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92-780: As of 2020, there are 6,290,204 Mongols in China, a 0.45% increase from the 2010 national census. Most of them live in Inner Mongolia , Northeast China , Xinjiang and Qinghai . The Mongol population in China is nearly twice as much as that of the sovereign state of Mongolia . The Mongols in China are divided between autonomous regions and provinces as follows: Besides the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, there are other Mongol autonomous administrative subdivisions in China. Prefecture level: County level: China classifies different Mongolian groups like Buryats and Oirats into

184-483: A Mongolian writer, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This isn't the first time China has made these kinds of arrests on foreign soil against Mongols either, as this is the fifth occurrence. The Chinese government has even gone as far as accusing Mongolian herders / nomads of causing climate change in order to justify the forced relocation of Mongolians out of their ancestral land. Under the "ecological migration" policy,

276-522: A boom in construction, including new commercial development and large apartment complexes. The GDP of Inner Mongolia in 2022 was CN¥2.3 trillion (US$ 344 billion in nominal), with an average annual increase of 10% from the period 2010–2015. Its per capita GDP was CN¥96,474 ( US$ 14,343 in nominal), ranking 8th among all the 31 provincial divisions of China. The primary, secondary and tertiary industries contributed ¥265 billion ($ 39.45 billion), ¥1.12 trillion ($ 167.1 billion) and ¥926 billion ($ 137.7 billion) to

368-594: A descendant of Genghis Khan, opposed and fought against the Qing until he died of smallpox in 1634. Thereafter, the Inner Mongols under his son Ejei Khan surrendered to the Qing. Ejei Khan was given the title of Prince ( 親王 ; qīn wáng ), and Inner Mongolian nobility became closely tied to the Qing royal family and intermarried with them extensively. Ejei Khan died in 1661 and was succeeded by his brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with Manchu Qing rule, he

460-563: A multitude of Anti-Mongolian discriminations by the current Chinese government on the goal of assimilating the Mongolian population into the Han population. Some instances of discrimination include: barring teaching the Mongolian language in schools, arresting Mongols on Mongolian soil, and forced evictions of Mongolians in China. Recently the NPC mandated that "minority language-medium education

552-466: A sample of current Mongols of China ( n =175, including n =97 from Inner Mongolia, n =27 from Liaoning, n =10 from Heilongjiang, n =10 from Jilin, n =3 from Qinghai, n =3 from Xinjiang, and n =25 from elsewhere in China) and found different haplogroup O subclades (107/175 = 61.1% in total) to be the most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup: The second most frequently observed Y-DNA haplogroup among

644-519: A telephone hotline and website for citizens to report people who engage in acts of historical nihilism. Historical nihilism has been defined in CCP publications as criticism of the entirety of an entity, such as the CCP, its national heroes, leaders, socialism and its official history, by citing only certain events about the entity without consideration of the whole. Although 'incorrect' interpretations of history would have been censored and punished during

736-539: Is a term used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and some scholars in China to describe research, discussions, or viewpoints deemed to contradict an official state version of history in a manner perceived to question or challenge the legitimacy of the CCP. The CCP opposes historical interpretations that are critical of it, the People's Liberation Army , socialism , and related topics. Viewpoints that

828-510: Is also a source of crude oil , with sites such as the Xifeng oil field producing tens of thousands of barrels per day. However, in the past, the exploitation and utilisation of resources were rather inefficient, which resulted in poor returns from rich resources. Inner Mongolia is also an important coal production base, with more than a quarter of the world's coal reserves located in the province. It plans to double annual coal output by 2010 (from

920-419: Is classified as either a cold arid or steppe regime ( Köppen BWk, BSk , respectively). The small portion besides these are classified as humid continental (Köppen Dwa/Dwb ) in the northeast, or subarctic (Köppen Dwc ) in the far north near Hulunbuir . The region has increasing desertification and frequency of sandstorms, which damages agriculture and forces down household income. Inner Mongolia

1012-657: Is distinct from Outer Mongolia , which was a term used by the Republic of China and previous governments to refer to what is now the independent state of Mongolia and the Republic of Tuva in Russia . The term Inner 内 (Nei) referred to the Nei Fan 内藩 (Inner Tributary), i.e., those descendants of Genghis Khan who were granted the title khan (king) in the Ming and Qing dynasties and lived in part of southern Mongolia. Due to

