates military engagement with Nepal through
1748-519: The Gandaki basin. During the times of Sena dynasty , who ruled a vast area in Terai and central hills of Nepal, Nepali language became influenced by the Indian languages including Awadhi , Bhojpuri , Braj Bhasha and Maithili . Nepali speakers and Senas had a close connect, subsequently, the language became the lingua franca in the area. As a result, the grammar became simplified, vocabulary
1824-685: The Gorkha Kingdom such as the Pande dynasty , Kunwar family , Basnyat dynasty , and Thapa dynasty before the rule of the Rana dynasty . During the Shah monarchy , the officers were drawn from these aristocratic families. During the Rana dynasty, the Ranas claimed the position as their birthright . The first army chief of was King Prithvi Narayan Shah who drafted and commanded the army. The first civilian army chief
1900-483: The Gorkhali troops captured Nuwakot , the hilly northern part of Kathmandu (Kantipur) in 1744, the Gorkhali armed forces came to be known as the Royal Nepali Army. Their performance impressed their enemies so much that the British East India Company started recruiting Nepali troops into their forces. The native British soldiers called the new soldiers "Gurkhas". The Gurkha-Sikh War began shortly after, in 1809 and
1976-522: The Indian Army and the British Army . Surnames of Chhetris include, among others: The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies Chhetris as a subgroup within the broader social group of Khas Arya (together with Thakuri and Sanyasi/Dasnami). The 2021 census recorded Chhetri population of Nepal as the largest community with a population of 4,796,995 (16.4% of Nepal). Previously,
2052-625: The Nepalese Army (formerly known as Gorkha Army), goddess Bhadrakali , an auspicious form of Kali , was the patron deity of the army and her worship was necessary before and during wars. The war cry, " Jay Mahakali, Ayo Gurkhali " meaning " Glory to the Great Kali, the Gurkhas have come", invoked the sense of protection from Goddess Kali during battles and today is the war slogan of the Nepalese Army as well as Gurkha regiment of
2128-759: The Office of Defense Cooperation (ODC). The ODC Nepal is located in the American Embassy in Kathmandu . The first four army units are the Shreenath, Kali Baksh (Kalibox), Barda Bahadur, and Sabuj companies, founded in August 1762 by King Prithvi Narayan Shah with the Gurung , Magar , Chhetri and Thakuri clans, well before the unification of Nepal. The Purano Gorakh Company was founded in February 1763 and
2204-536: The Prime Minister of Nepal between 1768 and 1950 were Chhetris with the exception of Ranga Nath Poudyal , being a Bahun , and Fateh Jung Shah , being a Thakuri . These number varied after the democratization of Nepal . Between 1951 and 1997, out of the 16 Prime Ministers of Nepal, 5 of them were Chhetris. 1965-1969, 1979-1983, 1997-1998, 2003-2004 1977-1979 2004-2005, 2017-2018, 2021-2022 Chhetri had dominated high military positions and monopolized
2280-788: The Rana Prime Ministers (1846–1953), the Pande family , the Thapa family , and the Basnyat family , all of whom held prominent positions in the Gorkha kingdom, and increased the Chhetri presence in the armed forces, police, and Government of Nepal . In traditional and administrative professions, Chhetris were given favorable treatment by the royal government . The nobility of Gorkha were mainly from Chhetri families and they had strong presence in civil administration affairs. All of
2356-628: The Shah dynasty , shortly after the Nepalese Civil War . The Nepali Army has participated in various conflicts throughout its history, going as far back as the Nepali unification campaign launched by Prithvi Narayan Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom. It has engaged in an extensive number of battles within South Asia , and continues to take part in global conflicts as part of United Nations peacekeeping coalitions. The Nepali Army
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2432-472: The Unification of Nepal , when the Gorkha Kingdom expanded its territory to include the whole country, by conquering and annexing the other states in the region, resulting in the establishment of a single united Hindu monarchy over all of Nepal . It was officially renamed simply to the Nepali Army on 28 May 2008, upon the abolition of the 240-year-old Nepalese monarchy , and of the 449-year-old rule of
2508-666: The capital city of the Khasa Kingdom around the 10th and 14th centuries. It developed proximity to a number of Indo-Aryan languages , most significantly to other Pahari languages . Nepali was originally spoken by the Khas people , an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to the Himalayan region of South Asia . The earliest inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in Dullu , Dailekh District which
