89-854: Sailor King may refer to several European monarchs: Frederik IX of Denmark (1899–1972), King of Denmark George V (1865–1936), King of the United Kingdom George VI (1895–1952), King of the United Kingdom Harald V of Norway (born 1937), King of Norway William IV of the United Kingdom (1765–1837), King of the United Kingdom Sailor King: The Life of King William IV by Tom Pocock Other uses [ edit ] Sailor King, an American Thoroughbred and winner of
178-746: A basic threshold ( nisab ) to provide for the needy once a year after Ramadan . Umar (584–644), leader of the Rashidun Caliphate (empire), established a welfare state through the Bayt al-mal (treasury), which for instance was used to stockpile food in every region of the Islamic Empire reserved for Arabs in the Peninsula. Otto von Bismarck established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society, with social-welfare legislation , in 1880s Imperial Germany . Bismarck extended
267-519: A consequence, his eldest daughter, Margrethe, became heir presumptive . By order of 27 March 1953 the succession to the throne was limited to the issue of King Christian X. Shortly after the King had delivered his New Year's address on 31 December 1971, he became ill with flu-like symptoms. On 1 January 1972, he received treatment for pneumonia, with his New Year levées scheduled for 5 and 6 January being cancelled. On 3 January, he suffered cardiac arrest and
356-514: A creamy paprika and curry sauce , served with French fries , boiled potatoes , beetroot , boiled eggs and freshly sliced onions . Welfare state A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity , equitable distribution of wealth , and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of
445-413: A high of an estimated 320,000 people at one point. In the 3rd century AD, the dole of grain was replaced by bread, probably during the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211 AD). Severus also began providing olive oil to residents of Rome, and later the emperor Aurelian (270–275) ordered the distribution of wine and pork . The doles of bread, olive oil, wine, and pork apparently continued until near
534-402: A late adoption of welfare benefits and social assistance, the latter being splintered and meagre, due to several religious and social factors. Giving alms was an important part of catholic society as the wealthy could resolve their sins through participation in the act. As such, begging was allowed and was subject to a greater degree of acceptance. Poverty was seen as being close to grace and there
623-446: A major determinant of where welfare states arose is whether or not a country had a historical monarchy with familial foundations (a trait that Max Weber called patrimonialism ); in places where the monarchic state was viewed as a parental steward of the populace, it was easier to shift into a mindset where the industrial state could also serve as a parental steward of the populace. The activities of present-day welfare states extend to
712-919: A strong welfare state with continuous increase in government expenditure on the social sector over the years. The general government's expenditure on social security and welfare which includes health insurances and public hospitals, education, grants for housing, financial transfers to the poor, free bus or metro tickets, unemployment benefits and a variety of social pensions was approximately ₹ 7,164,000 crore (US$ 860 billion) in 2022, representing 8.4 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Welfare states in Latin America have been considered as "welfare states in transition", or "emerging welfare states". Welfare states in Latin America have been described as "truncated": generous benefits for formal-sector workers, regressive subsidies and informal barriers for
801-519: A summer residence. Their daughters are: From 1942 until 1943, Frederik acted as regent on behalf of his father who was temporarily incapacitated after a fall from his horse in October 1942. On 20 April 1947, Christian X died, and Frederik succeeded to the throne. He was proclaimed king from the balcony of Christiansborg Palace by Prime Minister Knud Kristensen . Frederik IX's reign saw great change. During these years, Danish society shook off
890-440: A variety of measures with resemblances to modern welfare policies. These included pensions, in the form of food and wine, to all over 80 years of age, as well as monetary support, in the form of loans or tax breaks, to widows, orphans, and elderly without children to support them. Emperor Wen was also known for a concern over wasteful spending of tax-payer money. Unlike other Han emperors, he wore simple silk garments. In order to make
979-450: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Frederik IX of Denmark Frederik IX (Christian Frederik Franz Michael Carl Valdemar Georg; 11 March 1899 – 14 January 1972) was King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972. Frederik was born into the House of Glücksburg during the reign of his great-grandfather King Christian IX . He
