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116-518: Astana , formerly known as Nur-Sultan , Akmolinsk , Tselinograd , and Akmola , is the capital city of Kazakhstan . The city lies on the banks of the Ishim River in the north-central part of Kazakhstan, within the Akmola Region , though administered as a city with special status separately from the rest of the region. A 2022 official estimate reported a population of 1,350,228 within
232-599: A Berlin in a Eurasian style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as Canberra is not one of his goals. Two of the most significant structures in Asatana's developing urban landscape are the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation and the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center . Their architectural styles are intended to echo features of the nomadic empires that shaped the history of
348-677: A classical European understanding of the known world : Europe , North Africa , and Southwest Asia . The phrase is related to the enduring power of the city first as the capital of the Republic and the Empire , and later as the centre of the Catholic Church . In several English-speaking states , the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions . In some unitary states , subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital
464-569: A fast food complex, temporary storage warehouses and a business center, a furniture factory, and production of military and civil engineering machinery. The new Astana International Financial Centre opened in July 2018. Astana's administration is promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses through the cooperation of the Sovereign Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna and National Economic Chamber. Support
580-497: A monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly symbolic event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China , where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on
696-445: A compromise between two or more cities or other political divisions, historical reasons, or enough land was needed to deliberately build a new planned city for the capital. The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. Modern examples are Beijing , Berlin , Cairo , London , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , Paris , Rome , Jakarta , Metro Manila , Seoul , and Tokyo . Counties in
812-758: A constitutional amendment to revert to the name Astana. As of 2022, it holds the Guinness World Record for the capital city with the most name changes in modern times. Many centuries ago, the Bozok settlement was located on the territory of modern Astana. It was a military fortress of the Steppe section of the Great Silk Road . The etymology of the Turkic word "Boz" carries several meanings such as 'untouched earth', 'virgin soil' and 'feather grass'. It
928-405: A distinction is made between the official ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place . English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy . For example, the "relations between London and Washington " refers to the " relations between
1044-468: A fortress on the site of the former Siberian Tatar town of Chingi-Tura ("city of Chingis "), also known as Tyumen , from the Turkic and Mongol word for "ten thousand" – tumen . Tyumen stood on the "Tyumen Portage", part of the historical trade route between Central Asia and the Volga region. Various South Siberian nomads had continuously contested control of the portage in the preceding centuries. As
1160-635: A large number of construction projects. Tourism becomes one of the factors that drive economic growth in the city. Astana is among the top ten most attractive tourist cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Astana has become a platform for high-profile diplomatic talks and summits on critical global issues. Astana has hosted multiple rounds of talks between the Syrian Arab Republic government led by Bashar al-Assad and Syrian opposition . The 12th Ministerial Conference of
1276-625: A major industrial center of the Soviet Union . By the onset of World War II , the city had several well-established industries, including shipbuilding, furniture manufacture, and the manufacture of fur and leather goods. World War II saw rapid growth and development in the city. In the winter of 1941, twenty-two major industrial enterprises evacuated to Tyumen from the European part of the Soviet Union. These enterprises went into operation
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#17327662067871392-470: A matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. (See also § Capitals in military strategy ) The location may also be based on
1508-428: A million. After the growth of the 1960s, a period of population stability lasted until 1988, when economic depression hit the Soviet Union. The city's population in 1989 was 476,869, according to the census of that year. However, within five or six years Tyumen was again a major economic center with a rising population. By 2002, Tyumen's population had risen to 510,719. Further population growth (mainly due to migration and
1624-600: A myriad, or ten thousand. Etymologically connected to the Tumen River that delineates sections of the borders between North Korea, Russia, and China. Tyumen is located in Western Siberia , 1,700 km (1,100 mi) east of Moscow , 300 km (190 mi) east of Yekaterinburg , and 1,100 km (680 mi) west of Siberia's largest city, Novosibirsk . The city covers an area of 235 square kilometers (91 sq mi). Its primary geographical feature
1740-475: A permit to handle all types of helicopters. The airstrip is capable of handling large freight aircraft such as the An-22 Antaeus . The city has a regular service to a large number of Russian towns, including, Moscow (9 flights a day), St. Petersburg , and Samara . There are also weekly or biweekly flights to the following international locations: Baku , Erevan , Khujand , and Tashkent . Tyumen
