129-627: The Sagarmala Programme ( transl. Garland of the Sea ) is an initiative by the Government of India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector. The programme envisages unlocking the potential of waterways and the coastline to minimize infrastructural investments required to meet these targets. The Sagarmala Programme is the flagship programme of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways to promote port-led development in
258-461: A writ petition at the filing counter of the court or by addressing a letter to the Chief Justice of India , highlighting the question of public importance for redress. These are known as public interest litigations . India has a quasi-federal form of government, called "union" or "central" government, with elected officials at the union, state and local levels. At the national level,
387-671: A republic with a president as head of state, replacing the monarch and his viceregal representative, the Governor-General . It was based in large part on the Government of India Act 1935 , which was itself based on the uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom . It also drew notable inspirations from the constitutions of several other Commonwealth dominions and the French , Soviet , Japanese , German and American constitutions. India today prides itself in being
516-853: A Comprehensive Port Connectivity Plan (CPCP) was prepared by DPIIT in September 2022, in consultation with MoPSW, MoR, MoRTH, and State Maritime Boards. CPCP identified 100+ new road and rail connectivity infrastructure gaps, many of which have been included in the Sagarmala Programme. There are 114 port-rail connectivity projects under Sagarmala which are being implemented by Indian Railways, Major Ports, and State Govts. Out of these,49 projects worth ₹ 26,390 Cr. are completed adding 1,675 kms of rail, and 28 projects worth ₹ 43,000 Cr. are under implementation. Further, 37 projects worth ₹ 31,000 Cr. are under development. These projects will help in integrating port rail and road connectivity resulting in
645-681: A coin of silver, weighing 178 grains (or 11.53 grams), which was also termed the rupiya . During Babur 's time, the brass to silver exchange ratio was roughly 50:2. The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period , Maratha era as well as in British India . Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include; the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–1775, established by Warren Hastings ), and
774-564: A constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha . The President is responsible for appointing many high officials in India. These high officials include the governors of the 28 states ; the chief justice ; other judges of the supreme court and high courts on the advice of other judges;
903-679: A first of its kind in Asia having two campuses with 24 laboratories in total (6 laboratories in IRS Mumbai and 18 in Indian Maritime University campus in Vishakhapatnam). The Institute provides 50 courses at its campuses for engineering, polytechnic, and graduate students. Institute has trained more than 13,000 candidates. Fisheries There are 37 fishing harbour projects worth ₹ 6,500 crores being implemented under
1032-525: A gold currency. This goal, if it was their goal, the Government of India have never attained. In 1913, John Maynard Keynes writes in his book Indian Currency and Finance that during the financial year 1900–1901, gold coins (sovereigns) worth £6,750,000 were given to the Indian people in the hope that they would circulate as currency. But against the expectation of the Government, not even half of that
1161-526: A gold standard should be adopted without delay...they recommended (1) that the British sovereign be given full legal tender power in India, and (2) that the Indian mints be thrown open to its unrestricted coinage (for gold coins only). These recommendations were acceptable to both governments and were shortly afterwards translated into laws. The act making gold a legal tender was promulgated on 15 September 1899, and preparations were soon thereafter undertaken for
1290-744: A land of 400 acres for the project development and has also undertaken the development of external infrastructure and part of basic internal infrastructure of the project. Government of India The Government of India ( ISO : Bhārata Sarakāra, legally the Union Government or Union of India and colloquially known as the Central Government ) is the government of the Republic of India , located in South Asia , consisting of 36 states and union territories . The government
1419-490: A member of one of the houses of the parliament. The cabinet is headed by the prime minister , and is advised by the cabinet secretary , who also acts as the head of the Indian Administrative Service and other civil services. Other members of the council are either union cabinet ministers, who are heads of various ministries; or ministers of state, who are junior members who report directly to one of
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#17327722514031548-494: A piece of precious metal (typically silver) used as a coin, and a rūpya to mean a stamped piece of metal, a coin in the modern sense. The Arthashastra , written by Chanakya , prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya ( c. 340–290 BCE ), mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa . Other types of coins, including gold coins ( suvarṇarūpa ), copper coins ( tāmrarūpa ), and lead coins ( sīsarūpa ), are also mentioned. The immediate precursor of
1677-749: A push to port-led development. The Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited (IPRCL) was incorporated on 10 July 2015 to undertake the port-rail connectivity projects under Sagarmala Programme. The Sagarmala National Perspective Plan was released by the Prime Minister on 14 April 2016 at the maiden Maritime India Summit 2016, with details on Project Plan and Implementation. Under Sagarmala Programme, 839 projects, at an estimated investment of approximately ₹ 579,971 lakh crore, for implementation by 2035, out of which, 241 projects worth ₹ 1.22 lakh crore have been completed and 234 projects worth ₹ 1.8 Lakh Crore are under implementation. In addition to
1806-481: A quarter of the 543 elected members of parliament had been charged with crimes, including murder. Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved high-level government officials, including cabinet ministers and chief ministers, such as the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam ( ₹ 700 billion (equivalent to ₹ 1.6 trillion or US$ 19 billion in 2023)), the Adarsh Housing Society scam ,
1935-624: A reduction in logistics costs for the EXIM business. There are 152 port-road connectivity projects identified under Sagarmala which are being implemented by MoRTH / NHAI, Major Ports, and State Govts. Out of these, 26 projects worth ₹ 9,600 Cr. are completed adding 500 kms of roads and 36 projects worth ₹ 37,000 Cr. are under implementation, Further, 90 projects worth ₹ 51,000 Cr. are under development. ‘Report on Connectivity of Ports to Industrial Nodes’ has been prepared by MoPSW wherein an assessment and gap analysis of connectivity or ports vis-a-viz all
2064-611: A rich maritime heritage, and the earliest maritime evidence dates back to around 4500 years. To showcase India’s rich and diverse maritime heritage, Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) has envisioned the development of a National Maritime Heritage Complex (NMHC) at Lothal near Ahmedabad. Lothal is one among the prominent cities of the traditional Harappan civilization, dating to 2400 BC, located in Gujarat. NMHC will not only curate and present diverse & rich artefacts from ancient to modern times from across India but also inspire