2584-463: The democratization of Nepal belonged to this caste as a result of the old Gorkhali aristocracy. Gorkha-based aristocratic Chhetri families included the Pande dynasty , the Basnyat dynasty , the Kunwar family (and their offspring branch, the autocratic Rana dynasty ) and the Thapa dynasty . From 1806 to 1951, Chhetri prime ministers wielded absolute rule in the country and the monarchy was reduced to
2660-1203: The 2011 Nepal census showed Chhetris as the largest Hindu adherents in the nation with 4,365,113 people which was 99.3% of total Chhetri population. In Nepal's hill districts the Chhetri population rises to 41% compared to 31% Brahmin and 27% other castes. This greatly exceeds the Kshatriya portion in most regions with predominantly Hindu populations. As per 2021 census, Chhetris are largest caste group in 27 districts of Nepal , increase from 21 districts of 2001 Nepal census and 24 districts of 2011 Nepal census . These twenty seven districts are - Sankhuwasabha district , Okhaldhunga district , Dhankuta district , Morang district , Udayapur district , Dolakha district , Ramechhap district , Gulmi district , Dang district , Salyan district , Western Rukum district , Surkhet district , Dailekh district , Jajarkot district , Dolpa district , Jumla district , Mugu district , Humla district , Bajura district , Bajhang district , Achham district , Doti district , Dadeldhura district , Baitadi district , Darchula district , Kalikot district , and Kanchanpur district . The district with
2736-491: The 2011 census). It is spoken by 20,250,952, about 77.20% of the population, as their first language and second language . Total number of Nepali speakers in India by state (2011 census) According to the 2011 census of India , there were a total of 2,926,168 Nepali language speakers in India. In Bhutan , native Nepali speakers, known as Lhotshampa , are estimated at 35% of the population. This number includes displaced Bhutanese refugees , with unofficial estimates of
2812-750: The British forces and the army of Kingdom of Nepal was commanded by Bhimsen Thapa , Amar Singh Thapa , Ujir Singh Thapa , Ranabir Singh Thapa , Dalbhanjan Pande , Bakhtawar Singh Thapa and Ranajor Singh Thapa from 1814 to 1816 and led to a peace treaty with the British and maintained the independence of Nepal during the British Company rule and British Raj in South Asia from 18th to 20th century. Nepal-Tibet War (1855-1856) , commanded by Bam Bahadur Kunwar , Sanak Singh Khatri, Prithvi Dhoj Kunwar, Dhir Sumsher and Krishna Dhoj Kunwar under
2888-522: The Buddha being worshipped as the ninth avatar of god Vishnu . Chhetris have historically practiced Hindu polytheism which included the worship of Khas Masto sect of Shaivism , clan deity ( Kuldevta ), their personal favorite deity ( Ishta-devata ), fierce forms of Shiva (such as Virabhadra and Rudra ) and goddesses such as Adi Shakti , Kali and Bhadrakali . Owing to the extensively large number of Chhetri generals and commader-in-chiefs in
2964-474: The Chhetri community. For 104 years since the middle of the 19th century until 1951, hereditary Rana prime ministers wielded absolute rule in the country relegating the monarchy to a mere figurehead. During the monarchy, Chhetris continued to dominate the ranks of the Nepalese government , Nepalese Army , Nepalese Police and administration. The most prominent feature of Nepalese Chhetri society has been
3040-544: The Nepal Army is as follow: The majority of equipment used by the army is imported from other countries. India is the army's largest supplier of arms and ammunition as well as other logistical equipment, which are often furnished under generous military grants. Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepali Army. The army's first standard rifle
3116-415: The Nepali Army comprising 74.4% of total senior officers in 1967. Similarly, Chhetris composed 38.1%, 54.3% and 55.3% of the senior officers in the year 2003, 2004 and 2007 respectively. Anglo-Nepalese War and Nepal-Tibet War Chhetri commanders and generals of the military campaigns of the kingdom of Nepal have shaped the political course of the country overwhelmingly. Anglo-Nepalese War fought between
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3192-654: The Nepali language is believed to have started with the Shah kings of Gorkha Kingdom , in the modern day Gorkha District of Nepal. Following the Unification of Nepal , the language moved to the court of the Kingdom of Nepal in the 18th century, where it became the state language. One of the earliest works in the Middile Nepali is written during the reign of Ram Shah , King of Gorkha, a book by unknown writer called Ram Shah ko Jivani (A Biography of Ram Shah). Prithvi Narayan Shah 's Divyopadesh , written toward
