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60-620: The lake is divided into three distinct parts. The southern part opens with a 380 m wide strait to the Gulf of Thailand at the city of Songkhla . Here it contains brackish water about half the salinity of seawater. Further north, after a narrowing to 6 km width, is the Thale Luang (782.80 km). At the northern end between mangrove swamps is the 28 km Thale Noi in Phatthalung Province . The most striking feature

120-523: A few times. Premises that fail to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licences if they still do not comply afterwards. In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage. Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Latin script for writing its own standard of Malay in general. Nonetheless,

180-529: A pipeline leak resulted in an oil slick that went on to coat a beach on the nearby Ka Samet island. In late January 2022, a leak in the pipeline operated by the Star Petroleum Refining Public Company Ltd caused a spill of 20 to 50 tonnes across 47 km of water, with some oil reaching the coast of Rayong province 20 km away. The gulf's many coral reefs have made it attractive to divers. The tropical warmth of

240-832: A tombstone discovered in Phan Rang , Vietnam dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei ; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik , East Java dated 475 AH (1082 CE). Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136 and King Merah Silu of Samudra Pasai in 1267 were among

300-543: Is Javanese Krama word to refer to the Java Island or Javanese people . According to Kamus Dewan , Jawi ( جاوي ) is a term synonymous to ' Malay '. The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi ( Kelantan-Pattani Malay , a Malayan language used in Southern Thailand ), Masuk Jawi (literally "to become Malay", referring to

360-576: Is "Gulf of Siam", Teluk Siam or in Jawi script : تلوق سيم ‎ , and in Khmer : ឈូងសមុទ្រសៀម , Chhoung Samut Siem . In Thai, the gulf is historically known as Ao Sayam ( Thai : อ่าวสยาม ). In Vietnamese it is known as Vịnh Thái Lan . It is generally identified with the Great Gulf ( Latin : Magnus Sinus ) known to Greek , Roman , Arab , Persian , and Renaissance cartographers before

420-831: Is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia , such as Acehnese , Magindanawn , Malay , Mëranaw , Minangkabau , Tausūg , and Ternate . Jawi is based on the Arabic script , consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit phonemes native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic , which are ca ( ⟨ چ ‎⟩ /t͡ʃ/ ), nga ( ⟨ ڠ ‎⟩ /ŋ/ ), pa ( ⟨ ڤ ‎⟩ /p/ ), ga ( ⟨ ݢ ‎⟩ /ɡ/ ), va ( ⟨ ۏ ‎⟩ /v/ ), and nya ( ⟨ ڽ ‎⟩ /ɲ/ ). Jawi

480-589: Is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand. Until the early 20th century, there was no standard spelling system for Jawi. The earliest orthographic reform towards a standard system was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by Za'aba , published in 1949. The final major reform was the Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling issued in 1986 , which

540-748: Is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'. Prior to the onset of Islamisation , the Pallava script , Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay , notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription . The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with

600-570: Is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words. Nonetheless, even different modern sources may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the matres lectionis ( alif ا , wau و and ya ي ) and the hamzah tiga suku ء , as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English . One source tends to use

660-565: Is currently in general usage. Today, Jawi is one of two official scripts in Brunei . In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the National Language Act 1963/67 , as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably Kelantan , Terengganu and Pahang , Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi

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720-614: Is found in Thale Luang, near the Si-Ha Islands of Phatthalung. They are threatened with extinction by overfishing and pollution. The IUCN Red List shows several populations, including those in the Mahakam River and Malampaya Sound , as critically endangered. As of March 2024, it is thought there are 14 individuals in the lake. Gulf of Thailand The Gulf of Thailand ( Thai : อ่าวไทย ), historically known as

780-747: Is subject to several territorial disputes. Malaysia and Thailand have chosen to jointly develop the disputed areas, which include the islands of Ko Kra and Ko Losin . A long-standing dispute between Cambodia and Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand concerns mainly the island of Phú Quốc or Koh Tral in Khmer, which is off the Cambodian coast. Cambodia also claims 48,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) of shelf area . Jawi script Jawi ( جاوي ‎ ; Acehnese : Jawoë ; Kelantan-Pattani : Yawi ; Malay pronunciation: [d͡ʒä.wi] )

840-738: Is surrounded on the north, west and southwest by the coastlines of Thailand , on the northeast by Cambodia and the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam , and opens to the South China Sea in the southeast. The modern Thai name of the gulf is Ao Thai ( Thai : อ่าวไทย , [ʔàːw tʰāj] , 'Thai Gulf') and "Gulf of Thailand" has been adopted as the official name of the body by the International Hydrographic Organization . Its name in Malay

