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98-544: SavaCentre was a chain of 13 hypermarkets and later a further seven discount supermarkets owned and operated jointly by Sainsbury's and BHS , beginning in 1977. Sainsbury's later took full control of the stores alone in 1989, rebranding them as Sainsbury's SavaCentre , until 2005 when the stores were integrated into the Sainsbury's supermarket brand. The hypermarket stores ranged in size from 66,000 sq ft (6,100 m) to 117,000 sq ft (10,900 m) and

196-958: A 55:45 split between food and non-food. The first three stores of this format were launched in Crayford , Lincoln and Stanway, Essex between September and December 2010. Hypermarkets Hypermarkets, like other big-box stores , typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low- margin sales . Typically covering an area of 5,000 to 15,000 square metres (54,000 to 161,000 sq ft), they generally have more than 200,000 different brands of merchandise available at any one time. Because of their large footprints , many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile. Loblaws established its Real Canadian Superstore chain in 1979. It sells mainly groceries, while also retailing clothing, electronics and housewares. Its largest competitor in Canada

294-467: A common way to run hypermarkets. Japanese hypermarkets may contain restaurants, manga (Japanese comic) stands, Internet cafes , typical department store merchandise, a full range of groceries, beauty salons and other services all in the same store. A recent trend has been to combine the dollar store concept with the hypermarket blueprint, giving rise to the "hyakkin plaza"— hyakkin (百均) or hyaku en (百円) means 100 yen (roughly 1 US dollar ). Until

392-405: A core Sainsbury's Supermarket. These stores would range in size from 31,000 sq ft (2,900 m) to 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m) of sales area, with a third of the space devoted to non-food. The plan was to launch 90 of these discount supermarkets in total, after the successful launch of six trial stores. Only eight discount supermarkets were opened in total. The first store, with

490-1128: A fire in 1940. The site was redeveloped by M&S, under the direction of the then Sir Simon Marks, as the company had outgrown its previous Bayswater HQ. In 2004, the company moved to a new headquarters designed by Mossessian & Partners at Waterside House, in Paddington Basin , London. As well as the main offices in London, there are a number of other head office sites across the UK; Stockley Park (IT Services), Salford Quays (Marks & Spencer Shared Services Ltd. which provides human resources, and finance administration) and Chester ( M&S Bank joint venture and Retail Customer Services). The company has overseas sourcing offices in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Turkey, mainland China, Ireland, Italy, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka. Financial performance has been as follows: Until 1999 M&S's financial year ended on 31 March. Since then,

588-800: A fourth SavaCentre opened in Oldbury, West Midlands . In September 1981, the Calcot SavaCentre, opened in Reading , and this store was used in the SavaCentre TV adverts in 1983. The Calcot SavaCentre was further extended by 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m) in the 1990/91 financial year, but when the store was rebranded as Sainsbury's in 2005, the extension was sold off to Next with other shops Sports Direct , Dunelm and Boots . In 1984, SavaCentre started trading in Scotland following

686-481: A further refurbishment in 2008, a number of the products removed in the 1998 revamp were reintroduced. On 29 May 2002, Sainsbury's announced that it would be extending the SavaCentre format to include discount supermarkets, under the "Sainsbury's savacentre" brand name, with the slogan "Making Life Taste Better For Less". These stores were aimed at family shoppers with a much stronger emphasis on Economy ranges than

784-590: A grocery store alongside a drugstore plus off-street parking and an automobile lubrication and oil service. In 1933, men's and women's wear was added, and automotive department, housewares, and other nonfood products followed in succeeding years. In the mid 1930s, Fred Meyer opened a central bakery, a candy kitchen, an ice cream plant, and a photo-finishing plant, which supplied the company's stores in Portland and neighbouring cities with house brands such as Vita Bee bread, Hocus Pocus desserts, and Fifth Avenue candies. By

882-489: A joint venture with Ocado . In 1998, the company became the first British retailer to make a pre-tax profit of over £1 billion, although it then went into a sudden slump taking the company and its stakeholders by surprise. In November 2008 the company began to sell branded goods such as Kellogg's corn flakes . In November 2009, it was announced that Marc Bolland , formerly of Morrisons , would take over as chief executive from executive chairman Sir Stuart Rose . In

980-609: A little English. Dewhirst's cashier was Thomas Spencer, a bookkeeper, whose second wife, Agnes, helped improve Marks's English. In 1894, when Marks acquired a permanent stall in the Leeds covered market, he invited Spencer to become his partner. In 1901, Marks moved to the Birkenhead open market in North West England, amalgamating his business with Spencer's. In 1903, the two men were allocated stall numbers 11 and 12 in

1078-452: A minimum size of 2,500 m (27,000 sq ft). Despite its success, the hypermarket business model may be under threat from online shopping and the shift towards customization according to analysts like Sanjeev Sanyal , Deutsche Bank's Global Strategist, until 2015. Sanyal has argued that some developing countries such as India may omit the hypermarket stage and directly go online. Another category of stores sometimes included in

