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123-669: The Snohomish County Public Utility District is a public utility agency providing power to over 367,000 customers in Snohomish County and on Camano Island , Washington. It provides water service to about 23,000 customers in the northeast section of the Snohomish County. The utility is the second largest publicly owned utility in the Pacific Northwest and the 12th largest in the United States. It

246-717: A major homeport in Everett that opened in 1994. Snohomish County is part of the Puget Sound region of Western Washington , bordered to the south by King County , to the west by Puget Sound and other inland waters, to the north by Skagit County , and to the east by the Chelan County at the crest of the Cascade Range . According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has

369-442: A term limit of three terms. The county executive is Dave Somers , a Democrat . Somers is a former Snohomish County Councilmember and took office as county executive on January 4, 2016, having won the seat from incumbent and fellow Democrat John Lovick. The county executive seat was chartered in the 1979. The first county executive was conservative Democrat Willis Tucker of Snohomish from 1980 to 1992. Following Tucker,

492-415: A "white" light with a color rendering index (CRI) of about 80, where the maximum 100 represents the appearance of colors under daylight or other sources of black-body radiation such as an incandescent light bulb (depending on the correlated color temperature ). Color temperature can be indicated in kelvins or mireds (1 million divided by the color temperature in kelvins). The color temperature of

615-429: A 100% replacement for incandescent fixtures that are dimmed for "mood scenes" such as wall sconces in a dining area. Below the 20% limit, the lamp may remain at 20% or flicker or the starter circuitry may stop and restart. Above 80%, the bulb may operate at 100%. However, recent products have solved these problems so that they perform more like incandescent lamps. Dimmable CFLs are more expensive than standard CFLs due to

738-515: A CFL is a rectifier, which presents a non-linear load to the power supply and introduces harmonic distortion on the current drawn from the supply. The use of CFLs in homes has no appreciable effect on power quality , but significant quantities of them in a large facility can have an adverse effect. The power factor of CFLs does not significantly affect their energy-saving benefits for individual consumers, but their use in large numbers, such as in commercial applications or across millions of homes in

861-415: A CFL is typically 3–10 times greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 8–15 times longer and uses two-thirds to three-quarters less energy. A US article stated "A household that invested $ 90 in changing 30 fixtures to CFLs would save $ 440 to $ 1,500 over the five-year life of the bulbs, depending on your cost of electricity. Look at your utility bill and imagine a 12% discount to estimate

984-529: A Republican since George H. W. Bush in 1988 . The county's primary elections were historically held in June, but were moved to August in 2008. In the years since, turnout has been under 45% except for 2020; during odd-numbered years with municipal and local races, turnout has been under 27%. Snohomish County is one of the most-populous counties in the United States without a four-year, baccalaureate degree -granting institution. Columbia College offers AA all

1107-706: A basic bulb in 2015. In the United States, CFLs were also facing the possibility of proposed regulations for 2017 that would create difficulty qualifying for the Energy Star rating. In early 2016, General Electric announced it would phase out CFL production in the US. On September 1, 2021, the EU banned the export, import, manufacture and sale of all compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballasts. There are two types of CFLs — integrated and non-integrated lamps, where CFL-i denotes an integrated ballast and CFL-ni denotes

1230-695: A biomass project at the Hampton Lumber Mill in Darrington, Washington. Another biogas project, in Monroe, Washington, uses cow manure, restaurant grease and other wastes to produce methane for power generation. In addition, hundreds of customers have worked with the PUD to install rooftop solar units and support solar projects at local schools and public buildings. In order to finance the utility's research and development of more renewable energy sources,

1353-401: A bulb with lower UV radiation output. There seems to be more variability within bulb types than between them, but the best option is shielded CFLs. A 2012 study comparing cellular health effects of CFL light and incandescent light found statistically significant cell damage in cultures exposed to CFL light. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of significant UVA and UVC radiation, which

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1476-439: A clean renewable resource, the project also provides recreation, enhances fish and wildlife habitats, provides an element of flood control and assures an abundance of clean drinking water. The utility has developed four additional small, low-impact hydroelectric facilities for energy generation in its service area (Youngs Creek Hydro, Woods Creek Hydro, Calligan Creek Hydro and Hancock Creek Hydro). The PUD also receives energy from

1599-540: A dam at Sunset Falls on the South Fork of the Skykomish River, and purchased real estate around the proposed project and funded the construction of a bridge for the homeowners community there. The design of the dam changed over time, with various designs proposed. Each design was studied at length. There was substantial resistance from the local community to this project, and landslides and unstable ground in

1722-636: A disputed meaning with unclear origins. Indian agent Dr. Charles M. Buchanan, who spent 21 years with the Tulalips , once said that he had "never met an Indian who could give a meaning to the word Snohomish". Chief William Shelton , the last hereditary tribal chief of the Snohomish tribe, claimed that it meant "lowland people", a name associated with the tribe's location on the waters of the Puget Sound ; other scholars have claimed "a style of union among them", "the braves", or "Sleeping Waters". The name

1845-529: A distribution system, could require infrastructure upgrades. In such cases, CFLs with low (below 30 percent) total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factors greater than 0.9 should be selected. Electronic devices operated by infrared remote control can interpret the infrared light emitted by CFLs as a signal; this may limit the use of CFLs near televisions, radios, remote controls, or mobile phones . Energy Star certified CFLs must meet FCC standards, and so are required to list all known incompatibilities on

1968-433: A family was $ 77,479. Males had a median income of $ 56,152 versus $ 41,621 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 30,635. About 5.9% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 census , there were 606,024 people, 224,852 households, and 157,846 families residing in the county. The population density