2193-503: A single coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper 1 ⁄ 12 , 1 ⁄ 4 and 1 ⁄ 2 anna , silver 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 3 and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper 1 ⁄ 2 pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the company had been taken over by
2322-1087: A total investment of ₹ 11,620 crores have been completed in the calendar year 2023, out of which 4 projects focused on Port Modernization, 14 projects on port connectivity, and 2 projects under the pillar of coastal shipping and IWT. Out of these 20 projects, 6 projects have been supported financially under the Sagarmala scheme. Major projects which have been completed in 2023 includes Bunker Berth at Bharathi Dock in Chennai Port, Breakwater in North and South side of entrance channel& Capital Dredging at Cuddalore Port, Capital Dredging for Puducherry Port, Ro-Pax Facility at Hazira, 12 m wide concrete road connecting berth 5 6 7 8 & 9 to new entry / exit road at Mormugao Port, and Improvement of road connectivity to facilitate trade and port users at Kolkata Dock, Phase-2. Port-modernization under Sagarmala Giving special emphasis to modernization of Indian ports under Sagarmala,
2451-992: A total of 234 projects at cost of ₹ 291,622 lakh crore have been undertaken for implementation by 2035. Out of which, 94 projects worth ₹ 31,500 crores have been completed. 65 and 75 projects are under implementation and development stages respectively. These projects under the modernization pillar are further divided into 4 categories –New Ports, Port Modernization – Major Ports, Port Modernization – Non-Major Ports, Ship Repair projects. At Major Ports, 170 projects worth ₹ 1.6 lakh crores are being implemented in India. Projects under this category have been largely identified through Detailed Master Planning exercise carried out under Sagarmala Programme. Out of 170 projects, 90 projects worth ₹ 26,000 crores have been completed. Further, 38 projects worth ₹ 22,000 crores have been awarded and are under implementation. Balance 42 projects worth ₹ 1.1 lakh crore are under various stages of development. There are 57 projects worth ₹ 80,000 crores identified under
2580-478: A total of 567 projects with an estimated cost of around ₹ 58,000 crores have been identified. The details are as below. Over the last few years, the Government has taken a number of modernization, mechanization, and digital transformation measures to reduce cost and time in international trade and improve ease-of-doing Business. Ministry is planning expansion of Port capacity through the implementation of well-conceived infrastructure development projects, increasing
2709-454: A vote in the house where he is not a member. A secretary to the Government of India , a civil servant , generally an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, is the administrative head of the ministry or department, and is the principal adviser to the minister on all matters of policy and administration within the ministry/department. Secretaries to the Government of India rank 23rd on Indian order of precedence . Secretaries at
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#17327722514032838-541: A whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved only when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and can never be dissolved. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six-year term. The executive of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of
2967-471: Is also in the process of preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPRs) and feasibility studies for specific projects that could provide avenues for future equity investment by the company. The Sagarmala Development Company was incorporated after approval from the Indian Cabinet on 20 July 2016 with an initial authorized share capital of ₹ 1,000 crore and subscribed share capital of ₹90 crore, to give
3096-714: Is completed. Dredging at Puducherry port is 100% supported under Sagarmala and coastal berths have been planned at Old Mangaluru Port, Karwar, and Diu. The Sagarmala Programme has identified connectivity between ports and domestic production and consumption centers through rail, road, pipeline, MMLP under the dedicated pillar of port connectivity, consisting of 279 projects of total worth ₹ 206,363 lakh crore which are being undertaken by various implementing agencies. Out of these, 83 projects worth ₹ 43,300 crores have been completed and 66 projects worth ₹ 79,600 crores have been awarded and are under implementation. Remaining, 130 projects worth ₹ 83,400 crores are under development. Further,
3225-481: Is considered as one of the key stakeholders of the Sagarmala Programme and hence, ensuring their socio-economic well-being is considered as one of the major objectives. 81 projects at a cost of ₹ 11,500 crores have been undertaken for implementation. Out of which, 21 projects worth ₹ 1,500 crores have been completed and 60 Projects worth ₹ 10,000 crores are under various stages of implementation and development. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) and MoPSW have renewed
3354-527: Is considered the lower house . The parliament does not have complete control and sovereignty , as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court . However, it does exercise some control over the executive . The members of the Council of Ministers , including the prime minister , are either chosen from parliament or elected there within six months of assuming office. The council as
3483-460: Is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India . The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management based on the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 . Pāṇini (6th to 4th century BCE) mentions rūpya ( रूप्य ). While Shankar Goyal mentions it is unclear whether Panini was referring to coinage, other scholars conclude that Panini uses the term rūpa to mean
3612-513: Is led by the prime minister (currently Narendra Modi since 26 May 2014) who exercises the most executive power and selects all the other ministers . The country has been governed by a NDA -led government (a coalition of the BJP and its allies) since 2014. The prime minister and their senior ministers belong to the Union Council of Ministers —its executive decision-making committee being
3741-479: Is mainly composed of the executive , the legislature , and the judiciary , and powers are vested by the constitution in the prime minister , parliament , and the supreme court , respectively. The president of India is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces , while the elected prime minister acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running
3870-533: Is rarely seen in circulation. The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint . The ₹ 1, ₹ 2, and ₹ 5 coins have been minted since independence. The Government of India is set to introduce a new ₹ 20 coin with a dodecagonal shape, and like the ₹ 10 coin, also bi-metallic, along with new designs for the new versions of the ₹ 1, ₹ 2, ₹ 5 and ₹ 10 coins, which was announced on 6 March 2019. The Government of India has
