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94-492: Nitrosomonas is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria , belonging to the Betaproteobacteria . It is one of the five genera of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and, as an obligate chemolithoautotroph , uses ammonia ( NH 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}} ) as an energy source and carbon dioxide ( CO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}} ) as

188-513: A base , a proton acceptor. Ammonia is moderately basic; a 1.0  M aqueous solution has a pH of 11.6, and if a strong acid is added to such a solution until the solution is neutral ( pH = 7 ), 99.4% of the ammonia molecules are protonated . Temperature and salinity also affect the proportion of ammonium [NH 4 ] . The latter has the shape of a regular tetrahedron and is isoelectronic with methane . The ammonia molecule readily undergoes nitrogen inversion at room temperature;

282-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

376-466: A specific gravity of 0.880 and is often known as '.880 ammonia'. Liquid ammonia is a widely studied nonaqueous ionising solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conductive solutions containing solvated electrons . Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions . Comparison of

470-484: A vapour pressure of less than 1 bar even at 25 °C (77 °F). However, few oxyanion salts with other cations dissolve. Liquid ammonia will dissolve all of the alkali metals and other electropositive metals such as Ca , Sr , Ba , Eu and Yb (also Mg using an electrolytic process ). At low concentrations (<0.06 mol/L), deep blue solutions are formed: these contain metal cations and solvated electrons , free electrons that are surrounded by

564-444: A cage of ammonia molecules. These solutions are strong reducing agents. At higher concentrations, the solutions are metallic in appearance and in electrical conductivity. At low temperatures, the two types of solution can coexist as immiscible phases. The range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow, as the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen, E ° ( N 2 + 6 [NH 4 ] + 6 e ⇌ 8 NH 3 ),

658-469: A carbon source in the presence of oxygen. Nitrosomonas are important in the global biogeochemical nitrogen cycle , since they increase the bioavailability of nitrogen to plants and in the denitrification , which is important for the release of nitrous oxide , a powerful greenhouse gas . This microbe is photophobic , and usually generate a biofilm matrix, or form clumps with other microbes, to avoid light. Nitrosomonas can be divided into six lineages:

752-415: A cloud of ammonium chloride , which seems to appear 'out of nothing' as the salt aerosol forms where the two diffusing clouds of reagents meet between the two bottles. The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the ammonium salts and all contain the ammonium ion ( [NH 4 ] ). Although ammonia is well known as a weak base, it can also act as an extremely weak acid. It

846-565: A cluster. These genes are absent in N. sp. Is79 and N. ureae . Recently, it was found that the norSY gene encodes for a nitric-oxide reductase with copper in N. communis strain Nm2 and Nitrosomonas AL212. Nitrosomonas uses the Calvin-Benson cycle as a pathway for Carbon fixation . For this reason, all of the species have an operon that encodes for the RuBisCO enzyme. A peculiarity

940-409: A distinctive pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste , and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to fertilisers . Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate . Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into

1034-407: A fuel for thermal power production. The flammable range of ammonia in dry air is 15.15–27.35% and in 100% relative humidity air is 15.95–26.55%. For studying the kinetics of ammonia combustion, knowledge of a detailed reliable reaction mechanism is required, but this has been challenging to obtain. Ammonia is a direct or indirect precursor to most manufactured nitrogen-containing compounds . It

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1128-431: A geologically important antifreeze, as a mixture of water and ammonia can have a melting point as low as −100 °C (−148 °F; 173 K) if the ammonia concentration is high enough and thus allow such bodies to retain internal oceans and active geology at a far lower temperature than would be possible with water alone. Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called ammoniacal . Ammonia

1222-452: A laboratorial setting, gaseous ammonia can be detected by using concentrated hydrochloric acid or gaseous hydrogen chloride. A dense white fume (which is ammonium chloride vapor) arises from the reaction between ammonia and HCl(g). Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH 3 –N) is a measure commonly used for testing the quantity of ammonium ions, derived naturally from ammonia, and returned to ammonia via organic processes, in water or waste liquids. It