2091-414: A fraction of a second after being switched on. As of 2009 , CFLs turn on within a second, but many still take time to achieve full brightness. The light color may be slightly different immediately after being turned on. Some CFLs are marketed as "instant on" and have no noticeable warm-up period, but others can take up to a minute to reach full brightness, or longer in very cold temperatures. Some that use

2214-677: A geographical district that is redrawn every 10 years. As of 2023 , its members are: The judicial branch of the county government is divided between two courts: the Superior Court and District Court. The number of judges in each court is set by the state legislature as recommended by a panel of judges and analysis of the courts. The Superior Court has 17 judges elected to four-year terms and primarily handle major cases, including those that involve felonies and juveniles, as well as some civil cases. The District Court has nine judges that handle infractions, small claims, and domestic violence; it

2337-435: A light source is the temperature of a black body that has the same chromaticity (i.e. color) as the light source. A notional temperature, the correlated color temperature , the temperature of a black body that emits light of a hue that to human color perception most closely matches the light from the lamp, is assigned. The color temperature is characteristic of black-body radiation; practical white light sources approximate

2460-491: A mercury amalgam can take up to three minutes to reach full output. This and the shorter life of CFLs when turned on and off for short periods may make CFLs less suitable for applications such as motion-activated lighting. Hybrid lamps, combining a halogen lamp with a CFL, are available where warm up time is unacceptable. The halogen lamp lights immediately, and is switched off once the CFL has reached full brightness. According to

2583-564: A municipal system serving the city of Everett; Island Transit , which connects Camano Island to Stanwood and Everett; and Skagit Transit , which operates an inter-county route from Everett to Mount Vernon . The regional Link light rail system was extended into Snohomish County with the opening of the Lynnwood Link Extension on August 30, 2024, which includes stations in Mountlake Terrace and Lynnwood on

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2706-526: A natural barrier to migrating salmon, it poses no threat to salmon. Tidal Energy : In 2007, the utility began to explore tidal energy; in April 2009 the PUD selected OpenHydro, a company based in Ireland, to develop turbines and equipment for eventual installation. The project as initially designed was to place generation equipment in areas of high tidal flow and operate that equipment for 4 to 5 years. After

2829-418: A non-integrated ballast. Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a single unit. These lamps allow consumers to replace incandescent lamps easily with CFLs. Integrated CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light fixtures, reducing the cost of converting to fluorescent. 3-way lamps and dimmable models with standard bases are available. Non-integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently installed in

2952-406: A quad-pin tube designed for an electronic ballast or a conventional ballast with an external starter. A bi-pin tube contains an integrated starter, which obviates the need for external heating pins but causes incompatibility with electronic ballasts. Non-integrated CFLs can also be installed to a conventional light fixture using an adapter containing a built-in magnetic ballast. The adapter consists of

3075-401: A range of input voltages, standard CFLs respond poorly in dimming applications and will experience a shorter lifespan and sometimes catastrophic failure. Special electronic ballasts (integrated or separate) are required for dimming service. CFL light output is roughly proportional to phosphor surface area, and high output CFLs are often larger than their incandescent equivalents. This means that

3198-508: A regular bulb screw, the ballast itself and a clip for the lamp's connector. CFLs have two main components: a magnetic or electronic ballast and a gas-filled tube (also called bulb or burner). Replacement of magnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts has removed most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally associated with fluorescent lighting, and has allowed the development of smaller lamps directly interchangeable with more sizes of incandescent light bulb. Electronic ballasts contain

3321-513: A retail network. In recent years, the utility has consistently beaten its targets for conservation. The Snohomish County Public Utility District is a municipal corporation that was formed by a majority vote of the people on November 3, 1936. It started as a water utility on January 17, 1946, and expanded into an electric utility on September 1, 1949. The PUD was among several investors in the WNP-3 and WNP-5 nuclear power plants planned to by built by

3444-412: A room for less than 15 minutes to mitigate this problem. CFLs emit less light later in their lives than when they are new. The light output decay is exponential , with the fastest losses being soon after the lamp is first used. By the end of their lives, CFLs can be expected to emit 70–80% of their original light output. The response of the human eye to light is logarithmic . That is, while the human eye

3567-404: A service life of 750 or 1000 hours. However, the actual lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes , mechanical shock , frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature , among other factors. The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently or

3690-468: A small circuit board with a bridge rectifier , a filter capacitor and usually two switching transistors , which are often insulated-gate bipolar transistors . The incoming AC current is first rectified to DC, then converted to high frequency AC by the transistors, connected as a resonant series DC to AC inverter . The resulting high frequency is applied to the lamp tube. Since the resonant converter tends to stabilize lamp current (and light emitted) over

3813-448: A table lamp. CFLs emit light from a mix of phosphors , each emitting one band of color with some bands still in the ultraviolet range as can be seen on the light spectrum. Modern phosphor designs balance the emitted light color, energy efficiency, and cost. Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix improves color rendering but decreases efficiency and increases cost. Good quality consumer CFLs use three or four phosphors to achieve

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3936-506: A total square area of approximately 2,196 square miles (5,690 km ), of which 2,087 square miles (5,410 km ) is land and 109 square miles (280 km ), or 5.0%, is water. It is the 13th largest county in Washington by land area and is larger than the states of Delaware and Rhode Island . The county's surface is covered by plains and rolling hills in the west, where the majority of settlements are, and mountainous terrain in

4059-535: A two-year degree online or on campus from Edmonds College, students can continue their studies for a bachelor's degree from Central Washington University-Lynnwood in Snoqualmie Hall, a shared building on the Edmonds CC campus. Residents receive much of their information from Seattle-based media, the most prominent of which include The Seattle Times and regional TV news stations. The Everett Herald