3999-597: Is the ex-officio head of the Civil Services Board, the Cabinet Secretariat , the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the head of all civil services under the rules of business of the government. The cabinet secretary is generally the senior-most officer of the Indian Administrative Service . The cabinet secretary ranks 11th on the Indian order of precedence . The cabinet secretary
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4128-403: Is the chief executive of the government and the leader of the majority party that holds a majority in the Lok Sabha. The prime minister leads the executive of the Government of India. The prime minister is the senior member of the cabinet in the executive government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within
4257-538: Is to act following aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, who leads the Council of Ministers as described in Article 74 of the Constitution . The council of ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the president. However, in practice, the council of ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a president were to dismiss the council of ministers on his or her initiative, it might trigger
4386-467: Is under the direct charge of the prime minister . Presently, the Cabinet Secretary of India is Rajiv Gauba , IAS . India's independent union judicial system began under the British, and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries . The Supreme Court of India consists of the chief justice and 33 associate justices, all appointed by the president on the advice of
4515-453: Is using blockchain distributed-ledger technology . British East India Company (EIC) was given the right in 1717 to mint coins in the name of the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar on the island of Bombay. By 1792 the EIC demonetised all other coins till they were reduced to only 3 types of coins, i.e. EIC, Mughal & Maratha coins. After EIC expanded its control over India, it brought the "Coinage Act of 1835" and started to mint coins in
4644-403: Is usually the directly elected Lok Sabha rather than the (mostly) indirectly elected Rajya Sabha . As is the case in most parliamentary systems, the government is dependent on Parliament to legislate, and general elections are held every five years to elect a new Lok Sabha . The most recent election was in 2024 . After an election, the president selects as prime minister the leader of
4773-485: The Chief Justice of India and 33 sanctioned other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original , appellate and advisory jurisdictions . As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in
4902-451: The Chief Justice of India . The jury trials were abolished in India in the early 1960s, after the famous case KM Nanavati v. the State of Maharashtra , for reasons of being vulnerable to media and public pressure, as well as to being misled. Unlike its United States counterpart, the Indian justice system consists of a unitary system at both state and union levels. The judiciary consists of
5031-584: The Coal Mining Scam ( ₹ 1.86 trillion (equivalent to ₹ 4.2 trillion or US$ 50 billion in 2023)), the mining scandal in Karnataka and the cash-for-votes scandal . Indian rupee The Indian rupee ( symbol : ₹ ; code : INR ) is the official currency in India . The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise ( Hindi plural; singular: paisa ). The issuance of the currency
5160-627: The Government of India Act 1935 (the longest Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom until surpassed by the Greater London Authority Act 1999 ) was aimed at devolution of powers by establishing provincial governments and the creation of civil service institutions . However, it was unpopular amongst Indians and is considered a failure as it did not give Indians self-rule and permanent dominion status (the form of government followed in Canada , Australia and New Zealand ) as
5289-417: The Indian Armed Forces . The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person once, particularly in cases involving the punishment of death. The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises his or her executive powers on
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5418-538: The Montagu - Chelmsford reforms, which introduced a greatly expanded Imperial Legislative Council . It comprised a lower house, the Central Legislative Assembly of 145 members (of which 104 were elected and 41 nominated) and an upper house, the Council of State of 60 members (of which 34 were elected and 26 nominated). The next structural modification to the governance of British India ,
5547-572: The Morley - Minto reforms. The Act introduced elections to the Imperial Legislative Council (then the unicameral Legislature for British India). Before that, governance was carried by an all-European Legislative Council and Viceroy's Executive Council . As such, no Indians were represented in government before 1909. India's current bicameral Parliament has its roots in the Government of India Act 1919 , commonly known as
5676-520: The Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act . After independence, the Government of India Mint , minted numismatics coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In the years 2010 and 2011, for the first time ever, ₹ 75, ₹ 150 and ₹ 1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate the Platinum Jubilee of the Reserve Bank of India , the 150th birth anniversary of
5805-411: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI). In 1997 the 20 paise coin was discontinued, followed by the 10 paise coin in 1998, and the 25 paise in 2002. Between 2005 and 2008 new, lighter fifty-paise, one-, two-, and five-rupee coins were introduced, made from ferritic stainless steel. The move was prompted by the melting-down of older coins, whose face value was less than their scrap value. The demonetisation of
5934-580: The Royal Mint in Sydney . In an 1864 attempt to make the British gold sovereign the "imperial coin", the treasuries in Bombay and Calcutta were instructed to receive (but not to issue) gold sovereigns; therefore, these gold sovereigns never left the vaults. As the British government gave up hope of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling , it realised for the same reason it could not replace
6063-540: The Supreme Court of India , high courts at the state level, and district courts and Sessions Courts at the district level. The Supreme Court of India is situated in New Delhi , the capital region of India . The Supreme Court is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India , the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review . Consisting of
6192-571: The attorney general ; the comptroller and auditor general ; the chief election commissioner and other election commissioners ; the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission ; the officers of the All India Services ( IAS , IFoS and IPS ) and Central Civil Services in group 'A'; officers of the Indian Armed Forces ; and the ambassadors and high commissioners to other countries on
6321-542: The cabinet . The government, seated in New Delhi , has three primary branches: the legislative, the executive and the judiciary, whose powers are vested in a bicameral Parliament , a prime minister , and the Supreme Court respectively, with a president as head of state. The Council of Ministers are responsible to the House in which they sit, they make statements in that House and take questions from fellow members of that House. For most senior ministers this
