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78-636: The riyal has been the currency of Saudi Arabia since the country came into being and was the currency of Hejaz before Saudi Arabia was created, one of the primary currencies in the Mediterranean region during the Ottoman era . The Hejaz riyal was based on but not equivalent to the Ottoman 20 kuruş coin and was consequently divided into 20 qirsh. However, although the Hejaz riyal was the same weight as

156-776: A Shia minority in the cities of Medina, Mecca and Jeddah. Many consider themselves more cosmopolitan because Hejaz was for centuries a part of the great empires of Islam from the Umayyads to the Ottomans . People of Hejaz, who feel particularly connected to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, have probably the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia. Fahd of Saudi Arabia Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( Arabic : فهد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود ; 1920, 1921 or 1923 – 1 August 2005)

234-427: A cane and then a wheelchair, though he still attended meetings and received selected visitors. In November 2003, according to government media, King Fahd was quoted as saying to "strike with an iron fist" at terrorists after deadly bombings in Saudi Arabia, although he could hardly utter a word because of his deteriorating health. However, it was Crown Prince Abdullah who took official trips; when King Fahd traveled, it

312-686: A decade prior, while Princes Nasser and Saad were both considered unsuitable candidates. By contrast, Prince Fahd had served as minister of education from 1954 to 1962 and minister of interior from 1962 to 1975. The appointment of Prince Fahd as both crown prince and first deputy prime minister made him a much more powerful figure in contrast to the status of King Khalid when he had been crown prince during King Faisal's reign. However, King Khalid had an influence over Fahd's activities and limited his powers, probably due to Fahd's very clear pro-Western views and hostile approach against Iran and Shia population of Saudi Arabia. During this period Crown Prince Fahd

390-453: A decree on 1 March 1992. The decree expanded the criteria for succession, which had been only seniority and family consensus, and led to speculations. The most significant change by the edict was that the King did acquire the right to appoint or dismiss his heir apparent based on suitability rather than seniority and that the grandsons of Abdulaziz became eligible for the throne. King Fahd was

468-414: A group of reformists and prominent Saudi intellectuals petitioned King Fahd for wide-ranging reforms, including widening political representation and curbing the royal family's wasteful spending. King Fahd first responded by ignoring their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly persecuted, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs. During King Fahd's rule, the royal family's lavish spending of

546-484: A heavy smoker, overweight for much of his adult life, and in his sixties began to suffer from arthritis and severe diabetes . He suffered a debilitating stroke on 29 November 1995 and became noticeably frail, and decided to delegate the running of the Kingdom to Crown Prince Abdullah on 2 January 1996. On 21 February, King Fahd resumed official duties. After his stroke, King Fahd was partly inactive and had to use

624-475: A meeting of Arab Heads of State in Egypt in 1965. At the beginning of King Faisal's reign Prince Fahd became a member of the council which had been established by the king to guide the succession issues. On 2 January 1967 Prince Fahd survived an assassination attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office at the ministry. He was not there during the incident, but the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of

702-431: A number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area, like those of Al-Aḥzāb ("The Confederates"), Badr and Ḥunayn . They involved both Makkan companions , such as Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib , Ubayda ibn al-Harith and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas , and Madani companions. The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire. Due to

780-774: A reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king. Fahd bin Abdulaziz was born in the walled town of Riyadh in 1920, 1921 or 1923. He was the eighth son of King Abdulaziz, and his eldest son by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. Fahd and his six full brothers are known as the Sudairi Seven . Fahd was Hassa's second son; his elder half-brother Abdullah bin Muhammad was his mother's only son from her previous marriage to Prince Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman , Fahd's paternal uncle. Fahd's education took place at

858-638: Is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia , covering the cities of Mecca , Medina , Jeddah , Tabuk , Yanbu , Taif and Baljurashi . It is thus known as the "Western Province", and it is bordered in the west by the Red Sea , in the north by Jordan , in the east by the Najd , and in the south by the Region of 'Asir . Its largest city is Jeddah, which is the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia, with Mecca and Medina, respectively, being

