A mandolin ( Italian : mandolino , pronounced [mandoˈliːno] ; literally "small mandola ") is a stringed musical instrument in the lute family and is generally plucked with a pick . It most commonly has four courses of doubled strings tuned in unison , thus giving a total of eight strings. A variety of string types are used, with steel strings being the most common and usually the least expensive. The courses are typically tuned in an interval of perfect fifths , with the same tuning as a violin (G3, D4, A4, E5). Also, like the violin, it is the soprano member of a family that includes the mandola , octave mandolin , mandocello and mandobass .
176-602: Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (sometimes abbreviated NGDB ), known as the Dirt Band from 1978 to 1983, is an American band founded in Long Beach, California , in 1966. Since 2018, the band has consisted of Jeff Hanna and his son Jaime Hanna, both guitarists and vocalists, along with Jimmie Fadden (drums, harmonica, vocals), Bob Carpenter (keyboards, accordion, vocals), Ross Holmes (fiddle, mandolin, vocals), and Jim Photoglo (bass guitar, vocals). Jeff Hanna and Fadden founded
352-536: A 440 Hz A , standard in most parts of the western world. Some players use an A up to 10 Hz above or below a 440, mainly outside the United States. [REDACTED] Other tunings exist, including cross-tunings , in which the usually doubled string runs are tuned to different pitches. Additionally, guitarists may sometimes tune a mandolin to mimic a portion of the intervals on a standard guitar tuning to achieve familiar fretting patterns. The mandolin
528-473: A bass guitar . These were made by the Gibson company in the early 20th century, was also never very common. A smaller scale four-string mandobass, usually tuned in fifths: G 1 –D 2 –A 2 –E 3 (two octaves below the mandolin), though not as resonant as the larger instrument, was often preferred by players as easier to handle and more portable. Reportedly, however, most mandolin orchestras preferred to use
704-480: A high rate of death , particularly among children, attributed to many factors like diseases that spread quickly in the close quarters of the mission's walls, as well as torture, malnourishment, and overworking. In 1843, Juan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos , having arrived in California in 1827 from New England . He built what is now known as the " Los Cerritos Ranch House ", a still-standing adobe which
880-505: A violin (F-5 and A-5), or a single oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States, Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins and mandolins influenced by that design are strongly associated with bluegrass, while the A-style is associated with other types of music, although it too
1056-618: A "modified x-bracing" that incorporates both a tone bar and X-bracing. Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar . Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy , Vega and Larson Brothers . The ideal for archtops has been solid pieces of wood carved into
1232-578: A D or F grade on beach water quality during rainy periods in the Beach Report Card published by Heal the Bay . However, during dry periods the water may have an A or B rating in the same reports. The Los Angeles River discharges directly into the Long Beach side of San Pedro Bay, meaning a large portion of all the urban runoff from the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area pours directly into
1408-519: A Kalamazoo, Michigan, luthier who founded the "Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co., Limited" in 1902. Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body and usually a scroll carved into the headstock; and the A-style, which is pear-shaped, has no points and usually has a simpler headstock. These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like
1584-471: A backing vocal from Linda Ronstadt . It accounted for their second-highest Hot 100 peak of 13, and was also their first appearance on the Billboard country music charts since 1973. During the release of this album, Michael Buono took over for Bergante on drums, while Bob Carpenter joined as keyboardist. Next was 1980's Make a Little Magic . Featuring backing vocals from Nicolette Larson , its title track
1760-544: A comparison was furthered when Leadon, a former member of both bands, joined. He also thought that the band's success in country in the 1980s was more indebted to marketing and changes in taste from listeners more so than a shift in sound within the band itself. Leadon also stated that he heard influences of the Eagles within the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's songs. Jim Wensits of The South Bend Tribune described
1936-571: A cover of Jerry Jeff Walker 's " Mr. Bojangles ". The band's sound took on elements of soft rock in the latter half of the 1970s and early 1980s, including the hit singles " An American Dream " and "Make a Little Magic". Starting in 1983, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band began a shift toward country music , led off by the singles "Shot Full of Love" and " Dance Little Jean ". By this point, the band consisted of Jeff Hanna, McEuen, Fadden, Carpenter, and Jimmy Ibbotson (bass guitar, vocals). This lineup recorded several country albums for Warner Records throughout
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#17327653897352112-650: A cover of the Buddy Holly song " Not Fade Away ". Suzy Bogguss provided guest vocals on the track "Don't Underestimate Love". This project charted the singles " I Fought the Law " (a cover of the Bobby Fuller Four ) and "One Good Love". It also included covers of Merle Haggard 's " Mama Tried " and the Dennis Linde composition " What'll You Do About Me ", previously recorded by Randy Travis and later
2288-426: A duet between him and Kenny Chesney . An uncredited review of the album in Billboard called the project "entertainingly quirky". George Hauenstein of Country Standard Time spoke favorably of the variety of songwriters, which included Jim Lauderdale , Dennis Linde, and Hanna's wife, Matraca Berg . He also thought that "record label trouble" had kept the band from being more successful in the 1990s. McEuen rejoined
2464-509: A fingerboard with frets . The action of the strings on the bridge causes the soundboard to vibrate, producing sound. Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin , and mandolin notes decay faster than larger chordophones like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes or chords. The mandolin's paired strings facilitate this technique:
2640-526: A fire, and January 1991 when the factory was demolished partially due to air quality remediation efforts . Ford had earlier opened a factory in Los Angeles at 12th Street and Olive, with a later factory built at East Seventh Street and Santa Fe Avenue after 1914. Come 1938, the creation of Housing Authorities for both the City and County of Los Angeles were complete — and North Long Beach was to be home to
2816-466: A household was $ 80,493, with family households having a median income of $ 96,970 and non-family households $ 56,245. The per capita income was $ 41,896. Out of the 443,634 people with a determined poverty status, 13.8% were below the poverty line . Further, 17.9% of minors and 16.2% of seniors were below the poverty line. In the survey, residents self-identified with various ethnic ancestries. People of German descent made up 6.0% of
2992-611: A live album titled Alive , recorded at the Troubadour in West Hollywood, California . That same year, the band contributed the song "Hand Me Down That Can o' Beans" to the soundtrack of the movie Paint Your Wagon , starring Lee Marvin . The band briefly broke up in late 1969. During this hiatus, Hanna and Darrow briefly founded a country rock band called the Corvettes, who recorded one session with Michael Nesmith of
3168-448: A male householder with no partner present, and 32.5% had a female householder with no partner present. The median household size was 2.57 and the median family size was 3.34. The age distribution was 20.0% under 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 36.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. The median income for
3344-485: A mandocello tuning using fifths C 2 C 2 G 2 G 2 D 3 D 3 A 3 A 3 (E 4 ) (E 4 ). The mandobass is the bass version of the mandolin, just as the double bass is the bass to the violin. Like the double bass, it most frequently has 4 single strings, rather than double courses—and like the double bass, it is most commonly tuned to perfect fourths rather than fifths like most mandolin family instruments: E 1 –A 1 –D 2 –G 2, —the same tuning as
3520-490: A member of Kaleidoscope . Of their style at the time, Mary Campbell of the Associated Press noted the band's use of acoustic instruments and rudimentary traditional folk instruments such as washtub bass, kazoo , and comb and paper . She also noted that their clothing and song choices, such as a cover of " Teddy Bears' Picnic ", reflected the music and mindset of the 1920s. Their third album, 1968's Rare Junk ,
3696-565: A member of the mandolin family, has a reasonable resemblance and similar range to the octave mandolin. It derives from the Greek bouzouki (a long-necked lute), constructed like a flat-backed mandolin and uses fifth-based tunings, most often G 2 –D 3 –A 3 –D 4 . Other tunings include: A 2 –D 3 –A 3 –D 4 , G 2 –D 3 –A 3 –E 4 (an octave below the mandolin—in which case it essentially functions as an octave mandolin), G 2 –D 3 –G 3 –D 4 or A 2 –D 3 –A 3 –E 4 . Although