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1176-566: A new store design in May 2011, and it was announced that the company would spend around £600 million between 2011 and 2014 on its UK stores. In May 2013, the Best of British range was launched along with an overhaul of Per Una and Indigo . Patrick Bousquet-Chavanne became the marketing director, succeeding Steven Sharp in July. Bolland vowed to bring "quality and style back". In November 2013, it

1274-472: A position it held until September 2010. As a result of the 'Making Sainsbury's Great Again' recovery plan by chief executive Justin King , revealed on 19 October 2004, it was announced that the Sainsbury's SavaCentre concept would be scrapped, and would be integrated under the main Sainsbury's brand. It is believed that the SavaCentre brand name was scrapped because the SavaCentre format had had mixed success over

1372-672: A restaurant and half the stores' sales areas were devoted to textiles, electrical goods and hardware. The stores also featured a petrol filling station and some stores had over 1,000 car parking spaces. Following Sainsbury's launch of its home improvements venture, Homebase , in 1981, home and gardening products featured in SavaCentre stores. Following the 1986 merger between Habitat, Mothercare and British Home Stores to create Storehouse plc , baby care products were also sold in SavaCentre stores. The first SavaCentre opened at The Galleries, Washington, Tyne and Wear , on 15 November 1977, with 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m) of sales area, and

1470-563: A reusable hessian bag in 2007 as part of the plan, aiming to reduce the number of plastic bags used within five years. This was followed in May 2008 by the introduction of a 5p charge for standard sized carrier bags used for food purchases (before this charge became compulsory). All profits from the sale of food bags originally went to the charity Groundwork UK ; M&S launched the "Forever Fish" campaign in June 2011 and switched funding to that campaign to promote protection of marine wildlife in

1568-609: A sales area of 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m), opened in Northfield, Birmingham on 30 May 2002. Further stores were opened in Wigan , on 17 August 2002; Ashton-under-Lyne , Wednesfield , Wolverhampton , in 2002; Knotty Ash , Liverpool , on 1 March 2003; Stoke-on-Trent , on 18 March 2003; and stores in Bolton and Grimsby both opened on 27 March 2003. This format was not a success and all eight stores have since reverted to

1666-700: A significant degree of growth. The first branch was opened in Tehran under the name of Iran Hyperstar through a collaboration between Carrefour and Majid Al Futtaim Group based in The United Arab Emirates. The Emirati holding is the main shareholder with about 75% of the company's shares. New branches were established after Iran Hyperstar’s first store found relative success. Now, other branches have been established in Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad, Ahvaz, etc. The average Walmart Supercenter covers around 16,500 m (178,000 sq ft), with

1764-477: A surface area of 3,300 square metres (36,000 sq ft), and was later converted into a regular supermarket. The substantially larger store that opened a week later in Auderghem , Brussels, covering 9,100 m (98,000 sq ft), is regarded as a more proper hypermarket that brought the concept to fruition. It was Belgian market development engineer Maurice Cauwe  [ fr ] , who adopted

1862-402: A year. Sainsbury's argued that customers would rather experience a full grocery offer which was not compromised by non-food. With stores of SavaCentre size, not only could the full range of Sainsbury's grocery products be sold, but a further sales area of equivalent size could be devoted to non-food. SavaCentre was still only a small part of the group, and did not make a significant contribution to

1960-516: Is Walmart . These are the two major Canadian hypermarkets. The Belgian retailer Grand Bazar opened three hypermarkets in a short span in 1961 under the name SuperBazar after Belgian law restricting the size of department stores was abolished in January 1961. The first SuperBazar , opened in Bruges on 9 September 1961, initially designed to become a non-food department store, however only covered

2058-720: Is a major British multinational retailer based in London , England, that specialises in selling clothing, beauty products, home products and food products. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . M&S was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds . Through its television advertising it asserts the exclusive nature and luxury of its food and beverages. It also offers an online food delivery service through

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2156-785: Is in Shanghai . Problems with the supply chain for the first few months of opening led Stuart Rose, M&S chairman, to describe failures in "basic shopkeeping". Twenty-two unprofitable and minor food stores, including branches in Ripon and Balham , were closed in early 2009 as part of a cost-cutting measure. In August 2010, it was confirmed that the Grantham branch of M&S would close, along with two other Lincolnshire branches in Skegness and Scunthorpe , owing to low sales in these older format stores. These decisions met with protests from

2254-460: Is now Fairtrade. In addition, the company offers clothing lines made from Fairtrade cotton in selected departments. On 15 January 2007, M&S launched an initiative known as "Plan A", to dramatically increase the environmental sustainability of the business within five years and expected to cost £200 million. The plan covers "100 commitments over five years to address the key social and environmental challenges facing M&S today and in

2352-476: The Ashbourne store collected a total of £2,000 for a local hospital's new ECG machine in 2010. In 2011 M&S launched a clothes recycling initiative in partnership with Oxfam . In 2015, M&S partnered with community investment platform Neighbourly to help them distribute unsold surplus food and non-food items to small charities and community groups in the UK and Ireland. In March 2020, M&S made