900-468: Is the long 75 km long spit which separates the lake from the sea. Unlike most spits, it was probably formed when originally existing islands were connected by silting from the lake precursor. The Phru Khuan Khi Sian wetlands near the Thale Noi Lake have been protected as a Ramsar wetland since 1998. It is part of the larger Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area , created in 1975. Kuan Ki Sian of

960-533: Is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script. A sister variant called Pegon is used to write Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese and is still widely used in traditional religious schools across Java , but has been supplanted in common writing by the Latin alphabet and, in some cases, Javanese script and Sundanese script . Modern Jawi spelling

1020-845: The Bay of Bangkok , and to a lesser degree the Tapi River flowing into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southern limit of the gulf as "[a] line running from the Western extreme of Cambodia or Camau Point (8°36'N) to the Northern extreme of the point on the East side of the estuary of the Kelantan River ( 6°14′N 102°15′E  /  6.233°N 102.250°E  / 6.233; 102.250 )". The seabed morphology in

1080-717: The Royal Malaysia Police obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds it would trigger ethnic tensions. The state government of Kedah in Malaysia has long defended the use of Jawi in the state. The Menteri Besar of Kedah has denied the allegation that the state government was trying to create an Islamic state ambience by promoting the use of Jawi in 2008, saying that it is a normal occurrence evidenced by Chinese coffeeshops and pawnshops having signboards written in Jawi. This can further be seen later on when

1140-509: The colonial-era practice of naming regions based on the prevalent local political entities at the time. "Siam" itself is an exonym , believed to have origins in the Sanskrit word "Syama," which means "dark" or "brown," referring to the skin tone of the region's inhabitants. The term "Siam" was used internationally until 1939, when the country officially changed its name to Thailand. Following this renaming, "Gulf of Thailand" gradually became

1200-657: The 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century. Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet used for Javanese in Java and the Serang alphabet used for Buginese in South Sulawesi . Both writing systems applied extensive use of Arabic diacritics and added several letters which were formed differently from Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage,

1260-596: The Gulf Gulf of Siam ( Thai : อ่าวสยาม ), is a shallow inlet in the southwestern South China Sea , bounded between the southwestern shores of the Indochinese Peninsula and the northern half of the Malay Peninsula . It is around 800 km (500 mi) in length and up to 560 km (350 mi) in width, and has a surface area of 320,000 km (120,000 sq mi). The gulf

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1320-509: The Jawi script does have a regional status in native Malay areas such as Riau , Riau archipelago , Jambi , South Sumatra (i.e Palembang Malay language ), Aceh , and Kalimantan (i.e. Banjar language ). This is due to the fact that regional and native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include Javanese for Javanese regions, Sundanese for Sundanese regions, Madurese for Maduranese regions, and Jawi for Malay regions). Jawi script

1380-655: The Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims. The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone , dated 702 AH (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. This has attested

1440-474: The Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from

1500-642: The Kedah state government has shown its support with Johor state government's move to use Jawi in official matters in 2019. The exco of local authority of the state of Kedah had also stated that the Jawi script in billboards in Kedah is not forbidden, but rather recommended. He claims that the recommendation to use Jawi script has been gazetted in the state law, and that it has been part of the state identity to have billboards in Jawi script in addition to other scripts. He also stated that there are high demands in incorporating Jawi script in billboards in Kedah. Kuantan ,

1560-618: The Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area is at 07º50’N 100º08’E in a non-hunting area, Phatthalung. Just north of the very large Thale Luang (Lake Songkhla complex) in the south of the country, it is one of the few surviving intact freshwater wetland ecosystems in Thailand. Among the specific wetland types found here are lake , marsh , Melaleuca (also termed "paperbark") swamp forest , paddy fields , and swamp grasslands . "Kuans" are islands free of water for most of

1620-553: The World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The Sufic poems by Hamzah Fansuri and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation. Jawi script was the official script for the Unfederated Malay States when they were British protectorates. Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of Brunei . In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in

1680-637: The arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH (668/669 CE) in Barus, Sumatra ; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar , Kedah ; a tombstone found in Pekan , Pahang dated 419 AH (1026 CE);

1740-459: The central depression of the gulf is characterised by the presence of elongated mounds and ridges arranged parallel to the axis of the basin . This morphology, widespread within the gulf in water depths exceeding 50 m, covers an area of tens of thousands of square kilometres. It reflects an interaction between sediment dewatering and the erosional activity of the present-day bottom currents . The sediment dewatering and fluid seepage result in