6450-505: The civil procedure code , the penal code , and the criminal procedure code . Similar to the Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the English common and Statutory Law . The full name of the country is the Republic of India . India and Bharat are equally official short names for
6579-473: The constitution empowers the union government to levy income tax , tax on capital transactions ( wealth tax , inheritance tax ), sales tax , service tax, customs and excise duties and the state governments to levy sales tax on intrastate sale of goods, taxon entertainment and professions , excise duties on manufacture of alcohol , stamp duties on transfer of property and collect land revenue (levy on land owned). The local governments are empowered by
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#17327722514036708-575: The head of government , the prime minister , is appointed by the president of India from the party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha . The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected for a term of five years by universal adult suffrage through a first-past-the-post voting system. Members of the Rajya Sabha , which represents the states , are elected by the members of State legislative assemblies by proportional representation , except for 12 members who are nominated by
6837-761: The silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee (as the British East India Company had desired). Since the silver crisis of 1873 , several nations switched over to a gold exchange standard (wherein silver or banknotes circulate locally but with a fixed gold value for export purposes), including India in the 1890s. In 1870, India was connected to Britain by a submarine telegraph cable. Around 1875, Britain started paying India for exported goods in India Council (paper) Bills (instead of silver). If, therefore,
6966-793: The 125th anniversary of the births of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and B. R. Ambedkar , respectively. The three Presidencies established by the British East India Company ( Bengal , Bombay and Madras ) each issued their own coinages until 1835. All three issued rupees and fractions thereof down to 1 ⁄ 8 - and 1 ⁄ 16 -rupee in silver. Madras also issued two-rupee coins. Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued one- pie , 1 ⁄ 2 -, one- and two- paise coins. Bombay issued 1-pie, 1 ⁄ 4 -, 1 ⁄ 2 -, 1-, 1 1 ⁄ 2 -, 2- and 4-paise coins. In Madras, there were copper coins for two and four pies and one, two and four paise, with
7095-403: The 25-paise coin and all paise coins below it took place, and a new series of coins (50 paise – nicknamed athanni – one, two, five, and ten rupees with the new rupee sign) were put into circulation in 2011. In 2016 the 50 paise coin was last minted. Coins commonly in circulation are one, two, five, ten, and twenty rupees. Although it is still legal tender, the 50-paise ( athanni ) coin
7224-1126: The Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karnataka, and Kerala. 20 locations have already been provided in-principle approval from the Ministry Coastal Shipping & IWT MoPSW under the Sagarmala Programme aims to promote urban waterways passenger transportation (RoPax/ Passenger ferry service) ecosystem in the country. This mode of transportation has proved to have multiple benefits over other modes of transportation such as improved cargo delivery and minimize passenger travel time, reduced risk of accidents, improved operational speed, low-cost transportation, lower fuel consumption, lower congestion on roads and rail, lowered air, noise, and land pollution, along with providing seamless travel to passengers, and vehicles. Under Sagarmala, there are 63 projects worth ₹ 2,066 crores at 57 different locations of which 10 projects worth ₹ 527 crores at 07 locations have already been completed. Out of which 4 operational locations are namely, Hazira in
7353-610: The Bengal Bank (1784–91). –1900) Historically, the rupee was a silver coin . This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard (that is, paper linked to gold). The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies caused the panic of 1873 which resulted in a decline in the value of silver relative to gold, devaluing India's standard currency. This event
7482-476: The Committee of 1898 by Mr. A. M. Lindsay, in proposing a scheme closely similar in principle to that which was eventually adopted, has been largely fulfilled. "This change," he said, "will pass unnoticed, except by the intelligent few, and it is satisfactory to find that by this almost imperceptible process, the Indian currency will be placed on a footing which Ricardo and other great authorities have advocated as
7611-594: The Crown . In 1862, coins were introduced (known as "regal issues") which bore the profile of Queen Victoria and the designation "India". Their denominations were 1 ⁄ 12 anna , 1 ⁄ 2 pice , 1 ⁄ 4 and 1 ⁄ 2 anna (all in copper), 2 annas, 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and one rupee (silver), and five and ten rupees and one mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891, and no 1 ⁄ 2 -anna coins were issued after 1877. In 1906, bronze replaced copper for
7740-503: The First World War. In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The 1 ⁄ 12 anna and 1 ⁄ 2 pice ceased production, the 1 ⁄ 4 anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin , cupro-nickel and nickel-brass 1 ⁄ 2 -anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce Mintsomeone- and two-annas coins, and the silver composition was reduced from 91.7 to 50 per cent. The last of
7869-404: The Government as to have precipitated an internal crisis, which would have been fatal to British success in the war. From 1931 to 1941, the United Kingdom purchased large amounts of gold from India and its many other colonies just by increasing price of gold, as Britain was able to pay in printable paper currency. Similarly, on 19 June 1934, Roosevelt made Silver Purchase Act (which increased
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#17327722514037998-462: The Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing a proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet. The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive. The Union Council of Ministers includes the prime minister, Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). Each minister must be
8127-513: The India Council in London should not step in to sell bills on India, the merchants and bankers would have to send silver to make good the (trade) balances. Thus a channel for the outflow of silver was stopped, in 1875, by the India Council in London. The great importance of these (Council) Bills, however, is the effect they have on the Market Price of Silver: and they have in fact been one of
8256-654: The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following the independence of India in 1947 and the accession of the princely states to the new Union , the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states (although the Hyderabadi rupee was not demonetised until 1959). Some of
8385-725: The Minister of Shipping with Cabinet Ministers from stakeholder ministries and ministers in charge of ports in India's maritime states. The NSAC approved the overall National Perspective Plan (NPP) and regularly reviews the progress of implementation of these plans. To assist in the implementation of Sagarmala projects, the Sagarmala Development Company Limited (SDCL) was incorporated on 31 August 2016, after receiving Cabinet approval on 20 July 2016, for providing funding support to project SPVs and projects in-line with Sagarmala objectives. Additionally, SDCL