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#17327727411321068-467: Is highest in liberal states, and lowest in social democratic states. Esping-Andersen proposes that the universalist nature of social democratic states eliminate the duality between beneficiaries and non-recipients, whereas in means-tested liberal states there is resentment towards redistribution efforts. That is to say, the lower the percent of GDP spent on welfare, the higher the stigma of the welfare state. Esping-Andersen also argues that welfare states set
1157-448: Is often criticized by feminists for being gender blind. According to Keerty Nakray, Esping-Andersen's three types of dimensions (state and market relations, stratification, and social citizenship rights) does not acknowledge unpaid care-work done by women within the household economy. This failure of recognizing unpaid work is due to the fact that welfare states are focused on the male-breadwinner concept. Because Esping-Andersen argued that
1246-617: Is used almost entirely for the "modern" welfare state, which emerged in the 19th century in the course of the socio-economic upheavals caused by industrialisation , the formation of nation states and democratization. While the corresponding English term welfare state is descriptively neutral, the term “ Wohlfahrtsstaat ” is often used in German as a fighting term with a pejorative connotation. The literal English equivalent "social state" did not catch on in Anglophone countries. However, during
1335-407: Is used in connection with princely absolutism, this is usually in conjunction with attributes such as absolutist , mercantilist or pre-modern. The German term sozialstaat ("social state") has been used since 1870 to describe state support programs devised by German sozialpolitiker ("social politicians") and implemented as part of Otto von Bismarck 's conservative reforms. Today the term
1424-592: The British Trans-Greenland Expedition . In the southern city, Sønderborg , King Frederik IX has a dish named after the king himself. The dish is called " Kong Fiddes livret " (English: King Frederik's Favorite). The name Fidde is a common diminutive nickname for people named Frederik in the southern parts of Denmark . The dish is supposedly one that was regularly served to King Frederik IX's on his birthday at Gråsten Palace . The dish consist of strips of flank steak , stirred in
1513-628: The Deakin government introduced a national aged pension under the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908 . A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910, and a national maternity allowance was introduced by the Fisher government in 1912. In the 1920s and 1930s, detailed proposals were developed for a comprehensive national insurance scheme covering medical, disability, unemployment and pension benefits. Multiple royal commissions were held on
1602-1357: The Dowager Grand Duchess Anastasia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (his maternal grandmother); Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia (his maternal great-grandfather); Dowager Grand Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (his maternal step-great-grandmother); Prince Carl of Denmark (his paternal uncle); Princess Thyra of Denmark (his paternal aunt); Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (his maternal uncle); George I of Greece (his paternal great-uncle); Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (his paternal great-uncle by marriage); Ernest August, Duke of Cumberland (his paternal great-uncle by marriage); Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia (his maternal great-uncle); his first cousins once removed, Nicholas II of Russia , George, Duke of York , Prince George of Greece and Denmark and Georg Wilhelm, Hereditary Prince of Hanover; Crown Prince Constantine and Crown Princess Sophia of Greece (his first cousin once removed, and his wife); his paternal great-granduncles, Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway ; and Crown Prince Gustaf and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden (his first cousin twice removed and his wife). Frederik's only sibling, Knud ,
1691-980: The Spindrift Stakes (1898) Sailor King, a Japanese voice actor starring in Nerima Daikon Brothers Sailor King , a drifter that struck a mine and sank in the North Sea in November 1940 Sailor King Moondog White, an independent candidate for the Canadian Extreme Wrestling Party HMT Sailor King , a requisitioned trawler of the Royal Navy for use in World War II See also [ edit ] List of monarchs by nickname Topics referred to by
1780-401: The liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade . During the 12 years of rule by Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Party , the welfare state established by previous German governments was maintained, but it was restructured so as to help only Aryan individuals considered worthy of assistance, excluding "alcoholics, tramps, homosexuals, prostitutes, the 'work-shy' or the 'asocial', habitual criminals,
1869-539: The welfare state was expanded and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. The modernization brought new demands on the monarchy and Frederik's role as a constitutional monarch . Frederik died in 1972, and was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Margrethe II. Prince Frederik was born on 11 March 1899 at his parents' country residence , the Sorgenfri Palace , located on