1856-524: A population of 339,286 people. Baykonyr District was created on 16 March 2018 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 18,129 ha (44,800 acres; 70.00 sq mi) with a population of 233 351 people. In April 1998, the Government of Kazakhstan asked architects and urban planners of international renown to participate in a design competition for the new capital. On 6 October 1998, Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa
1972-452: A result, Siberian Tatar and Kalmyk raiders often attacked early Russian settlers. The military situation meant that streltsy and Cossack garrisons stationed in the town predominated in the population of Tyumen until the mid-17th century. As the area became less restive, the town began to take on a less military character. By the beginning of the 18th century, Tyumen had developed into an important center of trade between Siberia and China in
2088-521: A small military settlement to a large commercial and industrial city. The central part of Old Tyumen retains many historic buildings from throughout the city's history. Today, Tyumen is an important business center. It is the transport hub and industrial center of Tyumen Oblast – an oil-rich region bordering Kazakhstan – as well as the home of many companies active in Russia's oil and gas industry . In Turkic and Mongolic languages, "Tümen/Түмэн" means
2204-456: A strongly humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with warm, somewhat humid summers and long, very cold (though average by Siberian standards) winters. The weather in the region is very changeable, and the temperature in town is always higher than in the surrounding area by a few degrees. The town area also attracts more precipitation. The average temperature in January
2320-554: A territory: Plymouth in Montserrat . There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and seat of government are separated: Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was not the official seat of government: With the rise of the modern nation-state , the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government , and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever
2436-472: Is 3.9 °C (39.0 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) and record lowest is in January 1893's cold wave reaching temperatures down to −51.6 °C (−60.9 °F). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 20.6 °C (69.1 °F). As of January 2020, the population of Astana is 1,136,008; more than double the 2002 population of 493,000. As of 2018, ethnic Kazakhs made up 80.6% of
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#17327662067872552-480: Is a planned city , following the process of other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan, the city dramatically changed shape with its master-plan designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa . As the seat of the government of Kazakhstan , Astana is the site of the Parliament House , Supreme Court , Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies. It
2668-708: Is a branch of the Quality Schools International that started in the Middle East. The city transport in Astana consists of buses and taxis. Over 720,000 people use public transport daily. There are over 60 bus lines served by more than 1000 vehicles, with over 3000 people working in the public transport sector. Just like buses, share taxis have their own predefined routes and work on a shared basis. There are three share taxi routes in total. Capital city A capital city or just capital
2784-768: Is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. Islam and Christianity (primarily Russian Orthodoxy , Roman Catholicism , and Protestantism ) are the predominant religions of the city. Other religions practiced are Judaism , Lutheranism , and Buddhism . The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation was specially constructed in 2006 to host the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. It contains accommodations for different religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism , Taoism and other faiths. Central Asia's largest mosque , as well as Central Asia's largest synagogue are found in Astana. The metropolitan area centered upon Astana includes
2900-562: Is a major hub for intercity bus service, centered on the bus terminal, which was constructed in 1972, and greatly expanded between 2006 and 2008. Tyumen is served by the international Roschino Airport located 13 kilometres (8 miles) west of the city. In addition Plekhanovo Airport is in the area. The Roschino airport has permits to handle the following types of aircraft: Tu-154 , Tu-134 , An-12 , An-24 , An-26 , Yak-40 , Yak-42 , IL-18 , L-410 , B-737 , B-767 , B-757 , IL-86 , IL-76 , ATR-42 , ATR-72 , HS-125 . The airport also has
3016-651: Is a member of the Kazakhstan First Division. They were founded in 2012, to develop youth football . The FC Astana-1964 is based in the Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium and plays in the Astana Municipal Football League. The club's most successful years were 2000s, when they won 3 league titles. Astana is home to several professional ice hockey teams. The Barys Astana , a founding member of
3132-405: Is also called left bank of the city, was created on 5 August 2008 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 31,179 ha (77,040 acres; 120.38 sq mi) with a population of 119,929 people. Saryarka District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 19,202 ha (47,450 acres; 74.14 sq mi) with
3248-495: Is an economic institution in Astana. The Kazakh Humanities and Law Institute is a law university founded by initiative of Ministry of Justice in 1994. The Astana Medical University was the only medical school in Astana until the opening of the School of Medicine at Nazarbayev University in 2014. The Kazakh National University of Arts is the premier music school and has provided Astana with highly qualified professional specialists in