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1104-500: Is divided into twelve prefecture-level divisions . Until the late 1990s, most of Inner Mongolia's prefectural regions were known as leagues ( Chinese : 盟 ), a usage retained from Mongol divisions of the Qing dynasty . Similarly, county-level divisions are often known as banners ( Chinese : 旗 ). Since the 1990s, numerous leagues have been converted into prefecture-level cities , although banners remain. The restructuring led to

1196-467: Is generally presented to praise the achievements of the CCP and its role in creating a prosperous 'new China'. When Xi Jinping became CCP general secretary and paramount leader in January 2013, he made a speech in which he said, 'The history of the post-reform period cannot be used to contradict the history of the pre-reform period, and the history of the pre-reform period cannot be used to contradict

1288-573: Is geographically divided into eastern and western divisions. The eastern division is often included in Northeastern China (Dongbei), with major cities including Tongliao , Chifeng , Hailar , and Ulanhot . The western division is included in North China , with major cities including Baotou and Hohhot. It recorded a population of 24,706,321 in the 2010 census , accounting for 1.84% of Mainland China 's total population. Inner Mongolia

1380-538: Is in contrast to interpretations in the period prior to Xi Jinping whereby some of Mao's policies could receive heavy criticism and the official stance of the party was a rejection of the Cultural Revolution, which had been referred to as the 'Ten Year Calamity' (十年浩劫). In a 2013 speech, Xi Jinping described historical nihilism as contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union: Why did

1472-564: Is no indication that the Alxa, Hinggan, and Xilingol Leagues will convert to prefecture-level cities in the near future. These prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 102 county-level divisions , including 22 districts , 11 county-level cities , 17 counties , 49 banners , and 3 autonomous banners . Those are in turn divided into 1425 township-level divisions , including 532 towns , 407 townships , 277 sums , eighteen ethnic townships , one ethnic sum , and 190 subdistricts . At

1564-422: Is owing to the cooler climate more forested, chiefly with Manchurian elm , ash , birch , Mongolian oak and a number of pine and spruce species. Where discontinuous permafrost is present north of Hailar District , forests are almost exclusively coniferous. In the south, the natural vegetation is grassland in the east and very sparse in the arid west, and grazing is the dominant economic activity. Owing to

1656-501: Is so light that Inner Mongolia has no modern glaciers even on the highest Helan peaks. The spring is short, mild and arid, with large, dangerous sandstorms , whilst the summer is very warm to hot and relatively humid except in the west where it remains dry. Autumn is brief and sees a steady cooling, with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) reached in October in the north and November in the south. Officially, most of Inner Mongolia

1748-444: Is the country's 23rd most populous province-level division . Han Chinese make up the majority of the population in the region; Mongols constitute a significant minority with over 4 million people, making it the largest Mongol population in the world (larger than that of the country Mongolia ). Inner Mongolia is one of the more economically developed provinces in China with annual GDP per capita at US$ 14,343 (2022), ranked 8th in

1840-613: Is unconstitutional (People's Daily)," enforcing this within Inner Mongolian schools, banning the teaching of the Mongolian language, along with riding of different kinds of Mongolian material that are deemed to de-emphasize Chinese nationality and common identity. In 2023, a book on the history of the Mongols was banned for " historical nihilism ." Most recently on May 3, 2023, the Chinese government arrested Mr. Lhamjab Borjigin,

1932-722: The Communist Party Regional Committee Secretary, who is usually from a different part of China (to reduce corruption) and Han Chinese. As of May 2023 , the current party secretary is Sun Shaocheng . The Inner Mongolian government and its subsidiaries follow roughly the same structure as that of a Chinese province. With regards to economic policy, as a part of increased federalism characteristics in China, Inner Mongolia has become more independent in implementing its own economic roadmap. Historical nihilism Historical nihilism ( Chinese : 历史虚无主义 ; pinyin : Lìshǐ xūwú zhǔyì )

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2024-577: The Constitution of the People's Republic of China , articles 112–122, autonomous regions have limited autonomy in both the political and economic arena. Autonomous regions have more discretion in administering economic policy in the region in accordance with national guidelines. Structurally, the Chairman—who legally must be an ethnic minority and is usually ethnic Mongolian—is always kept in check by

2116-629: The Eastern Bloc . In December of that year, Jiang Zemin made a speech in which he said that bourgeois liberalization had led to the spread of 'national nihilism' and 'historical nihilism', which had entered party thinking and brought about confusion. Historical nihilism is one of "The Seven Noteworthy Problems" discussed in the 2012 Communiqué on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere (Document No. 9) . It states that