4182-593: A typical CFL is 50–70 lumens per watt (lm/W) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is 10–17 lm/W . Compared to a theoretical 100%-efficient lamp ( 680 lm/W ), CFL lamps have lighting efficiency ranges of 7–10%, versus 1.5–2.5% for incandescents. Because of their higher efficacy, CFLs use between one-seventh and one-third of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps. Of 2010 world total lighting sales, 50 to 70 percent were incandescent. Replacing all inefficient lighting with CFLs would save 409 terawatt-hours (1.47 exajoules ) per year, 2.5% of world electricity use. In

4305-527: Is 10.26 cents per kilowatt-hour with a daily charge of 59 cents. As of 2023, the PUD's retail fuel mix consists of 76.8% purchases from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), 6.9% from its own hydroelectric dams, 6.5% from wind power , 9.5% from market purchases, and 0.3% from other renewable sources (including biogas and co-generation). The BPA markets wholesale electricity from 31 federal hydroelectric projects in

4428-636: Is also used for the Snohomish River , which runs through part of the county, and the City of Snohomish , the former county seat that was renamed after the formation of the county. The current spelling of the name was adopted by the Surveyor General of Washington Territory in 1857, with earlier documents and accounts using alternative spellings. John Work of the Hudson's Bay Company recorded

4551-526: Is bound to the north by Skagit County , to the east by Chelan County , to the south by King County , and to the west by Kitsap and Island counties. Snohomish County was created out of Island County on January 14, 1861, and is named for the indigenous Snohomish people . It includes the Tulalip Indian Reservation , which was established by the 1855 Point Elliott Treaty , which relocated several indigenous Coast Salish groups to

4674-567: Is classified as forestland, which is predominantly located in the eastern portions. These forests are dominated by conifer species such as Douglas firs , hemlocks , and cedars , with pockets of deciduous species in logged areas. As of the 2020 census , there were 827,957 people, 306,828 households, and 211,519 families residing in the county. The population density was 396.8 people per square mile (153.2 people/km ). There were 321,523 housing units at an average density of 146.4 units per square mile (56.5 units/km ). The racial makeup of

4797-492: Is connected to nearby areas by roads (including Interstate 5 ), railways, and transit systems. The county government is led by a five-member county council and chief executive elected by voters to four-year terms. "Snohomish" comes from the name of the largest Native American tribe in the area when settlers arrived in the 19th century. The name is spelled Sduhubš (Sdoh-doh-hohbsh) in the Lushootseed language and has

4920-590: Is converted into visible light as it strikes the fluorescent coating, and into heat when absorbed by other materials such as glass. CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps. White LED lamps compete with CFLs for high-efficiency lighting. General Electric has since stopped production of domestic CFL lamps in

5043-452: Is divided into four geographical divisions. Snohomish County has been a reliably Democratic county in recent presidential elections (albeit to a lesser degree than neighboring King County and Seattle ). It has voted Democratic all but four times since 1932, with those four occasions being national Republican landslides in which the GOP candidate won over 400 electoral votes. It has not voted for

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5166-556: Is heavily influenced by maritime systems, pushed by prevailing westerly winds but dampened by the Olympic Mountains . The mean monthly temperatures for the county range from 20 to 40 °F (−7 to 4 °C) during the winter and 55 to 65 °F (13 to 18 °C) in the summer. The record highest temperatures were set during a June 2021 heat wave , with highs of up to 109 °F (43 °C) recorded in several areas. Annual precipitation ranges from 35 inches (89 cm) in

5289-556: Is highly sensitive to changes in the intensity of faint light sources, it is less sensitive to changes in the intensity of brighter light sources since the pupils compensate by dilating or constricting. So, presuming the illumination provided by the lamp was ample at the beginning of its life, and the light output of a bulb gradually decreases by 25%, viewers will perceive a much smaller change in light intensity. Fluorescent lamps get dimmer over their lifetime, so what starts out as an adequate luminosity may become inadequate. In one test by

5412-441: Is mostly generated in coal-fired stations, replacing incandescent bulbs by CFLs actually reduces mercury emissions. This is because the reduced electric power demand, reducing in turn the amount of mercury released by coal as it is burned, more than offsets the amount of mercury released from broken and discarded CFL bulbs. In July 2008 the U.S. EPA published a data sheet stating that the net system emission of mercury for CFL lighting

5535-641: Is poisonous , even these small amounts are a concern for landfills and waste incinerators where the mercury from lamps may be released and contribute to air and water pollution . In the U.S., lighting manufacturer members of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) have voluntarily capped the amount of mercury used in CFLs. In the EU the same cap is required by the RoHS law. In areas where electric power

5658-1211: Is provided by Amtrak , which has two lines operating within Snohomish County: Amtrak Cascades between Seattle and Vancouver , British Columbia , stopping in Edmonds, Everett, and Stanwood station ; and the Empire Builder between Seattle and Chicago , Illinois , stopping in Edmonds and Everett. Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines and Northwestern Trailways from Everett Station. Snohomish County has one major airport: Paine Field , otherwise known as Snohomish County Airport, which has had passenger service since March 2019. There are three smaller public airports that are open to general aviation : Arlington Municipal Airport in Arlington , Darrington Municipal Airport in Darrington , and Harvey Field in Snohomish . The county also has several private airports, including

5781-703: Is served by several public transit systems that connect to each other at regional hubs, including Everett Station and Lynnwood Transit Center . The primary provider is Community Transit , which operates local service within the county (apart from the city of Everett ) and commuter service to the Boeing Everett Factory and Downtown Seattle . Sound Transit , a regional transit agency, provides light rail , commuter rail , and express bus services that connect to regional destinations in Seattle and Bellevue . Other providers include Everett Transit ,