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936-696: The Mahd adh-Dhahab ("Cradle of the Gold") ( 23°30′13″N 40°51′35″E  /  23.50361°N 40.85972°E  / 23.50361; 40.85972 ) and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow 600 miles (970 km) north east to the Persian Gulf via the Wādi Al-Rummah and Wādi Al-Bātin system. Archaeological research led by of Boston University and the University of Qassim indicates that

1014-548: The G20 , attracted attention on release, as its reverse depicts the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir as a separate nation from India . While this design feature was met with criticism in most of India, it was received favourably by people in Kashmir and on social media, as it was viewed as a tacit form of approval of the region's separatism movement. 66 mm 68 mm 70 mm 72 mm 74 mm In June 1986,

1092-755: The Princes' School in Riyadh, a school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education of members of the House of Saud. He received education for four years as a result of his mother's urging. While at the Princes' School, Fahd studied under tutors including Sheikh Abdul Ghani Khayat. He then went on to receive education at the Religious Knowledge Institute in Mecca . Prince Fahd

1170-569: The Qur'an , and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to Petra . Construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud . The location is also called Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ ("Cities of Saleh"), as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet Saleh was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under

1248-641: The attack on the USS Stark , and in 1988 agreed to buy between fifty and sixty nuclear-payload-capable CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles. King Fahd developed a peace plan in order to resolve Arab differences particularly between Algeria and Morocco. In 1981, he formulated a peace plan for the Middle East to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict , which was adopted by the Arab League

1326-700: The early Muslim conquests , and it formed part of successive caliphates, first the Rashidun Caliphate , followed by the Umayyad Caliphate , and finally the Abbasid Caliphate . The Ottoman Empire held partial control over the area; after its dissolution, an independent Kingdom of Hejaz existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring Sultanate of Nejd , creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd . In September 1932,

1404-616: The 500 riyal followed in September 2007, and finally the 1 riyal note completed the series in December 2007. It is expected by the SAMA that the fourth (current) series will take approximately two years to phase out, although a complete removal of the current series require more than two years since the fourth series has been in circulation for well over 25 years. The fourth series which feature King Fahd 's picture will remain legal tender under

1482-527: The Balkans, Mandi ( مَنْدي ) and Mutabbag ( مُطَبَّق ) from Yemen, Biryāni برياني and Kābli ( كابلي ) rice dishes from South Asia . Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma and kebab are well-known in Hejaz. The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice. The region is located along the Red Sea Rift. It is also known for its darker , more volcanic sand . Depending on the previous definition,

1560-600: The Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This day is commemorated as the Saudi National Day . The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by that of Islam , especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. Moreover, the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia, and the Sharia is the main legal source. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is not just adhered politically by

1638-608: The Hejaz includes some of the mountains of the Sarat range , which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah. Bdellium plants are also abundant in the Hejaz. Saudi Arabia, and in particular the Hejaz, is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes. Lava fields in the Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of ḥarrāt ( حَرَّات , singular: ḥarrah ( حَرَّة )), form one of Earth's largest alkali basalt regions, covering some 180,000 km (69,000 sq mi), an area greater than

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1716-658: The Hejaz was part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea . According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) brought his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. The Adnanites were a tribal confederation of the Ishmaelite Arabs , who trace their lineage back to Ishmael son of the Islamic prophet and patriarch Abraham and his wife Hagar through Adnan , who originate from

1794-558: The Hejaz. Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the Ka'bah ('Cube'), which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region. For example, in Arab or Islamic belief,

1872-516: The House of Saud. On 24 December 1953, he was appointed as Saudi Arabia's first education minister. Prince Fahd led the Saudi delegation to the League of Arab States in 1959, signifying his increasing prominence in the House of Saud and his being groomed for a more significant role. In 1962, he was given the important post of interior minister. As interior minister he headed the Saudi delegation at