3268-861: The Prime Minister, the Defence Minister, the Chief of the Army Staff, Foreign Minister, Finance Minister, Home Minister and the Chief Secretary. The President of Nepal is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The Nepalese Army is divided into eight divisions, one each in the seven states and one in the Kathmandu Valley. In addition there are at least 7 independent units: The chiefs of the Nepali Army were mostly drawn from noble Chhetri families from
3344-522: The RNA was involved in the Nepali Civil War . They were also used to quell pro-democracy protesters during the 2006 democracy movement. The Nepali Army has about 95,000 infantry army and air service members protecting the sovereignty of Nepal . In August 2018, The Himalayan Times estimated total army forces to be around 96,000 while The Kathmandu Post estimated it to be 92,000. The position of
3420-414: The Royal Nepali Army was under the control of the King of Nepal . Following the 2006 Democracy Movement (Nepali: लोकतन्त्र आन्दोलन , romanized: Loktantra Āndolan ) on 18 May, a bill was passed by the Nepali parliament curtailing royal power, which included renaming the army to simply the Nepali Army. In 2004, Nepal spent $ 99.2 million on its military (1.5% of its GDP). Between 2002 and 2006,
3496-406: The Supreme Commander of the Nepalese Army is the President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Until 2006, the King of Nepal (monarchy abolished) was in control of all military forces in the country. The National Army was renamed from Royal Nepalese Army to Nepalese Army after the recent national conversion from a monarchy to a republic on 4th Jestha 2063 B.S. This Council has seven members,
3572-441: The authority of Jung Bahadur Rana , resulted in the victory of Nepalese troops whereby the Tibetans had to pay an annual subsidy of ten thousand rupees to Nepal and were made to allow the establishment of a Nepalese trading station and agency in Lhasa. Almost all the Chhetris are Hindus , and form the largest Hindu adhering sub-group of Nepal representing 99.3% of their population, and those who are Hindus may also follow Buddhism;
3648-497: The colloquial flavour of its language, its religious sincerity, and its realistic natural descriptions". The term Nepali derived from Nepal was officially adopted by the Government of Nepal in 1933, when Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a government institution established in 1913 ( B.S. 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which
3724-406: The complex declensional system present in the older languages. Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. Around 1830, several Nepali poets wrote on themes from the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and the Bhagavata Purana , which was followed by Bhanubhakta Acharya translating the Ramayana in Nepali which received "great popularity for
3800-553: The current-day Nepal and Uttarakhand, making Nepali the lingua franca . Nepali is a highly fusional language with a relatively free word order , although the dominant arrangement is subject–object–verb word order (SOV). There are three major levels or gradations of honorific : low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of
3876-414: The decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided into Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali - Bheri region and Chaubise rajya (24 principalities) in Gandaki region. The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of Khas people from the Karnali - Bheri - Seti eastward to settle in lower valleys of the Karnali and
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#17327720200063952-430: The early 20th century. During this time the ruling Rana dynasty made various attempts to make Nepali the language of education, notably, by Dev Shumsher and Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana , who established Gorkhapatra , and the Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti respectively. At this time, Nepali had limited literature compared to Hindi and Bengali languages , a movement notably in Banaras , and Darjeeling
4028-439: The end of his life, around 1774–75, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature. During this time Nepali developed a standardised prose in the Lal mohar (royal charter)—documents related to the Nepalese Kingdom dealing with diplomatic writings, tax, and administrative records. The language of the Lal mohar is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with
4104-486: The ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40%, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people). Nepali is the third-most spoken language in the Australian state of Tasmania , where it is spoken by 1.3% of its population, and fifth-most spoken language in the Northern Territory , Australia, spoken by 1.3% of its population. Nepali is the most spoken language other than English in Rockdale and Kogarah . In Granville , Campsie and Ashfield it