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#17327653897353872-408: A member who played the jug . Soon afterward, they selected Nitty Gritty Dirt Band as a name. This name was inspired by their observation that many bands at the time had names which they considered long and unusual, such as Strawberry Alarm Clock . John's older brother William E. McEuen served as the band's manager, helping to book them as opening acts for artists such as Joan Baez . He also helped
4048-520: A more accessible rock-oriented fusion of country, bluegrass, pop, and rock & roll, relying primarily on smartly chosen covers...Few bands had incorporated instruments more commonly associated with country and bluegrass, particularly mandolin and banjo, as comfortably into a rock setting prior to this release, and their well-crafted harmonies help put the songs over for those not-steeped-in backwoods sounds." Liberty Records merged with United Artists Records in 1972. The band's first project for this label
4224-623: A number of artists, including Doc Watson , Linda Ronstadt , John Denver , and Steve Martin . In addition, Hanna co-wrote Rascal Flatts 's 2005 single " Bless the Broken Road ", which was originally recorded by Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Nitty Gritty Dirt Band has released three collaborative albums: Will the Circle Be Unbroken (1972), Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two in 1989, and Will
4400-471: A people from which their lives began. In 1784, the Spanish Empire 's King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto . The Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ranchos ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of
4576-484: A popular annual event in Long Beach until the 1960s. Another Bixby cousin, John W. Bixby, was influential in the city. After first working for his cousins at Los Cerritos, J.W. Bixby leased land at Rancho Los Alamitos . He put together a group: banker I.W. Hellman , Llewellyn and Jotham Bixby, and him, to purchase the rancho. In addition to bringing innovative farming methods to the Alamitos (which under Abel Stearns in
4752-658: A population of 462,257. The population density was 9,191.3 inhabitants per square mile (3,548.8/km ). The racial makeup of Long Beach was 213,066 (46.1%) White , 62,603 (13.5%) Black or African American , 3,458 (0.7%) Native American , 59,496 (12.9%) Asian (4.5% Filipino , 3.9% Cambodian , 0.9% Vietnamese , 0.6% Chinese , 0.6% Japanese , 0.4% Indian , 0.4% Korean , 0.2% Thai , 0.1% Laotian , 0.1% Hmong ), 5,253 (1.1%) Pacific Islander (0.8% Samoan , 0.1% Guamanian , 0.1% Tongan ), 93,930 (20.3%) from other races , and 24,451 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 188,412 persons (40.8%). 32.9% of
4928-406: A self-released project. George Massenburg and Jon Randall produced the album. In Ibbotson's absence, session musician Glenn Worf played bass, while Randall and Berg were among the backing vocalists. A review for Country Standard Time said of this album that it "isn't breaking much new ground, but it sounds like an album the boys in the band had a lot of fun making, and that fun translates well to
5104-490: A shift in the band's sound from "jokey elements" to a more country rock sound. It featured a cover of Jerry Jeff Walker 's " Mr. Bojangles ". The band's version of the song was their first major hit, reaching number nine on the Hot 100. Also charting from the album were covers of Kenny Loggins 's " House at Pooh Corner " and Nesmith's "Some of Shelly's Blues". Richie Unterberger of AllMusic wrote of this album, "The group moved into
5280-410: A shorter-scaled Irish bouzouki as a cittern, irrespective of whether it has four or five courses. Other relatives of the cittern, which might also be loosely linked to the mandolins (and are sometimes tuned and played as such), include the 6-course/12-string Portuguese guitar and the 5-course/9-string waldzither . The mandocello is classically tuned to an octave plus a fifth below the mandolin, in
5456-518: A single for Doug Supernaw in 1995. Writing for the Elmira, New York Star-Gazette , Dennis Miller praised the covers in particular, as well as the band's vocal harmony and "uncluttered musical arrangements." Next on Liberty was 1994's Acoustic , composed entirely of acoustic songs. Jim Newsom of AllMusic called the album "refreshingly unadorned" and praised the use of instruments such as Dobro and accordion. Entertainment Weekly writer Bob Cannon
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5632-431: A single, the album track "Telluride" (also written by Ibbotson) was made into a music video. Robert K. Oermann of The Tennessean noted that the lyrics of "Partners, Brothers and Friends" contained several references to the band's career up to that point. Holly Gleason of The Miami Herald reviewed the album favorably, praising Hanna's and Ibbotson's lead vocals as well as the lyrics of the title track. Following in 1986
5808-481: A song written by every member of the band were both objectives of his for nearly a decade prior. Bruce Mason of The Province praised the use of mandolin in the production, as well as the number of John Hiatt cover songs. This project was followed in 1992 by Live Two Five , a live album recorded a year prior in Alberta , Canada. The band returned to Liberty a third time for 1992's Not Fade Away , titled after
5984-456: A sound that is less full than a well-made, carved-top mandolin. Flatback mandolins use a thin sheet of wood with bracing for the back, as a guitar uses, rather than the bowl of the bowlback or the arched back of the carved mandolins. Like the bowlback, the flatback has a round sound hole. This has been sometimes modified to an elongated hole, called a D-hole. The body has a rounded almond shape with flat or sometimes canted soundboard. The type
6160-486: A style developed by Seiffert, with a larger and rounder body. Japanese brands include Kunishima and Suzuki. Other Japanese manufacturers include Oona, Kawada, Noguchi, Toichiro Ishikawa, Rokutaro Nakade, Otiai Tadao, Yoshihiko Takusari, Nokuti Makoto, Watanabe, Kanou Kadama and Ochiai. Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy . These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than
6336-548: A wide variety of styles. Colin Larkin, in The Virgin Encyclopedia of Country Music , wrote that their early albums contained jug band and Vaudeville influences, while by the release of Uncle Charlie and His Dog Teddy , the band "abandoned the jokey elements...[and] pursued a career as purveyors of superior country rock ." Mark Deming spoke similarly of their early material, noting influences of bluegrass in
6512-489: Is a Mexican American / Chicano community in Long Beach. Cambodian people and Hmong Americans also settled in Long Beach. There is a Buddhist community in Long Beach. As of the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, there were 451,319 people and 170,965 households. The population density was 8,906.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,438.9/km ). There were 181,251 housing units at an average density of 3,576.9 per square mile (1,381.0/km ). The racial makeup of
6688-613: Is a National Historic Landmark . Temple created a thriving cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his ranch house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War . On an island in the San Pedro Bay , Mormon pioneers made an abortive attempt to establish a colony (as part of Brigham Young 's plan to establish a continuous chain of settlements from
6864-545: Is a movable length of hardwood. A pickguard is glued below the sound hole under the strings. European roundbacks commonly use a 13-inch (330 mm) scale instead of the 13 + 7 ⁄ 8 inches (350 mm) common on archtop Mandolins. Intertwined with the Neapolitan style is the Roman style mandolin, which has influenced it. The Roman mandolin had a fingerboard that was more curved and narrow. The fingerboard
7040-475: Is approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of downtown Los Angeles , and is part of the Gateway Cities region. The Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the world's largest shipping ports. The city is over an oilfield with minor wells both directly beneath the city as well as offshore. The city is known for its waterfront attractions, including
7216-458: Is most often used for and associated with bluegrass. The F-5's more complicated woodwork also translates into a more expensive instrument. Internal bracing to support the top in the F-style mandolins is usually achieved with parallel tone bars, similar to the bass bar on a violin. Some makers instead employ "X-bracing", which is two tone-bars mortised together to form an X. Some luthiers now using
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7392-471: Is normally tuned like a viola (perfect fifth below the mandolin) and tenor banjo: C 3 –G 3 –D 4 –A 4 . The octave mandolin (US and Canada), termed the octave mandola in Britain and Ireland and mandola in continental Europe, is tuned an octave below the mandolin: G 2 –D 3 –A 3 –E 4 . Its relationship to the mandolin is that of the tenor violin to the violin, or the tenor saxophone to
7568-401: Is similar to a mandocello, ordinarily tuned C 3 /C 2 –G 3 /G 2 –D 3 /D 3 –A 3 /A 3 with half of each pair of the lower two courses being tuned an octave high on a lighter gauge string. The body is a staved bowl, the saddle-less bridge glued to the flat face like most ouds and lutes, with mechanical tuners, steel strings, and tied gut frets. Modern laoutos, as played on Crete, have
7744-541: Is the 44th-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 451,307 as of 2022. A charter city , Long Beach is the 7th-most populous city in California , the 2nd-most populous city in Los Angeles County, and the largest city in California that is not a county seat . Incorporated in 1897, Long Beach lies in Southern California , in the southern part of Los Angeles County. Long Beach
