Misplaced Pages

#589410

51-705: Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula , with an area of around 70,714 km (27,303 sq mi), bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus , the narrowest part of the peninsula. The western part has highly steep coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river in the south is the Tapi , in Surat Thani , which, together with the Phum Duang in Surat Thani , drains more than 8,000 km (3,100 sq mi), more than 10 percent of

102-491: A GPP per capita of 182,371 baht (US$ 5,883), more than double for Yala province, which is fifth and more than three times for Narathiwat province, lowest in the ranking. Southern Thailand is connected with Bangkok by railway and highway. Several regional airports are located at the larger towns. The transportation hub of all of southern Thailand is Hat Yai. Phetkasem Road , the longest road in Thailand, runs from Bangkok along

153-560: A centre of culture, producing high quality works of music, dance, drama and handicraft. An Englishman Peter Floris who visited Patani in 1612–1613 described a dance performed in Patani as the finest he had seen in the Indies. Chinese merchants were important in the rise of Patani as a regional trade center. Chinese, Malay and Siamese merchants traded throughout the area, as well as Persians, Indians and Arabs. They were joined by others including

204-556: A diasporic Pasai community near Patani shows the locals had regular contact with Muslims . Patani became more important after Malacca was captured by the Portuguese in 1511 as Muslim traders sought alternative trading ports. A Dutch source indicates that most of the traders were Chinese, but 300 Portuguese traders had also settled in Patani by 1540s, but there were also Siamese and Japanese merchants. Portuguese sources mentioned their attack on Patani in 1524 and Chinese living in

255-604: A more conciliatory stance towards the Siamese. The Siamese had intended to attack Patani again in 1635, but the Raja of Kedah intervened to help with the negotiation. In 1641, Raja Kuning visited the Ayutthayan court to resume good relation. The power of the queen had declined by this period, and she did not appear to wield any significant political power. In 1646, Patani joined other tributary states to rebel against Ayutthaya, but

306-559: A sheikh named Sa'id or Shafi'uddin from Kampong Pasai (presumably a small community of traders from Pasai who lived on the outskirts of Patani) reportedly healed the king of a rare skin disease. After much negotiation (and recurrence of the disease), the king agreed to convert to Islam, adopting the name Sultan Ismail Shah. All of the Sultan's officials also agreed to convert. However, there is fragmentary evidence that some local people had begun to convert to Islam prior to this. The existence of

357-461: A stopping place for ships bound for, or arriving from, the Gulf of Thailand . Langkasuka reached its greatest economic success in the 6th and 7th centuries and afterward declined as a major trade center. Political circumstances suggest that by the 11th century, Langkasuka was no longer a major port visited by merchants. However, much of the decline may be due to the silting up of the waterway linking it to

408-510: A town be built where the mouse-deer had disappeared it was then named after "this beach". The founder is named in some sources as either Sri Wangsa or Phaya Tunakpa, a ruler of Kota Malikha or Kota Mahligai. The first ruler of Patani (some sources say his son) later converted to Islam and took the name Sultan Ismail Shah or Mahmud Shah. The Hikayat Patani also mentions that the ruler met an old fisherman there, who replied "Encik Tani" ("Mister Tani") when asked his name. An alternative suggestion

459-637: A way to access the Chinese market. After 1620, the Dutch and English both closed their warehouses, but a prosperous trade was continued by the Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese for most of the 17th century. Raja Hijau died on 28 August 1616 and was succeeded by her sister Raja Biru (the Blue Queen), who was around 50 when she became queen. Raja Biru persuaded the Kelantan Sultanate that lay to

510-610: Is 134 per square kilometre (350/sq mi). Religion in Southern Thailand (2015 census) Thailand is a Buddhist-majority country. About 93.46% in Thailand follow Buddhism. Buddhism is the majority religion in southern Thailand as well but makes up 75.45% of the region's people. The Thai follow Theravada Buddhism. Minority ethnic groups such as Khmer also follow Buddhism, and 10 of the 14 provinces in southern Thailand have Buddhist majorities. Islam constitutes 24.33% of Southern Thailand even though it constitutes only 5.36% of