5904-480: Is the county's most popular daily newspaper, while weekly newspapers such as the Snohomish County Tribune , Stanwood Camano News and Edmonds Beacon serve their respective communities. The county is part of the Seattle broadcast television market and is served by several regional television news stations, including KOMO , KING , KIRO , KCTS , and KCPQ . Local radio stations based in

6027-551: Is the largest of 28 PUDs in the state of Washington. The PUD is the largest utility customer of the Bonneville Power Administration , a major wholesale marketer of energy in the Western United States. Arlington Community Solar Project : In 2019, a 500 kilowatt solar project was installed in Arlington. The project consist of 1620 solar panels. Utility customers were offered the option of purchasing shares to cover

6150-643: Is the legislatively appointed leader of the University Center of North Puget Sound , which offers 25 bachelor's and master's degrees through Western Washington University, Washington State University, Central Washington University, Eastern Washington University, The Evergreen State College, Hope International University, and the University of Washington Bothell. Edmonds College and Central Washington University have worked together since 1975 to provide higher education in Snohomish County. After earning

6273-496: Is typically paid back in about one month. Savings are greater and payback periods shorter in regions with higher electric rates and, to a lesser extent, also in regions with higher than U.S. average cooling requirements. However, frequent on-off cycling (turning on and off) of CFLs greatly reduces their lifespan. The current price of CFLs reflects the manufacturing of nearly all CFLs in China, where labour costs less. In September 2010,

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6396-537: Is used in a totally enclosed fixture. This happens because the electrodes in a CFL undergo sputtering every time it is turned on; this also happens in fluorescent tubes. As a result material from the electrodes is ejected every time sputtering occurs and it is deposited on the fluorescent tube's walls, showing as lamp end darkening. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs. The US Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving

6519-428: Is usually between 20% and 90%, but many modern CFLs have a dimmable range of 2% to 100%, more akin to that of incandescent lights. There are two types of dimmable CFL on the market: Standard dimmable CFLs, and "switch-dimmable" CFLs. The latter use a standard light switch, and the on-board electronics chooses the light output level based on the number of times the switch is turned on and off quickly. Dimmable CFLs are not

6642-519: The 1 Line . The project was approved in a 2008 ballot measure and began construction in 2019. An extension to Everett with six or seven stations was approved in the regional Sound Transit 3 ballot measure in 2016 and is expected to open between 2037 and 2041. Community Transit operates a bus rapid transit network called Swift with three lines as of 2024 : the Blue Line , which opened in 2009 from Everett to Shoreline along State Route 99;

6765-825: The Civilian Conservation Corps developed wilderness and recreational areas around several work camps. During World War II , the county had several shipyards and airplane factories established to supply the United States Armed Forces. Several existing and new airfields were converted into military use, which would continue beyond the war. A post-war population boom brought new suburban development to Snohomish County, where bedroom communities were built alongside new highways to Seattle. In 1967, Boeing began construction of an aircraft assembly plant —the world's largest building—in Everett for its Boeing 747 program. The U.S. Navy located

6888-978: The Frontier Airpark and Green Valley Airfield in Granite Falls. The Martha Lake Airport in Martha Lake was a former private airport that was closed in 2000 and was converted into a county park that opened in 2010. Snohomish County is also connected to adjacent counties by two ferry routes operated by Washington State Ferries . The Edmonds–Kingston ferry carries SR 104 between Edmonds and Kingston in Kitsap County . The Mukilteo–Clinton ferry carries SR 525 from Mukilteo to Clinton on Whidbey Island . 48°02′N 121°43′W  /  48.04°N 121.71°W  / 48.04; -121.71 Compact fluorescent lamp Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving

7011-795: The Green Line from the Boeing Everett Factory to Bothell via Airport Road and State Route 527 ; and the Orange Line in Lynnwood and Mill Creek, which opened in 2024. A fourth line, the Gold Line , is planned to open by 2029 and connect Everett to Marysville and Smokey Point . Sound Transit also runs four daily Sounder commuter trains at peak hours between Everett Station and King Street Station in Seattle, stopping at Mukilteo and Edmonds . Intercity rail service

7134-639: The Salish Sea , including the Stillaguamish and Snohomish (fed by the Skykomish and Snoqualmie rivers). These rivers form several valleys used for agriculture that occasionally flood during major weather events, such as atmospheric rivers . The lowland areas of western Snohomish County generally has a temperate Mediterranean climate similar to the rest of the central Puget Sound region with dry summers and wet winters. The county's weather

7257-644: The Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS) in the 1980s. Following the WPPSS's default on bonds in 1983, the agency sued to recover lost funds. In 2005, the PUD uncovered audio tapes revealing that Enron energy traders were intentionally manipulating the market during the Western U.S. energy crisis by encouraging suppliers to shut down plants to perform unnecessary maintenance. The agency paid $ 100,000 to partially transcribe

7380-482: The Winchester, Virginia , General Electric plant closed, leaving Osram Sylvania and the tiny American Light Bulb Manufacturing Inc. the last companies to make standard incandescent bulbs in the United States. At that time, Ellis Yan, whose Chinese company made the majority of CFLs sold in the United States, said he was interested in building a United States factory to make CFL bulbs, but wanted $ 12.5 million from

7503-470: The luminaire , and usually only the fluorescent tube is changed at its end of life. Since the ballasts are placed in the light fixture, they are larger and last longer compared to the integrated ones, and they do not need to be replaced when the tube reaches its end-of-life. Non-integrated CFL housings can be both more expensive and sophisticated. They have two types of tubes: a bi-pin tube designed for conventional ballast, e.g. with G23 or G24d plug-in base, and