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#17327727411321958-688: The 1930s during a short period of socialist political ascendency, with the Matignon Accords and the reforms of the Popular Front . Paxton points out these reforms were paralleled and even exceeded by measures taken by the Vichy regime in the 1940s. Some policies enacted to enhance social welfare in Germany were Health Insurance 1883, Accident Insurance 1884, Old Age Pensions 1889 and National Unemployment Insurance 1927. Otto von Bismarck ,
2047-674: The Canada/Quebec Pension Plans. After 1830, French liberalism and economic modernization were key goals. While liberalism was individualistic and laissez-faire in the United Kingdom and the United States, in France liberalism was based instead on a solidaristic conception of society, following the theme of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"). In
2136-496: The Feudal Middle Ages. Emperor Ashoka of India put forward his idea of a welfare state in the 3rd century BCE . He envisioned his dharma (religion or path) as not just a collection of high-sounding phrases. He consciously tried to adopt it as a matter of state policy; he declared that "all men are my children" and "whatever exertion I make, I strive only to discharge debt that I owe to all living creatures." It
2225-809: The George Gibbs Chair in Political Economy and Senior Research Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and nationally syndicated columnist Veronique de Rugy, as of 2014, the annual cost of a UBI in the US would have been about $ 200 billion cheaper than the US system put in place at that date. By 2020, it would have been nearly a trillion dollars cheaper. Prior to 1900 in Australia, charitable assistance from benevolent societies, sometimes with financial contributions from
2314-537: The King's coffin was transported to his home at Amalienborg Palace , where it stood until 18 January, when it was moved to the chapel at Christiansborg Palace . There the King was placed on castrum doloris , a ceremony largely unchanged since introduced at the burial of Frederik III in 1670, and the last remaining royal ceremony where the Danish Crown Regalia is used. The King then lay in state for six days until his funeral , during which period
2403-582: The Roman Republic and Empire , reaching a population approaching one million in the second century AD. The population of the city grew beyond the capacity of the nearby rural areas to meet the food needs of the city. Regular grain distribution began in 123 BC with a grain law proposed by Gaius Gracchus and approved by the Roman Plebeian Council (popular assembly). The numbers of those receiving free or subsidized grain expanded to
2492-643: The Second World War, Anglican Archbishop William Temple , author of the book Christianity and the Social Order (1942), popularized the concept using the phrase "welfare state". Bishop Temple's use of "welfare state" has been connected to Benjamin Disraeli 's 1845 novel Sybil: or the Two Nations (in other words, the rich and the poor), where he writes "power has only one duty – to secure
2581-634: The Swedish political scientist Bo Rothstein , in non-universal welfare states, the state is primarily concerned with directing resources to "the people most in need". This requires tight bureaucratic control in order to determine who is eligible for assistance and who is not. Under universal models such as Sweden, on the other hand, the state distributes welfare to all people who fulfill easily established criteria (e.g. having children, receiving medical treatment, etc.) with as little bureaucratic interference as possible. This, however, requires higher taxation due to
2670-540: The Swiss Factory Act of 1877 German laws that insured workers against industrial risks inherent in the workplace to create the 1885 Trade Code Amendment. Changed attitudes in reaction to the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s, which brought unemployment and misery to millions, were instrumental in the move to the welfare state in many countries. During the Great Depression, the welfare state
2759-490: The Third Republic, especially between 1895 and 1914 "Solidarité" ["solidarism"] was the guiding concept of a liberal social policy, whose chief champions were the prime ministers Leon Bourgeois (1895–96) and Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau (1899–1902). The French welfare state expanded when it tried to follow some of Bismarck's policies. Poor relief was the starting point. More attention was paid to industrial labour in
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2848-485: The appeal of the new Social Democratic Party , and to secure the support of the working classes for the German Empire , as well as to reduce emigration to the United States, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist. Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers through his high- tariff policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated
2937-551: The auspices of the National Socialist People's Welfare by 1939. When social democratic parties abandoned Marxism after World War II , they increasingly accepted the welfare state as a political goal, either as a temporary goal within capitalism or an ultimate goal in itself. A theoretical addition from 2005 is that of Kahl in their article 'The religious roots of modern policy: Catholic, Lutheran and Reformed Protestant traditions compared'. They argue that