8514-637: The MoU to enable skill development of coastal population under DDU-GKY Sagarmala Convergence Programme. Under this convergence, the entire funding support is being provided by MoPSW and implementation and management is carried out by MoRD. More than 5,900 candidates have been trained under this convergence. Multi Skill Development Center (MSDC) is already operational at Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority (JNPA). More than 2,300 candidates have been trained in this centre. Centre of Excellence in Maritime and Shipbuilding (CEMS),
8643-668: The Programme, a National Perspective Plan (NPP) for the comprehensive development of India’s coastline and maritime sector was prepared which was released by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, during the Maritime India Summit 2016. The projects under the scheme have been categorized into five pillars: Initial source of project list for inclusion of projects in Sagarmala was National Perspective Plan (NPP) prepared along with Master Planning of Major Ports. Subsequently,
8772-428: The Republic of India in the Constitution, and both names appears on legal banknotes, in treaties and in legal cases. The terms "Union government", "central government" and " bhārat sarkār " are often used officially and unofficially to refer to the government of India. The term New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Union government, as the seat of the central government is in New Delhi . The powers of
8901-592: The Sagarmala Programme for implementation at Non-Major Ports. 4 projects worth ₹ 5,400 crores have been completed so far whereas 24 projects worth ₹ 52,000 crores are under implementation. The remaining 29 projects worth ₹ 23,000 crores are under various stages of development. 31 projects out of 45 are being implemented in PPP mode with a total investment of ₹ 46,000 crores. The Ministry is also financially supporting several projects at non-major ports to enhance their capacity and efficiency during operations. Project of construction of breakwaters and dredging at Cuddalore port
9030-669: The Sagarmala Programme. MoPSW is part-funding 26 fishing harbour projects worth ₹ 3,700 crore and has sanctioned ₹ 960 crores. 9 out of 26 projects with a financial assistance of ₹ 144.5 crore have been completed. Additionally, 5 fishing harbours adjacent to Major ports namely Kochi, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, and Mallet Bunder have been sanctioned for modernization and up-gradation. Out of 37 fishing harbour projects, 10 projects worth ₹ 640 crores are completed, 27 projects worth ₹ 5,900 crores are under various stages of implementation and development. Further, 50 locations have been identified in Phase I for implementation of floating jetties in
9159-428: The Union government. Parliament is bicameral in nature, with the Lok Sabha being the lower house , and the Rajya Sabha the upper house . The judiciary systematically contains an apex supreme court , 25 high courts , and hundreds of district courts , all subordinate to the supreme court. The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as
9288-593: The above, 364 projects worth ₹ 2.78 Lakh crore are under various stages of development. These projects are being implemented by relevant central ministries, state governments, major ports. Regular monitoring of the projects and interaction with project proponents, various line ministries and implementing agencies is being done with MIS tool. These projects are categorized into five pillars – Port Modernization, Port Connectivity, Port-Led Industrialization, Coastal Community Development and Coastal Shipping & Inland Water Transport. Under holistic development of coastal districts,
9417-493: The advice of the prime minister. Presently, the President of India is Droupadi Murmu . The vice president is the second-highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the president and takes charge as acting president in the incident of resignation impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as
9546-424: The best of all currency systems, viz., one in which the currency media used in the internal circulation are confined to notes and cheap token coins, which are made to act precisely as if they were bits of gold by being made convertible into gold for foreign payment purposes. The committee concurred in the opinion of the Indian government that the mints should remain closed to the unrestricted coinage of silver and that
9675-481: The birth of Rabindranath Tagore and 1000 years of the Brihadeeswarar Temple , respectively. In 2012, a ₹ 60 piececoins was also issued to commemorate 60 years of the Government of India Mint, Kolkata. ₹ 100 coin was also released commemorating the 100th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi 's return to India. Commemorative coins of ₹ 125 were released on 4 September 2015 and 6 December 2015 to honour
9804-526: The budget will be presented on the 1st day of February. The budget has to be passed by the Lok Sabha before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's fiscal year . The Union budget is preceded by an economic survey which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial year India's non-development revenue expenditure had increased nearly five-fold in 2003–04 since 1990–91 and more than tenfold from 1985 to 1986. Interest payments are
9933-431: The cabinet ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government; or ministers of state (independent charges), who do not report to a cabinet minister. As per article 88 of the constitution, every minister shall have the right to speak in, and to take part in the proceedings of, either house, any joint sitting of the houses, and any committee of parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall not be entitled to
10062-422: The chairman of the Rajya Sabha . The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both the houses of the parliament following the system of proportional representation employing the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by the election commission . The Prime Minister of India , as addressed in the Constitution of India ,
10191-406: The coinage of gold sovereigns in the mint at Bombay. Silver, therefore, has ceased to serve as, and standard; and the Indian currency system of to-day (that is 1901) may be described as that of a "limping" gold standard similar to the systems of France, Germany, and Holland, and the United States. The Committee of 1898 explicitly declared themselves to be in favour of the eventual establishment of
10320-400: The country. As an advisory court, it hears matters which may specifically be referred to it under the constitution by the president. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own (or 'suo moto'), without anyone drawing its attention to them. The law declared by the supreme court becomes binding on all courts within India and also by the union and state governments. Per Article 142 , it is
10449-399: The country. Maritime sector in India has been the backbone of the country’s trade and has grown manifold over the years. To harness India’s 7,517 km long coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes, the Government of India has embarked upon the ambitious Sagarmala Programme which aims to promote port-led development in