4180-485: The final schwa: Note: Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to add extra syllables when needed. Nepali is a highly fusional language with relatively free word order , although the dominant arrangement is SOV (subject–object–verb). There are three major levels or gradations of honorifics : low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. There
4256-419: The following districts: Chhetri together with Bahun and Thakuri fall under Khas Arya , who are denied quota and reservations in civil services and other sectors due to their history of socio-political dominance in Nepal. There are no quotas for the Khas community who fall under Bahun-Chhetri-thakuri hierarchy. As per the explanation of legal provisions of Constitution of Nepal , Khas Arya comprises
4332-570: The largest Chhetri population is Kathmandu district with 424,172 (i.e. 20.7% of the total district population). Chhetris form the second largest demographic group after Newars in the Kathmandu Valley , together with Lalitpur (Patan) and Bhaktapur , with a population of 621,346. Other districts with more than 150,000 Chhetri population are Kailali , Kanchanpur , Dang , Jhapa and Morang . Province wise, Chhetris are majority demography in Koshi Province , Karnali Province and Sudurpashchim Province . The frequency of Chhetris by province
4408-403: The leader of Pande faction, was the Prime Minister of Nepal in 1841 A.D. which might have caused an increase in the number of Pande officers at 1841. After the rise Rana dynasty (Kunwars), the number changed to 10 Basnyats , 1 Pandes , 3 Thapas and 26 Kunwar officers totaling to 61 Chhetri officers in the year 1854 A.D. Chhetris dominated the position of the senior officers of
4484-487: The male Gurkha warriors. With no firearms in hand, Nepalese women fought British troops with stones and wood. According to the Nepal Army YouTube channel programme Nepali Senama Mahila Sahabhagita (documentary) - Episode 405, the official participation of women in the Nepal Army started in 1961 in the post of Nurse. Now the regular forces also include a significant number of female soldiers holding key appointments and commands. The timeline of official women's participation in
4560-444: The military force at the times of Chhetri autocratic administrators like PM Bhimsen Thapa and PM Jung Bahadur Rana . There were 12 Basnyats , 16 Pandes , 6 Thapas and 3 Kunwar officers totalling to 51 Chhetri officers in the year 1841 A.D. The most prominent officers at Shah administration were the Kazis which had control over civil and military functions like a Minister and Military officer combined. Rana Jang Pande ,
4636-533: The nation. However, on 14 June 1837, the King took over command of all battalions previously under the charge of various courtiers, and became the commander-in-chief. Immediately after the incarceration of the Thapas in 1837, Dalbhanjan Pande and Rana Jang Pande were the joint heads of the military administration. Rana Jang was removed after three months in October 1837. Since the command of Mukhtiyar Bhimsen, only seven army chiefs were non-Rana Chhetris , including Shahs , until 1951. The commander-in-chief title
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#17327720200064712-447: The promotion of Indian literature . After Sikkim was annexed by India, the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977, made Nepali as one of the official languages of state. On 20 August 1992, the Lok Sabha passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the Eighth Schedule. Nepali written in the Devanagari script is the official language of Nepal. On 31 August 1992, Nepali was added to the list of scheduled languages of India . Nepali
4788-445: The retroflex symbols ⟨ ʈ , ʈʰ, ɖ , ɖʱ, ɽ, ɳ, ɽ̃⟩ are not purely retroflex [ ʈ , ʈʰ, ɖ , ɖʱ, ɽ , ɳ , ɽ̃] but apical postalveolar [ t̠ , t̠ʰ, d̠ , d̠ʱ, ɾ̠ , n̠ , ɾ̠̃]. Some speakers may use purely retroflex sounds after /u/ and /a/, but other speakers use the apical articulation in all positions. Final schwas may or may not be preserved in speech. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain
4864-432: The single most prolific weapon in Nepali army service, with thousands of second-hand examples being supplied by India as late as 2005. Nepali language Nepali ( English: / n ɪ ˈ p ɔː l i / ; Devanagari : नेपाली , [ˈnepali] ) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia . It is the official, and most widely spoken, language of Nepal , where it also serves as
4940-467: The warrior class and administration, some of whom trace their origin to migration from medieval India . Chhetri was a caste of administrators, governors, warriors and military elites in the medieval Khas Kingdom and Gorkha Kingdom (later unified Kingdom of Nepal ). The nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom mainly originated from Chhetri families. They also had a strong presence in civil administration affairs. The bulk of prime ministers of Nepal before