3364-520: Is annually held at the Daulet National Tennis Centre . The martial art palace was opened on 6 July 2019. Sports facilities for five thousand spectators can take part in international competitions in boxing, wrestling, judo, weightlifting, and other Olympic and non-Olympic disciplines. The palace has a 25-meter pool, fitness and wrestling rooms, a football field, as well as a comfortable hotel. The object will be made available to
3480-620: Is divided by the Tura River , the Tyumneka River, and the Trans-Siberian Railroad , creating several isolated zones. Ten bridges, one footbridge, seven flyovers, and five foot crossings connect these zones. In addition, the road network was planned before the fall of the Soviet Union, and in its current state, it can operate normally only in the scheme which includes public transportation only. Compact planning of
3596-574: Is home to a range of futuristic buildings, including many skyscrapers . The settlement of Akmoly was founded in 1830, possibly named after a local landmark— Ақ мола literally means white grave in Kazakh —although this theory is not universally accepted. In 1832, it was granted town status and renamed Akmolinsk. In 1961, under Nikita Khrushchev , it was renamed Tselinograd, Russian for "City of Virgin Lands ". In 1991, following Kazakhstan's independence,
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3712-417: Is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-arid steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. It is at 51° 10' north latitude and 71° 26' east longitude. The city encompasses 722.0 square kilometres (278.8 sq mi). The elevation of Astana is 347 metres (1,138 ft) above sea level . Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transitional area between
3828-562: Is mainly used for track cycling events. The Saryarka Velodrome hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Cup stage in 2011. The Astana Presidential Sports Club was founded in 2012, to combine the main sports teams in Astana. The organization is supported by Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna . The 2011 Asian Winter Games were partly held in the capital. The Alau Ice Palace , hosted the 2015 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships . The President's Cup tennis tournament
3944-515: Is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Tyumen—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Tyumen is incorporated as Tyumen Urban Okrug. Tyumen is divided into four administrative okrugs: Kalininsky , Leninsky , Tsentralny , and Vostochny . The legislative authority of Tyumen
4060-548: Is not unusual between mid-December and early March. Typically, the city's river is frozen over between the second week of November and the beginning of April. Astana has a well-deserved reputation among Kazakhs for its frequent high winds, the effects of which are felt particularly strongly on the fast-developing but relatively exposed Left Bank area of the city. Overall, Astana has a continental climate classification in Köppen scheme ( Dfb ). The average annual temperature in Astana
4176-546: Is often regarded as the first Siberian city, from the western direction. Tyumen was the first Russian settlement in Siberia . Founded in 1586 to support Russia's eastward expansion, the city has remained one of the most important industrial and economic centers east of the Ural Mountains . Located at the junction of several important trade routes and with easy access to navigable waterways, Tyumen rapidly developed from
4292-500: Is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always . Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation . Historical examples are ancient Babylon , ancient Athens , ancient Rome , Abbasid Baghdad , Constantinople , Chang'an , and ancient Cusco . The modern capital city has not always existed: in medieval Western Europe, an itinerant (wandering) government
4408-702: Is one of the most successful road cycling teams of recent years, winning several grand tours . The BC Astana of the VTB United League and the Kazakhstan Basketball League is the only professional basketball team in Astana. It is the most successful basketball team in Kazakhstan with three Kazakhstan Basketball League titles and four Kazakhstan Basketball Cups . Its home arena is the Saryarka Velodrome , which
4524-403: Is provided by a special programme of crediting. As a result, the number of small and medium-sized businesses increased by 13.7% to over 96,000 compared to the previous year as of 1 July 2015. In addition, the number of people employed in small and medium-sized business increased by 17.8% to over 234,000 people as of 1 April 2015. Astana was included in the list of top 21 intelligent communities of
4640-485: Is the Tura River , which crosses the city from northwest to southeast. The river is navigable downstream of the city. The left bank of the Tura is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills. The Tura is a shallow river with extensive marshlands. The river floods during the snow melting season in the spring. The spring flood usually peaks in the second half of May, when the river becomes 8–10 times wider than during
4756-588: Is the administrative center and largest city of Tyumen Oblast , Russia. It is situated just east of the Ural Mountains , along the Tura River . Fueled by the Russian oil and gas industry, Tyumen has experienced rapid population growth in recent years, rising to a population of 847,488 at the 2021 Census. Tyumen is among the largest cities of the Ural region and the Ural Federal District . Tyumen
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4872-524: Is the municipality holding primary status in a country , state , province , department , or other subnational division , usually as its seat of the government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases,