10578-774: The country. The concept of Sagarmala was approved by the Union Cabinet on 25 March 2015. The vision of Sagarmala is to reduce logistics costs for both domestic and EXIM cargo with minimal infrastructure investment. Studies under Sagarmala have identified opportunities for reducing overall logistics costs, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the economy, and increasing the competitiveness of exports. Sagarmala both enabler and beneficiary of other key Government of India schemes, such as Industrial corridor , Make in India , Startup India , Standup India , Setu Bharatam , Dedicated Freight Corridors , Bharatmala , UDAN-RCS , Digital India , BharatNet , Parvatmala . As part of
10707-547: The currency of India through the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India adopted a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee coin; this decision was influenced by a letter written by Lord Liverpool in 1805 extolling the virtues of mono-metallism. Following the First War of Independence in 1857, the British government took direct control of India. From 1851, gold sovereigns were produced en masse at
10836-471: The duty of the president to enforce the decrees of the supreme court. In addition, Article 32 of the constitution gives an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme court concerning enforcing fundamental rights. It is empowered to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari to enforce them. The supreme court has been conferred with power to direct
10965-951: The efficiency of Port operations through the implementation of a package of recommendations to cut time and cost, digitization of processes to reduce and finally eliminate human interface and to strongly address environment related concerns. Under the budget head of Sagarmala, 171 projects worth ₹ 11,000 crores have been sanctioned with funding support of ₹ 4,570 crores. Out of total 171 projects sanctioned under Sagarmala, 55 projects worth ₹ 3,400 crores have been completed and 68 projects worth ₹ 6,000 crores have been awarded and are under implementation. Remaining projects are under development stages. These projects are focusing on various critical aspects of maritime sector such as capacity enhancement at Indian ports, improving connectivity infrastructure, RO-RO, and tourism jetties along with urban water transportation, fishing harbor and skill development of coastal community. Under Sagarmala Programme,20 projects with
11094-932: The existing and upcoming nodes under different industrial corridors under NICDIT has been done. The report has identified 62 new road and rail infrastructure gaps. The report was shared with MoR and MoRTH in October 2023 with request for further actions regarding the projects proposed in the report. Port-led industrialization focuses on reducing logistics costs by locating industries at the ports. There are overall 14 projects worth ₹ 55,800 crores have been identified for implementation under Sagarmala. Out of which, 9 projects worth ₹ 45,865 crores have been completed and 5 projects worth Rs. ₹ 10,000 crores are under various stages of implementation and development. These projects are further divided into 3 categories – Industrial Cluster, Smart Industrial Port City (SIPC) / Special Economic Zone (SEZ) and Thermal Power Plant. The coastal community
11223-670: The first two denominated as 1 ⁄ 2 and one dub (or 1 ⁄ 96 and 1 ⁄ 48 ) rupee. Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815. All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs including 1 ⁄ 16 , 1 ⁄ 2 , 1 ⁄ 4 in Bengal, 1 ⁄ 15 (a gold rupee) and 1 ⁄ 3 (pancia) in Bombay and 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 3 and 1 ⁄ 2 in Madras. In 1835,
11352-504: The following year, both the quantity and the price rose further: net exports totalled 8.4 million ounces, valued at INR 65.52 crore. In the ten years ended March 1941, total net exports were of the order of 43 million ounces (1337.3 tons) valued at about INR 375 crore, or an average price of INR 32-12-4 per tola. In the autumn of 1917 (when the silver price rose to 55 pence ), there was danger of uprisings in India (against paper currency) which would handicap seriously British participation in
11481-409: The gold that was sold. However, the price of gold in India, on the basis of the official exchange rate of the rupee around 1 s. 6 d ., was lower than the price prevailing abroad practically throughout ; the disparity in prices made the export of the metal profitable; and this continued for almost a decade. Thus, in 1931–32, there were net exports of 7.7 million ounces , valued at INR 57.98 crore . In
11610-416: The higher level are assisted by one or many additional secretaries , who are further assisted by joint secretaries . At the middle they are assisted by directors/deputy secretaries and under secretaries. At the lower level, there are section officers, assistant section officers, upper division clerks, lower division clerks and other secretarial staff. The Civil Services of India are the civil services and
11739-519: The legislature in India are exercised by the Parliament , a bicameral legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha . Of the two houses of parliament, the Rajya Sabha (or the 'Council of States') is considered to be the upper house and consists of members appointed by the president and elected by the state and territorial legislatures . The Lok Sabha (or the 'House of the People')
11868-545: The local businesses of the region. The foundation stone of the project was laid by Hon’ble Prime Minister in March 2019. MoPSW has appointed Indian Ports Association as the nodal agency, while Indian Port Rail Corporation Ltd (IPRCL) as executing agency of the project. The masterplan of the project has been prepared by renowned architecture firm M/s Architect Hafeez Contractor and the construction of phase 1A has been entrusted to Tata Projects Ltd. The Govt. of Gujarat has transferred
11997-414: The lowest three denominations; in 1907, a cupro-nickel one-anna coin was introduced. In 1918–1919 cupro-nickel two-, four- and eight-annas were introduced, although the four- and eight-annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. In 1918, the Bombay mint also struck gold sovereigns and 15-rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure during
12126-568: The more convenient forced loans of paper money۔ The Indian Currency Committee or Fowler Committee was a government committee appointed by the British-run Government of India on 29 April 1898 to examine the currency situation in India. They collected a wide range of testimony, examined as many as forty-nine witnesses, and only reported their conclusions in July 1899, after more than a year's deliberation. The prophecy made before
12255-624: The most potent factors in recent years in causing the diminution in the Value of Silver as compared to Gold. The Indian and Chinese products for which silver is paid were and are, since 1873–74, very low in price, and it therefore takes less silver to purchase a larger quantity of Eastern commodities. Now, on taking the several agents into united consideration, it will certainly not seem very mysterious why silver should not only have fallen in price The great nations had recourse to two expedients for replenishing their exchequers, – first, loans, and, second,