1316-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

1410-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

1504-532: A metabolic process, known as nitritation (a step of nitrification). This process occurs with the accompanying reduction of an oxygen molecule to water (which requires four electrons), and the release of energy. The oxidation of ammonia to hydroxylamine is catalyzed by ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), which is a membrane-bound, multisubstrate enzyme . In this reaction, two electrons are required to reduce an oxygen atom to water: Since an ammonia molecule only releases two electrons when oxidized, it has been assumed that

1598-528: A multigenetic cluster; in Nitrosomonas sp. Is79 and N. sp. AL212, it is present as a single gene. A high expression of the nirK gene was found in N.ureae and this has been explained with the hypothesis that the NirK enzyme is also involved in the oxidation of NH 2 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {NH2OH}}} in this species. The second gene involved in denitrification

1692-402: A pH range of 6.0–9.0, and a temperature range of 20–30 °C (68–86 °F). Some species can live and proliferate on a monuments’ surface or on stone buildings’ walls, contributing to erosion of those surfaces. It is usually found in all types of waters, globally distributed in both eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwater and saltwater, emerging especially in shallow coastal sediments and under

1786-432: A pale yellowish-green flame. Ignition occurs when chlorine is passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and hydrogen chloride ; if chlorine is present in excess, then the highly explosive nitrogen trichloride ( NCl 3 ) is also formed. The combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen and water is exothermic : The standard enthalpy change of combustion , Δ H ° c , expressed per mole of ammonia and with condensation of

1880-662: A potent greenhouse gas, and NO 2 − {\displaystyle {\ce {NO2-}}} , a form of nitrogen more bioavailable for crops, but that conversely washes away from fields faster. The hao operon contains different genes such as the haoA , which encodes for the functional cytochrome c subunit, the cycA which encodes for cytochrome c554, and cycB that encodes for quinone reductase. These genes are present in different copies in various species; for instance, in Nitrosomonas sp. Is79 there are only three copies, while in N. ureae there are four. The discovery of genes that encode for enzymes involved in

1974-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

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2068-505: A salt named hammoniacum , so called because of the proximity of its source to the Temple of Jupiter Amun ( Greek Ἄμμων Ammon ) in the Roman province of Cyrenaica . However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of ammonium chloride . According to Herbert Hoover 's commentary in his English translation of Georgius Agricola 's De re metallica , it

2162-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

2256-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

2350-559: A total of eight electrons, or four electron pairs that are arranged tetrahedrally . Three of these electron pairs are used as bond pairs, which leaves one lone pair of electrons. The lone pair repels more strongly than bond pairs; therefore, the bond angle is not 109.5°, as expected for a regular tetrahedral arrangement, but 106.8°. This shape gives the molecule a dipole moment and makes it polar . The molecule's polarity, and especially its ability to form hydrogen bonds , makes ammonia highly miscible with water. The lone pair makes ammonia

2444-438: A useful analogy is an umbrella turning itself inside out in a strong wind. The energy barrier to this inversion is 24.7 kJ/mol, and the resonance frequency is 23.79  GHz , corresponding to microwave radiation of a wavelength of 1.260 cm. The absorption at this frequency was the first microwave spectrum to be observed and was used in the first maser . One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia

2538-410: Is norCBQD which encodes a nitric-oxide reductase that catalyze the reduction from NO {\displaystyle {\ce {NO}}} (nitric oxide) to N 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {N2O}}} ( nitrous oxide ). These genes are present in N. sp. AL212, N.cryotolerans, and N. communis strain Nm2 . In Nitrosomonas europaea , these genes are included in

2632-514: Is 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol and phosphine 14.6 kJ/mol) and can be transported in pressurized or refrigerated vessels; however, at standard temperature and pressure liquid anhydrous ammonia will vaporize. Ammonia readily dissolves in water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by boiling. The aqueous solution of ammonia is basic , and may be described as aqueous ammonia or ammonium hydroxide . The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a saturated solution ) has

2726-814: Is a protic substance and is capable of formation of amides (which contain the NH − 2 ion). For example, lithium dissolves in liquid ammonia to give a blue solution ( solvated electron ) of lithium amide : Like water, liquid ammonia undergoes molecular autoionisation to form its acid and base conjugates : Ammonia often functions as a weak base , so it has some buffering ability. Shifts in pH will cause more or fewer ammonium cations ( NH + 4 ) and amide anions ( NH − 2 ) to be present in solution . At standard pressure and temperature, Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion , except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–28% ammonia by volume in air. When mixed with oxygen , it burns with