4988-651: Is the City Duma . In addition to legislative activities, the City Duma appoints the Head of the Tyumen City Administration, who is the chief executive officer of the city. Since Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast, all the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city. They include the elected Legislative Assembly (Duma) of Tyumen Oblast, which also confirms the appointment of
5104-582: Is the case with Nanjing by Shanghai , Quebec City by Montreal , and several US state capitals . The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia . "Political nomadism" was practiced in ancient Near East to increase ties between the ruler and the subjects. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no such legal designation, including Bern , Edinburgh , Lisbon , London , Paris , and Wellington . They are recognized as capitals as
5220-541: Is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London , which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville and Naples , while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and of
5336-546: Is −16.7 °C (1.9 °F), with a record low of −50 °C (−58 °F) measured in February 1951. The average temperature in July is +18.6 °C (65.5 °F), with a record high of +38 °C (100 °F). The average annual precipitation is 457 millimeters (18.0 in). The wettest year on record was 1943, with 581 millimeters (22.9 in), and the driest was 1917, with only 231 millimeters (9.1 in). The Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeyevich conquered
5452-456: The Arshaly , Shortandy , Tselinograd and (partially) Akkol districts of Akmola Region . The area contains 1.2 million people. Astana's economy is based on trade , industrial production , transport , communication and construction . The city's industrial production is mainly focused on producing building materials , foodstuff and mechanical engineering . Astana is a major hub of
5568-696: The Belt and Road Initiative , including for financial services and legal services connected to BRI projects. Astana is the leader in the CIS region on Global Financial Centers Index rank in 2022. The Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) opened in July 2018 to become a hub for financial services in Central Asia. Astana is the headquarters of state-owned corporations such as Samruk-Kazyna , Kazakhstan Temir Zholy , KazMunayGas , KazTransOil , Kazatomprom , KEGOC , Kazpost and Kazakhtelecom . The shift of
5684-523: The Byzantine capital, Constantinople , Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , but American forces could still carry on fighting from
5800-695: The Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and of the region of Lazio . In the Federal Republic of Germany , each of its constituent states (or Länder , plural of Land ) has its own capital city, such as Dresden , Wiesbaden , Mainz , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart , and Munich , as do all of the republics of the Russian Federation . The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and
5916-955: The Kontinental Hockey League in 2008 and based in the Barys Arena . The Nomad Astana and HC Astana play in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship . The Snezhnye Barsy of the Junior Hockey League is a junior team of the Barys Astana. Astana annually hosts the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan's Cup ice hockey tournament. The Astana Pro Team , founded in 2007, participates in the UCI World Tour . The team
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#17327662067876032-537: The United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of independent nation-states since
6148-690: The World Trade Organization (WTO) was originally scheduled to take place in June 2020 in then Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2020, WTO members discussed Kazakhstan's offer to reschedule the conference to June 2021 but postponed taking a decision due to the ongoing pandemic. In April 2021, members agreed that MC12 would take place in Geneva from 30 November to 3 December. Since 2003, Astana has hosted
6264-462: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma 's interior as the former capital, Rangoon , was claimed to be overcrowded. A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies elsewhere. There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of
6380-492: The federal city of Moscow ) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have their own capital cities. Vienna , the national capital of Austria , is also one of the states, while Bern is the ( de facto ) capital of both Switzerland and of the Canton of Bern . Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house
6496-487: The 20th century. Tyumen again experienced rapid population growth with the coming of World War II. The evacuation of workers from factories in central Russia in 1941 more than doubled Tyumen's population to 150,000. In the 1960s, the discovery of the rich oil and gas fields in Western Siberia caused the city's population, which had not been forecast to exceed 250,000 inhabitants that decade, to swell to almost half
6612-662: The Akmola Civil Engineering Institute with the Akmola Pedagogical Institute on 23 May 1996. The oldest university in Astana is the S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University founded in 1957. Nazarbayev University is an autonomous research university founded in 2010 in partnership with some of the world's top universities. The Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade
6728-640: The Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1893, Akmolinsk was an uyezd with a 6,428 strong population, 3 churches , 5 schools and colleges and 3 factories . During World War II , Akmolinsk served as a route for the transport of engineering tools and equipment from evacuated plants in the Ukrainian SSR , Byelorussian SSR , and Russian SFSR located in the oblasts of the Kazakh SSR . Local industries were appointed to respond to war needs, assisting