3026-468: The authorities, was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves. The 1890s economic depression and the rise of the trade unions and the Labor parties during this period led to a movement for welfare reform. In 1900, New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before
3115-576: The burial site outside Roskilde Cathedral. On 20 April 1982, a statue of King Frederik IX dressed in the uniform of an admiral was unveiled by the Copenhagen harbour on the 35th anniversary of his accession to the throne in 1947 and in the tenth year after his death. The Crown Prince Frederik Range in Greenland was named after him when it was first mapped by Sir Martin Lindsay in 1934 during
3204-506: The children of pensioners in 1943; and unemployment, sickness, and special benefits in 1945. Medicare is Australia's publicly funded universal health care insurance scheme. Initially created in 1975 by the Whitlam Labor government under the name "Medibank". The Fraser Liberal government made significant changes to it from 1976 leading to its abolition in late 1981. The Hawke government reinstated universal health care in 1984 under
3293-469: The eldest daughter of Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia . He was baptised in the Garden Room at Sorgenfri Palace on 9 April 1899 by the royal confessor Jakob Paulli. The young prince had 21 godparents : Christian IX of Denmark (his paternal great-grandfather); Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark (his paternal grandfather);
3382-420: The empire. Shady groves, wells, orchards and rest houses were laid out. Ashoka also prohibited useless sacrifices and certain forms of gatherings which led to waste, indiscipline and superstition. To implement these policies he recruited a new cadre of officers called Dharmamahamattas. Part of this group's duties was to see that people of various sects were treated fairly. They were especially asked to look after
3471-522: The end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. The dole in the early Roman Empire is estimated to account for 15 to 33 percent of the total grain imported and consumed in Rome. In addition to food, the Roman Republic also supplied free entertainment, through ludi (public games). Public money was allocated for the staging of ludi, but the presiding official increasingly came to augment
3560-612: The hereditarily ill (a widely defined category) and members of races other than the Aryan." Nevertheless, even with these limitations, over 17 million German citizens received assistance under the auspices of the Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV) by 1939. The agency projected a powerful image of caring and support for those who were seen as full members of the German racial community, but it also inspired fear through its intrusive questioning and
3649-562: The journey through Copenhagen to Copenhagen Central Station . The gun carriage was pulled by 48 seamen and was escorted by honor guards from the Danish Army , Air Force , and Navy , as well as honor guards from France, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States. At the Copenhagen Central Station , the coffin was placed in a special railway carriage for the rail journey to Roskilde . The funeral train
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3738-610: The late 19th century; its existence and depth varied individually by canton . Some of the programs first adopted were emergency relief, elementary schools, and homes for the elderly and children. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire , a version was set up by Count Eduard von Taaffe a few years after Bismarck in Germany. Legislation to help the working class in Austria emerged from Catholic conservatives . Von Taffe used Swiss and German models of social reform, including
3827-439: The minimal provisions for a good life. There is substantial variability in the form and trajectory of the welfare state across countries and regions. All welfare states entail some degree of private–public partnerships wherein the administration and delivery of at least some welfare programs occur through private entities. Welfare state services are also provided at varying territorial levels of government. Early features of
3916-473: The most liberal (the United States). Ireland represents a near-hybrid model whereby two streams of unemployment benefit exist: contributory and means-tested. However, payments can begin immediately and are theoretically available to all Irish citizens even if they have never worked, provided they are habitually resident. Social stigma varies across the three conceptual welfare states. Particularly, it
4005-463: The name "Medicare". Canada's welfare programs are funded and administered at all levels of government (with 13 different provincial/territorial systems), and include health and medical care, public education (through graduate school), social housing and social services. Social support is given through programs including Social Assistance, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Child Tax Benefit, Old Age Security, Employment Insurance, Workers' Compensation, and