7920-399: Is the soprano member of the mandolin family, as the violin is the soprano member of the violin family . Like the violin, its scale length is typically about 13 inches (330 mm). Modern American mandolins modelled after Gibsons have a longer scale , about 13 + 7 ⁄ 8 inches (350 mm). The strings in each of its double-strung courses are tuned in unison, and the courses use
8096-461: Is the usual Greek bouzouki scale, are not unknown. In modern usage, however, the terms "octave mandolin" and "Irish bouzouki" are often used interchangeably to refer to the same instrument. The modern cittern may also be loosely included in an "extended" mandolin family, based on resemblance to the flat-backed mandolins, which it predates. Its own lineage dates it back to the Renaissance . It
8272-418: Is typically a five course (ten-string) instrument having a scale length between 20 and 22 inches (510 and 560 mm). The instrument is most often tuned to either D 2 –G 2 –D 3 –A 3 –D 4 or G 2 –D 3 –A 3 –D 4 –A 4 , and is essentially an octave mandola with a fifth course at either the top or the bottom of its range. Some luthiers, such as Stefan Sobell, also refer to the octave mandola or
8448-571: Is used in Algeria and Morocco. The instrument can be tuned as a guitar, oud , or mandocello, depending on the music it will be used to play and player preference. When tuning it as a guitar the strings will be tuned (E 2 ) (E 2 ) A 2 A 2 D 3 D 3 G 3 G 3 B 3 B 3 (E 4 ) (E 4 ); strings in parentheses are dropped for a five- or four-course instrument. Using a common Arabic oud tuning D 2 D 2 G 2 G 2 A 2 A 2 D 3 D 3 (G 3 ) (G 3 ) (C 4 ) (C 4 ). For
8624-481: Is water. Long Beach completely surrounds the city of Signal Hill . Long Beach has a climate that can either be described as a hot semi-arid climate or a hot-summer Mediterranean climate . In general, the city features hot summers and mild to warm winters with occasional rainfall. Days in Long Beach are mostly sunny, as in Southern California in general. Temperatures recorded at the weather station at
8800-534: The Palm Beach Post , Holly Gleason praised Leo's "perfectly pretty production" and Ibbotson's vocals on "Fishin' in the Dark", while also finding influences of country rock and Cajun music on individual tracks. She also compared the track " Joe Knows How to Live " (later a number-one single for Eddy Raven ) to "An American Dream". During promotion for Hold On , McEuen quit the band to raise his family. He
8976-525: The Long Beach Airport , 4.0 miles (6.4 km) inland from the ocean, range more greatly than those along the immediate coast. During the summer months, low clouds and fog occur frequently, developing overnight and blanketing the area on many mornings. This fog usually clears by the afternoon, and a westerly sea breeze often develops, keeping temperatures mild. Heat and high humidity can sometimes coincide in summer, which may cause discomfort due to
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#17327653897359152-594: The National String Instrument Corporation ) to make a resonator mandolin , and amplifying electric mandolins through amplifiers. A variety of different tunings are used. Usually, courses of 2 adjacent strings are tuned in unison. By far the most common tuning is the same as violin tuning, in scientific pitch notation G 3 –D 4 –A 4 –E 5 , or in Helmholtz pitch notation : g–d′–a′–e″. The numbers of Hz shown above assume
9328-543: The Rancho San Pedro . Its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary between Rancho San Pedro and Rancho Los Nietos. By 1805, what had been the major Tongva village of Puvunga was thoroughly depleted of villagers, most of whom were brought to Mission San Gabriel for conversion and as a labor force. Many villagers died at the mission, which had
9504-594: The Westside , San Fernando Valley , or San Gabriel Valley . While overall regional pollution in the Los Angeles metropolitan area has declined in the last decade, pollution levels remain dangerously high in much of Long Beach due to the port pollution, with diesel exhaust from ships, trains, and trucks as the largest sources. Additionally, Long Beach is directly downwind of several of the South Bay oil refineries . Any refinery process or chemical upset that results in
9680-527: The soprano saxophone . Octave mandolin scale length is typically about 20 inches (510 mm), although instruments with scales as short as 17 inches (430 mm) or as long as 21 inches (530 mm) are not unknown. The instrument has a variant off the coast of South America in Trinidad, where it is known as the bandol , a flat-backed instrument with four courses, the lower two strung with metal and nylon strings. The Irish bouzouki , though not strictly
9856-509: The "Mr. Bojangles" cover as well as the tracks from the first Will the Circle Be Unbroken album. He also defined the band's late-1970s output as soft rock , and that their 1990s and 21st-century material was indebted to American folk music . On the same site, Stephen Thomas Erlewine also noticed influences of soft rock on The Dirt Band . Rickey Ferguson thought the band's country influences were more evident on Plain Dirt Fashion due to
10032-512: The "potato bug" , " potato beetle ", or tater-bug mandolin. The Neapolitan style has an almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood. It usually has a bent sound table , canted in two planes with the design to take the tension of the eight metal strings arranged in four courses. A hardwood fingerboard sits on top of or is flush with the sound table. Very old instruments may use wooden tuning pegs , while newer instruments tend to use geared metal tuners . The bridge
10208-439: The "storytelling lyrics" of "Long Hard Road". Next on Warner was Partners, Brothers and Friends in 1985. The album's lead single was " Modern Day Romance ", written by Kix Brooks , who would later become one-half of Brooks & Dunn . Upon release, this song became Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's second number-one on the Billboard country charts. Although Hanna or Carpenter usually sang lead vocals on singles, "Modern Day Romance"
10384-574: The 1950s. (see also: History of Retail in Southern California ) Oil was discovered in 1921 on Signal Hill, which split off as a separately incorporated city shortly afterward. The discovery of the Long Beach Oil Field , brought in by the gusher at the Alamitos oil well#1 , made Long Beach a major oil producer; in the 1920s the field was the most productive in the world. In 1932, the even larger Wilmington Oil Field , fourth-largest in
10560-468: The 1980s and charted multiple singles on Billboard Hot Country Songs . Of these, " Long Hard Road (The Sharecropper's Dream) ", " Modern Day Romance ", and " Fishin' in the Dark " all went to number one, with the latter becoming their signature song . After leaving Warner in the late 1980s, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band recorded for several other labels, including Universal , MCA Nashville , Rising Tide , and DreamWorks Records . The band has collaborated with
10736-424: The Circle Be Unbroken, Volume III in 2002. All three albums featured a large number of guests from folk, rock, country, and bluegrass . They have also won three Grammy Awards . The band's sound draws influence from country, pop, rock, bluegrass, and folk music, and has seen generally positive critical reception. Nitty Gritty Dirt Band was founded in Long Beach, California , in 1966. Founding guitarist Jeff Hanna
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#173276538973510912-425: The Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two , a sequel album to their 1972 album Will the Circle Be Unbroken . Like its predecessor, it featured a large number of guest musicians, including Johnny Cash , Earl Scruggs , Bruce Hornsby , Levon Helm , Marty Stuart , and Vince Gill . Many of the guests appeared on the title track, a cover of A. P. Carter 's " Will the Circle Be Unbroken ". Earl Scruggs's son, Randy , produced
11088-713: The County Authority's first order of business: the Carmelitos Housing Project, Southern California's first affordable housing complex. Long Beach, as a port city, had a relationship with the U.S. Navy even before the war. The city was part of the Battle of Los Angeles during World War II when observers for the United States Army Air Forces reported shells being fired from the sea. Anti-aircraft batteries fired into
11264-678: The Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan. Like the Lombard mandolin, the Genoese mandolin was not tuned in fifths. Its 6 gut strings (or 6 courses of strings) were tuned as a guitar but one octave higher: e-a-d’-g’-b natural-e”. Like the Neapolitan and unlike the Lombard mandolin, the Genoese does not have the bridge glued to the soundboard, but holds the bridge on with downward tension, from strings that run between
11440-417: The Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire-strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone." He favored the four single strings of
11616-418: The Dark" when searching for songs, and upon hearing Photoglo's demo of the song, immediately suggested the band record it. Hanna later described it as the band's signature song and a popular song to play during the summertime. The song was certified gold as a music download in 2011, and increased to platinum in 2014. The album's third and final single was " Oh What a Love ", also written by Ibbotson. Writing for
11792-498: The Dream . Randy Scruggs also produced this project, and Carpenter observed that the track "Wishing Well" was the first time all four members of the band wrote a song together. Serving as lead single was another Bruce Springsteen cover, this time of " From Small Things (Big Things One Day Come) ". Neither this song nor "You Make Life Good Again" was successful on the charts. Hanna later stated that covering "From Small Things" and recording