5016-492: The years. Nepali Army units have served with distinction alongside American forces in places such as Haiti, Iraq, and Somalia. US-Nepali military engagement continues today through the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, Enhanced International Peacekeeping Capabilities (EIPC) program, Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), and various conferences and seminars. The US military sends many Nepali Army officers to America to attend military schools, such as
5092-410: Was Guru or the spiritual leader in Hinduism whereas that of Chhetri was military and political leaders . Hence, the majority of military and political positions have been historically occupied by Chhetris until now. They are thought to be connected to the Khasas mentioned in the ancient Indian literature and the medieval Khasa kingdom . In the early modern history of Nepal, Chhetris played
5168-435: Was Kalu Pande , a Kaji who had a significant role in the unification campaign. He was considered head of the army due to his undertaking of army duties and responsibilities, not by a formal title. Bhimsen Thapa , Mukhtiyar from 1806 to 1837, was the first person to be given the title Commander-in-Chief as head of the army. King Rajendra Bikram Shah appointed Bhimsen to the post and praised him for his long service to
5244-419: Was " Khas Kura " ( खस कुरा ), meaning language or speech of the Khas people , who are descended from the ancient Khasas of Mahabharata , as the language developed during the rule of the Khasa Kingdom in the western Nepal . Following the Unification of Nepal led by Shah dynasty 's Prithvi Narayan Shah , Nepali language became known as Gorakhā Bhāṣā ( गोरखा भाषा ; language of the Gorkhas ) as it
5320-409: Was adopted by a lot of the high-ranking Khas after the unification of Nepal , and it was formalized by an order of Bir Narsingh Kunwar(Jang Bahadur Rana) , who considered their original name (Khasa) to be derogatory. The caste system of Nepal was decided according to the occupation they did from the ancestors of their family, known as Dharma ( Devanagari :धर्म). The family occupation of Brahmin
5396-438: Was expanded, and its phonology was softened, after it was syncretised, Nepali lost much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. In the Kathmandu Valley (then known as Nepal Mandala ), Nepali language inscriptions can be seen during the reigns of Lakshmi Narasimha Malla and Pratap Malla , which indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu Valley. The institutionalisation of
5472-436: Was replaced by Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) from General Singha Pratap Shah in 1979. The Nepali Army has contributed more than 100,000 peacekeepers to a variety of United Nations -sponsored peacekeeping missions such as: The US-Nepali military relationship focuses on support for democratic institutions, civilian control of the military , and the professional military ethic. Both countries have had extensive contact over
5548-618: Was spoken by Gorkhas . The people living in the Pahad or the hilly region, where it does not generally contain snow, called the language Parvate Kurā ( पर्वते कुरा ), meaning "the speech of the hills". Early forms of present-day Nepali developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa Vernaculars of present-day western Nepal in the 10th–14th centuries, during the times of the Khasa Kingdom . The language evolved from Sanskrit , Prakrit , and Apabhraṃśa . Following
5624-523: Was started to create uniformed Nepali identity, which was later adopted in Nepal following the 1951 Nepalese revolution and during the Panchayat system. In 1957, Royal Nepal Academy was established with the objectives of developing and promoting Nepali literature, culture, art and science. During Panchayat, Nepal adopted a " One King, One Dress, One Language, One Nation " ideology, which promoted Nepali language as basis for Nepali nationalism, this time
5700-689: Was the Belgian FN FAL , which it adopted in 1960. Nepali FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle . Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle , which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle. Nevertheless, the FAL and its respective variants remain
5776-435: Was written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981. The institutionalisation of the Nepali language arose during the rule of the Kingdom of Gorkha (later became known as the Kingdom of Nepal ) in the 16th century. Over the centuries, different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from Sanskrit , Maithili , Hindi , and Bengali are believed to have emerged across different regions of
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