561-421: Is a southwestern Tai language spoken in the 14 changwat of southern Thailand as well as by small Thai communities in the northernmost Malaysian states. It is spoken natively by roughly five million people and as a second language by the 1.5 million native speakers of Patani Malay , along with other ethnic groups such as the local Negritos communities, and other tribal groups. Although Central Thai

SECTION 10

#1732773147590

612-646: Is constructing the 1.9 billion baht Betong Airport . It is scheduled for completion in 2020. 8°03′33″N 99°58′32″E  /  8.0592°N 99.9756°E  / 8.0592; 99.9756 Malay Peninsula Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 545285112 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:52:27 GMT Patani Kingdom Patani , or

663-401: Is followed by industry (12 percent), trade (10 percent), transportation (9 percent), tourism (8 percent), and construction and property (7 percent). For FY 2018, Southern Thailand Region had a combined economic output of 1,402 trillion baht (US$ 45.2 billion), or 8.6 percent of Thailand's GDP. Surat Thani province had an economic output of 206.869 billion baht (US$ 6.67 billion), which is equal to

714-537: Is the sole official language in Thailand and most people are able to communicate in Central Thai, the language is only the third largest native language in southern Thailand, with roughly four hundred thousand native speakers. In particular, it is native only among the Teochew, Hoklo, Hakka and Cantonese ethnic groups , particularly in their major ethnic enclaves like Hat Yai and Bandon districts; their dialect

765-471: Is therefore that the town was named after the old fisherman, Pak Tani (Father Tani), who was sent by a king from the interior to survey the coast, to find a place for an appropriate settlement. After he established a successful fishing outpost, other people moved to join him. The town that grew into a prosperous trading center would continue to bear his name. Patani has been suggested to be founded some time between 1350 and 1450, although its history before 1500

816-468: Is unclear. According to the Malay Annals , Chau Sri Wangsa, a Siamese prince, founded Patani by conquering Kota Mahligai . He converted to Islam and took on the title of Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah in the late 15th to early 16th century. Patani may have become Islamised some time in the middle of 15th century, one source gives a date of 1470, but earlier dates have been proposed. A story tells of

867-608: Is very similar to the Krungthep dialect (the upper-class dialect of Bangkok) but is seasoned with some Southern Thai loanwords. The Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) identities Southern Thailand as 14 provinces. The Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) includes for Southern Thailand (east coast) also the two provinces of Prachuap Khiri Khan and Phetchaburi. Southern Thailand has 9.454 million inhabitants and its population density

918-823: The Malaysian border at the Ko Ta Ru Tao archipelago. The border with Malaysia is formed by the Sankalakhiri range , sometimes sub-divided into the Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla chain. At the Malaysian border, the Titiwangsa chain rises. The limestone of the west coast has been eroded into many steep singular hills. The parts submerged by the rising sea after the Last Ice Age now form many islands, like

969-684: The Portuguese in 1516, the Japanese in 1592, the Dutch in 1602, the English in 1612. The period of prosperity lasted between 1584 to 1688. Many Chinese also moved to Patani, perhaps due to the activity of Chinese pirate Lin Daoqian . A 1603 Dutch report by Jacob van Neck estimated that there may be as many Chinese in Patani as there were native Malays, and that they were responsible for most of

1020-467: The Sultanate of Patani ( Jawi : كسلطانن ڤطاني) was a Malay sultanate in the historical Pattani Region . It covered approximately the area of the modern Thai provinces of Pattani , Yala , Narathiwat and part of the Malaysian state of Kelantan . The 2nd–15th century state of Langkasuka and the 6–7th century state of Pan Pan may have been related. The golden age of Patani started during

1071-482: The 14th century, King Ram Khamhaeng the Great ( c.  1239 – 1317) of Sukhothai occupied Nakhon Si Thammarat and its vassal states which would include Patani if it had existed at that date. The Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom also conquered the isthmus during the 14th century, and controlled many smaller vassal states in a self-governing system in which the vassal states and tributary provinces pledged allegiance to

SECTION 20

#1732773147590

1122-547: The Kra Isthmus and then along the west coast of the peninsula. From Trang, it crosses over to the east coast to Hat Yai, and ends at the Malaysian border. Two Asian highways run through southern Thailand: Asian Highway 2 runs mostly parallel to the railroad all the way from Bangkok. It crosses to Malaysia at Sadao , and continues on the west side of the peninsula. Asian Highway 18 begins in Hat Yai and runs south along