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7626-466: The trial period the equipment would be removed. The project was initially budgeted at a total cost of $ 10 million, with half of that funding provided by the PUD out of utility reserve funds, and half from grants, primarily from the US federal government. The PUD paid for a portion of this project with reserves and received a $ 900,000 grant in 2009 and a $ 3.5 million grant in 2010 in addition to using reserves to pay an estimated $ 4 million of costs. In 2010

7749-838: The CFL may not fit well in existing light fixtures. To fit enough phosphor coated area within the approximate overall dimensions of an incandescent lamp, standard shapes of CFL tube are a helix with one or more turns, multiple parallel tubes, circular arc, or a butterfly. Some CFLs are labeled not to be run base up, since heat will shorten the ballast's life. Such CFLs are unsuitable for use in pendant lights and especially unsuitable for recessed light fixtures. CFLs designed for use in such fixtures are available. Current recommendations for fully enclosed, unventilated light fixtures (such as those recessed into insulated ceilings), are either to use "reflector CFLs" (R-CFL), cold-cathode CFLs or to replace such fixtures with those designed for CFLs. A CFL will thrive in areas that have good airflow, such as in

7872-760: The Columbia River Basin, one non-federal nuclear plant and several other small non-federal plants. BPA, headquartered in Portland, Oregon, is a federal agency under the U.S. Department of Energy. The PUD purchases wind energy from the White Creek Wind Project in south central Washington, and the Wheat Field Wind Project, and the Hay Canyon Wind Project, both located in north central Oregon, along

7995-576: The Columbia River Gorge. The utility receives about 60 average-megawatts from these facilities. The PUD has five hydroelectric generating projects. The Henry M. Jackson Hydroelectric Project , which began operating in 1984, is the largest and is located in the Sultan River Basin. The hydroelectric generating facility produces about 5 percent of the PUD's power needs. In addition to generating enough power for 53,200 homes using

8118-574: The European Commission Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) in 2008, CFLs may pose an added health risk due to the ultraviolet and blue light emitted. This radiation could aggravate symptoms in people who already suffer skin conditions that make them exceptionally sensitive to light. The light emitted by some single-envelope CFLs at distances of less than 20 cm (7.9 in) could lead to ultraviolet exposures approaching

8241-490: The Netherlands and Portugal. If a building's indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs, the heat emitted due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climates, or in office or industrial buildings where air conditioning is often required, CFLs reduce the load on the cooling system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in savings in electricity in addition to the energy efficiency savings of

8364-416: The PUD sold a share of the environmental qualities from its renewable energy projects. Snohomish County Snohomish County ( / s n oʊ ˈ h oʊ m ɪ ʃ / ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington . With a population of 827,957 as of the 2020 census , it is the third-most populous county in Washington, after nearby King and Pierce counties, and the 72nd-most populous in

8487-477: The U.S. Department of Energy, of Energy Star products in 2003–04, one quarter of tested CFLs no longer met their rated output after 40% of their rated service life. Because the eye's sensitivity changes with the wavelength, the output of lamps is commonly measured in lumens , a measure of the power of light as perceived by the human eye. The luminous efficacy of lamps is the number of lumens emitted for each watt of electric power used. The luminous efficacy of

8610-507: The U.S. government to do so. General Electric had considered changing one of its bulb plants to make CFLs, but said that even after a $ 40 million investment in converting a plant, wage differences would mean costs would be 50% higher. According to an August 2009 newspaper report, some manufacturers claimed that CFLs could be used to replace higher-power incandescent lamps than justified by their light output. Equivalent wattage claims can be replaced by comparison of actual light output emitted by

8733-417: The US, it is estimated that replacing all incandescents would save 80 TWh yearly. Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamps (ILs), a phase-out of ILs would result in less carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) being emitted into the atmosphere. Exchanging ILs for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve annual CO 2 reductions of 230 Mt (million tons), more than the combined yearly CO 2 emissions of

8856-486: The United States in favour of LEDs. The parent to the modern fluorescent lamp was invented in the 1890s by Peter Cooper Hewitt . The Cooper Hewitt lamps were used for photographic studios and industries. Edmund Germer , Friedrich Meyer, and Hans Spanner patented a high-pressure vapor lamp in 1927. George Inman later teamed with General Electric to create a practical fluorescent lamp, sold in 1938 and patented in 1941. Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce

8979-608: The United States. The county seat and largest city is Everett . The county forms part of the Seattle metropolitan area , which also includes King and Pierce counties to the south. The county's western portion, facing Puget Sound and other inland waters of the Salish Sea , is home to the majority of its population and major cities. The eastern portion is rugged and includes portions of the Cascade Range , with few settlements along major rivers and most of it designated as part of Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest . Snohomish County

9102-492: The additional circuitry. Cold-cathode CFLs can be dimmed to low levels, making them popular replacements for incandescent bulbs on dimmer circuits. When a CFL is dimmed, its color temperature (warmth) stays the same. This is counter to incandescent light sources, where color gets redder as the light source gets dimmer. The Kruithof curve from 1934 described an empirical relationship between intensity and color temperature of visually pleasing light sources. The input stage of

9225-407: The age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.1% were non-families, and 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.12. The median age was 37.1 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 66,300 and the median income for

9348-407: The age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.13. In the county, 27.4% of the population was under

9471-461: The age of 18, 8.5% was from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 53,060, and the median income for a family was $ 60,726. Males had a median income of $ 43,293 versus $ 31,386 for females. The per capita income for