11968-720: The Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, the track " The Valley Road " (a collaboration with Hornsby) won Best Bluegrass Recording , and the title track was nominated for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals , at the 32nd Grammy Awards in 1990. Will the Circle Be Unbroken also won Album of the Year from the Country Music Association , their only win from that organization. After Universal closed, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band transferred to MCA Nashville Records for 1990's The Rest of
12144-679: The Greater Long Beach area. Mandolin There are many styles of mandolin, but the three most common types are the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the archtop mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-backed version has a deep bottom, constructed of strips of wood, glued together into a bowl. The archtop, also known as the carved-top mandolin has an arched top and a shallower, arched back both carved out of wood. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for
12320-536: The Irish bouzouki's bass course pairs are most often tuned in unison, on some instruments one of each pair is replaced with a lighter string and tuned in octaves, similar to the 12-string guitar . While occupying the same range as the octave mandolin/octave mandola, the Irish bouzouki is theoretically distinguished from the former instrument by its longer scale length, typically from 24 to 26 inches (610 to 660 mm), although scales as long as 27 inches (690 mm), which
12496-488: The Leland brand. A handful of contemporary luthiers build piccolo mandolins. The mandola , termed the tenor mandola in Britain and Ireland and liola or alto mandolin in continental Europe, is tuned a fifth below the mandolin, in the same relationship as that of the viola to the violin . Some also call this instrument the "alto mandola". Its scale length is typically about 16 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (420 mm). It
12672-415: The Lombard mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombard was tuned C–D–A–E–B–G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. There were 20 frets, covering three octaves, with an additional 5 notes. When Adelstein wrote, there were no nylon strings, and
12848-440: The Los Angeles metropolitan area coastal communities to the northwest and southeast of Long Beach, which largely have west facing coastlines. The 1200 ft Palos Verdes hills block west to east airflow and a significant amount of the coastal moisture that marks other coastal cities, such as Manhattan Beach , Santa Monica , and Newport Beach . As in most locations in Southern California, most rainfall in Long Beach occurs during
13024-533: The Monkees as producer. Nitty Gritty Dirt Band reunited in 1970, although Darrow and Barr declined to rejoin. Both were replaced by Jimmy Ibbotson , who played bass guitar, drums, piano, and accordion. After reuniting, the band issued its fourth Liberty album Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy that same year. Colin Larkin, in the Virgin Encyclopedia of Country Music , wrote that this album marked
13200-419: The Neapolitan mandolin and the Lombard mandolin. The Neapolitan style has spread worldwide. Mandolins have a body that acts as a resonator , attached to a neck . The resonating body may be shaped as a bowl ( necked bowl lutes ) or a box ( necked box lutes ). Traditional Italian mandolins, such as the Neapolitan mandolin, meet the necked bowl description. The necked box instruments include archtop mandolins and
13376-851: The Pacific to Salt Lake ). Following the U.S. Conquest of California , Temple had his Rancho Los Cerritos deeded to him by the Public Land Commission . In 1866, Temple sold Rancho Los Cerritos for $ 20,000 to the Northern California sheep-raising firm of Flint, Bixby & Company , which consisted of brothers Thomas and Benjamin Flint and their cousin Llewellyn Bixby . Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine , three ranchos which would later become
13552-516: The Rancho Los Cerritos to William E. Willmore , who subdivided it in hopes of creating a farm community, Willmore City . He failed and was bought out by a Los Angeles syndicate that called itself the "Long Beach Land and Water Company". They changed the name of the community to Long Beach at that time. The City of Long Beach was officially incorporated in 1897. The town grew as a seaside resort with light agricultural uses. The Pike
13728-524: The United Artists label and reopened Liberty Records, transferring the band back to that label after a decade. Their first release upon returning to Liberty was 1981's Jealousy . Most of the band members wrote the songs on the album by themselves and Hanna co-produced the album. Also by this point, Vic Mastrionni had become the band's drummer. " Fire in the Sky " was released as a single. The title track
13904-642: The United States and the British Empire , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued United States Executive Order 9066 which allowed military commanders to designate areas "from which any or all persons may be excluded". Under this order, all Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry were categorically removed from Western coastal regions and sent to internment camps , without regard for due process . 24,000 Jews live in Long Beach. Jews are concentrated in Rossmor, Los Alamitos, Seal Beach, and Lakewood in
14080-420: The United States, and which is mostly in Long Beach, was developed, contributing to the city's fame in the 1930s as an oil town. The M6.4 1933 Long Beach earthquake caused significant damage to the city and surrounding areas, killing a total of 120 people. Most of the damage occurred in unreinforced masonry buildings , especially schools. Pacific Bible Seminary (now known as Hope International University )
14256-567: The United States, when the bowlback was being made in numbers, Lyon and Healy was a major manufacturer, especially under the "Washburn" brand. Other American manufacturers include Martin , Vega, and Larson Brothers. In Canada, Brian Dean has manufactured instruments in Neapolitan, Roman, German and American styles but is also known for his original 'Grand Concert' design created for American virtuoso Joseph Brent . German manufacturers include Albert & Mueller, Dietrich, Klaus Knorr, Reinhold Seiffert and Alfred Woll. The German bowlbacks use
14432-456: The age of 18 living in them, 61,850 (37.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 26,781 (16.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 10,598 (6.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,106 (7.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 3,277 (2.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . Of the households, 46,536 (28.5%) were made up of individuals, and 11,775 (7.2%) had someone living alone who
14608-629: The album Let's Go , their last after rejoining Liberty. This album was produced by Norbert Putnam and Richard Landis . The band began recording their next album, Plain Dirt Fashion , while still on Liberty. However, Morris was uncertain if the label would promote the album properly, as it was the last one in their contract. As a result, the band transferred to Warner Records , who released it in 1984. Furthering their move to country music, they also switched booking agents, which resulted in them opening shows for Ricky Skaggs and Hank Williams Jr. Paul Worley and Marshall Morgan served as producers on
14784-497: The album "more than its money's worth" and capable of showing the band's mix of country and rock influences. A year later, they released Symphonion Dream , led off by a cover of the Everly Brothers ' " All I Have to Do Is Dream ". The album featured guest contributions from Linda Ronstadt , Leon Russell , and actor Gary Busey . Eder found influences of psychedelic rock and bluegrass in the instrumentation, highlighting
14960-496: The album's release. However, the album was delayed due to the closure of Rising Tide and transferred to Decca Records , which also closed before it could be released. It was ultimately issued in 1998 through DreamWorks Records , which also re-released the title track and caused it to chart a second time. The project included a cover of Mac McAnally 's " Down the Road ", previously a single for him in 1990 and later re-released in 2008 as
15136-452: The album's success to renewed interest in his music, particularly among fans of rock music who did not typically listen to folk and bluegrass. The "I Saw the Light" cover accounted for the band's first Grammy Award nomination, in the category of Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ; a year later, the album itself was nominated in the same category. In 1997, the project became
15312-431: The album, but criticized the band for including fake applause between tracks. Also in 1972, the band traveled to Nashville, Tennessee , to record the album Will the Circle Be Unbroken . This was a collaborative three-disc album featuring a number of country and bluegrass artists, such as Roy Acuff , Maybelle Carter , Earl Scruggs , and Doc Watson . Writing for The Los Angeles Times , Robert Hillburn thought that
15488-458: The album. The album featured over 200 guests in total, and was recorded between December 1988 and January 1989. Universal simultaneously released three songs as lead singles from the project. These were a cover of Bob Dylan 's " You Ain't Going Nowhere " featuring Roger McGuinn and Chris Hillman on lead vocals, as well as the original compositions " Turn of the Century " and " And So It Goes ",