4094-598: The other through Frederick Francis II . They never wed. Instead, on 15 March 1935, a few days after his 36th birthday, his engagement to Princess Ingrid of Sweden (1910–2000), a daughter of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (later King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden) and his first wife, Princess Margaret of Connaught , was announced. They had gotten engaged in private in the beginning of February. Frederik and Ingrid were related in several ways. In descent from Oscar I of Sweden and Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden , they were double third cousins. In descent from Paul I of Russia , Frederik
4183-430: The philanthropic efforts claimed by earlier legends. The interpretation of Ashoka's dharma after conversion is controversial, but in particular, the texts which describe him personally ordering the massacre of Buddhist heretics and Jains have been disputed by many scholars, since these are directly contradictory to his own edicts, and are legendary in nature. The Emperor Wen (203 – 157 BCE) of Han Dynasty instituted
4272-417: The poor to obtain benefits. Mesa-Lago has classified the countries taking into account the historical experience of their welfare systems. The pioneers were Uruguay, Chile and Argentina, as they started to develop the first welfare programs in the 1920s following a bismarckian model. Other countries such as Costa Rica developed a more universal welfare system (1960s–1970s) with social security programs based on
4361-511: The powerful Chancellor of Germany (in office 1871–90), developed the first modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that had begun as early as in the 1840s. The measures that Bismarck introduced – old-age pensions , accident insurance , and employee health insurance – formed the basis of the modern European welfare state. His paternalistic programs aimed to forestall social unrest and to undercut
4450-552: The privileges of the Junker social class to ordinary Germans. His 17 November 1881 Imperial Message to the Reichstag used the term "practical Christianity" to describe his program. German laws from this era also insured workers against industrial risks inherent in the workplace. In Switzerland , the Swiss Factory Act of 1877 limited working hours for everyone, and gave maternity benefits. The Swiss welfare state also arose in
4539-456: The provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as old-age pensions or unemployment benefits) and in-kind welfare services (such as health or childcare services). Through these provisions, welfare states can affect the distribution of wellbeing and personal autonomy among their citizens, as well as influencing how their citizens consume and how they spend their time. Historian of the 20th-century fascist movement , Robert Paxton , observes that
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#17327727411324628-531: The provisions of the welfare state were enacted in the 19th century by religious conservatives to counteract appeals from trade unions and socialism . Later, Paxton writes "All the modern twentieth-century European dictatorships of the right, both fascist and authoritarian, were welfare states… They all provided medical care, pensions, affordable housing, and mass transport as a matter of course, in order to maintain productivity, national unity, and social peace." In Germany, Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Party maintained
4717-538: The public could pay their last respects. The funeral took place on 24 January 1972, and was split in two parts. First a brief ceremony was held in the chapel where the king had lain in state, where the Bishop of Copenhagen , Willy Westergaard Madsen , said a brief prayer, followed by a hymn, before the coffin was carried out of the chapel by members of the Royal Life Guards and placed on a gun carriage for
4806-412: The relationship between gender and labor in stratifications on social provisions, 3) how men and women are dependent on the labor market and the effect of welfare on decommodification for both genders. Reframing the decommodification index with a gendered lens ensures women doing care-work don't get left behind within the welfare state. Universal basic income (UBI) has been proposed as a replacement for
4895-579: The restrictions of an agricultural society, developed a welfare state, and, as a consequence of the booming economy of the 1960s, women entered the labour market. In other words, Denmark became a modern country, which meant new demands on the monarchy. In 1948, one year into the king's reign, the Faroe Islands obtained home rule and became a self-governing country within the Danish Realm . As King Frederik IX and Queen Ingrid had no sons, it
4984-419: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sailor King . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sailor_King&oldid=1195490786 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
5073-761: The scale of services provided. This model was constructed by the Scandinavian ministers Karl Kristian Steincke and Gustav Möller in the 1930s and is dominant in Scandinavia. Sociologist Lane Kenworthy argues that the Nordic experience demonstrates that the modern social democratic model can "promote economic security, expand opportunity, and ensure rising living standards for all ... while facilitating freedom, flexibility and market dynamism." American political scientist Benjamin Radcliff has also argued that