2450-603: The British Home Stores branch was located in the former Safeway store, following Safeway's 2004 acquisition by Morrisons . The number of SavaCentres grew slowly during the 1980s. In March 1980, the third SavaCentre opened adjacent to the Eastgate Shopping Centre in Basildon with 71,000 sq ft (6,600 m) of sales area, but this store was sold to Asda in 2004. In October 1980,

2548-570: The Champs-Élysées in a ceremony attended by the company's CEO Marc Bolland , the model Rosie Huntington-Whiteley , and the British Ambassador to France, Sir Peter Westmacott . In 1988, the company acquired Brooks Brothers , an American clothing company and Kings Food Markets , a US food chain. In early 1980, M&S became the first British supermarket chain to sell packaged sandwiches, beginning with five shops. Demand

2646-512: The M25 motorway in Hertfordshire , opened on 13 March 1990 with 117,000 sq ft (10,900 m) of sales area, and at the time of its opening it also became the largest hypermarket in the UK. The London Colney hypermarket was so large that two-thirds of the sales space was devoted to non-food. This store was later split up, with Sainsbury's taking 85,000 sq ft (7,900 m) of

2744-664: The NCR Corporation 's marketing campaign. In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in shopping centers ( French : centre commercial or centre d'achats ) outside cities, though some are present in the city center. They are surrounded by extensive car parking facilities, and generally by other specialized superstores that sell clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc. After the successes of super- and hyper-markets and amid fears that smaller stores would be forced out of business, France enacted laws that made it more difficult to build hypermarkets and also restricted

2842-717: The National Grid . In April 2009, the company began purchasing 2.6  TWh of renewable energy (wind and hydroelectric) from Npower , enough to power all Marks & Spencer stores and offices in England and Wales. In 2012, the company was awarded European Business Award for the Environment (Management category) by the European Union for Plan A. M&S has sold a wide range of charitable women's clothes for Breakthrough Breast Cancer for many years and

2940-539: The Per Una range, closing the Gateshead Lifestore and stopping the expansion of its Simply Food line of shops. Philip Green withdrew his takeover bid after failing to get sufficient backing from shareholders. In February 2007, M&S announced the opening of the world's largest M&S shop outside the UK at Dubai Festival City . On 2 October 2008, M&S opened its first mainland China shop which

3038-446: The "St Michael" label. M&S lingerie, women's clothes and girls' school uniform were branded under the "St Margaret" label until the whole range of general merchandise became "St Michael". Simon Marks , son of Michael Marks, died in 1964, after fifty-six years' service. Israel Sieff , the son-in-law of Michael Marks, took over as chairman and in 1968 John Salisse became a company director. A cautious international expansion began with

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3136-528: The 1950s, Fred Meyer began opening stores that were 4,200 to 6,500 m (45,000 to 70,000 sq ft), and the 1960s saw the first modern-sized Fred Meyer hypermarkets. The Midwest (then grocery) chain Meijer , which today operates about 235 stores in six US states, coined the term "super center", and opened the first of its hypermarket format store in Grand Rapids, Michigan , in June 1961, under

3234-451: The 1960s, when a number of supermarket chains and retailers like Sears tried to sell fuel, but it didn't generate sufficient consumer interest at the time. Today there are approximately 4,500 hypermarket stores in the US selling fuel, representing an estimated 14 billion US gallons (53 billion litres) sold each year. In Australia, hypermarkets were at their peak during the 1980s. This

3332-715: The 1980s, large stores combining food and non-food items were unusual in the United States, although early predecessors existed since the first half of the 20th century. The term "hypermarket" itself is still rarely used in the US. The Pacific Northwest chain Fred Meyer , now a division of the Kroger supermarket company, opened the first suburban one-stop shopping center in 1931 in the Hollywood District of Portland, Oregon . The store's innovations included

3430-526: The 1980s. Although the Paris shops remained popular and profitable, the Western European operation as a whole did not fare as well and eighteen shops were sold in 2001. In April 2011, M&S changed direction again, with a plan to reopen a store that would sell food as well as clothing. In addition, the group opened several food outlets throughout Paris. The first branch opened on 24 November 2011, on

3528-617: The 52 weeks ending on 30 March 2024, the company stated that it was aiming at having 180 full-line and 420 food stores in the UK, commenting that legacy stores were more expensive to operate. In March 2021, M&S announced it intended to redevelop its largest store, the Marble Arch branch on Oxford Street in London, replacing it with a 10-storey building with two-and-a-half floors of shop space below several floors of offices. Despite protests from groups including Save Britain's Heritage , The Twentieth Century Society and Create Streets,

3626-564: The French retailer Carrefour . The initial response by Sainsbury's was a 50:50 joint enterprise with British Home Stores , set up on 9 December 1975 as Sabre Hypermarkets Limited , which was changed to Savacentre Limited on 31 December 1976. These stores carried the complete range of Sainsbury's and British Home Stores products along with electrical goods like refrigerators, washing machines, audio and TV equipment. Typical counters included delicatessen and fresh fish counters, an in-store bakery,