6844-467: The Congress on World and Traditional Religions, which is a diverse gathering of religious leaders to discuss religious harmony and ending terrorism and extremism. Astana is subdivided into four districts. Almaty District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 21,054 hectares (52,030 acres; 81.29 square miles) with a population of 375,938 people. The district has five villages. Yesil District , which
6960-676: The East, Aktau Fort in the South and through Atbasar to Kokshetau in the West. In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by Kenesary Khan , the Akmolinsk Fortress was burned. After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an uyezd town. In 1869, Akmolinsk's external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became
7076-413: The Eurasian steppes. The city has a variety of sports teams. The major association football team is the FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League . Founded in 2009, the FC Astana won six league titles, three Kazakh Cups and five Kazakh Super Cups . Their home stadium is the Astana Arena , which also serves as a home for the Kazakhstan national football team and the FC Bayterek . The FC Bayterek
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#17327662067877192-404: The Governor of Tyumen Oblast, who is nominated by the President of Russia . Tyumen's population grew steadily from the 16th century through the 19th century. However, when the Trans-Siberian Railway arrived at the end of the 19th century, the town's rate of population growth was greatly boosted. Tyumen rapidly became the largest town in the region, with about 30,000 inhabitants by the beginning of
7308-445: The International KATEV foundation. There are Kazakh-Turkish High Boarding Schools for gifted boys and girls, separately and the Nurorda International School. Astana hosts two Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS), including the School of Physics and Mathematics and International Baccalaureate world school. The QSI International School of Astana is an international school that provides an American curriculum to its students. The school
7424-447: The Soviet Union between 1963 and 1985, the rapid growth of the city also brought a host of problems. Its social infrastructure was limited and the lack of city planning has resulted in uneven development, with which Tyumen has continued to struggle. Tyumen is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Tyumensky District , even though it
7540-515: The Tyumen area, originally part of the Siberia Khanate , to the Tsardom of Russia in 1585. Both capitals of the Siberia Khanate , Sibir/ Qashliq and Tyumen/ Chimgi-Tura (the capital in the 15th century), were completely destroyed. Sibir was never rebuilt, though it gave its name to all concurrent and future lands in North Asia annexed by Russia, but Tyumen was later founded again. On July 29, 1586, Tsar Feodor I ordered two regional commanders, Vasily Borisov-Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy, to construct
7656-424: The United Kingdom and the United States ". The word capital derives from the Latin word caput (genitive capitis ), meaning ' head ', later borrowed from Medieval Latin capitālis ('of the head'). The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' ( lit. ' head of the world ' ) was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC . It originates out of
7772-421: The administrative seat of the new Virgin Lands economic region. On 14 March 1961, Khrushchev suggested the city should have a name corresponding to its role in the Virgin Lands Campaign. On 20 March 1961, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR renamed Akmolinsk to Tselinograd . On 24 April 1961, the region was reconstituted as Tselinograd Oblast . In the 1960s, Tselinograd was completely transformed. In 1963, work on
7888-482: The capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland 's first city, Turku , which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its position during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals as
8004-425: The capital has given it a powerful boost to Astana's economic development. The city's high economic growth rate has attracted numerous investors. In the 16 years since Astana became the capital, the volume of investments has increased by almost 30 times, the gross regional product has increased by 90 times, and industrial output has increased by 11 times. The city's Gross Regional Product makes up about 8.5 per cent of
8120-434: The center of the newly established Akmolinsk Oblast . In 1879, Major General Dubelt proposed to build a railway between Tyumen and Akmolinsk to the Ministry of Communications of Russia. In the course of the first 30 years of its existence, the population of Akmola numbered a trifle more than 2,000 people. However, over the next 30 years the city's population increased by three times according to volosts and settlements of
8236-404: The churches were completely destroyed, but the rest remained. As of 2008 , most of them are accessible and operating. Some operational churches are also under restoration. Tyumen Religious School was reopened in 1997. Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy , Catholic churches as well as mosques and synagogues were also built. However, only one Catholic church remains preserved. The Tyumen Mosque
8352-405: The city center prevents expansion of main roads; congestion coming from the city periphery moves slower and slower as it approaches the town center. To date, the road network serves about 200% above planned capacity, which leads to numerous traffic jams and high accident rates. Since 2002, city and regional authorities have undertaken numerous initiatives to improve Tyumen's road network, but due to
8468-511: The city centre, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim River. Here many large building projects are under way; for example, the construction of a diplomatic quarter, and government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. Astana's chief planner, Vladimir Laptev, wants to build