5162-550: The shores of the small river Mølleåen in Kongens Lyngby north of Copenhagen on the island of Zealand in Denmark , during the reign of his great-grandfather King Christian IX . His father was Prince Christian of Denmark (later King Christian X), the eldest son of Crown Prince Frederik and Princess Louise of Sweden (later King Frederik VIII and Queen Louise). His mother was Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin ,
5251-564: The social welfare of the PEOPLE". At the time he wrote Sybil , Disraeli (later a prime minister) belonged to Young England , a conservative group of youthful Tories who disagreed with how the Whigs dealt with the conditions of the industrial poor . Members of Young England attempted to garner support among the privileged classes to assist the less fortunate and to recognize the dignity of labor that they imagined had characterized England during
5340-520: The splendor of his games from personal funds as a form of public relations . The sponsor was able to cultivate the favor of the people of Rome . The concept of states taxing for the welfare budget was introduced to the Arabs in the early 7th century by caliph Omar, most likely adapted from the newly Roman territories. Zakat is also one of the five pillars of Islam and is a mandatory form of 2.5% Wealth tax to be paid by all individuals holding above
5429-528: The stage for post-industrial employment evolution in terms of employment growth, structure, and stratification. He uses Germany, Sweden, and the United States to provide examples of the differing results of each of the three welfare states. According to Evelyne Huber and John Stephens, different types of welfare states emerged as a result of prolonged government by different parties. They distinguish between social democratic welfare states, Christian democratic welfare states, and "wage earner" states. According to
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#17327727411325518-476: The state serve the common people better, cruel criminal punishments were lessened and the state bureaucracy was made more meritocratic. This led to officials being selected by examinations for the first time in Chinese history. The Roman Republic intervened sporadically to distribute free or subsidized grain to its population, through the program known as Cura Annonae . The city of Rome grew rapidly during
5607-485: The subject and the scheme was legislated as the National Health and Pensions Insurance Act 1938 . However, the scheme was ultimately abandoned for cost reasons in the lead-up to the Second World War. During the Second World War, the federal government created a welfare state by enacting national schemes for: child endowment in 1941; a widows' pension in 1942; a wife's allowance in 1943; additional allowances for
5696-418: The term welfare state. In enlightened absolutism , the ruler had an unlimited position of power, which he was to only utilize to the extent necessary for the "welfare" of his subjects. The content of the "welfare" or "good police", which limited the ruler's legitimate exercise of power, was defined by the authorities at their own discretion. This is also referred to as "welfare absolutism". The term welfare state
5785-633: The threat of opening investigations on those who did not fulfill the criteria for support. The Directive Principles of State Policy , enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution reflects that India is a welfare state. Food security to all Indians is guaranteed under the National Food Security Act, 2013 where the government provides food grains to people at a very subsidised rate. Since 2001, India has developed
5874-488: The three subtypes of welfare regimes were categorized under three dimensions: 1) state and market relations or the relationship between the state and market, 2) stratification or social relations and relationships, 3) social citizenship rights or whether or not an individual is dependent on the labor market. Since the building of the decommodification index is limited and the typology is debatable, these 18 countries could be ranked from most purely social-democratic (Sweden) to
5963-471: The throne. Just six years later, on 14 May 1912, King Frederik VIII died, and Frederik's father ascended the throne as King Christian X. Frederik himself became crown prince. On 1 December 1918, as the Danish–Icelandic Act of Union recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch , Frederik also became crown prince of Iceland (where his name
6052-615: The time. In addition, with his great love of music, Frederik was an able piano player and conductor . In the 1910s, Alexandrine considered the two youngest daughters of her cousin Tsar Nicholas II , Grand Duchesses Maria and Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia , as possible wives for Frederik until the execution of the Romanov family in 1918. In 1922, Frederik was engaged to Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark , his double second cousin, through King Christian IX of Denmark and