3724-649: The Group in comparison to Sainsbury's Supermarkets. This came at a time when arch-rival Tesco was not only matching the Sainsbury's store portfolio, but also exceeding them in terms of store size. Tesco mimicked the Sainsbury's SavaCentre format, and launched its own Tesco Extra version only as recently as 1997, which was 20 years later than Sainsbury's. Tesco pursued an aggressive expansion of its hypermarket format, converting existing stores through extensions, and paying high prices for larger pieces of land to build new ones. Although Tesco Extras or ASDA Supercentres now dominate

3822-589: The TU brand, previously used only for Clothing. This format became a success, and later in 2008 Sainsbury's announced that it was going to extend as many as 100 existing Sainsbury's Supermarkets to SavaCentre store sizes of 60,000 sq ft (5,600 m) of sales area or more by 2014, to carry the new non-food offer trialled in the London Sydenham and Oldbury SavaCentres. For example, the Hayes, Middlesex branch

3920-448: The UK. While becoming carbon neutral the company has committed to use carbon offsetting only as a last resort, restricted to cases "where it is required by government or where the technology for green air or road transport will not be available for the foreseeable future". As of August 2008, M&S had three wind turbines in operation, one at Methlick and two near Strichen , which generate enough power to supply three stores via

4018-677: The aim of adding personalised recommendations to the M&;S website. The M&S company archive is held in the Michael Marks Building at the University of Leeds . The archive has permanent museum-style displays and hosts temporary exhibitions. The headquarters of M&S had been since 1957 at Michael House, 55 Baker Street , London. This had formerly been the Baker Street Bazaar which had been destroyed in

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4116-652: The amount of economic leverage that hypermarket chains can impose upon their suppliers (the Loi Galland ). The predecessor to Ito Yokado was founded in 1920 selling western goods, went public in 1957, and switched to that name in 1965. Seibu Department Stores was founded in 1956, and opened up its grocery chain Seiyu Group in 1963. Isao Nakauchi founded the first Daiei in Kobe in 1957, selling clothing, electronics, furniture and groceries all in one store. Jusco

4214-606: The brand name "Thrifty Acres". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the three major US discount store chains – Walmart , Kmart and Target – started developing similar format chains. Wal-Mart (as it was known before its late-2000s rebranding as Walmart) introduced Hypermart USA in 1987, followed by Wal-Mart Supercenter in 1988; The same year, French chains Carrefour and Auchan opened hypermarkets in Philadelphia and Greater Houston , respectively. Kmart opened its first Super Kmart Center in 1991; and Target came with

4312-500: The centre aisle; there they opened the penny bazaar. The company left Birkenhead Market on 24 February 1923. The next few years saw Michael Marks and Tom Spencer move the original Leeds penny bazaar to 20, Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester , and they also opened market stalls in many locations around the North West of England. Spencer died in 1905, and Marks in 1907; Michael Marks' son Simon became chairman in 1916. Under Simon Marks

4410-446: The company acquired other chains of penny bazaars, growing into a retail empire. Textiles were first sold in 1926, and food from 1931. Marks and Spencer, known colloquially as "Marks and Sparks", or "M&S", made its reputation until the 1990s with a policy of selling 99% British-made goods. It entered into long-term relationships with British manufacturers, and sold clothes under the " St Michael " brand, after Michael Marks, which

4508-589: The company has changed to reporting for 52- or 53-week periods, ending on variable dates. In 2006, the Look Behind the Label marketing campaign was introduced. The aim of this campaign was to highlight to customers the various ethical and environmentally friendly aspects of the production and sourcing methods engaged in by M&S including: Fairtrade products, sustainable fishing and environmentally friendly textile dyes. All coffee and tea sold in M&S stores

4606-478: The company's overall brand image and targeting sales of between £800 million and £1 billion for which company will increase capital expenditure to £850 million to £900 million over the next three years to fund the plans. The plan also involved the discontinuation of its 'Portfolio' fashion brand and the sale of electrical products. The company announced a new marketing strapline, 'Only at M&S', and that it would revamp its website. Bolland ordered

4704-519: The concept from his frequent trips to the United States, particularly inspired from the Grand Union 's "Grand Way" center in Paramus, New Jersey . Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in 1963, at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois , France , The co-founders were influenced by the teachings of Colombian-born American marketing executive Bernardo Trujillo , who taught executive education as part of

4802-465: The core Sainsbury's brand. In April 1999, the Sainsbury's SavaCentre Head Office in Wokingham , Berkshire closed down and the administration moved to Sainsbury's Blackfriars headquarters in London . The Wokingham Head Office was originally opened in 1982. At the same time, SavaCentre hypermarkets were integrated into Sainsbury's new "Large Store Formats Group", as Sainsbury's largest store format,