1950-769: The King Fahd's support to Hafez Assad Arab countries did not manage to realize their decision to end Syrian presence in Lebanon in the summit of the Arab League held in Casablanca , Morocco, in May 1989. He supported the conservative Saudi religious establishment, including spending millions of dollars on religious education, strengthened separation of the sexes and power of the religious police , publicly endorsed Sheikh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz 's warning to young Saudis to avoid

2028-527: The Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of Al-Hasa and Qatif , creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The name of the region is derived from a verb ḥajaza ( حَجَز ), from the Arabic root ḥ-j-z ( ح-ج-ز ), meaning "to separate", and it is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihāmah in the west. One or possibly two megalithic dolmen have been found in Hejaz. The Hejaz includes both

2106-545: The Kingdom's grand mufti, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Al Sheikh . The King's son Abdulaziz carried the body to the mosque and to the Al Oud cemetery , Riyadh, some two kilometres away, a public cemetery where Fahd's four predecessors and other members of the Al Saud ruling family are buried. Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the burial. Only ruling family members and Saudi citizens were on hand as

2184-521: The Monetary Agency began issuing regular banknotes for 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 riyals on 15 June 1961. The Pilgrim Receipts were withdrawn on 1 February 1965. 500 Riyal notes were introduced in 1983. 20 and 200 riyal banknotes were issued in 2000 to commemorate the centenary of the founding of what became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The 5th series of banknotes bearing the face of King Abdullah were issued in 2007. The 6th series of banknotes bearing

2262-738: The Nicaraguan Contras , providing "a million dollars per month from May to December 1984". King Fahd was also a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause and an opponent of the State of Israel . Towards the beginning of Fahd's reign, he was a staunch ally of the United States However, Fahd distanced himself from the US throughout parts of his reign, declining to allow the US to use Saudi air bases to protect naval convoys after

2340-407: The Ottoman 20 kuruş, it was minted in .917 fineness , compared to .830 fineness for the Ottoman coin. Thus, because the first Saudi riyal had the same specifications as the Hejaz riyal and circulated alongside Ottoman coins, it came to be worth 22 Ottoman kuruş and was consequently subdivided into 22 ghirsh when coins denominated in qirsh were issued from 1925. The system remained even though the riyal

2418-513: The Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority announced the first polymer note to be used in Saudi Arabia, being the 5 riyals note, to replace the current paper banknote, without any announcement on the other banknotes. The banknote was said to feature more environmentally friendly materials and additional security features, in addition to a much longer lifespan. The commemorative 20 riyal note, released in 2020 to commemorate

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2496-471: The Saudi Arabian monetary law. The new series have the latest and most advanced security system to prevent from counterfeiting and other similar activities. The newly renamed Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority unveiled a new family of banknotes with the portrait of King Salman on banknotes from 5 to 100 riyals, with a portrait of King Abdulaziz Al Saud on the 500 riyals banknote. On the 4 October 2020,

2574-728: The Saudi-owned Trans-Arabian Pipeline in the Golan Heights on 31 May 1969 and also, was planning a plot against the King. During his absence which was reported by the officials as a medical leave Prince Fahd stayed in London and then, in Spain where he spent the time on gambling and leisure. King Faisal sent him both Omar Al Saqqaf , his envoy, and several letters asking him to return to the country, but Prince Fahd did not follow his request. Prince Fahd

2652-582: The US$ 100 million Prince Abdulaziz . The ship featured two swimming pools, a ballroom, a gym, a theatre, a portable garden, a hospital with an intensive-care unit and two operating rooms, and four American Stinger missiles . The king also had a personal $ US150 million Boeing 747 jet, equipped with his own fountain. In Fahd's younger years, he used to engage in activities considered un-Islamic, such as drinking and gambling. Fahd reportedly lost millions of dollars in casinos and started using illegal methods to regain