2820-455: Is a colourless gas with a characteristically pungent smell . It is lighter than air , its density being 0.589 times that of air . It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules. Gaseous ammonia turns to a colourless liquid , which boils at −33.1 °C (−27.58 °F), and freezes to colourless crystals at −77.7 °C (−107.86 °F). Little data is available at very high temperatures and pressures, but

2914-402: Is a measure used mainly for quantifying values in waste treatment and water purification systems, as well as a measure of the health of natural and man-made water reserves. It is measured in units of mg/L ( milligram per litre ). The ancient Greek historian Herodotus mentioned that there were outcrops of salt in an area of Libya that was inhabited by a people called the 'Ammonians' (now

Nitrosomonas - Misplaced Pages Continue

3008-458: Is adapted to high levels of ammonia, does not present genes that encode for an ammonia transporter. Bacteria adapted to low concentrations of ammonia have a transporter ( transmembrane protein ) for this substrate. In Nitrosomonas, two different carriers for ammonia have been identified, differing in structure and function. The first transporter is the Amt protein (amtB type) encoded by amt genes and

3102-537: Is an ionising solvent, although less so than water, and dissolves a range of ionic compounds, including many nitrates , nitrites , cyanides , thiocyanates , metal cyclopentadienyl complexes and metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides . Most ammonium salts are soluble and act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions. The solubility of halide salts increases from fluoride to iodide . A saturated solution of ammonium nitrate ( Divers' solution , named after Edward Divers ) contains 0.83 mol solute per mole of ammonia and has

3196-437: Is an irritant and irritation increases with concentration; the permissible exposure limit is 25  ppm , and lethal above 500 ppm by volume. Higher concentrations are hardly detected by conventional detectors, the type of detector is chosen according to the sensitivity required (e.g. semiconductor, catalytic, electrochemical). Holographic sensors have been proposed for detecting concentrations up to 12.5% in volume. In

3290-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

3384-403: Is formed. Pentavalent ammonia is known as λ -amine, nitrogen pentahydride decomposes spontaneously into trivalent ammonia (λ -amine) and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance was once investigated as a possible solid rocket fuel in 1966. Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds: Ammonia is a ligand forming metal ammine complexes . For historical reasons, ammonia

3478-572: Is found in N. sp Is79 in which the two copies of the operon encode for two different forms of the RuBisCO enzyme: the IA form and the IC form, where the first one has a major affinity with the Carbon dioxide . Other species present different copies of this operon that encodes only for the IA form. In N. europaea, an operon is characterized by five genes ( ccbL , ccbS , ccbQ , ccbO, and ccbN ) that encode for

3572-587: Is generated via the Ostwald process by oxidation of ammonia with air over a platinum catalyst at 700–850 °C (1,292–1,562 °F), ≈9 atm. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide are intermediate in this conversion: Nitric acid is used for the production of fertilisers , explosives , and many organonitrogen compounds. The hydrogen in ammonia is susceptible to replacement by a myriad substituents. Ammonia gas reacts with metallic sodium to give sodamide , NaNH 2 . With chlorine, monochloramine

3666-519: Is its basicity . Ammonia is considered to be a weak base. It combines with acids to form ammonium salts ; thus, with hydrochloric acid it forms ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac); with nitric acid , ammonium nitrate , etc. Perfectly dry ammonia gas will not combine with perfectly dry hydrogen chloride gas; moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction. As a demonstration experiment under air with ambient moisture, opened bottles of concentrated ammonia and hydrochloric acid solutions produce

3760-657: Is likely to have been common sea salt. In any case, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and ammonium compounds their name. Traces of ammonia/ammonium are found in rainwater. Ammonium chloride ( sal ammoniac ), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts. Crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in Patagonia guano . Ammonia is found throughout the Solar System on Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune , and Pluto , among other places: on smaller, icy bodies such as Pluto, ammonia can act as