4900-405: The country until September 2010. In 2008, the London Sydenham and Oldbury SavaCentres were remodelled to trial a launch of a 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m) non-food offer. This was the first major attempt by Sainsbury's to launch its own substantial non-food offer since the launch of the "Lifestyle" clothing range in 1991. An extended range of Homewares, Bedding and Kitchenware launched under

4998-485: The decision "utterly pathetic" and a "shortsighted act of self-sabotage". M&S subsequently launched a legal challenge against Gove's decision. In November 2023, the High Court allowed M&S to proceed with a judicial review , and after a two-day hearing on 13–14 February 2024, Gove's decision to block demolition was quashed by a High Court judge on 1 March 2024. In May 2021, Machin's remit had expanded as he

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5096-432: The discount supermarkets ranged in size from 31,000 sq ft (2,900 m) to 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m). At the time of its inception, it was the only dedicated hypermarket chain in the UK. In the 1970s, the then chairman and chief executive of Sainsbury's, John Davan Sainsbury (later Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover), realised the threat from the emergence of hypermarkets, such as those being built by

5194-580: The early 1880s, and Thomas Spencer , a cashier from the English market town of Skipton in North Yorkshire . Marks worked for a company in Leeds called Barran, which employed Jewish migrants (see Sir John Barran, 1st Baronet ). In 1884, he met Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst while looking for work. Dewhirst lent Marks £5 (equivalent to £687 in 2023), which he used to establish his penny bazaar on Kirkgate Market in Leeds. Dewhirst also taught him

5292-494: The early 21st century clothing sales fell, while food sales increased, after the company dropped its traditional St. Michael brand . On 22 May 2018, it was confirmed that over 100 stores would have closed by 2022 in a "radical" plan. On 18 August 2020, M&S stated that they would cut 7,000 jobs over the next three months owing to the COVID-19 pandemic . In May 2021, the company announced plans to close another 30 shops over

5390-483: The external fascia 'Sainsbury's M&S'. The Meadowhall, Sheffield branch of SavaCentre was converted into a Sainsbury's supermarket store in 1999 and closed in 2005. At the same time as Meadowhall closed, in 2006, a replacement opened south of the city at Crystal Peaks . A number of the other SavaCentres were downsized, leaving the London Sydenham SavaCentre store the largest Sainsbury's store in

5488-468: The first Target Greatland stores in 1990, followed by the larger SuperTarget stores in 1995. Most Greatland stores have since been converted to SuperTarget stores, while some have been converted into regular Target stores with the exception of 2 entrances (one example of this is the Antioch, California location). In the early 1990s, US hypermarkets also began selling fuel. The idea was first introduced in

5586-970: The food business. In 2018, Stuart Machin was appointed managing director of Food to lead the transformation of the food business. On 28 June 2024, the company announced that it would be launching a new service for clothing repairs and alterations in partnership with the Sojo company. Some 30 stores were identified for closure in 2015–2016. Several smaller stores were identified for closure in November 2017. On 31 January 2018, another fourteen stores were identified for closure in April 2018, and eight other stores were earmarked for closure later, pending consultation. On 23 May 2018, M&S managers confirmed that 14 more shops were to be closed and another 86 were under investigation, and thus put on notice, because of falling corporate sales and customer footfall. This would take

5684-509: The future" with the tag-line "Because there is no Plan B". The commitments span five themes: climate change , waste , sustainable raw materials, 'fair partnership' and health, with the aim that, by 2012, it will: Despite an 18% fall in the share price in January 2008, following the publication of their latest trading statement , the company confirmed that they would be continuing with the plan, saying that there were 'compelling commercial—as well as moral—reasons to do so'. M&S introduced

5782-950: The hypermarket category are the membership-based wholesale warehouse clubs that are popular in North America , pioneered by Fedco and today including Sam's Club , a division of Walmart; Costco , in which Carrefour owned some shares from 1985 to 1996; BJ's Wholesale Club on the East Coast; and Clubes City Club in Mexico. In Europe, Makro (owned by METRO AG ) leads the market. However, warehouse clubs differ from hypermarkets in that they have sparse interior decor and require paid membership. In addition, warehouse clubs usually sell bigger packages and have fewer choices in each category of items. Marks %26 Spencer Marks and Spencer plc (commonly abbreviated to M&S and colloquially known as Marks or Marks & Sparks )

5880-502: The hypermarket format, it was Sainsbury's who pioneered the modern hypermarket. On 2 August 1997, Sainsbury's decided to launch a strategic review of its SavaCentre hypermarket format with the help of Coopers and Lybrand. The review concluded that to offer both the full Sainsbury's food offer and a comprehensive non-food offer, stores would have to have sales areas of at least 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m). Obtaining planning permission for stores of these sizes in out-of-town locations

5978-494: The importance of good staff relations to the tradition of the store while extending staff benefits to areas such as restaurants and chiropody . Marks & Spencer expanded into Canada in 1973, and at one point had 47 stores. Despite efforts to improve its image, the chain was never able to move beyond its reputation there as a stodgy retailer, one that catered primarily to senior citizens and expatriate Britons. The shops in Canada were smaller than British outlets, and did not carry