1173-473: The Siamese ownership of Patani in the Burney Treaty in 1826. The throne stayed vacant for a few decades until 1842, when a member of Kelantanese royalty returned to reclaim the throne. While the raja ruled over Patani independently of Siam, Patani also recognised the authority of Siam and regularly sent the bunga mas tribute. In 1902, in a bid to assert full control of Patani, Siam arrested and deposed

1224-432: The Siamese royal title phra chao . Early in her reign she saw off an attempted coup by her prime minister, Bendahara Kayu Kelat. She also ordered that a channel be dug with a river dammed to divert water to ensure the supply of water to Patani. Raja Hijau ruled for 32 years, and brought considerable stability to the country. During her reign, trade with the outside increased, and as a result Pattani prospered. It also become

1275-492: The age of 10, but was later murdered by his half-brother Raja Bima after a dispute, and Raja Bima was himself killed. Raja Hijau (or Ratu Hijau, the Green Queen) came to the throne in 1584, apparently the result of a lack of male heirs after they were all killed in the turbulent preceding period, and became the first queen of Patani. Raja Hijau acknowledged Siamese authority, and adopted the title of peracau derived from

1326-548: The border with Malaysia. The Malay Peninsula has been settled since prehistoric times. Archeological remains were found in several caves, some used for dwellings, others as burial sites. The oldest remains were found in Lang Rongrien Cave, dating 38,000 to 27,000 years before present, and in the contemporary Moh Khiew cave. In the first millennium , Chinese chronicles mention several coastal cities or city-states. No exact geographical locations were recorded and so

1377-594: The capture and destruction of the city of Ayutthaya in 1767, as well as the death of the king. Siam was shattered, and as rivals fought for the vacant throne, Patani declared its complete independence. King Taksin defeated the Burmese and reunified the country, opening the way for the establishment of the Chakri dynasty by his successor, King Rama I . In 1786 Siam sent an army led by Prince Surasi (Viceroy Boworn Maha Surasinghanat ), younger brother of King Rama I, to seek

1428-401: The city. Raja Mahmud ruled in the mid-16th century and was seen as 'ruling justly' which caused considerable developments to the region. Sultan Ismail Shah was succeeded by Mudhaffar Shah. This period saw the rise of Burma , which made war on Ayutthaya. Another Burmese-Siamese war (1563–1564) led by King Bayinnaung forced King Maha Chakkraphat to surrender in 1564. Taking advantage of

1479-534: The commercial activity of Patani. In 1619, John Jourdain , the East India Company's chief factor at Bantam was killed off the coast of Patani by the Dutch. Ships were also lost, which eventually led to the withdrawal of the English from Patani. Potteries from the middle Ming to late Qing dynasties are found in the city, indicating extensive faraway trade. Patani was seen by European traders as

1530-487: The east coast, crossing to Malaysia at Sungai Kolok . The southern railway connects Bangkok to Hat Yai and continues from there to Sungai Kolok. There are branches from Ban Thung Phoe Junction to Kirirat Nikhom . Two smaller branches of the railway run from Thung Song to Trang and Nakhon Si Thammarat and from Hat Yai Junction to Malaysia and Singapore. Southern Thailand has five international airports and six domestic airports. As of 2018 Thailand's transport ministry

1581-1065: The identification of these cities with later settlements is difficult. The most important of those states were Langkasuka , usually considered a precursor of the Patani Kingdom ; Tambralinga , probably the precursor of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , or P'an-p'an in Phunphin district, Surat Thani, probably located at the Bandon Bay Tapi River . The cities were highly influenced by Indian culture, and have adopted Brahman or Buddhist religion. When Srivijaya in Chaiya extended its sphere of influence, those cities became tributary states of Srivijaya. The city Chaiya in Surat Thani Province contains several ruins from Srivijaya times, and