1800-407: The coast of Chonburi Province showed high levels of microplastics , leading the authors to warn that, "Health risks are possible when people consume these contaminated marine organisms, particularly shellfish." Thailand's Pollution Control Department (PCD) estimates that plastic waste in the country is increasing at an annual rate of 12 percent, or around two million tonnes per year. In 2013,

1860-690: The earliest examples. At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat . The Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and was adapted to suit spoken Classical Malay . Six letters were added for sounds not found in Arabic: ca , pa , ga , nga , va and nya . Some Arabic letters are rarely used as they represent sounds not present in modern Malay however may be used to reflect

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1920-613: The endemic, critically endangered populations of cetaceans ( Eden's whales , newly described Omura's whales , Chinese white dolphins , and Irrawaddy dolphins showing unique feeding behaviors), and dugongs . It was first classified by Müller in 1776 as Trichechus dugon . Five species of the sea turtles have been found in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman sea coast, including olive ridley turtles, green turtles, hawksbill turtles, loggerhead turtles, and leatherback turtles. The area between Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam

1980-730: The erosion is attributable to the clearing of mangrove forests to make way for shrimp farms. In February 2017, a 10 kilometer-long patch of plastic refuse was found floating off Chumphon Province . Thailand is among the world's worst plastic polluters. More than half of "land-based plastic waste leakage" into the sea originates from just five countries: China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Thai Marine and Coastal Resources Department has noted that at least 300 sea animals on average—60 per cent of which are whales and dolphins—die from eating plastic fishing gear and trash each year. Filter feeding invertebrates tested off

2040-970: The following conventions; there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless. Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from right-to-left . Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable Ghazal untuk Rabiah , غزال اونتوق ربيعة ( English : A Ghazal for Rabiah). کيلاون اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁ دان چهاي مناري-ناري دلاڠيت بيرو⹁ تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراسا ء نکو⹁ يڠ ريندوکن کحاضيرن کاسيه. ݢمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو⹁ دان ڽاڽين ڤاري٢ دري کايڠن⹁ تيدقله داڤت تنترمکن سانوباري⹁ يڠ مندمباکن کڤستين کاسيهمو. ‎ Kilauan intan berkelip-kelip di langit tinggi, Dan cahaya menari-nari di langit biru, Tidaklah dapat menenangkan perasaanku, Yang rindukan kehadiran kasih. Gemersik irama merdu buluh perindu, Dan nyanyian pari-pari dari kayangan, Tidaklah dapat tenteramkan sanubari, Yang mendambakan kepastian kasihmu. The glimmer of gems twinkling in

2100-419: The formation of numerous small pits and pockmarks . The long-term erosion imposed by currents of stable orientation modifies pockmarks into long runnels and depressions, and ultimately leads to the formation of the large fields of elongated mounds and ridges, as well as the residual outliers of un-eroded mud and clay sheets. The larger islands in the gulf include: There are 75,590 rai of coral reef in

2160-522: The gulf is defined by a line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam (just south of the mouth of the Mekong River ) to the town of Tumpat and Pengkalan Chepa on the Malaysian coast. The gulf is relatively shallow: its mean depth is 58 metres (190 ft) and the maximum depth is only 85 metres (279 ft). This makes water exchange slow, and the strong water inflow from the rivers reduces

2220-647: The gulf, of which five percent are considered to be in fertile condition. In 2010 severe coral bleaching occurred at most reef sites in the country. Bleaching of reefs in the Andaman Sea was more severe and extensive than that in the Gulf of Thailand. In 2016, coral bleaching was detected at Ko Thalu and Ko Lueam in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province for the first time. Scientists have determined that bleaching starts when seawater temperature rises beyond 30 °C for more than three weeks. Given

2280-426: The influx of Portuguese explorers removed the phantom Dragon Tail peninsula from European world maps in the 16th century. The Gulf of Thailand , historically known as the Gulf of Siam , derives its name from the historical kingdom of Siam , the former name of modern-day Thailand. The term "Gulf of Siam" was widely used in Western cartography and geographical references up until the mid-20th century, reflecting

2340-458: The letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719). Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation. Historical epics such as the Malay Annals , as listed by UNESCO under Memories of

2400-662: The level of salinity in the gulf (3.05–3.25 percent) and enriches the sediments . Only at greater depths does water with a higher salinity (3.4 percent) flow into the gulf from the South China Sea . It fills the central depression below a depth of 50 metres (160 ft). The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya, including its distributary Tha Chin River , the Mae Klong , and Bang Pakong rivers at

2460-479: The lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca , Sultanate of Johor , Sultanate of Maguindanao , Sultanate of Brunei , Sultanate of Sulu , Sultanate of Pattani , the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by