8584-459: The city limits, making it the second-largest city in the country , after Almaty , which had been the capital until 1997. The city became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997; since then it has grown and developed economically into one of the most modern cities in Central Asia . In 2021, the government selected Astana as one of the 10 priority destinations for tourist development. Modern Astana
8700-555: The city population, representing a significant increase from only 17% at the time of the country's independence. Ethnic groups (2020): In 1989, Tselinograd had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 17.7% Kazakh , 54.1% Russian and 28.2% other ethnic groups. By 2007, Astana's population had more than doubled since becoming the capital, to over 600,000, and it topped 1 million in 2017. Migrant workers—legal and illegal—have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighbouring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana
8816-464: The city territory include: Tyumen North, Tyumen yard, Voynovka yard. Public transportation in Tyumen is dominated by both municipal bus services and by numerous private operators ( marshrutkas ), which account for nearly a third of all transport capacity. The city's bus fleet is in process of modernization and expansion, with newly acquired Russian buses replacing the severely aged Soviet models. Tyumen
8932-503: The city's original name was restored in the modified form Akmola . On 6 July 1994, the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan adopted the decree "On the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan". After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty to Akmola on 10 December 1997, the city was consequently renamed Astana in 1998. On 10 June 1998, Astana was presented as the capital internationally. Due to several determined advantages, Astana
9048-496: The city. The area is remote, badly planned, and has very poor social infrastructure. In 2022, the Ministry of Construction published an updated rating of the new urban digitalization index. Tyumen entered the top three cities with a population of 250 thousand to a million people. Tyumen is not characterized by any particular architectural style. The town was built without planning for decades and because of that its architecture
9164-406: The city. However, today this area is actually in the town centre. While there are almost no variety in the area's architecture, this area has the most greenery in the city and the best social infrastructure. The New dormitories area features clusters of standard tall buildings constructed after 1980 at the south and south-east edges of Tyumen. This area is considered to be the worst place to live in
9280-554: The construction, in 1885, of the Trans-Siberian Railway . For some years, Tyumen was Russia's easternmost railhead, and the site of transhipment of cargoes between the railway and the cargo boats plying the Tura , Tobol , Irtysh , and Ob Rivers . By the end of the 19th century, Tyumen's population exceeded 30,000, surpassing that of its northern rival Tobolsk , and beginning a process whereby Tyumen gradually eclipsed
9396-419: The continued growth of private automobile ownership rates, these efforts have only had short term positive effects. To date, a complex transport infrastructure reconstruction project is being directed by Regional Administration. In January 2015, a paid parking program and prohibition of vehicle access for non-residents began. Historically, Tyumen occupied a small area on the high bank of the Tura River around
9512-487: The country to provide the battle and home fronts with all materials needed. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became a beacon of economic revival in the west of the Soviet Union ruined by the war. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under Joseph Stalin 's rule. In 1954, Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts became a territory of the Virgin Lands Campaign , in order to turn
9628-648: The country's outgoing long-term authoritarian president, Nursultan Nazarbayev . In September 2022, after a number of controversies and unrest resulting in Nazarbayev's resignation from the Security Council of Kazakhstan , the name of the capital was changed back to Astana. Astana is almost 1,000 km (620 mi) from the country's largest city and former capital, Almaty . The nearest big cities are Karaganda (200 km [120 mi]) and Omsk in Russia (450 km [280 mi]). Astana
9744-553: The countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian frontiersmen. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France , whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken. Tyumen Tyumen ( / t j uː ˈ m ɛ n / tyoo- MEN ; Russian: Тюмень , IPA: [tʲʉˈmʲenʲ] )
9860-519: The east and Central Russia in the west. Tyumen had also become an important industrial center, known for leatherworkers, blacksmiths, and other craftsmen. In 1763, 7,000 people were recorded as living in the town. In the 19th century, the town's development continued. In 1836, the first steam boat in Siberia was built in Tyumen. In 1862, the telegraph came to the town, and in 1864 the first water mains were laid. Further prosperity came to Tyumen after
9976-431: The east of the historical town centre built between 1948 and 1978 and is mostly 4 and 5-storey buildings. Earlier buildings in this area have individual designs, but the later buildings have a rectangular style. This area contains most of the political and business activities of the town. The Old Dormitories area features standard 5-storey blocks of flats constructed in the 1960s and 1970s at the west and east extremities of
10092-484: The eighteenth century. In Canada , there is a federal capital , while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico , Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , capitals of their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . In Australia,