2730-615: The United States of America. Because of these and other disagreements King Faisal had planned to remove Prince Fahd from the post of second deputy prime minister which was not materialized by the king. After the murder of King Faisal in 1975 and the accession of King Khalid, Fahd was named first deputy prime minister and concurrently crown prince. Besides King Khalid, Prince Fahd had three elder half-brothers living at that time: Muhammad , Nasser and Saad . However, Prince Muhammad had denied appointment by King Faisal as crown prince

2808-407: The body was lowered into the grave. Muslim leaders offered condolences at the mosque, while other foreign dignitaries and leaders who came after the funeral paid their respects at the royal court. In accordance with regulations and social traditions, Saudi Arabia declared a national mourning period of three days during which all offices were closed. Government offices remained closed for the rest of

2886-454: The coast of the Red Sea. The project will involve "the development of 22 of the 90+ islands" that lie along the coast to create a "fully integrated luxury mixed-use destination", and will be "governed by laws on par with international standards". The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia, containing 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia. Most people of Hejaz are Sunnis with

2964-495: The country's wealth reached its height. In addition, the biggest and most controversial military contract of the century, the Al-Yamamah arms deal was signed on his watch. The contract has cost the Saudi treasury more than $ 90 billion. These funds were originally allocated to building hospitals, schools, universities, and roads. As a result, Saudi Arabia endured a stagnation in infrastructure development from 1986 until 2005 when

3042-490: The country, it is pronounced girsh) were minted in Mecca by Ibn Saud . They were followed, in 1926, by 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 qirsh cupro-nickel pieces carrying the title "King of Hejaz and Sultan of Nejd". In 1927, the royal title was changed to "King of Hejaz and Nejd and Dependencies" and coins were issued in denominations of 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 qirsh in cupro-nickel and 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 riyal in silver. In 1935,

3120-456: The death of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the throne. He is credited for having introduced the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia in 1992. He suffered a debilitating stroke in 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing his full official duties. His half-brother Crown Prince Abdullah served as de facto regent of the kingdom and succeeded Fahd as king upon his death in 2005. With

3198-564: The end of the Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, Hussein bin Ali became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz. In 1924, Ali bin Hussein succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then Ibn Saud succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from 1926 to 1932. On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of

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3276-792: The face of King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud were issued on 14/3/1438H (13/12/2016). On May 20, 2007, "the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, pursuant to article (4) of the Saudi Currency Law, issued under the Royal Decree No. (6) and dated 1/7/1379H." announced the fifth domination of the Saudi riyal that features King Abdullah 's picture on all notes except the 500 riyals, which features King Abdulaziz . The 100 and 50 riyal notes were released on May 21, 2007. The 10 and 5 riyal notes followed in June 2007, then

3354-530: The first coins were issued in the name of Saudi Arabia. These were silver 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 riyal coins which were nearly 50% lighter than the previous issue. Cupro-nickel 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 qirsh were also issued from 1937. In 1946 ( AH 1365), many of the cupro-nickel coins were countermarked with the Arabic numerals 65 in what Krause and Mishler describe as "a move to break money changers' monopoly on small coins". Cupro-nickel 2 and 4 qirsh were introduced in 1957. In 1963,

3432-651: The following year. The initiative, which offers peace to Israel in exchange for the return of Palestinian territories, was revived in almost the same form at a meeting of the League in 2002. He also actively contributed to the Taif accord in 1989 that ended conflict in Lebanon. In addition, he led the Arab world against the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. He developed a special bond with both Syrian President Hafez Assad and Egyptian President Hosni Mobarak during his reign. Due to

3510-520: The fourth- and fifth-largest cities in the country. As the location of the cities of Mecca and Medina, respectively the first and second holiest sites in Islam , the Hejaz is significant in the Arabo-Islamic historical and political landscape. This region is the most populated in Saudi Arabia, and Arabic is the predominant language, as in the rest of Saudi Arabia, with Hejazi Arabic being