2208-773: The Great Chinese Famine , the Cultural Revolution and 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre are often scrubbed or at least depicted in such a way as to avoid blame on the party. In May 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China confirmed it had deleted over 2 million posts for historical nihilism. In 2023, a previously official history textbook about the Mongols in China was banned for historical nihilism. Chinese students in public schools, for example, may be taught that

2300-552: The Han Zhao kingdom in the region, thereby beginning the Sixteen Kingdoms period that saw the disintegration of northern China under a variety of Han and non-Han (including Xiongnu and Xianbei) regimes. The Sui dynasty (581–618) and Tang dynasty (618–907) re-established a unified Chinese empire and like their predecessors, they conquered and settled people into Hetao, though once again these efforts were aborted when

2392-489: The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , is an autonomous region of China . Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia . Inner Mongolia also accounts for a small section of China's border with Russia ( Zabaykalsky Krai ). Its capital is Hohhot ; other major cities include Baotou , Chifeng , Tongliao , and Ordos . The autonomous region

2484-857: The Jurchens , precursors to the modern Manchus , who established the Jin dynasty over Manchuria and Northern China. After Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes in 1206 and founded the Mongol Empire , the Tangut Western Xia empire was ultimately conquered in 1227, and the Jurchen Jin dynasty fell in 1234. In 1271, Kublai Khan , the grandson of Genghis Khan established the Yuan dynasty . Kublai Khan's summer capital Shangdu (aka Xanadu)

2576-668: The Loufan , Linhu and Dí , while Eastern Inner Mongolia was inhabited by the Donghu . During the Warring States period , King Wuling (340–295 BC) of the state of Zhao based in what is now Hebei and Shanxi Provinces pursued an expansionist policy towards the region. After destroying the Dí state of Zhongshan in what is now Hebei province, he defeated the Linhu and Loufan and created

2668-954: The People's Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF) to train missile crews for mobile missile launchers, their support vehicles, and silo-based ballistic missiles. Hohhot Export Processing Zone was established 21 June 2002 by the State Council, which is located in the west of the Hohhot, with a planning area of 2.2 km (0.85 sq mi). Industries encouraged in the export processing zone include Electronics Assembly & Manufacturing, Telecommunications Equipment, Garment and Textiles Production, Trading and Distribution, Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals, Food/Beverage Processing, Instruments & Industrial Equipment Production, Medical Equipment and Supplies, Shipping/Warehousing/Logistics, Heavy Industry. Lines wholly or partly in Inner Mongolia include: Railway stations in Inner Mongolia include: Under

2760-555: The Qing dynasty as expansionist of engaging in historical nihilism. In the view of these scholars, some Westerner scholar attempt to emphasize aggressive aspects of the Qing in order to demonstrate that modern China is inevitably aggressive. Academic Roland Boer defines several genres of China-related narratives as historical nihilism, citing the "China doomer " narrative exemplified by Gordan H. Chang 's The Coming Collapse of China (2001) , anti-communist tropes, atrocity propaganda , and "betrayal" narratives in which Deng Xiaoping

2852-742: The Wolf Economy to the north has helped development. However, growth has come at a cost with huge amounts of pollution and degradation to the grasslands. Attempts to attract ethnic Chinese to migrate from other regions, as well as urbanise those rural nomads and peasants has led to huge amounts of corruption and waste in public spending, such as Ordos City . Acute uneven wealth distribution has further exacerbated ethnic tensions, many indigenous Mongolians feeling they are increasingly marginalised in their own homeland, leading to riots in 2011 and 2013. On 31 August 2020, large protests broke out in ethnic Mongol communities due to unannounced plans by

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2944-752: The Yunzhong Commandery near modern Hohhot . King Wuling of Zhao also built a long wall stretching through the Hetao region. After Qin Shi Huang created the first unified Chinese empire in 221 BC, he sent the general Meng Tian to drive the Xiongnu from the region and incorporated the old Zhao wall into the Qin dynasty Great Wall of China. He also maintained two commanderies in the region: Jiuyuan and Yunzhong and moved 30,000 households there to solidify

3036-469: The 13th century, what is now central and western Inner Mongolia, especially the Hetao region, alternated in control between Chinese farming communities in the south, and Xiongnu , Xianbei , Khitan , Jurchen , Tujue , and nomadic Mongol of the north. The historical narrative of what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia mostly consists of alternations between different Tungusic and Mongol tribes, rather than