12384-637: The name of the British king. EIC rule was replaced by British Crown raj which brought the "Paper Currency Act of 1861" and the "Uniform Coinage Act of 1906". After 2021, the government of independent India amended "The Coinage Act, 2011", the " Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999," the " Information Technology Act, 2000 " and the "Crypto-currency and Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2021". India's first coins after independence were issued in 1950 in denominations of 1 pice , 1 ⁄ 2 , one and two annas, 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 and one-rupee . The sizes and composition were
12513-483: The only right to mint the coins and one rupee note. The responsibility for coinage comes under the Coinage Act, 1906 which is amended from time to time. The designing and minting of coins in various denominations is also the responsibility of the Government of India. Coins are minted at the four India Government Mints at Mumbai , Kolkata , Hyderabad , and Noida . The coins are issued for circulation only through
12642-477: The party or alliance most likely to command the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha . In the event that the prime minister is not a member of either House upon appointment, he/she is given six months to be elected to either House of Parliament . The first seeds of responsible government during British colonial rule in India were sown by the Indian Councils Act 1909 , commonly known as
12771-402: The people themselves. But the handful of ministers is not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it. The cabinet secretary ( IAST : Maṃtrimaṇḍala Saciva ) is the top-most executive official and senior-most civil servant of the Government of India. The cabinet secretary
12900-461: The permanent bureaucracy of India. The executive decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants. In the parliamentary democracy of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people based on universal adult suffrage . The ministers are indirectly responsible to
13029-419: The president. India is currently the largest democracy in the world, with around 900 million eligible voters, as of 2019. In India, power is divided between the governments of the union and the states of India , the latter being ruled by the chiefs ministers . The state legislature is bicameral in five states and unicameral in the rest. The lower house is elected with a five-year term, while in
13158-435: The price of silver) and purchased about 44,000 tons of silver, paying with paper silver certificates . In 1939, Dickson H. Leavens wrote in his book Silver Money : "In recent years the increased price of gold, measured in depreciated paper currencies, has attracted to the market (of London) large quantities (of gold) formerly hoarded or held in the form of ornaments in India and China". In their respective former colonies,
13287-410: The projects were added based on the meetings of National and State Steering Committees of Sagarmala and in consultation with major ports and other relevant stakeholders. Further, certain project proposals were also received for funding from various implementing agencies. Projects aligned with Sagarmala objectives were made part of the Programme. The National Sagarmala Apex Committee (NSAC) is composed of
13416-860: The public and make them aware of and learn about our glorious maritime heritage. The NMHC project, is envisaged to be one of the largest maritime complexes in the world which is aimed to be developed as a world class and unique complex having a comprehensive integration of past, present, and future maritime activities, edutainment through interactive and experiential holistic learning, depiction of life size architecture of Lothal, etc. The project components of NMHC include NMHC museum with 14 galleries, Lothal Town and Open Aquatic Gallery, Lighthouse Museum, Bagicha Complex, Coastal State Pavilions and Recreation of Lothal city, Eco resorts and Museuotel, Theme based parks, Maritime research institute and hostel, etc. The NMHC project will not only boost tourism but will also generate employment in large numbers and will also help in reviving
13545-469: The recommendations of the Council of Ministers, among others. The President, as the head of state , also receives the credentials of ambassadors from other countries, while the prime minister , as head of government , receives credentials of high commissioners from other members of the Commonwealth , in line with historical tradition. The President is the de jure commander-in-chief of
13674-560: The region with activities such as bird watching (flamingo’s) and water sports. In addition, there are 18 projects worth ₹ 2,139 crore which focuses on providing infrastructure for coastal handling of cargo. 5 projects worth ₹ 321 crores have been completed, 5 projects are currently under implementation and 8 more projects are under various stages of development. 5 projects are being implemented at major ports whereas 13 projects are for improving coastal infrastructure at non-major ports. National Maritime Heritage Museum, Lothal India has
13803-535: The rupee is the rūpiya —the silver coin weighing 178 grains minted in northern India, first by Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule between 1540 and 1545, and later adopted and standardized by the Mughal Empire . The weight remained unchanged well beyond the end of the Mughals until the 20th century. The history of the Indian rupee traces back to ancient India around the 6th century BCE: ancient India
13932-475: The same as the final regal issues, except for the one-piece (which was bronze, but not holed). The first decimal-coin issues in India consisted of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10, 25 and 50 naye paise , and 1 rupee . The 1 naya paisa was bronze; the 2, 5, and 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel, and the 25 naye paise (nicknamed chawanni ; 25 naye paise equals 4 annas ), 50 naye paise (also called athanni ; 50 naye paise equalled 8 old annas) and 1-rupee were nickel. In 1964,
14061-494: The single largest item of expenditure and accounted for more than 40% of the total non-development expenditure in the 2003–04 budget. Defence expenditure increased fourfold during the same period and has been increasing to defend from a difficult neighbourhood and external terror threats. In 2020–21, India's defence budget stood at ₹ 4.71 trillion (equivalent to ₹ 5.5 trillion or US$ 66 billion in 2023). In 2009, several ministers are accused of corruption and nearly
14190-469: The state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers . The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India , as per Article 53(1) of the constitution. The president has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through subordinate officers as per the aforesaid Article 53(1). The president
14319-405: The state government to levy property tax and charge users for public utilities like water supply , sewage etc. More than half of the revenues of the union and state governments come from taxes, of which 3/4 come from direct taxes . More than a quarter of the union government's tax revenues are shared with the state governments. The tax reforms, initiated in 1991, have sought to rationalise
14448-617: The state of Gujarat and Mandwa, KanhojiAngre Island, and Belapur in the state of Maharashtra. The operational terminals in the state of Maharashtra have also enabled routes to Elephanta Islands, Navi Mumbai, JNPA and DCT Mumbai. The Ro-Pax and Passenger ferry service has reduced the travel time on routes as follow- The services have benefitted more than 30 lakh passengers, transported more than 5 lakh passenger vehicles and more than one lakh cargo carrying trucks, thereby saving more than 2 crore liters of fuel and nearly 44 MT of carbon emissions. Additionally, these projects have brought in tourism in