15664-471: The atmospheric release of refinery by-products (commonly sulfur dioxide ) will usually impact air quality in Long Beach due to the west-south-westerly prevailing wind. Similarly, the water quality in the Long Beach portion of San Pedro Bay , which is enclosed by the Federal Breakwater , commonly ranks among the poorest on the entire West Coast during rainy periods. Long Beach beaches average
15840-480: The band again, citing creative differences. This left just Hanna, Carpenter, and Fadden as members. In response to this, they hired three new members in 2018. These were Ross Holmes on fiddle and mandolin, Jeff Hanna's son Jaime Hanna on guitar, and Jim Photoglo on bass guitar. Prior to joining the band, Jaime Hanna had been a touring guitarist for the Mavericks ; he also performed with John McEuen's son Jonathan in
16016-472: The band appeared under the pseudonym the Toot Uncommons as backing musicians on comedian and actor Steve Martin 's novelty hit single " King Tut ". This appearance was due to William E. McEuen serving as producer on the track. Their second album as the Dirt Band was 1979's An American Dream . The album's title track , written by Rodney Crowell , was released as a single in 1980. The song featured
16192-434: The band as a "coming force in country rock" during the success of "Mr. Bojangles", and added that they "confounded critics by refusing to be categorized." He also thought that the band's sound during the 1970s was comparable to the Eagles, and that some songs such as their cover of "Jambalaya" featured influences of Cajun music . In a 2022 concert review, Jeffrey B. Remz of Country Standard Time opined that Jeff Hanna's "voice
16368-487: The band in 1966 with a lineup initially consisting of Bruce Kunkel, Ralph Barr, Les Thompson, and Jackson Browne , who quit early on and was replaced by longtime member John McEuen (vocals, guitar, banjo). The band had its first hit single in 1967 with "Buy for Me the Rain" on Liberty Records . Their earliest work featured jug band and traditional folk elements. In 1970, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band had their biggest pop hit with
16544-507: The band in 2001, shortly before the release of their third collaborative album, Will the Circle Be Unbroken, Volume III , in 2002. This album featured further guests such as Dwight Yoakam , Tom Petty , and Iris DeMent . Collaborators from the previous Will the Circle Be Unbroken Albums returned as well, such as Doc Watson and Johnny Cash. Robert L. Doerschuk of AllMusic thought the album felt less collaborative than
16720-517: The band showed appreciation for the music of the collaborators, and that the album would appeal to music fans who did not like the then-contemporary Nashville sound . The album also accounted for the band's first entries on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts: a cover of Hank Williams's " I Saw the Light " and the original "Grand Ole Opry Song", respectively featuring guest vocals from Roy Acuff and Jimmy Martin . Following
16896-507: The band sign a contract with Liberty Records , who released the band's self-titled debut album in 1967. "Buy for Me the Rain" was released as a single from this project, and it reached number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The band released another album for Liberty, Ricochet , later in 1967. After this album, Kunkel quit over creative differences in the band's sound, and was replaced by multi-instrumentalist Chris Darrow , formerly
17072-462: The band to a quartet of Fadden, Hanna, McEuen, and Ibbotson. An uncredited review in The Tennessean praised the use of acoustic instruments and the "crisp" nature of Josh Leo's production style, as well as the "urgency" of the singing. In 1989, the band transferred to Universal Records , then a new country label started by producer Jimmy Bowen . Their only release for the label was Will
17248-595: The band's first album to be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Their next album for United Artists was 1974's Stars & Stripes Forever . By this point, Thompson had left as well, leaving the band as a quartet. A cover of Johnny Horton 's " The Battle of New Orleans " charted from this project. The album, composed of both live and studio recordings, also featured interview segments by fiddle player Vassar Clements . Bruce Eder thought these elements made
17424-464: The band's first number-one single on the Billboard country charts. Also issued as singles were " I Love Only You " (written by Dave Loggins and Don Schlitz ) and " High Horse " (written by Ibbotson), both of which were top-five country hits between late 1984 and early 1985. Writing for the Mattoon, Illinois , Journal Gazette , Rickey Ferguson thought that the album showed a country influence through
17600-628: The body, braced on the inside for strength in a similar manner to a guitar. Each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music . Archtop instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music . Flat-backed instruments are commonly used in Irish, British, and Brazilian folk music, and Mexican estudiantinas . Other mandolin variations differ primarily in
17776-492: The bottom and neck of the instrument. The neck was wider than the Neapolitan mandolin's neck. The peg-head is similar to the guitar's. At the very end of the 19th century, a new style, with a carved top and back construction inspired by violin family instruments began to supplant the European-style bowl-back instruments in the United States. This new style is credited to mandolins designed and built by Orville Gibson ,
17952-482: The category of Best Country Instrumental Performance . Next in 2004 was Welcome to Woody Creek on Dualtone Records . This album was recorded at a studio owned by Ibbotson in Woody Creek, Colorado . Dan MacIntosh of Country Standard Time wrote, "Such an idyllic setting may well have inspired the warmth and friendliness of this bluegrass-tinged album." Ibbotson left the band just before 2009's Speed of Life ,
18128-474: The city that bears Irvine's name. To manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Llewellyn's brother Jotham Bixby, the "Father of Long Beach". Three years later, Bixby bought into the property and would later form the Bixby Land Company. In the 1870s, as many as 30,000 sheep were kept at the ranch and sheared twice yearly to provide wool for trade. In 1880, Bixby sold 4,000 acres (16 km ) of
18304-579: The city was 34.6% White, 20.1% some other race, 12.5% Asian, 11.8% Black or African American, 1.8% Native American or Alaskan Native, and 1.0% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, with 18.2% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 44.0% of the population. Of the 170,965 households, 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% had seniors 65 years or older living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 9.7% were couples cohabitating, 22.3% had
18480-493: The city's population was of Mexican heritage. Non-Hispanic Whites were 29.4% of the population in 2010, down from 86.2% in 1970. The ethnic Cambodian population of approximately 20,000 is the largest outside of Asia. The Census reported 453,980 people (98.2% of the population) lived in households, 5,321 (1.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,956 (0.6%) were institutionalized. There were 163,531 households, out of which 58,073 (35.5%) had children under
18656-571: The city's population, arrived during the Department of the Interior 's Bureau of Indian Affairs urban relocation programs in the 1950s. Long Beach once had a sizable Japanese American population, which largely worked in the fish canneries on Terminal Island and on small truck farms in the area. In 1942, not long after the Attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequent Japanese declaration of war on
18832-479: The city. The population density was 9,149.8 inhabitants per square mile (3,532.8 inhabitants/km ). There were 171,632 dwelling units at an average density of 3,402.6 per square mile (1,313.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 45.2% White , 14.9% Black or African American (U.S. Census), 0.8% Native American , 12.1% Asian , 1.2% Pacific Islander , 20.6% from other races , and 5.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 35.8% of
19008-551: The closure of the manufacturing facility in 2015. Long Beach also saw an instance of the Chicano(a) movement in 1968. Long Beach is about 21 miles (34 km) south of downtown Los Angeles . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 80.35 square miles (208.1 km ), of which 50.70 square miles (131.3 km ) is land and 29.64 square miles (76.8 km ) (36.8%)
19184-468: The commercial success of Will the Circle Be Unbroken , the band began touring across the United States and internationally. McEuen also began recording as a solo artist at this point while maintaining his membership with the band. Larkin noted that critical reception of Will the Circle Be Unbroken "played an important role in breaking down mistrust between country's establishment and the emerging ' long hair ' practitioners." Similarly, Watson later attributed
19360-616: The door on December 23, 1941. The plant produced C-47 Skytrain transports, B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, and A-20 Havoc attack bombers simultaneously. Douglas merged with the McDonnell Aircraft Company in 1967 where the Douglas DC-8 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 were built. In 1997 McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing , which made C-17 Globemaster transport planes in Long Beach until
19536-417: The duo Hanna-McEuen , and later as a member of Gary Allan 's road band. Holmes had previously been a touring musician for Mumford & Sons . Photoglo had been a friend of the band for several years prior, and wrote "Fishin' in the Dark" almost 30 years before he joined. With this lineup in place, the band recorded a Bob Dylan covers album, Dirt Does Dylan , with Ray Kennedy as producer. The first single