3854-440: Is named ammine in the nomenclature of coordination compounds . One notable ammine complex is cisplatin ( Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , a widely used anticancer drug. Ammine complexes of chromium (III) formed the basis of Alfred Werner 's revolutionary theory on the structure of coordination compounds. Werner noted only two isomers ( fac - and mer -) of the complex [CrCl 3 (NH 3 ) 3 ] could be formed, and concluded

Nitrosomonas - Misplaced Pages Continue

3948-489: Is not clear yet. Nitrosomonas is one of the genera included in AOB and use ammonia as an energy source and carbon dioxide as the main source of carbon. The oxidation of ammonia is a rate-limiting step in nitrification and plays a fundamental role in the nitrogen cycle, because it transforms ammonia, which is usually extremely volatile , into less volatile forms of nitrogen. Nitrosomonas oxidizes ammonia into nitrite in

4042-415: Is not known yet. A putative regulatory gene, cbbR , was found 194 bases upstream of the start codon of cbbL and is transcribed in the opposite direction of other genes). Since Nitrosomonas are part of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) , ammonia carriers are important to them. Bacteria adapted to high concentrations of ammonia can absorb it passively by simple diffusion . Indeed, N. eutropha, that

4136-526: Is obtained at a lower economic expense and with less damage caused to the environment compared to physical-chemical treatments. Nitrosomonas has also a role in biofilter systems, typically in association and collaboration with other microbes, to consume compounds such as NH 4 + {\displaystyle {\ce {NH4+}}} or CO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}} and recycle nutrients. These systems are used for various purposes but mainly for

4230-404: Is only +0.04 V. In practice, both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dihydrogen are slow. This is particularly true of reducing solutions: the solutions of the alkali metals mentioned above are stable for several days, slowly decomposing to the metal amide and dihydrogen. Most studies involving liquid ammonia solutions are done in reducing conditions; although oxidation of liquid ammonia

4324-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

4418-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

4512-543: Is the precursor to nitric acid, which is the source for most N-substituted aromatic compounds. Amines can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with alkyl halides or, more commonly, with alcohols : Its ring-opening reaction with ethylene oxide give ethanolamine , diethanolamine , and triethanolamine . Amides can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with carboxylic acid and their derivatives. For example, ammonia reacts with formic acid (HCOOH) to yield formamide ( HCONH 2 ) when heated. Acyl chlorides are

4606-438: Is usually slow, there is still a risk of explosion, particularly if transition metal ions are present as possible catalysts. The ammonia molecule has a trigonal pyramidal shape, as predicted by the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) with an experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7°. The central nitrogen atom has five outer electrons with an additional electron from each hydrogen atom. This gives

4700-461: Is very difficult in the absence of a catalyst (such as platinum gauze or warm chromium(III) oxide ), due to the relatively low heat of combustion , a lower laminar burning velocity, high auto-ignition temperature , high heat of vapourization , and a narrow flammability range . However, recent studies have shown that efficient and stable combustion of ammonia can be achieved using swirl combustors, thereby rekindling research interest in ammonia as

4794-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

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4888-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

4982-477: The Siwa oasis in northwestern Egypt, where salt lakes still exist). The Greek geographer Strabo also mentioned the salt from this region. However, the ancient authors Dioscorides , Apicius , Arrian , Synesius , and Aëtius of Amida described this salt as forming clear crystals that could be used for cooking and that were essentially rock salt . Hammoniacus sal appears in the writings of Pliny , although it

5076-412: The denitrification process includes the first gene nirK which encodes for a nitrite reductase with copper . This enzyme catalyzes the reduction form NO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {NO2}}} ( nitrite ) to NO {\displaystyle {\ce {NO}}} ( nitric oxide ). While in N. europaea , N. eutropha , and N. cryotolerans, nirK is included in

5170-438: The liquid-vapor critical point occurs at 405 K and 11.35 MPa. The crystal symmetry is cubic, Pearson symbol cP16, space group P2 1 3 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125  nm . Liquid ammonia possesses strong ionising powers reflecting its high ε of 22 at −35 °C (−31 °F). Liquid ammonia has a very high standard enthalpy change of vapourization (23.5  kJ/mol ; for comparison, water 's