3588-687: The government but also it has a great influence on the people's culture and everyday life. The society is in general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family-oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage. Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia, Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like Saleeg . Other Dishes were imported from other cultures through Saudis of different origins, like Mantu ( منتو ), Yaghmush ( يَغْمُش ) and Ruz Bukhāri ( رُز بُخاري ) from Central Asia, Burēk ( بُريك ) and Šurēk شُريك and Kabab almīru ( كباب الميرو ) from Turkey and

3666-535: The halala was introduced, and bronze 1 halala coins were issued. That was the only year they were struck. Cupro-nickel 5, 10, 25 and 50 halala followed in 1972, inscribed with their denomination in ghirsh or riyal (1, 2 qirsh, 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 riyal). In 1976, cupro-nickel 1 riyal coins were introduced, which are also inscribed with the denomination 100 halala. Bimetallic 1 riyal coins, also marked 100 halala, were issued in 1999. A new series of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 halalas and bimetallic 1 and 2 riyal coins

3744-888: The inflationary effects low interest rates and a lower value for the riyal. The riyal returned to its peg against the U.S. dollar in early December 2007. Saudi Arabia is a member of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf , which planned a monetary union with a single currency by 2010. However, all GCC countries operate with their own currency so far. Hejaz The Hejaz ( / h iː ˈ dʒ æ z , h ɪ ˈ -/ , also US : / h ɛ ˈ -/ ; Arabic : ٱلْحِجَاز , romanized :  al-Ḥijāz , lit.   'the Barrier';, Hejazi Arabic pronunciation: [alħɪˈdʒaːz] )

3822-493: The influence of other people, such as the Nabataeans , whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca. As the land of Mecca and Medina, the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic Ummah of followers, bore patience with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, preached or implemented his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here,

3900-424: The king had died at 07:30 on 1 August 2005 at age 84. Official statement was announced on state television at 10:00 by Information Minister Iyad Madani . King Fahd was buried in the last thawb (traditional Arab robe) he wore. Fahd's body was carried to Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque , and funeral prayers were held at around 15:30 local time (12:30 GMT) on 2 August. The prayers for the late monarch were led by

3978-415: The ministry. Prince Fahd was named second deputy prime minister in 1967 when King Faisal established the office. The post was created upon the request of Crown Prince Khalid due to the fact that he himself did not want to continue to preside over the council of ministers. King Faisal was not very enthusiastic about the appointment of Prince Fahd to the post. Between October 1969 and May 1970 Prince Fahd

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4056-407: The most widely spoken dialect here. Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins, although the vast majority are of Arab origin. According to Islamic tradition , this region is the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , who was born in Mecca, which is locally considered to have been founded by his ancestors Abraham , Ishmael , and Hagar . The area became part of his empire through

4134-423: The new King, Abdullah, fully came into power. Like all the countries bordering the Persian Gulf , Saudi Arabia under King Fahd focused its industrial development on hydrocarbon installations. Up to this day, the country is reliant on imports for nearly all its light and heavy machinery. King Fahd established a Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs directed by senior family members and technocrats in 1994. The council

4212-504: The path of evil by not traveling to Europe and the United States. This further distanced him from his inconvenient past. In 1990, Iraqi forces under Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, placing the Iraqi army (then the largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border. King Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Kingdom and later allowed American troops to be based there. This decision brought him considerable criticism and opposition from many Saudi citizens, who objected to

4290-526: The period of affluence experienced under his two predecessors. Fearing that the 1979 Revolution in Iran could lead to similar Islamic upheaval in Saudi Arabia, Fahd spent considerable sums, after ascending the throne in 1982, to support Saddam Hussein 's Baathist Iraq in its war with Iran . In fact, according to United States Secretary of State Alexander Haig , Fahd told Haig in April 1981 that he had been used as an intermediary by President Jimmy Carter to convey an official U.S. " green light to launch

4368-525: The presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil; this was a casus belli against the Saudi royal family prominently cited by Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda . His decision was also objected to by his full brothers or the Sudairi Seven. Another cause for criticism came when during an event with the British Royal Family, King Fahd was seen wearing a white decoration in the shape of a cross; in 1994 Bin Laden cited this as "abomination" and "clearly infidelity". King Fahd showed little tolerance for reformists. In 1992,