19712-450: The entire lower course tuned to C 3 , a reentrant octave above the expected low C. Its scale length is typically about 28 inches (710 mm). The Algerian mandole was developed by an Italian luthier in the early 1930s, scaled up from a mandola until it reached a scale length of approximately 25 to 27 inches. It is a flatback instrument, with a wide neck and 4 courses (8 strings), 5 courses (10 strings) or 6 courses (12 strings), and
19888-420: The fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder, using metal strings, which exert more pressure than the gut strings. The modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections. There are usually one or more sound holes in
20064-647: The first two Will the Circle Be Unbroken projects helped to "dim the lines" between pop and country, especially since the genre of country rock was still new when the first one was recorded. Walter Tunis of the Lexington Herald-Leader thought that the band was an early example of the California-based country rock movement of the 1970s furthered by bands such as the Flying Burrito Brothers and Eagles , and that such
20240-411: The flatback mandolins. Strings run between mechanical tuning machines at the top of the neck to a tailpiece that anchors the other end of the strings. The strings are suspended over the neck and soundboard and pass over a floating bridge . The bridge is kept in contact with the soundboard by the downward pressure from the strings. The neck is either flat or has a slight radius, and is covered with
20416-477: The gut and single strings "do not vibrate so clearly and sweetly as the double steel string of the Neapolitan." Brescian mandolins (also known as Cremonese) that have survived in museums have four gut strings instead of six and a fixed bridge. The mandolin was tuned in fifths, like the Neapolitan mandolin. In his 1805 mandolin method , Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi , Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised
20592-450: The harbor water. This runoff contains most of the debris, garbage, chemical pollutants, and biological pathogens washed into storm drains in every upstream city each time it rains. Because the breakwater prevents tidal flushing and wave action , these pollutants build up in the harbor. The water enclosed by the breakwater, along most of the city's beaches, can be subject to red tides due to this stagnation as well. Because of these factors,
20768-498: The heat index. According to data analysis provided by the NWS , The annual average temperature of Long Beach is 64.9 °F (18.3 °C), of which August is the hottest month with an average temperature of 74.3 °F (23.5 °C), while December is the coldest month with an average temperature of 56.7 °F (13.7 °C). In terms of temperature, Long Beach and other California cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco have
20944-608: The hottest month of the year usually in August and the coolest month in December. Long Beach has 23 days of afternoon temperatures above 90 °F (32.2 °C) each year, and about two days a year are above 100 °F (37.8 °C). Long Beach's location directly east of the Palos Verdes Peninsula , paired with its south facing coastline, results in the city sometimes experiencing different weather patterns than
21120-440: The ideal thickness, produce the sound consumers expect. Not carving them correctly dulls the sound. The sound of a carved-wood instrument changes the longer it is played, and older instruments are sought out for their rich sound. Laminated-wood presstops are less resonant than carved wood, the wood and glue vibrating differently than wood grain. Presstops made of solid wood have the wood's natural grain compressed, typically creating
21296-486: The instrumentals, as well as in the other cover songs on the album such as Hank Williams 's " Hey, Good Lookin ". Ibbotson left the band after this album, after which point John Cable and Jackie Clark joined. These two alternated as bassists and guitarists. Soon after they joined, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band toured in the Soviet Union , becoming the first American act to do so. The United States Department of State oversaw
21472-527: The late 1850s and early 1860s was once the largest cattle ranch in the US), J.W. Bixby began the development of the oceanfront property near the city's picturesque bluffs. Under the name Alamitos Land Company, J.W. Bixby named the streets and laid out the parks of his new city. This area would include Belmont Heights, Belmont Shore and Naples; it soon became a thriving community of its own. J.W. Bixby died in 1888 of apparent appendicitis . The Rancho Los Alamitos property
21648-494: The latter a collaboration with John Denver . The Dylan cover, credited solely to McGuinn and Hillman, peaked at number six on the country charts upon release. The other two singles were less successful, but follow-up " When It's Gone " peaked at number ten, becoming the band's last top-40 country single. Released last from the project was "One Step over the Line", featuring guest vocals from Rosanne Cash and John Hiatt . The album won
21824-584: The listening." To honor their 50th anniversary, the band played a special concert at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. The concert was also released as a live album and DVD titled Circlin' Back: Celebrating 50 Years . It included guests John Prine , Sam Bush , Vince Gill , Jerry Jeff Walker , Alison Krauss , Rodney Crowell , Byron House, Jerry Douglas, and Jackson Browne in addition to former member Ibbotson. The special also aired on PBS and
22000-460: The mandola. Bowlback mandolins (also known as roundbacks), are used worldwide. They are most commonly manufactured in Europe, where the long history of mandolin development has created local styles. However, Japanese luthiers also make them. Owing to the shape and to the common construction from wood strips of alternating colors, in the United States these are sometimes colloquially referred to as
22176-513: The name change to Chuck Morris, who had taken over as the band's manager due to William E. McEuen becoming overwhelmed by the role. Also according to John McEuen, Clark left voluntarily, while he believes that Hanna "got rid" of Cable because he felt "threatened" by Cable's songwriting ability. Joining Hanna, John McEuen, and Fadden as members were drummer Merel Bergante, bassist Richard Hathaway, and Al Garth, who played multiple instruments including saxophone and keyboards. The band's first release under
22352-502: The night sky, although no planes were ever sighted. Long Beach's population grew substantially during and after the war, with workers being needed for wartime manufacturing and G.I. bill recipients seeking out homes in California. Suburbs were built by the Bixby land companies and others. Douglas Aircraft Company 's largest facility was its Long Beach plant, totaling 1,422,350 square feet (132,141 m ). The first plane rolled out
22528-604: The number of strings and include four-string models (tuned in fifths) such as the Brescian and Cremonese; six-string types (tuned in fourths ) such as the Milanese, Lombard, and Sicilian; six-course instruments of 12 strings (two strings per course) such as the Genoese; and the tricordia , with four triple-string courses (12 strings total). Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard (the top). Early instruments were quiet, strung with gut strings, and plucked with
22704-429: The ordinary double bass , rather than a specialised mandolin family instrument. Calace and other Italian makers predating Gibson also made mandolin-basses. The relatively rare eight-string mandobass, or "tremolo-bass", also exists, with double courses like the rest of the mandolin family, and is tuned either G 1 –D 2 –A 2 –E 3 , two octaves lower than the mandolin, or C 1 –G 1 –D 2 –A 2 , two octaves below
22880-650: The permanently docked RMS Queen Mary and the Aquarium of the Pacific . Long Beach also hosts the Grand Prix of Long Beach , an IndyCar race and the Long Beach Pride Festival and Parade . California State University, Long Beach , one of the largest universities in California by enrollment, is within the city. Indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited
23056-439: The plectrum (pick) strikes each of a pair of strings alternately, providing a more full and continuous sound than a single string would. Various design variations and amplification techniques have been used to make mandolins comparable in volume with louder instruments and orchestras, including the creation of mandolin-banjo hybrids with the drum-like body of the louder banjo , adding metal resonators (most notably by Dobro and
23232-448: The population of the town, followed by English at 5.2%, Irish at 5.0%, Italian at 3.1%, American at 1.8%, Polish at 1.3%, French at 1.1%, Scottish at 1.1%, Sub-Saharan African at 0.8%, Swedish at 0.7%, Greek at 0.6%, Scotch-Irish at 0.6%, Caribbean (excluding Hispanics) at 0.6%, Russian at 0.5%, Dutch at 0.5%, Danish at 0.5%, and Norwegian at 0.5%. The 2010 United States Census reported that Long Beach had
23408-421: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 258,726 people (56.0%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Long Beach had a median household income of $ 52,711, with 20.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line. As of 2014, the population of Long Beach was 473,577. As of the census of 2000, there were 461,522 people, 163,088 households, and 99,646 families residing in