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2520-528: The merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. It is the medium of expression of kings, nobility and the religious scholars. It is the traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation. Jawi

2580-499: The more commonly used term, especially in official contexts, although "Gulf of Siam" is still occasionally used. The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia , Thailand , Malaysia , and Vietnam . It occupies a seabed area of 304,000 km from 6° N to 13°30' N latitude and 99°E to 104° E longitude. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River . The southern boundary of

2640-474: The original spelling of Arabic loanwords. The sounds represented by these letters may be assimilated into sounds found in Malay's native phoneme inventory or in some instances appear unchanged. Like the other Arabic scripts, some letters are obligatorily joined while some are never joined. This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey , Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus,

2700-559: The practice of circumcision to symbolise the coming of age ), and Jawi pekan or Jawi Peranakan (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry). With verb-building circumfixes men-...-kan , menjawikan (literally ' to make something Malay ' ), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The phrase Tulisan Jawi that means ' Jawi script '

2760-497: The prolonged period of temperatures up to 32 °C at Ko Thalu in Prachuap Khiri Khan, five to ten percent of corals in the area are already bleached. Coastal water monitoring results in 2015 from 202 sampling locations, collected twice annually, indicate that no Thai coastal waters were found to be in excellent condition. Sixteen percent of coastal water was of good quality, 72 percent was of fair quality, 9 percent

2820-463: The spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advanced developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi. The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as

2880-406: The standard script of the Malay language, and gave birth to traditional Malay literature when it featured prominently in official correspondences, religious texts, and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting a form of the Latin alphabet called Rumi that

2940-580: The state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi on all signage across the city from 1 August 2019. This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold usage of the writing system. The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage statewide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed

3000-558: The states of Terengganu , Kelantan , Kedah , Perlis , Penang , Pahang and Johor . Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of Malaysian ringgit and Brunei dollar banknotes. Malays in Patani still use Jawi today for the same reasons. In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce

3060-550: The strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole. The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in

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3120-460: The system was developed and derived directly from the Arabic script , while scholars like R. O. Windstedt suggest it was developed with the influence of the Perso-Arabic alphabet . The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century carried the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was

3180-443: The teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic Chinese and Tamil vernacular schools attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an Islamization of the Malaysian education system. The Chinese educationist group Dong Jiao Zong organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence,

3240-696: The water attracts many tourists. Some of the most important tourist destinations in the Gulf of Thailand are the islands of Ko Samui and Ko Pha Ngan in Surat Thani Province , Pattaya in Chonburi Province , Cha-am in Phetchaburi Province , Hua Hin in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province , and Ko Samet in Rayong Province . In recent years, the bay has become known for its whale watching activities, targeting

3300-579: The year in the Melaleuca swamp forest. Kuan Ki Sian is a knoll at 0–2 meters above mean sea level in the Thale Noi area. The Thale Noi area is home to more than 5,000 families , almost all of whom rely on resource extraction or other land use within the area. Activities include fishing , cattle grazing, cultivation , mat -making and tourism . The site is visited by more than 200,000 visitors annually. A small population of Irrawaddy dolphins

3360-404: Was based on the Za'aba system. Jawi can be typed using the Jawi keyboard . The word Jawi ( جاوي ) is a shortening of the term in Arabic : الجزائر الجاوي , romanized :  Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi , lit.   'Java Archipelago', which is the term used by Arabs for Nusantara . The word jawi is a loanword from Javanese : ꦗꦮꦶ , romanized:  jawi which

3420-442: Was developed during the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia , supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone , a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. There are two competing theories on the origins of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that

3480-644: Was of poor quality and 3 percent was of very poor quality. The quality of all coastal waters exhibited similar percentages — most were of fair quality — except for the Inner Gulf of Thailand, where the coastal water was poor to very poor. In comparison to coastal water quality as measured in 2014, water quality has deteriorated. Some gulf waters off Chachoengsao Province , Samut Sakhon Province , Samut Prakan Province , Bangkok, Rayong Province , Chonburi Province , Phetchaburi Province , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province , and Surat Thani Province were judged to have coastal waters in "poor" or "very poor" condition. Songkhla

3540-444: Was the only province on the gulf with coastal water rated "good" quality. Of Thailand's total marine catch, 41 percent is caught in the Gulf of Thailand and 19 percent in the Andaman Sea . Forty percent is caught in waters outside Thailand's EEZ . Thailand has 1,660 kilometres of coastline bordering the gulf. "Severe erosion", more than five metres of coastline loss per year, afflicts 670 kilometres of that total. At least some of

3600-404: Was used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and Malayisation of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script. Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521),

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