3128-538: The 2005 volume of 260 million tons) to 500 million tons of coal a year. Industry in Inner Mongolia has grown up mainly around coal, power generation , forestry-related industries, and related industries. Inner Mongolia now encourages six competitive industries: energy, chemicals, metallurgy, equipment manufacturing, processing of farm (including dairy ) produce, and high technology. Well-known Inner Mongolian enterprises include companies such as ERDOS , Yili , and Mengniu . As with much of China, economic growth has led to

3220-400: The CCP's historical purpose, which is tantamount to denying the legitimacy of the CCP's long-term political dominance. In 2013, Xi introduced the idea of the "Two Undeniables", which he described as "we must not use the period of history after reform and opening to deny the period of history prior to reform and opening" and we "must not use the period of history before reform and opening to deny

3312-433: The Chinese government has moved thousands of Mongolians into city/urban areas away from their home grasslands on the basis that the Mongolian nomadic lifestyle is destroying the grasslands and causing climate change symptoms like desertification and sandstorms . The Chinese government also justifies the movement of Mongols, calling it poverty relief, as hundreds of thousands of Mongols live in extreme poverty, however many of

3404-441: The Chinese government to phase out Mongolian-medium teaching. Inner Mongolia is a provincial-level subdivision of North China , but its great stretch means that parts of it belong to Northeast China and Northwest China as well. It borders eight provincial-level divisions in all three of the aforementioned regions ( Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning , Hebei , Shanxi , Shaanxi , Ningxia , and Gansu ), tying with Shaanxi for

3496-588: The Evenk Autonomous Banner. More recently, growing grapes and winemaking have become an economic factor in the Wuhai area. Mining-related industries are a major part of Inner Mongolia's economy. Inner Mongolia has an abundance of resources especially coal, cashmere , natural gas, rare-earth elements , and has more deposits of naturally occurring niobium , zirconium and beryllium than any other province -level region in China. The region

3588-478: The GDP respectively. In addition to its large reserves of natural resources, Inner Mongolia also has the largest usable wind power capacity in China thanks to strong winds which develop in the province's grasslands. Some private companies have set up wind parks in parts of Inner Mongolia such as Bailingmiao , Hutengliang and Zhouzi. East of Jilantai, Inner Mongolia, there is a ballistic missile training area used by

3680-478: The Great Famine was caused by bad weather conditions without mention of human factors related to contemporary government policy at the time. One of the textbooks in use for grade 10 history, in the part of the book dealing with the period, contains only a single sentence devoted to the famine that simply claims there were 'great economic difficulties for the people between 1959 and 1961'. Modern Chinese history

3772-596: The Inner Mongolian tribes in 1635, when Ligden Khan 's son surrendered the Chakhar Mongol tribes to the Manchus . The Manchus subsequently invaded Ming China in 1644, bringing it under the control of their newly established Qing dynasty . Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the Mongolian Plateau was administered in a different way for each region: The Inner Mongolian Chahar leader Ligdan Khan ,

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3864-769: The Japanese during the war in the late 30s and early 40s. These Mongol militias were created by the Ejine and Alashaa based commissioner's offices created by the Kuomintang. Prince Demchugdongrub's Mongols were targeted by Kuomintang Mongols to defect to the Republic of China. The Nationalists recruited 1,700 ethnic minority fighters in Inner Mongolia and created war zones in the Tumet Banner, Ulanchab League, and Ordos Yekejuu League. The Inner Mongolian People's Republic

3956-593: The Japanese puppet government's control extending as far west as the Hohhot region. The Japanese advance was defeated by Hui Muslim General Ma Hongbin at the Battle of West Suiyuan and Battle of Wuyuan . Since 1945, Inner Mongolia has remained part of China. The Mongol Ulanhu fought against the Japanese. Ethnic Mongolian guerrilla units were created by the Kuomintang Nationalists to fight against

4048-597: The Manchu and Mongol lands, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. As a result, the Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s. Ordinary Mongols were not allowed to travel outside their own leagues. Mongols were forbidden by

4140-585: The Mongols during the Northern Yuan dynasty . The eastern Mongol tribes near and in Manchuria, particularly the Khorchin and Southern Khalkha in today's Inner Mongolia intermarried, formed alliances with, and fought against the Jurchen tribes until Nurhaci , the founder of the new Jin dynasty, consolidated his control over all groups in the area in 1593. The Manchus gained far-reaching control of

4232-646: The Party of its leadership of the military. In the end the CPSU—as great a Party as it was—scattered like a flock of frightened beasts! The Soviet Union—as great a country as it was—shattered into a dozen pieces. This is a lesson from the past! In February 2022, the CCP published the documentary Historical Nihilism and the Disintegration of the Soviet Union . The documentary argues that Nikita Khruschev "lit