Southern Thailand - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-577: The immediate predecessor of Patani was Kota Mahligai ("the citadel town") whose ruler founded Patani, perhaps some time between 1350 and 1450. This Patani was located in Keresik (name in Malay) or Kru Se (in Thai), a few kilometers to the east of the current city. However, some think Patani was the same country known to the Chinese as Pan Pan . The region had been subject to Siamese control for some time. In

1683-514: The instability in Ayutthaya, the sultan of Patani Mudhaffar Shah attacked Ayutthaya in 1563 due to his unwelcome reception in the Thai court in the years prior. King Chakkraphat fled the city for two months but Mudhaffar failed to take the throne. He died suddenly in 1564 on his way back to Patani. His brother Sultan Manzur Shah (1564–1572) who was left in charge in Patani while he was away then became

1734-420: The invasion, political disorder continued for five decades, during which the local rulers were helpless to end the lawlessness of the region, and most foreign merchants abandoned trade with Patani. Towards the end of the 17th century, Patani was described in Chinese sources as sparsely populated and barbaric. In the 18th century, Ayutthaya under King Ekkathat faced another Burmese invasion . This culminated in

1785-426: The king of Ayutthaya , but otherwise ran their own affairs. The Hikayat Patani suggests the name Patani means "this beach" which is " pata ni " ( pantai ini ) in the local Malay language . In this story, a ruler went hunting one day and saw a beautiful white mouse-deer the size of a goat, which then disappeared. He asked his men where the animal had gone, and they replied: "Pata ni lah!" This ruler then ordered

1836-540: The late 17th century and it was invaded by Siam in 1786, which eventually absorbed the state after its last raja was deposed in 1902. An early kingdom in the Patani area was the Hindu - Buddhist Langkasuka , founded in the region as early as the 2nd century. It appeared in many accounts by Chinese travellers, among them was the Buddhist pilgrim Yijing . The kingdom drew trade from Chinese, Indian , and local traders as

1887-927: The middle of the peninsula are several mountain chains, with the highest elevation at Khao Luang , 1,835 m (6,020 ft), in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province . Ranging from the Kra Isthmus to Phuket Island is the Phuket chain , which connects to the Tanao Si Mountain Range further north. Almost parallel to the Phuket chain but 100 km (60 mi) to the east is the Nakhon Si Thammarat, or Banthat, chain , which begins with Samui Island , Ko Pha Ngan , and Ko Tao in Surat Thani Province and ends at

1938-413: The reign of the first of its four successive queens, Raja Hijau (The Green Queen), who came to the throne in 1584 and was followed by Raja Biru (The Blue Queen), Raja Ungu (The Purple Queen) and Raja Kuning (The Yellow Queen). During this period the kingdom's economic and military strength was greatly increased to the point that it was able to fight off four major Siamese invasions. It had declined by

1989-438: The ruler of Patani. Manzur Shah ruled for nine years, and after his death, Patani entered a period of political instability and violence. Two of its rulers were murdered by their relatives in fights for succession. The nine-year-old Raja Patik Siam (son of Mudhaffar Shah) and his regent (his aunt Raja Aisyah), were both murdered by his brother Raja Mambang, who was in turn killed. The son of Manzur Shah, Raja Bahdur, succeeded at

2040-582: The sea. The most substantial ruins believed to be ancient Langkasuka have been found in Yarang located approximately 15 kilometres from the sea and the current city of Pattani . How or when Langkasuka was replaced by Patani is unknown. Patani is not mentioned in the Javanese text Nagarakretagama written in 1365, but places such as Langkasuka, Sai and Kelantan are, which may indicate Patani had yet to be founded in this period. Hikayat Patani indicates that

2091-601: The south to become incorporated into Patani. After Raja Biru died in 1624, she was succeeded by her younger sister Raja Ungu (the Purple Queen). Raja Ungu, was more confrontational towards the Siamese, and abandoned the Siamese title peracau , using instead paduka syah alam ("her excellency ruler of the world"). She stopped paying the bunga mas tribute to Siam, and formed an alliance with Johor , marrying her daughter (who later became Raja Kuning ) off to their ruler Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III . However, her daughter