9594-852: The area of the proposed project complicated the process. The project was cancelled in 2018 with the utility citing lower electricity demand. An estimated $ 20 million was spent on this project prior to cancellation. The utility started offering incentives, loans and other resources for small-scale solar installations in spring 2009. The utility no longer provides incentives but does provide information about installations. Snohomish County PUD has developed and led regional conservation programs for more than 30 years. The cumulative savings equal more than 100 average-megawatts, enough to serve about 80,000 homes. The utility has weatherized more than 60,000 homes, recycled more than 33,000 older, energy-wasting refrigerators and freezers, and sold more than 12 million compact fluorescent lights and LEDs at discounted prices through

9717-407: The base of the bulb is not made to be flame-retardant, as required in the voluntary standard for CFLs, overheating of the electrical components in the bulb may create a fire hazard. CFLs, like all fluorescent lamps , contain mercury as vapor inside the glass tubing. Most CFLs contain 3–5 mg per bulb, with the bulbs labeled "eco-friendly" containing as little as 1 mg. Because mercury

9840-430: The budget estimate was increased to $ 20 million, half to be paid by the utility, half by the federal government. The Utility was unable to control costs on this project, and by Oct 2014 the costs had ballooned to an estimated $ 38 million and were projected to continue to increase. The PUD proposed that the federal government provide an additional $ 10 million towards this increased cost citing a "gentlemans agreement". When

9963-413: The bulk of its research and development budget to solid-state lighting such as LED lighting. The rise of LED lighting, however, significantly affected CFL sales and production. As a result of decreasing cost and better features, customers increasingly migrated toward LEDs. In India, "nearly 60 per cent of the lighting market ... has been taken over by LEDs" by 2018. LED prices fell well below US$ 5 for

10086-563: The cost of construction and receive revenue for the sales of electricity to the utility. All shares were sold out quickly. At the time of completion it was the largest community solar project in Washington State. Hancock Creek Hydro Project : In 2018, the utility completed a run-of-the-river hydro project on Hancock Creek located in King County, Washington. The project is capable of generating 6 megawatts of electricity. Because

10209-457: The county include KKXA , KRKO , KSER , and KWYZ . There are also smaller local publications, with significant online presences: My Edmonds News , My Everett News , The Mountlake Terrace News , News of Mill Creek , Mill Creek View, Lynnwood Today and Lynnwood Times. The county has been used as a filming location for several movies and television series since the mid-20th century. Snohomish County has five major routes that connect

10332-636: The county seat to Everett, amid controversy and allegations of illegal votes. After two years of litigation between the cities of Snohomish and Everett, the county seat was officially relocated to Everett in December 1896. One of the first county censuses was taken in 1862 by Sheriff Salem A. Woods. Early important pioneers in the Snohomish County region included E. F. Cady of Snohomish, Emory C. Ferguson of Snohomish and Isaac Cathcart . The early economy of Snohomish County relied on natural resources, namely timber and mining, alongside agriculture. The region

10455-529: The county to the other counties and other areas. There are three major north–south routes: Interstate 5 , State Route 9 , and State Route 99 . The only complete east–west route is U.S. Route 2 . The countywide numbered street grid originates in Everett and was implemented beginning in the 1970s during the rollout of the 911 emergency phone number system. By the late 1990s, some roads had reverted to their historical names—either officially or by using commemorative signs—due to local backlash. Snohomish County

10578-631: The county was $ 23,417. About 4.9% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over. Snohomish County is a home rule charter county with three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial. The county government's powers and structure is defined by a charter that is updated every 10 years with amendments that are presented to voters for approval. The county executive and council seats are partisan positions with four-year terms; other positions elected by voters are generally non-partisan . Most county offices have

10701-571: The county was 66.1% white, 12.3% Asian, 3.54% black or African American, 1.3% Native American, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 5.4% other races, and 10.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 11.6% of the population. As of the 2010 census , there were 713,335 people, 268,325 households, and 182,282 families residing in the county. The population density was 341.8 people per square mile (132.0 people/km ). There were 286,659 housing units at an average density of 137.3 units per square mile (53.0 units/km ). The racial makeup of

10824-427: The county was 78.4% white, 8.9% Asian, 2.5% black or African American, 1.4% Indigenous, 0.4% Pacific islander, 3.8% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 9.0% of the population. In terms of ethnicity, 20.3% reported German ancestry, 12.6% Irish , 12.2% English , 8.2% Norwegian , and 3.6% American heritage. Of the 268,325 households, 35.2% had children under

10947-659: The current workplace limit set to protect workers from skin and retinal damage. However, industry sources claim the UV radiation received from CFLs is too small to contribute to skin cancer and the use of double-envelope CFLs "largely or entirely" mitigates any other risks. Tests have shown that radiation exposure from CFLs is negligible at 150 centimeter distance from the source. At closer distances, comparisons show that CFLs emit less UVA (long wavelength) radiation than incandescent light bulbs. They do, however, emit higher levels of UVB (short wavelength) radiation. UVB can penetrate deep into

11070-406: The disposal of CFLs together with regular garbage. These countries have established special collection systems for CFLs and other hazardous waste. The principle of operation remains the same as in other fluorescent lighting : electrons that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will radiate ultraviolet light as they return to a lower energy level; this emitted ultraviolet light

11193-629: The east. The Cascade Range passes through the eastern part of the county and is largely protected from development as part of the Mount Baker–Snoqualmie National Forest . The mountain range includes the highest point in Snohomish County: Glacier Peak , at 10,541 feet (3,212.90 m) above sea level . Several major rivers originate in the Cascades and flow west towards Puget Sound and other parts of

11316-448: The end of their lives. Industry associations are working toward advising consumers of the different failure modes of CFLs compared to incandescent lamps, and to develop lamps with inoffensive failure modes. New North American technical standards aim to eliminate smoke or excess heat at the end of lamp life. Only some CFLs are labeled for dimming control. Using a dimmer with a standard CFL is ineffective and can shorten bulb life and void