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6076-714: The introduction of Asian food in 1974. M&S opened stores in continental Europe in 1975 and in Ireland four years later. The company put its main emphasis on quality, including a 1957 stocking size measuring system. In 1948, it established a Food Technology department. Staff in the canteens and cafeterias had hygiene training by the mid-1950s. For most of its history, it also had a reputation for offering fair value for money. When this reputation began to waver, it encountered serious difficulties. Arguably, M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of 'British Quality Goods'. The uncompromising attitude towards customer relations

6174-422: The introduction of the "Per Una" clothing range designed by George Davies , and a redesign of its underlying business model, profits recovered somewhat. In 2004, M&S was in the throes of an attempted takeover by Arcadia Group and BHS boss, Philip Green . On 12 July a recovery plan was announced which would involve selling off its financial services business M&S Money to HSBC Bank , buying control of

6272-496: The largest hypermarket in the UK at the time of its opening. This store was later split up, with Sainsbury's taking 75,000 sq ft (7,000 m) of the sales area. The remainder of the space was taken by Marks & Spencer in 2005, with the store exterior featuring branding of both companies. Due to having two major shops (not just Sainsbury's) this branch is often still known as the London Savacentre. The store

6370-463: The largest ones covering 24,000 m (260,000 sq ft). A typical Carrefour hypermarket still covers 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft), while the European trend in the 2000s has rather turned towards smaller hypermarkets of 3,000 to 5,000 m (32,000 to 54,000 sq ft). In France, INSEE defines hypermarkets ( French : hypermarché/s ) as non-specialized markets with

6468-403: The last week of the financial year; the chain was rebranded "Sainsbury's SavaCentre". [5] Sainsbury's initially negotiated a long-term contract with Storehouse to continue to supply SavaCentre with clothing, domestic textiles, lighting and other non-food lines, although these products were gradually phased out following the launch of Sainsbury's 'Lifestyle' range of own brand clothes in 1991. This

6566-561: The local communities and petitions were signed in support of retaining the stores, although the closures went ahead. The Retail Knowledge Bank conducted an audit of the company's brands in August 2010, and revealed that sales of womenswear were at a 10-year low. Drapers magazine claimed that Per Una was the only clothing brand not at risk of being axed while Marc Bolland , the chief executive, considered which brands would be retained. On 9 November 2010, Bolland revealed plans to strengthen

6664-417: The loyalty of its customers was seriously eroded. Another factor was the company's refusal until 2001 to accept any credit cards except its own chargecard. These factors combined to send M&S into a sudden slump: its profits fell from more than a billion pounds in 1997 and 1998, to £145 million in the year ended 31 March 2001. In 2002, with changes in its business focus such as accepting credit cards,

6762-451: The next 10 years as part of its turnaround plan. In its 2024 results the company stated that it was aiming at reducing locations to 180 full-line and 420 food stores in the UK, commenting that legacy stores were more expensive to operate. The company was founded by a partnership between Michael Marks , a Polish Jew born in Slonim (now Belarus ), who had migrated to Leeds, England in

6860-1060: The only hypermarket or Big-Box Store operational in Australia are Costco Wholesale Warehouses with currently thirteen stores in Australia - four stores in Melbourne , three stores in Sydney , two stores in Brisbane and one store each in Newcastle , Canberra , Adelaide and Perth , with construction underway on the fourteenth store on Queensland's Gold Coast. There were plans for German hypermarket company Kaufland to open stores in Australia announced in 2019; these plans were cancelled in 2020. Hypermarkets did not exist in Iran until 2009 (1388 ه.ش.). Before that, there were some local hypermarkets, but international branches were nonexistent. Despite their late arrival, hypermarkets in Iran have achieved

6958-448: The opening of a store in Cameron Toll , Edinburgh . At the time of building the Cameron Toll SavaCentre was Scotland's largest single level store. This store also had to compete with a smaller Safeway supermarket in the same shopping centre, until the Safeway branch closed down in 1997. The store in Colliers Wood , London, Merton SavaCentre opened on 28 February 1989 with 107,430 sq ft (9,981 m) of sales area, making it

7056-562: The plans to demolish and redevelop the store saying it conflicted with policies on heritage and design, and involved significant embodied carbon impact and waste. As well as overruling Westminster City Council and the Mayor of London, Gove also overruled his planning inspector, David Nicholson, who had recommended the project should go ahead due to its importance to the viability of the Oxford Street area. M&S CEO Stuart Machin, calling

7154-461: The plans were approved by Westminster City Council in November 2021, and Mayor of London Sadiq Khan chose not to intervene. However, in April 2022, Communities Secretary Michael Gove blocked the plans to allow time for the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities to review the proposed redevelopment. In June 2022, Gove ordered a public enquiry into the plans; M&S said it

7252-593: The public's favour a few years earlier. As a later measure to improve food quality, food labelling was improved and "sell by dates" were phased in between 1970 and 1972. Smoking was banned as a fire hazard from all M&S shops in 1959. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine bombed the Oxford Street store of Marks & Spencer in London on 18 July 1969. In 1972, Marcus Sieff became chairman, remaining in place until 1984, and emphasising