Southern Thailand - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-474: The submission of Patani. The siege of Patani by Siam occurred in 1786, this is followed by the destruction of the town, massacres as well as deportations of the inhabitants. Further, Siam invaded Patani several times in 1789–1791, 1808, 1831–1832 and 1838. This served to completely end the centuries old mandala system, effectively ending Pattani's status of an independent state. Bangkok divided Patani into seven small principalities ( hua muang ). Britain recognised

2193-644: The total area of southern Thailand. Smaller rivers include the Pattani , Saiburi , Krabi , and the Trang . The largest lake in the south is Songkhla Lake (1,040 km (400 sq mi) altogether). The largest artificial lake is the Chiao Lan (Ratchaprapha Dam), occupying 165 km (64 sq mi) of Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani . The total forest area is 17,964 km (6,936 sq mi) or 24.3 percent of provincial area. Running through

2244-587: The well-known Phi Phi Islands . Also well known is the so-called James Bond Island in Phang Nga Bay , featured in the movie The Man with the Golden Gun . The population of the growing region is projected to be 9,156,000 in 2015, up from 8,871,003 in 2010 (census count and adjusted). Although those figures are adjusted for citizens who have left for Bangkok or who moved to the region from elsewhere, as well as registered permanent residents (residency

2295-590: The whole country. Islam is mostly followed by the Malay people in Southernmost Thailand: Yala, Pattani, Naratiwat and Satun provinces, near Malaysia. There is also a small Thai Muslim population. Christianity makes up 0.21% of Southern Thailand's population. Sikhism makes up 0.05% in the region and is practiced by Indian immigrants. The bulk of the region's population relies on agriculture for 27 percent of its gross regional product in 2014. It

2346-476: Was a tributary state of Sukhothai. During most of later periods, Nakhon became a tributary of Ayutthaya . The deep south belonged to the Malay sultanates of Pattani and Kedah , while the northernmost part of the peninsula was under the control of Bangkok. During the Thesaphiban reforms at the end of the 19th century, both Nakhon Si Thammarat and Pattani were incorporated into the central state. The area

2397-510: Was already married to the king of Bordelong ( Phatthalung ), Okphaya Déca, who prompted the Siamese to attack Patani in 1633–1634. Siam, however, failed to take Patani. Raja Ungu died in 1634, and was succeeded by the last of four successive female rulers of Patani, Raja Kuning (or Ratu Kuning, the Yellow Queen). The war with Siam had caused considerable suffering to Patani as well as a significant decline in trade, and Raja Kuning adopted

2448-568: Was later subdued by Ayutthaya. According to Kelantanese sources, Raja Kuning was deposed in 1651 by the Raja of Kelantan , who installed his son as the ruler of Patani, and the period of Kelantanese dynasty in Patani began. A different queen appeared to have been in control of Patani again by 1670, and three queens of Kelantan lineage may have ruled Patani from 1670 to 1718. When Phetracha took control of Ayutthaya in 1688, Patani refused to acknowledge his authority and rebelled. Ayutthaya then invaded with 50,000 men and subdued Patani. Following

2499-500: Was probably a regional capital of the kingdom. Some Thai historians even claim that it was the capital of the kingdom itself for some time, but this is disputed. After Srivijaya lost its influence, Nakhon Si Thammarat became the dominant kingdom of the area. During the rule of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai , Thai influence first reached Nakhon Si Thammarat. According to the Ramkhamhaeng inscription, Nakhon Si Thammarat

2550-559: Was problematic in the prior 2000 census), the figure is still misleading. There are still a huge number of migrant or informal workers, temporary workers and even stateless people and a large expatriate population, which are not included. Most of southern Thailand is in Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests ecoregion . The Peninsular Malaysian rain forests and Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests ecoregions extend into southernmost Thailand along

2601-598: Was subdivided into 5 monthon , which were installed to control the city states ( mueang ). Minor mueang were merged into larger ones, thus forming the present 14 provinces. With the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 the boundary to Malaysia was fixed. Kedah came under British control, while Pattani stayed with Siam. The largest native language is Southern Thai ( Thai : ภาษาไทยใต้ [pʰaːsǎː tʰajtâːj] ), also known as Pak Thai or Dambro ( Thai : ภาษาตามโพร [pʰaːsǎː taːmpʰroː] ), which

SECTION 50

#1732773147590
#589410