4324-447: The Party's leaders. Recently, some people took advantage of Comrade Mao Zedong's 120th birthday in order to deny the scientific and guiding value of Mao Zedong thought. Some people try to cleave apart the period that preceded Reform and Opening from the period that followed, or even to set these two periods in opposition to one another. By rejecting CCP history and the history of New China, historical nihilism seeks to fundamentally undermine

4416-497: The Qing dynasty called "Mongol followers" immigrated to Inner Mongolia who worked as servants for Mongols and Mongol princes and married Mongol women. Their descendants continued to marry Mongol women and changed their ethnicity to Mongol as they assimilated into the Mongol people, an example of this were the ancestors of Li Shouxin . They distinguished themselves apart from "true Mongols" 真蒙古. Outer Mongolia gained independence from

4508-687: The Qing dynasty in 1911, when the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu of the Khalkha was declared the Bogd Khan of Mongolia. Although almost all banners of Inner Mongolia recognised the Bogd Khan as the supreme ruler of Mongols, the internal strife within the region prevented a full reunification. The Mongol rebellions in Inner Mongolia were counterbalanced by princes who hoped to see a restored Qing dynasty in Manchuria and Mongolia, as they considered

4600-427: The Qing from crossing the borders of their banners, even into other Mongol Banners and from crossing into neidi (the Han Chinese 18 provinces) and were given serious punishments if they did in order to keep the Mongols divided against each other to benefit the Qing. Mongol pilgrims wanting to leave their banner's borders for religious reasons such as pilgrimage had to apply for passports to give them permission. During

4692-494: The Russian threat, they began to encourage Han Chinese farmers to settle in both Mongolia and Manchuria. This policy was followed by subsequent governments. The railroads that were being built in these regions were especially useful to the Han Chinese settlers. Land was either sold by Mongol Princes, or leased to Han Chinese farmers, or simply taken away from the nomads and given to Han Chinese farmers. A group of Han Chinese during

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4784-555: The Second World War is complicated, with Japanese invasion and different kinds of resistance movements. In 1931, Manchuria came under the control of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo , taking some Mongol areas in the Manchurian provinces (i.e., Hulunbuir and Jirim leagues) along. Rehe was also incorporated into Manchukuo in 1933, taking Juu Uda and Josutu leagues along with it. These areas were occupied by Manchukuo until

4876-657: The Soviet Union disintegrate? Why did the Communist Party of the Soviet Union fall to pieces? An important reason is that in the ideological domain, competition is fierce! To completely repudiate the historical experience of the Soviet Union, to repudiate the history of the CPSU, to repudiate Lenin, to repudiate Stalin was to wreck chaos in Soviet ideology and engage in historical nihilism. It caused Party organizations at all levels to have barely any function whatsoever. It robbed

4968-457: The Tang empire began to collapse. Hetao (along with the rest of what now consists Inner Mongolia) was then taken over by the Liao dynasty founded by the Khitans , a nomadic people originally from what is now the southern part of Manchuria and Eastern Inner Mongolia. They were followed by the Western Xia of the Tanguts , who took control of what is now the western part of Inner Mongolia (including Western Hetao). The Khitans were later replaced by

5060-414: The Tibetan Plateau where the autonomous region's highest peak, Main Peak in the Helan Mountains reaches 3,556 metres (11,670 ft), and is still being pushed up today in short bursts. Most of Inner Mongolia is a plateau averaging around 1,200 metres (3,940 ft) in altitude and covered by extensive loess and sand deposits. The northern part consists of the Mesozoic era Khingan Mountains , and

5152-446: The ancient, weathered rocks lying under its deep sedimentary cover, Inner Mongolia is a major mining district, possessing large reserves of coal , iron ore and rare-earth minerals, which have made it a major industrial region today. Due to its elongated shape, Inner Mongolia has a four-season monsoon climate with regional variations. The winters in Inner Mongolia are very long, cold, and dry with frequent blizzards, though snowfall

5244-499: The communists established the People's Republic of China and consolidated control over mainland China, Inner Mongolia was expanded westwards to include five of the six original leagues (except Josutu League, which remains in Liaoning province), the northern part of the Chahar region, by then a league as well (southern Chahar remains in Hebei province), the Hetao region, and the Alashan and Ejine banners. Eventually, nearly all areas with sizeable Mongol populations were incorporated into