11439-405: The federal government refused to provide the additional funding the project was cancelled by the PUD after spending nearly $ 10 million in reserves and grants. The PUD abandoned all tidal energy exploration after this project was cancelled and does not own or operate any tidal energy sources. Geothermal Energy : In 2010 and 2011 the utility attempted to find a source of geothermal energy". $ 400k

11562-432: The lamp, which is measured in lumens and marked on the packaging. In addition to the wear-out failure modes common to all fluorescent lamps, the electronic ballast may fail, since it has a number of component parts. Ballast failures are usually due to overheating and may be accompanied by discoloration or distortion of the ballast enclosure, odors, or smoke. The lamps are internally protected and are meant to fail safely at

11685-438: The lamps, and thus the invention was shelved. The design was eventually copied by others. In 1980, Philips introduced its model SL*18, which was a screw-in or bayonet mount lamp with integral magnetic ballast. The lamp used a folded T4 tube, stable tri-color phosphors, and a mercury amalgam . This was the first successful screw-in replacement for an incandescent lamp, using new rare earth aluminum lattice phosphors to solve

11808-402: The lamps. However, in cooler climates in which buildings require heating, the heating system must replace the reduced heat from lighting fixtures. In Winnipeg , Canada, it was estimated that CFLs would only generate 17% savings in energy compared to incandescent bulbs, as opposed to the 75% savings that could have been expected without space heating considerations. While the purchase price of

11931-585: The largest group and occupied an area from present-day Warm Beach to Shoreline , while Stillaguamish lived in the Stillaguamish River basin. The region was first charted and named by European explorers in the late 18th century, beginning with Captain George Vancouver and his British expedition. Vancouver arrived in Puget Sound and Port Gardner Bay on June 4, 1792, landing near present-day Everett . The Treaty of Point Elliott

12054-405: The length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair . The spiral CFL was invented in 1976 by Edward E. Hammer , an engineer with General Electric, in response to the 1973 oil crisis . Although the design met its goals, it would have cost GE about $ 25 million to build new factories to produce

12177-557: The name "Sinnahmis" in 1824, while the Wilkes Expedition of 1841 used "Tuxpam" to describe the Snohomish River . The same river was named "Sinahomis" by Captain Henry Kellett in 1847, and was accepted by the U.S. government for several years. Snohomish County was originally inhabited by several Coast Salish groups, predominantly settled along the western coastline and near the region's rivers. The Snohomish were

12300-417: The next county executive was Democrat Bob Drewel from 1992 to 2004, followed by Democrat Aaron Reardon from 2004 to 2013. Reardon resigned on May 31, 2013, amid a series of political scandals , and was replaced by former Snohomish County Sheriff and state legislator John Lovick for the remainder of his term. The county council has five members who are elected to four-year terms, each representing

12423-492: The package. CFLs are generally not designed or rated for outdoor use and some will not start in cold weather. CFLs are available with cold-weather ballasts, which may be rated to as low as −28.8 °C (−20 °F). Light output during the first few minutes of operation is limited at low temperatures before reaching full brightness. Cold-cathode CFLs will start and perform in a wide range of temperatures due to their different design. Incandescent lamps reach full brightness

12546-463: The problem of lumen depreciation that would normally occur quickly in such a thin tube; however, it was not widely adopted, because of its large size, weight (over half a kilogram), pronounced 50 Hz flicker and 3-minute warm up time. It was based on the SL1000 prototype from 1976. In 1985, Osram started selling its model Dulux EL, which was the first CFL to include an electronic ballast. Volume

12669-400: The project is located upstream of Snoqualmie Falls, a natural barrier to migrating salmon, it poses no threat to salmon. Calligan Creek Hydro Project : in 2018, the utility completed a run-of-the-river hydro project on Calligan Creek located in King County, Washington. The project is capable of generating 6 megawatts of electricity. Because the project is located upstream of Snoqualmie Falls,

12792-438: The radiation of a black body at a given temperature, but will not have an identical spectrum. In particular, narrow bands of shorter-wavelength radiation are usually present even for lamps of low color temperature ("warm" light). As color temperature increases, the shading of the white light changes from red to yellow to white to blue. Color names used for modern CFLs and other tri-phosphor lamps vary between manufacturers, unlike

12915-488: The reservation. The county seat was originally at the city of Snohomish until an 1897 election moved it to Everett. Since the mid-20th century, areas of Snohomish County have developed into an aerospace manufacturing center, largely due to the presence of Boeing in Everett, as well as bedroom communities for workers in Seattle . Snohomish County now has 18 incorporated cities and 2 towns with their own local governments, in addition to developed unincorporated areas . It

13038-420: The same amount of visible light , CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain toxic mercury , which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have banned

13161-417: The savings." CFLs are extremely cost-effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent lamps. Using average U.S. commercial electricity and gas rates for 2006, a 2008 article found that replacing each 75 W incandescent lamp with a CFL resulted in yearly savings of $ 22 in energy usage, reduced HVAC cost, and reduced labour to change lamps. The incremental capital investment of $ 2 per fixture

13284-411: The skin while sufficient levels of UVA can burn superficial layers. Closed (double-envelope) CFLs are shielded and emit a lower total UV radiation compared to incandescent or halogen bulbs of a similar wattage. For the average user, UV radiation from indoor lights does not appear to be a concern. For those with skin sensitivity long term indoor exposure may be a concern, in which case they may want to use

13407-466: The standardized names used with older halophosphate fluorescent lamps. For example, Sylvania's Daylight CFLs have a color temperature of 3500 K, while most other lamps called daylight have color temperatures of at least 5000 K. In United States, Energy Star 's specification provides a set of named color temperatures for certified luminaries. CFLs typically have a rated service life of 6000–15,000 hours, whereas standard incandescent lamps have