5264-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

5358-695: The upwelling zones, such as the Peruvian coast and the Arabian Sea, but can also be found in fertilized soils. Some Nitrosomonas species, such as N.europaea , possess the enzyme urease (which catalyzes the conversion of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide) and have been shown to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make biomass via the Calvin cycle , and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease ) to nitrite. This feature may explain enhanced growth of AOB in

5452-473: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

5546-456: The RuBisCO enzyme. ccbL encodes for the major subunit while ccbS encodes for the minor subunit; these genes are also the most expressed within the operon. ccbQ and ccbO genes encode for a number of proteins involved in the mechanisms of processing, folding, assembling, activation, and regulation of the RuBisCO enzyme. Instead, ccbN encodes for a protein of 101 amino acids, whose function

5640-443: The addition of Nessler's solution , which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the presence of the slightest trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with sodium (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard sulfuric acid and the excess of acid then determined volumetrically ; or

5734-443: The ammonia may be absorbed in hydrochloric acid and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as ammonium hexachloroplatinate , [NH 4 ] 2 [PtCl 6 ] . Sulfur sticks are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems. Larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali or with quicklime , when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent. Ammonia

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5828-468: The ammonia oxidation is hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO), encoded by the hao operon. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation from NH 2 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {NH2OH}}} to NO {\displaystyle {\ce {NO}}} , a highly reactive radical intermediate that can be partitioned into both of the main AOB products: N 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {N2O}}} ,

5922-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

6016-494: The ecological role of these bacteria. Among the various species of Nitrosomonas that are known today, the complete genomes of N. ureae strain Nm10 and N. europaea , N.sp. Is79 have been sequenced. The presence of the genes for ammonia oxidation characterizes all these species. The first enzyme involved in the ammonia oxidation is ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), which is encoded by the amoCAB operon . The AMO enzyme catalyzes

6110-452: The elimination of odors from waste treatment. N. europaea is a non-pathogenic bacteria studied in connection with probiotic therapies. In this context, it may give aesthetic benefits in terms of reducing the appearance of wrinkles. The effectiveness of probiotic products has been studied to explore why N. eutropha , which is a highly mobile bacterium, has become extinct from the normal flora of our skin. It has been studied in connection with

6204-432: The first one includes the species Nitrosomonas europea , Nitrosomonas eutropha , Nitrosomonas halophila , and Nitrosomonas mobilis . The second lineage presents the species Nitrosomonas communis , N. sp. I and N. sp. II. The third lineage includes only Nitrosomonas nitrosa . The fourth lineage includes the species Nitrosomonas ureae and Nitrosomonas oligotropha . T he fifth and sixth lineages include

6298-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

6392-478: The generation of the proton gradient . They pass through the cytochrome c552 to the cytochrome caa3, then to O 2 , which is the terminal acceptor; here they are reduced to form water. The remaining 0,35 electrons are used to reduce NAD+ to NADH, to generate the proton gradient. Nitrite is the major nitrogen oxide produced in the process, but it has been observed that, when oxygen concentrations are low, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide can also form, as by-products from

6486-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

6580-403: The idea of having benefits through the repopulation and reintroduction of N. eutropha to the normal flora of human skin. Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

6674-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

6768-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

6862-511: The ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the vertices of an octahedron . Ammonia forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as I 2 , phenol , and Al(CH 3 ) 3 . Ammonia is a hard base (HSAB theory) and its E & C parameters are E B = 2.31 and C B = 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots . Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by

6956-401: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula N H 3 . A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride , ammonia is a colourless gas with

7050-587: The loss of nitrate. (Read more about inhibitors in the section 'Inhibitors of nitrification' on this page Nitrification ) Nitrosomonas is used in activated sludge in aerobic wastewater treatment; the reduction of nitrogen compounds in the water is given by nitrification treatment in order to avoid environmental issues, such as ammonia toxicity and groundwater contamination. Nitrogen, if present in high quantities can cause algal development, leading to eutrophication with degradation of oceans and lakes. Employing as wastewater treatment, biological removal of nitrogen