5336-413: The context of the Soviet Union's experience with the refrain, "[t]he Soviets won the October Revolution with only a few hundred thousand members; it defeated the Nazis with a few million; but when it had tens of millions of members, it suffered a tragic collapse." Academics Jian Xu, Qian Gong, and Wen Yin write that the CCP's attention to historical nihilism "has gained momentum in the 21st century due to

5428-458: The conversion of primate cities in most leagues to convert to districts administratively (i.e.: Hailar , Jining and Dongsheng ). Some newly founded prefecture-level cities have chosen to retain the original name of league (i.e.: Hulunbuir, Bayannur and Ulanqab), some have adopted the Chinese name of their primate city ( Chifeng , Tongliao ), and one league (Yekejuu) simply renamed itself Ordos . Despite these recent administrative changes, there

5520-467: The displaced Mongols actually fall deeper into poverty, while also feeling out of their element and feeling like outcasts in their new homes. The basis of moving the Mongols by the claim of climate/environment protection is one that lacks support, as it has been found that nomadic lifestyles, like that of the grassland Mongols, actually harm the environment far less than permanent settlement lifestyles. Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia , officially

5612-426: The eighteenth century, growing numbers of Han Chinese settlers had illegally begun to move into the Inner Mongolian steppe. By 1791, there had been so many Han Chinese settlers in the Front Gorlos Banner that the jasak had petitioned the Qing government to legalise the status of the peasants who had already settled there. During the nineteenth century, the Manchus were becoming increasingly sinicised and faced with

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5704-440: The end of World War II in 1945. In 1937, the Empire of Japan openly and fully invaded the Republic of China . On 8 December 1937, Mongolian Prince Demchugdongrub (also known as "De Wang") declared independence for the remaining parts of Inner Mongolia (i.e., the Suiyuan and Chahar provinces) as Mengjiang , and signed agreements with Manchukuo and Japan. Its capital was established at Zhangbei (now in Hebei province), with

5796-400: The end of 2017, the total population of Inner-Mongolia is 25.29 million. Farming of crops such as wheat takes precedence along the river valleys. In the more arid grasslands, herding of goats , sheep and so on is a traditional method of subsistence. Forestry and hunting are somewhat important in the Greater Khingan ranges in the east. Reindeer herding is carried out by Evenks in

5888-521: The fire of nihilism" by criticizing predecessor Joseph Stalin in his On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences speech. Ji Zhengju described the lesson that the CCP draws from historical nihilism in the Soviet Union as "weakening and abandonment of Party guidance in the ideological field serves the schemes of western powers to divide, westernize, and vilify the system, and leads to the proliferation of all kinds of erroneous thought tides." CCP leadership expresses concerns about historical nihilism in

5980-498: The government of the People's Republic of China do not currently speak any form of Mongolic language . Such populations include the Sichuan Mongols (most of whom speak a form of Naic language ), the Yunnan Mongols (most of whom speak a form of Loloish language ), and the Mongols of Henan Mongol Autonomous County in Qinghai (most of whom speak Amdo Tibetan and/or Chinese ). As of July 2023, official publications have avoided references to Mongolians in China and instead used

6072-399: The greatest number of bordering provincial-level divisions. Most of its international border is with Mongolia, which, in Chinese, is sometimes called " Outer Mongolia ", while a small portion is with Russia's Zabaykalsky Krai . Inner Mongolia largely consists of the northern side of the North China Craton , a tilted and sedimented Precambrian block. In the extreme southwest is the edge of

6164-418: The grounds of fighting feudalism. Following the end of World War II , the Chinese Communists gained control of Manchuria as well as the Inner Mongolian Communists with decisive Soviet support and established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947. The Comintern army was absorbed into the People's Liberation Army. Initially, the autonomous region included just the Hulunbuir region. Over the next decade, as

6256-406: The history of the post-reform period'. Although China's reforms since the 1980s caused it to radically change and abandon many of the Marxist policies that had existed under Mao Zedong, the official state-sanctioned version of history under Xi Jinping teaches an interpretation of continuity, praising both the contributions made by the CCP of Mao's generation and the CCP of the post-reform period. This

6348-478: The main expressions of historical nihilism are: Rejecting the revolution ; claiming that the revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party resulted only in destruction; denying the historical inevitability in China's choice of the Socialist road, calling it the wrong path, and the Party's and new China's history a "continuous series of mistakes"; rejecting the accepted conclusions on historical events and figures, disparaging our Revolutionary precursors, and vilifying

6440-435: The modern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (though it deviates significantly at the Hebei-Inner Mongolia border). The Ming established the Three Guards composed of the Mongols there. Soon after the Tumu incident in 1449, when the Oirat ruler Esen taishi captured the Chinese emperor, Mongols flooded south from Outer Mongolia to Inner Mongolia. Thus from then on until 1635, Inner Mongolia was the political and cultural center of