7350-671: The sales area. The balance was sold off to Marks & Spencer , and the store was then rebranded as "Sainsbury's M&S" in 2005. Cheadle SavaCentre opened in 1990 with the BHS store opening towards the car park. BHS Cheadle closed in 1994, following John Lewis ' taking over BHS in the next year after closure of BHS. The SavaCentre in Meadowhall Shopping Centre , Sheffield , opened in September 1990 with 99,973 sq ft (9,287.8 m) of sales area. This store

7448-603: The same selection. In the late 1990s, further efforts were made to modernise them and also expand the customer base. Unprofitable locations were closed. Nevertheless, the Canadian operations continued to lose money, and the last 38 shops in Canada were closed in 1999. Expansion into France began with shops opening in Paris at Boulevard Haussmann and Lyon in 1975, followed by a second Paris shop at Rosny 2 in 1977. Further expansion into other French and Belgian cities followed into

7546-693: The slogan "The store with more for less.". This store was extended by a further 10,000 sq ft (930 m) to 80,000 sq ft (7,400 m) in 1986. On 17 October 1978, the second SavaCentre opened at the Hempstead Valley Shopping Centre in Kent. At the opposite end of the Hempstead Valley Shopping Centre a Presto opened, which later became a Safeway store. Following Sainsbury's buyout of Storehouse plc 's 50% stake in SavaCentre in 1989,

7644-412: The total to over 100 closing by 2022, On 15 January 2019, the company named the next wave of 17 stores earmarked for closure. In May 2021, the company announced plans to close another 30 shops over the next 10 years as part of its turnaround plan, and in September 2021 it was confirmed that half of the French stores had been closed due to supply chain issues arising from Brexit . In its results for

7742-523: The years, and it left the option for Sainsbury's to launch a substantial non-food offer in its heritage supermarket estate, under its own brand, in the future. 10 of the 13 former SavaCentre hypermarkets now trade as Sainsbury's, and all seven of the former Sainsbury's SavaCentre discount supermarkets now trade as Sainsbury's. The former SavaCentres in London Colney and Colliers Wood, Merton are now joint-ventures with Marks & Spencer , and have

7840-475: Was "bewildered" by his "baseless" decision. A two-week planning enquiry, starting in October 2022, looked at whether the project complied with planning rules concerning heritage and the historic environment and also address environmental concerns, notably the release of almost 40,000 tonnes of embodied carbon into the atmosphere caused by the construction of the replacement structure. In July 2023, Gove rejected

7938-454: Was Chris Diplock. The chairman of Savacentre Ian Coull, MD Jack O'Brien and other board members all resigned. The plan was to roll out the format, which was trialled at the Calcot SavaCentre, to the other 12 SavaCentres over the next three years. This format was not a success and the Calcot SavaCentre became the only hypermarket to be remodelled in this format. The Calcot SavaCentre was downsized and rebranded as Sainsbury's in 2005, but following

8036-682: Was a former North Eastern Co-op store, and was later sold to Tesco in 2003. In 1997 a SavaCentre opened in the White Rose Centre , off the M62 motorway , in Morley, West Yorkshire , in Leeds , with 85,000 sq ft (7,900 m) of sales area. When this store was rebranded as Sainsbury's in 2005, the sales area was cut to 67,000 sq ft (6,200 m). A fourteenth SavaCentre hypermarket planned for Braehead in Renfrew , Scotland,

8134-543: Was also decided that the SavaCentre name would be re-branded as "Sainsbury's Savacentre", to emphasise that the company was now a wholly owned subsidiary of Sainsbury's. In August 1998, the Calcot SavaCentre was the first to be remodelled to provide a greater emphasis on food, with the food to non-food ratio changing from 60:40 to 80:20. Non-food was based around four areas: Celebration – for party ideas; Indulgence – for beauty products; Baby and Toddler; and Cookshop. The refurbishment cost £26m. The store director from 1996 to 2002

8232-429: Was also due to open in 1997. This store opened in 1999 before moving to a larger 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m) in the same complex in 2009. A fifteenth SavaCentre hypermarket was planned for Romford , East London , but this store also only eventually opened as a large Sainsbury's. During the 1990s, Sainsbury's continued to build around 20 new freehold supermarkets of around 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m)

8330-404: Was announced as his successor as CEO, with Katie Bickerstaffe assisting as co-CEO. In July 2022, the company agreed to buy the logistics firm Gist Limited for £145 million. In November 2022, it was reported that the company had acquired the intellectual property developed by collapsed fashion marketplace Thread, and hired some former Thread staff including co-founder Kieran O'Neill , with

8428-556: Was appointed joint Chief Operating Officer taking oversight responsibility for Store and Central Operations, Property, Store Development, Technology, People and the Island of Ireland whilst remaining the Food Managing Director. In March 2022, it was announced that chief executive (CEO) Steve Rowe would step down after six years in role. Rowe stayed on as an advisor before officially leaving the company in July 2022. Machin