13530-403: The study's authors conjectured was attributable to damage in the bulbs' internal phosphor coatings. No cellular damage was observed following exposure to incandescent light of equivalent intensity. The study's authors suggest that the ultraviolet exposure could be limited by the use of "double-walled" bulbs manufactured with an additional glass covering surrounding the phosphor-coated layer. When

13653-741: The tapes after it had entered into a predatory contract during an energy shortage in 2001. The PUD settled with Enron's creditors in 2007 and paid $ 18 million—10 percent of the original contract amount sought by the creditors. By 2027, the PUD plans to replace seven electrical substations that had become outdated or unable to cope with growing populations in areas of the county. New substations are also planned to be built in Getchell and Smokey Point . The PUD provides electrical service to 373,000 homes and businesses across all of Snohomish County and Camano Island . It also provides water for 23,000 customers in areas of Snohomish County. The base residential rate

13776-545: The tubes by hand, made possible by the then-low labor costs in China. Since that time, sales steadily increased. The phosphor coating in spiral CFLs is uneven, being thicker at the bottom than at the top, owing to the effect of gravity during the coating process. Although their popularity varied across countries, in China CFLs were the "dominant technology in the residential segment" in 2011. Philips Lighting ceased research on compact fluorescents in 2008 and began devoting

13899-419: The warranty. Dimmable CFLs are available. The dimmer switch used in conjunction with a dimmable CFL must be matched to its power consumption range; many dimmers installed for use with incandescent bulbs do not function acceptably below 40 W, whereas CFL applications commonly draw power in the range 7–20 W. Dimmable CFLs have been marketed before suitable dimmers are available. The dimming range of CFLs

14022-510: The way up to a Master's in Business along with other Associate and bachelor's degrees. Everett Community College and Edmonds College provide academic transfer degrees, career training and basic education in Snohomish County. Together, the two serve more than 40,000 people annually. About 40 percent of all high school graduates in Snohomish County begin their college education at Edmonds or Everett community college . Everett Community College

14145-473: The west to 180 inches (460 cm) in the upper elevations of the Cascades; the majority of the region's precipitation falls between October and March. The county's lowlands also has an average annual snowfall ranging from 10 to 20 inches (25 to 51 cm). The Puget Sound Convergence Zone , a known meteorological phenomenon, runs through southwestern Snohomish County and causes narrow bands of precipitation. Approximately 68 percent of land in Snohomish County

14268-621: Was 290 people per square mile (110 people/km ). There were 236,205 housing units at an average density of 113 units per square mile (44 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 85.6% White , 1.7% Black or African American , 1.4% Native American , 5.8% Asian , 0.3% Pacific Islander , 1.9% from other races , and 3.4% from two or more races. 4.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16.2% were of German , 10.0% English , 8.8% Irish , 8.4% Norwegian and 6.6% United States or American ancestry. There were 224,852 households, out of which 37.3% had children under

14391-562: Was an issue in CFL development, since the fluorescent lamps had to fit in the same volume as comparable incandescent lamps. This required the development of new, high-efficacy phosphors that could withstand more power per unit area than the phosphors used in older, larger fluorescent tubes. In 1995, helical CFLs, manufactured in China by Shanghai Xiangshan, became commercially available. They were first proposed by General Electric, who saw difficulties bending glass tubes into spirals using automated machinery. Xiangshan solved this problem by bending

14514-412: Was budgeted for this drilling in 2010, and $ 2.5 million in 2011. These budgeted amounts were smaller than the actual costs of drilling, which totaled $ 4.375 million at the time that project was cancelled in 2012. The PUD abandoned all geothermal energy exploration after this project was cancelled and does not own or operate any geothermal energy sources. Sunset Falls : In 2011 the PUD proposed to build

14637-559: Was connected by railroads at the end of the 19th century, which also created new towns that experienced major population booms as emigrants arrived from other parts of the United States. The county was among the largest New Deal aid beneficiaries in Washington due to its troubled economy during the Great Depression ; the Works Progress Administration built major projects around Snohomish County, while

14760-714: Was lower than for incandescent lighting of comparable lumen output. This was based on the average rate of mercury emission for U.S. electricity production and average estimated escape of mercury from a CFL put into a landfill. Coal-fired plants also emit other heavy metals, sulfur, and carbon dioxide. In the United States, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that if all 270 million CFLs sold in 2007 were sent to landfill sites, around 0.13 metric tons of mercury would be released, 0.1% of all U.S. emissions of mercury (around 104 metric tons that year). The graph assumes that CFLs last an average of 8,000 hours regardless of manufacturer and premature breakage. In areas where coal

14883-495: Was permanently moved to Cadyville, later Snohomish , following an election on July 8. Residents north of the Snohomish River later proposed to be moved into Skagit County due to difficult travel to the county seat at Snohomish. After the incorporation of the city of Everett in 1893, the city's leaders attempted to move the county seat from Snohomish. A countywide general election on November 6, 1894, chose to relocate

15006-498: Was signed at present-day Mukilteo on January 22, 1855, marking the cession of Coast Salish territories in the Puget Sound lowlands. The Tulalip Indian Reservation was established to house the remaining tribes, including the Snohomish, Snoqualmie, and Skykomish. Snohomish County was created out of Island County 's mainland areas and the northernmost portion of King County on January 14, 1861. The separation from Island County

15129-509: Was the result of a petition by settlers to the territorial legislature that cited the difficulty of travel to Coupeville on Whidbey Island , the county seat at the time. The new county was the first in Washington to have its boundaries defined by a land survey rather than natural boundaries. The territorial legislature designated Mukilteo , the area's largest settlement, as the temporary county seat in January 1861. The county government

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