6532-470: The nation. The official languages are Mandarin and Mongolian , the latter of which is written in the traditional Mongolian script , as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet , which is used in the country of Mongolia , formerly described as Outer Mongolia . In Chinese, the region is known as "Inner Mongolia", where the terms of "Inner and "Outer" are derived from Manchu dorgi and tulergi (cf. Mongolian dotugadu and gadagadu ). Inner Mongolia

6624-407: The perceived Sinocentric nature of the name "Inner Mongolia", some Mongols outside of China, particularly those in the state of Mongolia, prefer the name "Southern Mongolia". However, this name has not been adopted officially by any government bodies. Much of what is known about the history of the Mongolian Plateau is taken from Chinese chronicles and historians. Before the rise of the Mongols in

6716-457: The period of Mao Zedong (1949–1976) and Deng Xiaoping (1978–1989), neither leader made a clear attempt to engage against 'historical nihilism' as it is specifically understood today. According to Chinese historian Zhang Lifan , the main push to fight against 'historical nihilism', according to its specific modern meaning, undertaken by the CCP has its origin following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre and coinciding events within

6808-536: The period of history after reform and opening". Media and education in China is not allowed to represent history in a manner that is forbidden by government censors. In 2018, the Law on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs criminalized speech deemed slander of "heroes and martyrs". The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences established a specialized unit to propagate an official version of history. Topics on things like

6900-610: The population. In 1969, much of Inner Mongolia was distributed among surrounding provinces, with Hulunbuir divided between Heilongjiang and Jilin , Jirim going to Jilin , Juu Uda to Liaoning , and the Alashan and Ejine region divided among Gansu and Ningxia . This decision was reversed in 1979. Inner Mongolia was underdeveloped until the early 2000s, when huge mineral deposits including coal (such as Dongsheng Coalfield) and rare earth metals were discovered. GDP growth has continually been over 10%, even 15% and connections with

6992-477: The region, giving present-day Inner Mongolia its elongated shape. The leader of Inner Mongolia during that time, as both regional CPC secretary and head of regional government, was Ulanhu . During the Cultural Revolution , the administration of Ulanhu was purged, and a wave of repressions was initiated against the Mongol population of the autonomous region. Among the victims in Inner Mongolia, 75 per cent were Mongols, even though they only constituted 10 per cent of

7084-545: The region. After the Qin dynasty collapsed in 206 BC, these efforts were abandoned. During the Western Han dynasty , Emperor Wu sent the general Wei Qing to reconquer the Hetao region from the Xiongnu in 127 BC. After the conquest, Emperor Wu continued the policy of building settlements in Hetao to defend against the Xiong-Nu. In that same year, he established the commanderies of Shuofang and Wuyuan in Hetao. At

7176-493: The rise of market-oriented cultural production in post-socialist China as well as the development of new media technologies." They cite the TV drama adaptation of "Red Classics" as "a pertinent example of historical nihilism caused by market orientation in cultural production," explaining: To produce 'selling points' and increase audience ratings, some of the original works have been greatly revised for more dramatic tension, especially

7268-574: The same single category as Mongol along with Inner Mongols. The Chinese government also classifies the Tuvans as Mongols, despite Tuvans being a Turkic, non-Mongolic ethnic group. The official language used for all of these Mongols in China is a literary standard based on the Chahar dialect of Mongol. The ethnic classification might be inaccurate due to lack of information regarding the registering policy. Some populations officially classified as Mongols by

7360-600: The same time, what is now Eastern Inner Mongolia was controlled by the Xianbei , who would, later on, eclipse the Xiongnu in power and influence. During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD), Xiongnu who surrendered to the Han dynasty began to be settled in Hetao and intermingled with the Han immigrants in the area. Later on, during the Western Jin dynasty , it was a Xiongnu noble from Hetao, Liu Yuan , who established

7452-463: The sampled Mongols from China was C2 (22.9%, including 16.6% "Northern" i.e. Mongolian/Siberian C2b1a, 1.7% typically Mongolic C2c1a1a1-M407, and 4.6% "Southern" i.e. East Asian C2c1(xC2c1a1a1)), followed by N1-CTS3750 (6.3%, including 2.9% N1a2a1a~, 1.1% N1a2b2a1c~, 1.1% N1b2a2~, 0.6% N1a1a1a1a3a, and 0.6% N1b1), Q (4.6%, including 4.0% Q1a1a1 and 0.6% Q2a1a1), R1a1a1b2a-Z94 (2.3%), and D-M533 (1.1%). Y-chromosomal haplogroup E1b1b1a1b2 (V22)