7144-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

7238-474: The most reactive, but the ammonia must be present in at least a twofold excess to neutralise the hydrogen chloride formed. Esters and anhydrides also react with ammonia to form amides. Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be dehydrated to amides by heating to 150–200 °C as long as no thermally sensitive groups are present. Other organonitrogen compounds include alprazolam , ethanolamine , ethyl carbamate and hexamethylenetetramine . Nitric acid

7332-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

7426-461: The other two necessary electrons come from the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite, which occurs in the periplasm and it is catalyzed by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO), a periplasm associated enzymes. Two of the four electrons released by the reaction, return to the AMO to convert the ammonia in hydroxylamine. 1,65 of the two remaining electrons are available for the assimilation of nutrients and

7520-516: The oxidation from NH 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {NH3}}} ( ammonia ) to NH 2 OH {\displaystyle {\ce {NH2OH}}} ( hydroxylamine ). The amoCAB operon contains three different genes: amoA , amoB and amoC . While N. europaea presents two copies of the genes, N . sp. Is79 and N. ureae strain Nm10 have three copies of these genes. The second enzyme involved in

7614-421: The oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite. The species N. europaea has been identified as being able to degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene , benzene , and vinyl chloride . Nitrosomonas is generally found in highest numbers in all habitats in which there is abundance of ammonia (environment with plentiful protein decomposition or in wastewater treatment ), thrive in

7708-399: The physical properties of NH 3 with those of water shows NH 3 has the lower melting point, boiling point, density, viscosity , dielectric constant and electrical conductivity . These differences are attributed at least in part to the weaker hydrogen bonding in NH 3 . The ionic self- dissociation constant of liquid NH 3 at −50 °C is about 10 . Liquid ammonia

7802-480: The presence of urea in acidic environments. In agriculture, nitrification made by Nitrosomonas represents a problem because the oxidized nitrite by ammonia can persist in the soil, leaching and making it less available for plants. Nitrification can be slowed down by some inhibitors that are able to slow down the oxidation process of ammonia to nitrites by inhibiting the activity of Nitrosomonas and other ammonia-oxidizing bacteria thereby minimizing or preventing

7896-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

7990-586: The soil. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many chemicals. Ammonia occurs in nature and has been detected in the interstellar medium. In many countries, it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance . Ammonia is produced biologically in a process called nitrogen fixation , but even more is generated industrially by the Haber process . The process helped revolutionize agriculture by providing cheap fertilizers. The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021

8084-664: The species Nitrosomonas marina , N. sp. III, Nitrosomonas estuarii , and Nitrosomonas cryotolerans . All species included in this genus have ellipsoidal or rod-shaped cells which have extensive intracytoplasmic membranes displaying as flattened vesicles. Most species are motile with a flagellum located in the polar region of the cell. Three basic morphological types of Nitrosomonas were studied, which are: short rods Nitrosomonas , rods Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosomonas with pointed ends. Nitrosomonas species cells have different criteria of size and shape: Genome sequencing of Nitrosomonas species has been important to understand

8178-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

8272-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

8366-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

8460-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

8554-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

8648-488: The water formed, is −382.81 kJ/mol. Dinitrogen is the thermodynamic product of combustion : all nitrogen oxides are unstable with respect to N 2 and O 2 , which is the principle behind the catalytic converter . Nitrogen oxides can be formed as kinetic products in the presence of appropriate catalysts , a reaction of great industrial importance in the production of nitric acid : A subsequent reaction leads to NO 2 : The combustion of ammonia in air

8742-519: Was 235 million tonnes. Industrial ammonia is transported by road in tankers , by rail in tank wagons , by sea in gas carriers , or in cylinders . Ammonia boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere , but the liquid can often be handled in the laboratory without external cooling. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of ammonia in water. Pliny , in Book XXXI of his Natural History , refers to

8836-480: Was found in Nitrosomonas sp. Is79 . The activity of this ammonia carrier depends on the membrane potential . The second was found in N. europaea , wherein the rh1 gene encodes an Rh-type ammonia carrier. Its activity is independent from the membrane potential. Recent research has also linked the Rh transmembrane proteins with CO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}} transport, but this

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