23584-537: The population. The city has changed since the 1950s, when its population was predominantly European-American and the city was nicknamed "Iowa by the Sea" or "Iowa under Palm Trees" as it had a slower pace than neighboring Los Angeles. In 1950, whites represented 97.4% of Long Beach's population. Since the second half of the 20th century, the city has been a major port of entry for Asian and Latin American immigrants headed to Los Angeles. The Harbor section of downtown Long Beach
23760-400: The ports, and short-haul tractor-trailer trucks ferrying cargo from the ports to inland warehousing, rail yards, and shipping centers. Long-term average levels of toxic air pollutants (and the corresponding carcinogenic risk they create) can be two to three times higher in and around Long Beach, and in downwind areas to the east, than in other parts of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, such as
23936-642: The present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group was the Tongva , who had established at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxa'anga was an inland settlement near the Los Angeles River , while Ahwaanga and Povuu'nga were coastal villages. Povuu'nga was particularly important to the Tongva, not only as a regional trading center and hub for fishermen, but for its deep ceremonial significance, being understood as their place of emergence as
24112-599: The previous two, due to a lack of chemistry between certain performers. Corresponding with both this album's release and the 30th anniversary of the first Will the Circle Be Unbroken album, the band joined Earl and Randy Scruggs, Vassar Clements, and Jerry Douglas for a live concert aired on PBS and titled Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Farther Along. All of the artists performed a live rendition of "Earl's Breakdown". This rendition accounted for Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's third Grammy Award win, in
24288-524: The project mostly contained "familiar tunes", he considered the arrangements indicative of Dylan's influence on country. In January 2024, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band began their farewell tour For the Good Times, starting with a concert in Bowling Green, Kentucky , and lasting throughout 2024. Several stops on the tour include Jason Isbell as an opening act. Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's music encompasses
24464-506: The project. According to Ibbotson, the band chose to switch producers after moving to Warner, as they thought Putnam and Landis, despite working in country music, "thought they had to cover all bases." In addition to the five members of the band, other contributors included Skaggs and Jerry Douglas . The project also included a cover of Bruce Springsteen 's " Cadillac Ranch ". The lead single was another Rodney Crowell composition, " Long Hard Road (The Sharecropper's Dream) ", which in 1984 became
24640-683: The remaining 3,500 acres (14 km ) of Rancho Los Cerritos was subdivided into the neighborhoods of Bixby Knolls , California Heights , Los Cerritos , North Long Beach and part of the city of Signal Hill . Pine Avenue near 4th became the center of a large shopping district. Besides upscale Buffums (1912; expanded 1926), in 1929 alone Barker Brothers , the Hugh A. Marti Co. , and Wise Company and Famous department stores built large new stores, Walker's (1933), and nearby at American and 5th, Sears (1928) and Montgomery Ward (1929). It would remain popular until suburban malls sprung up starting in
24816-423: The right shape. However, another archtop exists, the top made of laminated wood or thin sheets of solid wood, pressed into the arched shape. These have become increasingly common in the world of internationally constructed musical instruments in the 21st century. Pressed-top instruments are made to appear the same as carved-top instruments but do not sound the same as carved-wood tops. Carved-wood tops when carved to
24992-455: The same relationship as that of the cello to the violin, its strings being tuned to C 2 –G 2 –D 3 –A 3 . Its scale length is typically about 26 inches (660 mm). A typical violoncello scale is 27 inches (690 mm). The mandolone was a Baroque member of the mandolin family in the bass range that was surpassed by the mandocello. It was part of the Neapolitan mandolin family. The Greek laouto or laghouto (long-necked lute)
25168-475: The same tuning as the violin: G 3 –D 4 –A 4 –E 5 . The piccolo or sopranino mandolin is a rare member of the family, tuned one octave above the mandola and one fourth above the mandolin (C 4 –G 4 –D 5 –A 5 ); the same relation as that of the piccolo (to the western concert flute ) or violino piccolo (to the violin and viola ). One model was manufactured by the Lyon & Healy company under
25344-501: The shift in sound and reversion of their name to Morris; McEuen also attributed both of these and the return of Ibbotson to the lineup as being decisions made by Morris. The first release to be successful on the country charts was "Shot Full of Love", which went to number 19 on the Hot Country Songs charts in 1983. This was followed by Ibbotson's composition " Dance Little Jean ", which went to number nine. Both were included on
25520-467: The shortened name was 1978's The Dirt Band . "In for the Night" reached the lower regions of the Hot 100 as a single from this project. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic thought the album marked a shift in the band's sound to a soft rock style. He thought the songs on the album were consistent in quality, but also thought that the album would not appeal to fans of their earlier works. Also during 1978,
25696-567: The song in 2005 and took their version to number one on the country charts, while Crittenden also charted the song a second time as a collaboration with the Christian group Selah . The band released no further projects until 1997's The Christmas Album on Rising Tide Records . This project contained a mix of traditional Christmas songs and new material mostly written by the band members. While on Rising Tide, they recorded another album titled Bang Bang Bang , whose title track charted ahead of
25872-479: The songs for lacking hooks . In 1983, the band reverted its name to Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Al Garth and Vic Mastrionni both quit the band at this point and Ibbotson rejoined as a vocalist and bass guitarist; as a result, Fadden began playing drums in addition to his existing role as harmonica player. At this point, the band began finding success in country music , a move which McEuen attributed to changing tastes among fans of rock and pop music. Roland also attributes
26048-478: The soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic f (f-hole). A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling . Mandolins evolved from lute family instruments in Europe. Predecessors include the gittern and mandore or mandola in Italy during the 17th and 18th centuries. There were a variety of regional variants, but the two most widespread ones were
26224-489: The standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-silk bass-strings. The strings ran between the tuning pegs and a bridge that was glued to the soundboard, as a guitar's. The Lombard mandolins were tuned g–b–e′–a′–d″–g″ (shown in Helmholtz pitch notation ). A developer of the Milanese style was Antonio Monzino (Milan) and his family who made them for six generations. Samuel Adelstein described
26400-541: The time played washtub bass , harmonica, and guitar, along with Ralph Barr (guitar, clarinet), Les Thompson (guitar, mandolin ), and Jackson Browne (guitar). All six members also served as vocalists. Browne quit the group after only a few months, and was replaced by John McEuen , who contributed on guitar, mandolin, banjo, and washtub bass. They briefly called themselves the Illegitimate Jug Band, due to their playing jug band music without actually having
26576-448: The time. Bill Monroe was said to have refused an offer to appear on the album, and Roy Acuff was initially apprehensive before joining. The band said that an impetus behind their shift to country music in the 1980s was the lack of a successful pop song after "An American Dream" and "Make a Little Magic", followed by a realization that members of the country music community in Nashville were still fans of their music. They also thought that
26752-419: The tour, which lasted for 28 days. This was followed by their first greatest-hits package, Dirt, Silver and Gold , also in 1976. In 1978, both Clark and Cable left the band, which by this point had shortened its name to just the Dirt Band. McEuen said that the decision to become just the Dirt Band was due to disc jockeys not being comfortable with the longer name. Conversely, music writer Tom Roland attributed
26928-487: The use of instruments such as Dobro , fiddle , and mandolin . Holly Gleason noted the twang evident in Hanna's and Ibbotson's singing voices, and thought the band's rhythm sections were stronger than usual for a country band. During the release of Will the Circle Be Unbroken , the band members were noted for their long-haired appearance, which at the time was considered counter to the appearances of country music acts at
27104-479: The water in Long Beach is sometimes unsafe for swimming, up to weeks each year. The area has historically included several ecological communities, with coastal scrub dominating. The top five countries of origin for Long Beach's immigrants are Mexico , the Philippines , Cambodia , El Salvador and Vietnam . The most common foreign languages spoken in Long Beach are Spanish , Khmer and Tagalog . There