8526-590: Was created in 1970, and eventually became known as ÆON . In Japanese, hypermarkets are known as 総合スーパー (Sougou Suupaa, General Merchandise Stores). There is a distinction in Japanese between スーパー (Supers) and デパート (Departs) with the former being discounters, but the latter selling luxury brand clothing and quite often high-end groceries as well. Hypermarkets may be found in urban areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as mutual investment by financial stocks are

8624-466: Was difficult, and there was also stiff competition from specialist non-food retailers at the time. It was therefore decided that the traditional SavaCentre hypermarket format would be scrapped, and the existing SavaCentre stores would be remodelled to look like a very large Sainsbury's Supermarket, concentrating on fresh foods and home meal replacements. Under the new format, DIY and gardening products, lighting, TVs and vacuum cleaners were to be removed. It

8722-603: Was especially prevalent during the era of South African owned Pick n Pay Stores and a now discontinued format of Kmart Australia Stores known as Super Kmart. This trend in the Australian market soon lost its appeal into the 1990s. Super Kmart stores were discontinued and Coles Supermarkets and Kmart Stores opened in the former location. Pick n Pay continued to operate in Australia until the 2000s when their locations at Aspley and Sunnybank Hills were converted into Coles Supermarkets and Kmart Department Stores. As of 2022,

8820-569: Was extended from 34,000 sq ft (3,200 m) to 83,000 sq ft (7,700 m) in sales area in November 2008. The Kempshott , Basingstoke branch was extended to 71,139 sq ft (6,609.0 m) of sales area and was both opened and reopened by Life President Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover himself in November 1988 and 25 August 2010 respectively. The largest format of Sainsbury's stores are now around 100,000 sq ft, launched from September 2010. These stores have sales areas of 95,000 sq ft (8,800 m) or more with

8918-527: Was introduced in 1928, and extended to food in 1941, replacing all other brands by 1956. It also accepted the return of unwanted items, giving a full cash refund if the receipt was shown, no matter how long ago the product was purchased, which was unusual for the time. During the Second World War in 1941, M&S staff raised £5,000 to pay for a Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft called The Marksman . By 1950, virtually all goods were sold under

9016-657: Was opened adjacent to the SavaCentre. This store was based on a club warehouse type format, and was branded as "Bulksava". This format was not a success and the Bulksava branch closed down a year later. In August 1995, the London Sydenham SavaCentre opened with a sales area of 85,000 sq ft (7,900 m). Also in 1995, the Stockton-on-Tees SavaCentre opened, with 85,000 sq ft (7,900 m) of sales area, which

9114-461: Was originally rebranded as a Sainsbury's in 1999, but was closed and relocated to Crystal Peaks in 2006. It was not until October 1993 that the tenth SavaCentre opened at Beckton in East London. This store became the smallest SavaCentre, with a sales area of 66,000 sq ft (6,100 m). At the same time, a new concept store, with 30,000 sq ft (2,800 m) of sales area,

9212-400: Was rebranded as 'I-N-I-T-I-A-L-S' in September 1996. The Sainsbury's own-label clothing range is now branded 'Tu'. At the time Sainsbury's believed there was scope for significant expansion. The deal also allowed Sainsbury's to integrate the company more fully with its existing food retailing chain, whilst retaining a separate management structure. London Colney SavaCentre, off Junction 22 of

9310-418: Was refurbished in 2019. As well as Sainsbury's and M&S, it hosts an Argos store (from 2018) and a Sainsbury's Fresh Kitchen (until 2022). In March 1989, Sainsbury's bought out Storehouse plc 's 50% share in the partnership for £123 million (valuing SavaCentre at £246 million in total or each of its then seven stores at £35.14 million each) and SavaCentre became a wholly owned subsidiary on 13 March 1989, in

9408-526: Was revealed that Bill Adderley, founder of homeware chain Dunelm Group , had built a £250 million stake in M&S over the past 18 months. This disclosure was made under stock market rules which require any holding larger than a 3 per cent share to be made public. On 7 January 2016, it was announced that Marc Bolland, who has been CEO since 2010, would step down on 2 April 2016, and be replaced by Steve Rowe , head of clothing, and previously head of

9506-501: Was so high that M&S enlisted suppliers to industrialise the process, and other supermarkets followed. By 1990, the British sandwich industry was worth £1 billion. M&S's profits peaked in the financial year 1997–1998. At the time it was seen as a continuing success story, but with hindsight it is considered that during Sir Richard Greenbury 's tenure as head of the company, profit margins were pushed to untenable levels, and

9604-441: Was summarised by the 1953 slogan: "The customer is always and completely right!" Energy efficiency was improved by the addition of thermostatically controlled refrigerators in 1963. M&S began selling Christmas cakes and Christmas puddings in 1958. In an effort to improve the quality of their Swiss rolls , they hired the food expert Nat Goldberg, who made a major improvement across their entire cake range, which had lost

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