4446-435: The presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz, the region was ruled by numerous empires. The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate , in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 ACE . The region was then under the control of regional powers, such as Egypt and the Ottoman Empire , throughout much of its later history. After the Ottomans lost control of it, Hejaz became an independent state. After

4524-411: The reign of King Saud . Afterwards he was minister of interior from 1962 to 1975, at the end of King Saud's reign and throughout King Faisal 's reign. He was appointed crown prince when his half-brother Khalid became king following the assassination of King Faisal in 1975. Fahd was viewed as the de facto leader of the country during King Khalid's reign in part due to the latter's ill health. Upon

4602-410: The river system was active in 2500–3000 BCE. According to Al-Masudi the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of ancient Israel, and according to Butrus al-Bustani the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state. The German orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz. The Midianites of the Bible lived in Hejaz. The northern part of

4680-438: The riyal was officially pegged to the IMF 's special drawing rights (SDRs). In practice, it is fixed at 1 U.S. dollar = 3.75 riyals, which translates to approximately 1 riyal = 0.266667 dollar. This rate was made official on January 1, 2003. The riyal briefly rose to a 20-year high after the US Federal Reserve cut interest rates on September 18, 2007, and the SAMA chose not to follow suit, partially due to concerns about

4758-597: The same amount. When Fahd's brothers found out about his habits which were considered a disgrace to the House of Saud, he was immediately summoned to King Faisal's palace. Upon arrival, King Faisal slapped him across the face. From then on, Fahd was more circumspect and put a stop to his un-Islamic habits. King Fahd was married at least thirteen times. The spouses of King Fahd were as follows: King Fahd had six sons and four daughters. His sons are: One of his daughters, Latifa bint Fahd , died at age 54 in Geneva in late December 2013. Another daughter, Al Jawhara bint Fahd,

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4836-402: The second-richest person in the world at that time). Forbes estimated Fahd's wealth to be $ 25 billion in 2002. In addition to residences in Saudi Arabia, he had a palace on Spain's Costa del Sol which made Marbella a famous place. King Fahd was known to enjoy luxurious living abroad and a lavish lifestyle. He visited the ports of the French Riviera in his 147-metre (482 ft) yacht,

4914-542: The state of Missouri . Al Bahah Region : Medina : Mecca Province : Tabuk Region : As a component of Saudi Vision 2030 , a touristic destination with an area of 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 square miles) is under development, between the towns of Umluj ( 25°3′0″N 37°15′54.36″E  /  25.05000°N 37.2651000°E  / 25.05000; 37.2651000 ) and Al-Wajh ( 26°14′11.76″N 36°28′8.04″E  /  26.2366000°N 36.4689000°E  / 26.2366000; 36.4689000 ), on

4992-408: The title " Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques " in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to signify an Islamic rather than secular authority. Unlike the reigns of King Faisal and King Khalid, his reign witnessed significant decrease in the oil price which sharply reduced the oil revenues of Saudi Arabia. Due to this Madawi Al Rasheed described the reign of King Fahd as the era of austerity in contrast to

5070-413: The tribe of Quraysh would descend from Isma'il ibn Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah, and include Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf . From the Period of Jāhiliyyah ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of Pilgrimage , and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrahim. It

5148-430: The war against Iran " to Iraq, although there is considerable skepticism about this claim. Fahd was a supporter of the United Nations. He supported foreign aid and gave 5.5% of Saudi Arabia's national income through various funds, especially the Saudi Fund for Development and the OPEC Fund for International Development . He also gave aid to foreign groups such as the Bosnian Muslims in the Yugoslav Wars , as well as