27280-539: The winter months. Storms can bring heavy rainfall. The annual precipitation in Long Beach is 12.02 inches (305.3 mm), of which the precipitation from December to March of the following year accounts for 81% of the whole year. June to September is usually rainless, especially August. See or edit raw graph data . Long Beach is composed of many different neighborhoods. Some neighborhoods are named after thoroughfares, while others are named for nearby parks, schools, or city features. Long Beach suffers from some of
27456-557: The worst air pollution in the entire United States . Most of the city is in proximity to the twin ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, and the prevailing westerly-to-west-south-westerly winds bring a large portion of the twin ports' air pollution directly into Long Beach before dispersing it northward then eastward. Heavy pollution sources at the ports include the ships themselves, which burn high-sulfur, high-soot-producing bunker fuel to maintain internal electrical power while docked, as well as heavy diesel pollution from drayage trucks at
27632-462: Was 1972's All the Good Times . The album had further cover songs on it, including Hank Williams 's " Jambalaya (On the Bayou) " and Doug Kershaw 's " Diggy Liggy Lo ", as well as another Jackson Browne cover, "Jamaica". The former of these was issued as a single, but peaked in the lower end of the Hot 100. Hartford Courant writer Henry McNulty found the cover songs superior to the original cuts on
27808-409: Was 33.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. There were 176,032 dwelling units at an average density of 3,422.2 per square mile (1,321.3/km ), of which 67,949 (41.6%) were owner-occupied, and 95,582 (58.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.2%. 195,254 people (42.2% of
27984-444: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78. There were 99,229 families (60.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.52. The age distribution of the city was as follows: 115,143 people (24.9%) were under the age of 18, 54,163 people (11.7%) aged 18 to 24, 140,910 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 109,206 people (23.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 42,835 people (9.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
28160-571: Was a cover of " The Times They Are a-Changin' ", featuring guest vocals from the War and Treaty , Rosanne Cash , Jason Isbell , and Steve Earle . All proceeds from this version were donated to Feeding America . Larkin Poe also joined the band on a cover of " I Shall Be Released ". Hanna told Billboard he wanted to release a Dylan cover album for many years due to him being a longtime fan of Dylan's music. Dan McIntosh of Country Standard Time noted that while
28336-482: Was a number 25 hit on the Hot 100. Ken Paulson of the Fort Myers, Florida , News Press noted that unlike their previous albums, it contained only one cover song; specifically, Cidny Bullens 's "Anxious Heart". He thought that by focusing more on original material, the album showed the band members' strengths as songwriters and performers, and considered it their best album yet. After this album, EMI eliminated
28512-492: Was as well, but it did not chart. The album featured guest vocals from Rosemary Butler and Kenny Loggins . An uncredited review in the New Jersey Daily Record panned the album's soft rock sound and lack of variety between tracks, as well as the songs on which Carpenter sang lead vocals. Likewise, Erlewine thought that the band "never quite mustered" the soft rock sound of the album, and criticized many of
28688-575: Was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan , but his family had moved to Long Beach four years prior. While in high school, he befriended guitarist Bruce Kunkel, and the two played in a local duo called the New Coast Two. As they wanted to form a larger group, the two began playing impromptu jam sessions at a Long Beach music shop called McCabe's Guitar Shop. Through these performances, they recruited four other musicians. These were Jimmie Fadden, who at
28864-401: Was followed in 1987 by Hold On , led off by the single " Baby's Got a Hold on Me ". It reached number two on the country charts upon release. Following it was their third and final number one, " Fishin' in the Dark ", written by Wendy Waldman and Jim Photoglo . Ed Bruce had recorded the song a year prior. For this album, the band again switched producers to Josh Leo . He found "Fishin' in
29040-461: Was forced to move classes out of First Christian Church of Long Beach and into a small local home due to damage. The Ford Motor Company built a factory called Long Beach Assembly at the then address in 1929 as "700 Henry Ford Avenue, Long Beach" where the factory began building the Ford Model A . Production of Ford vehicles continued after the war until 1960, when the plant was closed due to
29216-426: Was later packaged as a live CD and DVD titled Circlin’ Back: Celebrating 50 Years in 2016. An uncredited Los Angeles Times review stated that the original release "helped knock down barriers then separating the traditional country and rock music communities, setting the stage for the eventual emergence of what came to be known as Americana music". Following the end of their anniversary tour in 2017, McEuen exited
29392-603: Was lengthened over the sound hole for the E strings, the high pitched strings. The shape of the back of the neck was different, less rounded with an edge, the bridge was curved making the G strings higher. The Roman mandolin had mechanical tuning gears before the Neapolitan. Prominent Italian manufacturers include Vinaccia (Naples), Embergher (Rome) and Calace (Naples). Other modern manufacturers include Lorenzo Lippi (Milan), Hendrik van den Broek (Netherlands), Brian Dean (Canada), Salvatore Masiello and Michele Caiazza (La Bottega del Mandolino) and Ferrara, Gabriele Pandini. In
29568-445: Was less favorable, writing, "They’re always competent, with shimmering three-part harmonies and stellar musicianship, but that doesn’t compensate for their generally forgettable songwriting." The album's closing track is " Bless the Broken Road ", which Hanna wrote with Bobby Boyd and Marcus Hummon . Hummon later recorded the song himself, as did Melodie Crittenden , whose version was a charted single in 1998. Rascal Flatts also covered
29744-459: Was once home to people of Dutch , Greek , Italian , Maltese , Portuguese and Spanish ancestry, most of them employed in manufacturing and fish canneries until the 1960s. According to a report by USA Today in 2000, Long Beach is the most ethnically diverse large city in the United States. It has a relatively high proportion of Pacific Islanders (over 1% as of the 2000 Census), from Samoa and Tonga . Most American Indians , about 0.8% of
29920-491: Was one of several in this timespan to feature Ibbotson on lead vocals instead. Worley noted that the song had originally been submitted to the band for inclusion on Plain Dirt Fashion but was rejected, and they chose to record it after it was submitted to them a second time. Also charting in the top ten from this album were " Home Again in My Heart " and the title track , which Hanna and Ibbotson co-wrote. While not released as
30096-507: Was replaced by Bernie Leadon , formerly of the Eagles and Flying Burrito Brothers . Leadon's only in-studio appearance with the band was on 1988's Workin' Band . This project charted three singles within the top ten of the Billboard country charts: " Workin' Man (Nowhere to Go) ", " I've Been Lookin' ", and " Down That Road Tonight ". Fadden wrote the former, while Hanna co-wrote the latter two. Leadon left after this album as well, reducing
30272-494: Was split up, with Hellman getting the southern third, Jotham and Llewellyn, the northern third, and J.W. Bixby's widow and heirs keeping the central third. The Alamitos townsite was kept as a separate entity, but at first, it was primarily run by Llewellyn and Jotham Bixby, although I.W, Hellman (who had the largest single share) had a significant veto power, an influence made even stronger as the J.W. Bixby heirs began to side with Hellman more and more. When Jotham Bixby died in 1916,
30448-509: Was the band's second greatest-hits package, Twenty Years of Dirt . It was accompanied by an anniversary concert tour of the same name, featuring a 10,000-person show in Denver , Colorado, with Michael Martin Murphey . The album included the new song " Stand a Little Rain ". Both this and a re-release of "Fire in the Sky" were sent to country radio as singles, with both reaching top ten. This
30624-599: Was the most famous beachside amusement zone on the West Coast from 1902 until 1969; it offered bathers food, games and rides, such at the Sky Wheel dual Ferris wheel and Cyclone Racer roller coaster . Gradually the oil industry, Navy shipyard and facilities and port became the mainstays of the city. In the 1950s it was referred to as "Iowa by the sea", due to a large influx of people from that and other Midwestern states. Huge picnics for migrants from each state were
30800-432: Was their first to feature electric guitar, electric bass, and drums. Although Browne had left the band by this point, they covered his " These Days " on it. Johnny Sandlin contributed on drums. Bob Talbert of The State praised the album for the variety of instruments used, noting that said variety allowed influences of jazz and country music on top of the group's existing jug band sound. A year later, Liberty released
30976-416: Was well intact at 75" and that he had "an affable, easy going stage presence." He also noted that Jaime Hanna, Carpenter, and Fadden occasionally sang lead vocals as well. He also praised the use of fiddle and mandolin in their live settings. Current members Former members Long Beach, California Long Beach is a coastal city in southeastern Los Angeles County, California , United States. It
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