14577-568: The states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee ). Other currencies (including the Hyderabadi rupee and the Kutch kori ) had different values. The values of the subdivisions of the rupee during British rule (and in the first decade of independence) were: In 2010, a new rupee sign ( ₹ ) was officially adopted. As its designer explained, it
14706-548: The symbols for multiple rupees and one rupee, respectively, and these symbols are still used in situations where the official symbol is unavailable. The Digital Rupee (e₹) or eINR or E-Rupee is a tokenised digital version of the Indian Rupee , issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a central bank digital currency (CBDC). The Digital Rupee was proposed in January 2017 and launched on 1 December 2022. Digital Rupee
14835-456: The tax structure and increase compliance by taking steps in the following directions: The non-tax revenues of the central government come from fiscal services, interest receipts, public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from general, economic and social services. Inter-state share in
14964-509: The then Chancellor of the Exchequer (finance minister) of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill , restored it to pre-war levels. As a result, the price of gold fell rapidly. While the rest of Europe purchased large quantities of gold from the United Kingdom, there was little increase in her gold reserves. This dealt a blow to an already deteriorating British economy. The United Kingdom began to look to its possessions as India to compensate for
15093-480: The transfer of any civil or criminal case from one state high court to another state high court, or from a Court subordinate to another state high court and the supreme court. Although the proceedings in the supreme court arise out of the judgment or orders made by the subordinate courts, of late the supreme court has started entertaining matters in which the interest of the public at large is involved. This may be done by any individual or group of persons either by filing
15222-554: The union tax pool is decided by the recommendations of the Finance Commission to the president. Total tax receipts of Centre and State amount to approximately 18% of national GDP. This compares to a figure of 37–45% in the OECD. The Finance minister of India usually presents the annual union budget in the parliament on the last working day of February. However, for the F.Y. 2017–18, this tradition had been changed. Now
15351-411: The upper house one-third of the members in the house gets elected every two years with six-year terms. Local governments function at the basic level. It is the third level of government apart from union and state governments. It consists of panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. They are elected directly or indirectly by the people. India has a three-tier tax structure, wherein
15480-413: The war. Inconvertibility (of paper currency into coin) would lead to a run on Post Office Savings Banks . It would prevent the further expansion of (paper currency) note issues and cause a rise of prices, in paper currency, that would greatly increase the cost of obtaining war supplies for export; to have reduced the silver content of this historic [rupee] coin might well have caused such popular distrust of
15609-567: The word rūpyarūpa : rūpya 'wrought silver' and rūpa 'form'. The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II . The silver Rūpaka ( Sanskrit : रूपक ) coins were weighed approximately 20 rattis (2.2678g). In the intermediate times there was no fixed monetary system as reported by the Da Tang Xi Yu Ji . During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, Sultan Sher Shah Suri issued
15738-586: The words naya / naye were removed from all coins. Between 1957 and 1967, aluminium one -, two -, three -, five - and ten-paise coins were introduced. In 1968 nickel-brass 20-paise coins were introduced, and replaced by aluminium coins in 1982. Between 1972 and 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25- and 50-paise and the 1-rupee coins; in 1982, cupro-nickel two-rupee coins were introduced. In 1988 stainless steel 10-, 25- and 50-paise coins were introduced, followed by 1- and 5-rupee coins in 1992. Five-rupee coins, made from brass , are being minted by
15867-484: The world's largest democracy , and the 4th largest economy in the world. Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating poverty and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations. The Government of India is modelled after the Westminster system . The Union government
15996-522: Was banned and the Japanese rupee (1942–44) was introduced. At the onset of the First World War , the cost of gold was very low and therefore the pound sterling had high value. But during the war, the value of the pound fell alarmingly due to rising war expenses. At the end of the war, the value of the pound was only a fraction of what it had been before the war. It remained low until 1925, when
16125-595: Was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant " र " ( ra ) and the Latin capital letter "R" without its vertical bar. The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the flag of India , and also depict an equality sign that symbolises the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity . The first series of coins with the new rupee sign started in circulation on 8 July 2011. Before this, India used " ₨ " and "Re" as
16254-572: Was known as "the fall of the rupee". In Britain War, the Long Depression resulted in bankruptcies, escalating unemployment, a halt in public works, and a major trade slump that lasted until 1897. India was unaffected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825, which attempted to introduce British sterling coinage to the British colonies. India, at that time, was controlled by the British East India Company . The silver rupee coin continued as
16383-496: Was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters . Arthashastra , written by Chanakya , Prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa , other types including gold coins (suvarṇarūpa), copper coins (tamrarūpa) and lead coins (sīsarūpa) are mentioned. Rūpa means 'form' or 'shape'; for example, in
16512-640: Was previously promised. Between midnight on 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , India was an independent, self-governing dominion of the Commonwealth of Nations , a constitutional monarchy with a Prime Minister and a Governor-General as the viceregal representative of the head of state, George VI . Its unicameral legislature, the Constituent Assembly , was tasked with drafting the country's constitution. The Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 , making India
16641-478: Was returned to accounts. As this experiment failed spectacularly, the government abandoned the practice but did not abandon the narrative of the gold standard. Subsequently, much of the gold held by the Government of India was shipped to the Bank of England in 1901 and held there. During World War II , Colonial British control over parts of Nagaland was lost to Japanese forces , the British Indian rupee
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