7544-508: The state judges to be historical nihilism are subject to censorship and legal prosecution. In a January 2013 speech, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping described "hostile forces" as using historical nihilism to weaken the party's rule by smearing its history. In early 2021, Xi increased efforts to promote a "correct outlook on history" ahead of the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party , including opening

7636-622: The stories and images of some high-profile revolutionary heroes and CCP leaders. To curb the trend, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television (SARAFT) issued a notice in 2004, stipulating that all Red Classics TV dramas had to be submitted to the Censorship Committee of SARAFT for final approval after passing the initial censorship at the provincial level. According to Suisheng Zhao , some mainland Chinese scholars contend that Western scholars who describe

7728-626: The struggle between nomads and Chinese farmers. Slab Grave cultural monuments are found in Northern, Central and Eastern Mongolia , Inner Mongolia, North-Western China, Southern, Central-Eastern and Southern Baikal territory. Mongolian scholars prove that this culture related to the Proto-Mongols . During the Zhou dynasty , Central and Western Inner Mongolia (the Hetao region and surrounding areas) were inhabited by nomadic peoples such as

7820-554: The term "northern frontier culture" ( bei jiang wenhua ). Among the Mongols of China, mitochondrial haplogroup D was in first place (27.07%), followed by mitochondrial haplogroups B (11.60%), F (10.77%), Z (8.01%), G (7, 73%), C (6.91%), A (6.08%), N (5.25%) and M7 (5.25%). Other mitochondrial haplogroups (HV, H, I, M8, M9, M10, M11, R, T, U, W and Y) were sporadically distributed among the studied Mongols of China with frequencies of no more than 1.66%. Guang-Lin He et al. (2022) examined

7912-453: The theocratic rule of the Bogd Khan would be against their modernising objectives for Mongolia. Eventually, the newly formed Republic of China promised a new nation of five races ( Han , Manchu , Mongol , Tibetan and Uyghur ). and suppressed the Mongol rebellions in the area. The Republic of China reorganised Inner Mongolia into provinces: Some Republic of China maps still show this structure. The history of Inner Mongolia during

8004-532: Was abolished, all Chahar Mongol royal males were executed even if they were born to Manchu Qing princesses, and all Chahar Mongol royal females were sold into slavery except the Manchu Qing princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the direct control of the Qing Emperor, unlike the other Inner Mongol leagues which maintained their autonomy. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on

8096-445: Was established in 1947, incorporating the areas of the former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan , Chahar , Rehe , Liaobei , and Xing'an , along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia . Its area makes it the third largest Chinese administrative subdivision , constituting approximately 1,200,000 km (463,000 sq mi) and 12% of China's total land area. Due to its long span from east to west, Inner Mongolia

8188-561: Was founded shortly after the Second World War. It existed from 9 September 1945 until 6 November 1945. The Communist movement gradually gained momentum as part of the Third Communist International in Inner Mongolia during the Japanese period. By the end of WWII, the Inner Mongolian faction of the ComIntern had a functional militia and actively opposed the attempts at independence by De Wang's Chinggisid princes on

8280-577: Was located near present-day Dolonnor . During that time Ongud and Khunggirad peoples dominated the area of what is now Inner Mongolia. After the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Han-led Ming dynasty in 1368, the Ming captured parts of Inner Mongolia including Shangdu and Yingchang . The Ming rebuilt the Great Wall of China at its present location, which roughly follows the southern border of

8372-460: Was observed in one Mongol individual from Hohhot , G2a2b2a1a1a2a1a (L654.2) was observed in one Mongol individual from Alxa League , and I2a1b2a1a1a1 (BY128/Y5596) was observed in one Mongol individual from Hinggan League . Not all groups of people related to the medieval Mongols are officially classified as Mongols under the current system. Other official ethnic groups in China which speak Mongolic languages include: Mongols living in China face

8464-705: Was placed under house arrest in 1669 in Shenyang and the Kangxi Emperor gave his title to his son Borni. Abunai then bid his time and then he and his brother Lubuzung revolted against the Qing in 1675 during the Revolt of the Three Feudatories , with 3,000 Chahar Mongol followers joining in on the revolt. The revolt was put down within two months, the Qing then crushed the rebels in a battle on 20 April 1675, killing Abunai and all his followers. Their title

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