10208-520: The field of Arts. Astana schools enrolls about 103,000 students across 83 schools, including 71 state schools and 12 private schools . The Miras International School , established 1999, was the first private high school established in Astana. The Haileybury Astana school was established in 2011, as a branch of the Haileybury and Imperial Service College , an independent school in the United Kingdom. The Astana Kazakh-Turkish High Schools are run by
10324-565: The first three new high-rise housing districts began. In addition, the city received a number of new monumental public buildings, including the Virgin Lands Palace, a Palace of Youth, a House of Soviets, a new airport, and several sports venues. In 1971, the Tselinniy Krai was abolished and Tselinograd became the oblast's new capital. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan,
10440-572: The following spring. Additionally, war-time Tyumen became a "hospital city", where thousands of wounded soldiers were treated. When it seemed that Moscow might fall to German forces during Operation Barbarossa , in 1941 Vladimir Lenin 's body was secretly moved from his mausoleum in Moscow to a hidden tomb in what is now the Tyumen State Agriculture Academy. Between 1941 and 1945, more than 20,000 Tyumen natives fought at
10556-543: The former regional capital. The growth of Tyumen culminated on August 14, 1944 when the city finally became the administrative center of the extensive Tyumen Oblast . At the outbreak of the Russian Civil War in 1917, forces loyal to Admiral Alexander Kolchak and his Siberian White Army controlled Tyumen. However, the city fell to the Red Army on January 5, 1918. During the 1930s, Tyumen became
10672-550: The foundation site of the city. The city consisted of one and two-storey wooden buildings, surrounded by a number of villages. With time, the territory of the city was developed and extended by including the surrounding villages. When viewed from above, present-day Tyumen appears to be a collection of low-rise towns with occasional clusters of tall buildings. Two areas of the city, Yamskaya Sloboda and Republic Street are noted for their historic character. These areas are dominated by old brick and wooden merchant houses and buildings, with
10788-525: The front, and some 6,000 were killed. Rich oil- and gas -fields were discovered in the Tyumen Oblast in the 1960s. While most of these lay hundreds of kilometers away, near the towns of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk , Tyumen was the nearest railway junction and so the city became their supply base while the railway was extended northwards. As the result of this economic and population boom, with tens of thousands of skilled workers arriving from across
10904-494: The great crisis of Japanese invasion . National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured
11020-479: The incorporation of surrounding settlements) meant that by 2021 Tyumen's population increased to 847,488 inhabitants. While the population of Tyumen includes people from over a hundred different ethnicities, most belong to one of the following ethnicities: As of 2009 , there are over ten operational Orthodox temples (both newly built and historical), two mosques (both newly built), one synagogue, and one Roman Catholic church in Tyumen ( St. Joseph's Church ). While
11136-421: The late-summer low water season. The city is protected from flooding by a dike which can withstand floods up to 8 meters (26 ft) high. The highest ever flood water level in Tyumen was 9.15 meters (30.0 ft), recorded in 1979. More recently, in 2007, a water level of 7.76 was recorded. In spring 2005, a flood higher than the critical 8 meters (26 ft) mark was expected, but did not appear. Tyumen has
11252-666: The motor, rail, water and air ways and its moderate climate Tyumen was an ideal base town for servicing the oil and gas industry of the West Siberia. As a result, today Tyumen is a center of industry, science, culture, education and medicine. Many large oil and gas companies such as Gazprom , LUKoil , Gazpromneft and Shell have their representative offices in Tyumen. There are numerous factories, engineering companies, oil industry service companies ( KCA DEUTAG and Schlumberger ), design institutes, shipyard and other oil servicing companies located in Tyumen. Tyumen railway station
11368-601: The name was changed to Akmola. In December 1997, the city replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan, and in May 1998, it was renamed Astana, which means "capital city" in Kazakh. In March 2019, the capital was renamed to Nur-Sultan ( / ˌ n ʊər s ʊ l ˈ t ɑː n / ; Kazakh : Нұр-Сұлтан / Nūr-Sūltan [ˌnʊrsʊɫˈtɑn] ) in honor of the long-ruling President Nursultan Nazarbayev , shortly after his resignation. In September 2022, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed
11484-834: The north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national centre, because of the Ishim River. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs are located south of the Ishim. The time offset from the UTC used by Astana is 5 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+5:00 . Astana is the second-coldest national capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia, a position formerly held by Canada's capital, Ottawa , until Astana attained capital city status in 1997. Astana has an extreme continental climate with warm summers (featuring occasional brief rain showers) and long, very cold, dry winters. Summer temperatures occasionally reach 35 °C (95 °F) while −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F)
11600-547: The occasional intrusion of mid-century Soviet low-rise buildings. Bukharskaya Sloboda is a historic residential area on the low bank of the Tura river. This area is mostly made up of very old one and two-storey wooden buildings. The area is part of the Historical Centre on the city and has a mostly Muslim population. Low bank Dormitories is a cluster of standard 9-storey buildings was built on reclaimed land east of Bukharskaya Sloboda – Zareka and Vatutina. The area to