5226-451: The week. The state flag was not lowered (since the flag of Saudi Arabia bears the Shahada , the Islamic declaration of faith , the flag's protocol requires the flag not to be lowered). After Fahd's death, many Arab countries declared mourning periods. Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Syria, Yemen, the Arab League in Cairo, and the Palestinian Authority all declared three-day mourning periods. Pakistan and

5304-420: Was King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 13 June 1982 until his death in 2005. Prior to his ascension, he was Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia from 1975 to 1982. He was the eighth son of King Abdulaziz , the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Fahd was the eldest of the Sudairi Seven , the sons of King Abdulaziz by Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi . He served as minister of education from 1953 to 1962 during

5382-405: Was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to migrate to Medina, to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca . Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al-Hijr . The name Al-Ḥijr ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in

5460-528: Was for vacations, and he was sometimes absent from Saudi Arabia for months at a time. When his oldest son and International Olympic Committee member Prince Faisal bin Fahd died in 1999, the King was in Spain and did not return for the funeral. In a speech to an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd condemned terrorism and exhorted Muslim clerics to emphasize peace, security, cooperation, justice, and tolerance in their sermons. Fortune Magazine reported his wealth in 1988 at $ 18 billion (making him

5538-443: Was issued in 2016. In 1953, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) began issuing Hajj Pilgrim Receipts for 10 riyals, with 1 and 5 riyals following in 1954 and 1956, respectively. These resembled banknotes and were initially intended for use by pilgrims who exchanged foreign currency for them. However, they became widely accepted in Saudi Arabia and largely replaced silver riyal coins in major financial transactions. Consequently,

5616-518: Was made a member of the royal advisory board at his mother's urging. In 1945, he traveled on his first state visit to San Francisco for the signing of the Charter of the United Nations . On this trip he served under Prince Faisal who was at the time Saudi Arabia's foreign minister. Fahd led his first official state visit in 1953, attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on behalf of

5694-520: Was made the head of the Supreme Council on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established by King Faisal. However, the relations between King Faisal and Prince Fahd were still strained due to Prince Fahd's gambling visits to Monte Carlo , Monaco. In addition, Prince Fahd was not a supporter of the oil embargo which he regarded as a potential threat to the relationships between Saudi Arabia and

5772-564: Was on leave which was regarded by Nadav Safran as an indication of major confrontation in the government. One of the reasons for this confrontation was the disagreement between King Faisal and Prince Fahd concerning security policies. Because King Faisal accused him of being late to implement severe measures to arrest those who had contacts with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The PFLP attacked and damaged

5850-405: Was one of the members of the inner family council led by King Khalid, which included Fahd's brothers Muhammad, Abdullah, Sultan and Abdul Muhsin and his uncles Ahmed and Musaid . When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded to the throne being the fifth king of Saudi Arabia. However, the most active period of his life was not his reign, but when he was Crown Prince. King Fahd adopted

5928-630: Was planned to function as an ombudsman of Islamic activity concerning educational, economic, and foreign policy matters. The chairman of the council was Prince Sultan. Prince Nayef, Prince Saud Al Faisal and technocrat Mohammed bin Ali Aba Al Khail were appointed to the newly established council. One of the covert purposes of the council was thought to be to reduce the power of the Ulemas Council had been increasing its power. In an effort to institutionalize succession King Fahd issued

6006-486: Was subsequently debased to a coin equivalent, in silver content, to the Indian rupee in 1935. In 1960, the system was changed to 20 qirsh to a riyal, which was followed in 1963 by the introduction of the halala , one hundredth of a riyal. Some Saudi coins still bear denominations in qirsh, but it is no longer commonly used. In 1925, transitional copper coins for 1 ⁄ 4 and 1 ⁄ 2 qirsh (in some parts of

6084-685: Was the wife of Turki bin Mohammad bin Saud Al Kabeer and died in June 2016. Another daughter princess Lulwa bint Fahd also died on 18 April 2022. His daughters are: King Fahd was admitted to the King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh on 27 May 2005 in "stable but serious condition" for unspecified medical tests. An official (who insisted on anonymity) told the Associated Press unofficially that

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