11716-466: The provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing , where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus . The Ming
11832-418: The pupils of the sports school. Astana has many universities and junior colleges. As of the 2013/2014 academic year, Astana had a total enrollment of 53,561 students in its 14 higher educational institutions, a 10% increase from the prior year. The L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University is the biggest university in Astana with 16,558 students and 1,678 academic staff. It was founded as the result of merging
11948-488: The region into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union . In December 1960, Central Committee made a resolution to create the Tselinniy Krai, which comprised five regions of the Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts. Akmolinsk Oblast was ceased to exist as a separate administrative entity. Its districts were directly subordinated to the new krai administration, and Akmolinsk became the krai capital, as well as
12064-468: The republic's Gross domestic product . The Astana – New City special economic zone was established in 2001 to help develop industry and increase the attractiveness of the city to investors. The SEZ plans to commission five projects worth 20 billion KZT (around $ 108 million) in the Industrial Park No. 1 in 2015. The projects include construction of a plant for production of diesel engines ,
12180-424: The seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following
12296-651: The state religion of the Russian Empire was Orthodoxy , this religion historically prevailed in Tyumen. In 1616, Trinity Monastery was established in Tyumen by Nifont of Kazan. In 1709–1711, this monastery was rebuilt in stone by the order of Filofey Leshchinsky, the first Metropolitan of Siberia. In 1761, the Tyumen Religious School was established. Overall, from 1708 to 1885, twelve stone Orthodox churches of different size, and two monasteries were constructed in Tyumen. During Soviet times, two of
12412-677: The term "capital cities" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra , and Darwin , the capital of the Northern Territory . Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark , each will usually have its own capital city. Unlike in federations , there
12528-541: The world, according to the report released by the Intelligent Community Forum in October 2016. The rating list includes the cities, regions and communities which use digital instruments for the construction of local economy and society. In 2018, Astana attracted more than three trillion tenge (US$ 7.91 billion) in foreign direct investment, a record amount for the city. The growth was achieved due to
12644-446: Was a large settlement of the 12-14th centuries. At present, Astana is expanding to the territory of ancient Bozok. The settlement of Akmoly was established on the Ishim River in 1830 as the seat of an okrug . In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named Akmolinsk . The advantages of the position of the town were clear as early as 1863. It describes how picket roads and lines connected this geographic center to Kargaly in
12760-624: Was awarded the First Prize. Kurokawa's proposal aimed to preserve and redevelop the existing city, and create a new city at the south and the east sides of the Ishim River , enabling the Symbiosis of the History and the Future. North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east–west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the Ishim river is
12876-572: Was built in 1885. Currently the station administratively belongs to the Tyumen Division of Sverdlovskaya Rail Road. The station is located in the center of the city. At the regional level, the station services three directions to Yekaterinburg , Omsk , and Tobolsk . The railroad to Yekaterinburg has been electrified since 1980. At the international level, the station services passage to ( Trans-Siberian Railway ): Poland , Germany, China, Mongolia , and Azerbaijan . Additional stations within
12992-458: Was built with special permission of Peter the Great . At the time, the construction of stone buildings outside Saint Petersburg was prohibited. The Church of Savior Uncreated was visited by Crown prince Alexandr (later Alexander II ) during his Siberian tour. Tyumen is an important service center for the gas and oil industries in Russia. Due to its advantageous location at the crossing of
13108-468: Was chosen as the capital: large urban areas, favorable geographical position, proximity to the major economic centers of the region, considerable demographic capacity, good transportation facilities, and a relatively favorable climate. On 16 July 1999, Astana was awarded the medal and title of the City of Peace by UNESCO . In March 2019, the Kazakhstani government renamed the city Nur-Sultan to honour
13224-820: Was common. The capital city attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers , political scientists , bankers , journalists , and public policy makers . Some of these cities are or were also religious centres , e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome / Vatican City (the Roman Catholic Church ), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church ), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church ), Paris, and Beijing. In some countries,
13340-436: Was completely destroyed, but its reconstruction on the same site caused controversy. The Tyumen synagogue collapsed in 2000, but was reconstructed on the same site. At the start of the 20th century, there was a strong Old Believers community in Tyumen. All of the aforementioned religions operate cultural centers in Tyumen. There are also several other religious bodies with a few adherents in Tyumen. Tyumen Trinity Monastery
13456-632: Was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing dynasty 's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during
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