6141-539: The traditional welfare state where social protection schemes are also social policies with a precise aim that can be regarded as social engineering . The focus of the UBI is granting individuals more freedom in determining life choices by providing a lifetime of financial security regardless of one's career preferences or lifepath. According to statements of American Enterprise Institute -affiliated Libertarian/conservative scholar Charles Murray , recalled and sanctioned by
6230-592: The universality and generosity of the welfare state (i.e. the extent of decommodification ) is the single most important societal-level structural factor affecting the quality of human life, based on the analysis of time serial data across both the industrial democracies and the American States. He maintains that the welfare state improves life for everyone, regardless of social class (as do similar institutions, such as pro-worker labor market regulations and strong labor unions). Esping-Andersen's welfare typology
6319-461: The war and another 150,000 deported. Some sources (particularly Buddhist oral legends) suggest that his conversion was dramatic and that he dedicated the rest of his life to the pursuit of peace and the common good. However, these sources frequently contradict each other, and a few sources (like Ashokavadana , earliest versions ranging from 200 AD to 500 AD) describe Ashoka engaging in sectarian mass murder throughout his reign, and make no mention of
6408-512: The welfare of prisoners. However, the historical record of Ashoka's character is conflicted. Ashoka's own inscriptions state that he converted to Buddhism after waging a destructive war. However, the Sri Lankan tradition claims that he had already converted to Buddhism in the 4th year of his reign, although it does not mention the conquest of Kalinga. During this war, according to Ashoka's Major Rock Edict 13 , with nearly 100,000 killed in
6497-464: The welfare state established by previous German governments, but restructured it so as to help only Aryan individuals considered worthy of assistance, excluding "alcoholics, tramps, homosexuals, prostitutes, the 'work-shy' or the 'asocial', habitual criminals, the hereditarily ill (a widely defined category) and members of races other than the Aryan." Nevertheless, even with these limitations, over 17 million German citizens were receiving assistance under
6586-570: The welfare state policies of several European countries can be traced back to their religious origins. This process has its origin in the 'poor relief' systems, and social norms present in Christian nations. The example countries are categorized as follows: Catholic – Spain, Italy and France; Lutheran – Denmark, Sweden and Germany; Reformed Protestant – Netherlands, the UK and the USA. The Catholic countries had
6675-418: The welfare state set the stage for employment evolution, the lack of gender analysis creates an unintended emphasis on male employment. Sociologist Ann Shola Orloff reframes the three dimensions with a gendered lens. As she reframes, Orloff incorporates gender and expands the decommodification index within three dimensions: 1) focus on families and the welfare states in state and market relations, 2) including
6764-471: The welfare state, such as public pensions and social insurance, developed from the 1880s onwards in industrializing Western countries. World War I, the Great Depression , and World War II have been characterized as important events that ushered in the expansion of the welfare state. The fullest forms of the welfare state were developed after World War II . The term welfare is much older than
6853-554: Was "broad agreement" in research on welfare that there had not been welfare state retrenchment. Instead, "social policy frameworks remain secure." Broadly speaking, welfare states are either universal, with provisions that cover everybody; or selective, with provisions covering only those deemed most needy. In his 1990 book, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism , Danish sociologist Gøsta Esping-Andersen further identified three subtypes of welfare state models; liberal, social-democratic, and conservative. Esping-Anderson development of
6942-444: Was a completely new ideal of kingship. Ashoka renounced war and conquest by violence and forbade the killing of many animals. Since he wanted to conquer the world through love and faith, he sent many missions to propagate Dharma. Such missions were sent to places like Egypt, Greece, and Sri Lanka. The propagation of Dharma included many measures of people's welfare. Centers of the treatment of men and beasts founded inside and outside of
7031-826: Was a fourth cousin of Ingrid's mother. They married in Stockholm Cathedral on 24 May 1935. Their wedding was one of the greatest media events of the day in Sweden in 1935, and among the wedding guests were the King and Queen of Denmark , the King and Queen of Belgium and the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Norway . Upon their return to Denmark, the couple were given Frederik VIII's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen as their primary residence and Gråsten Palace in Northern Schleswig as
7120-985: Was born one year after Frederik. The family lived in apartments in Christian VIII's Palace at Amalienborg Palace in Copenhagen , in Sorgenfri Palace near the capital and in a summer residence, Marselisborg Palace in Aarhus in Jutland , which Frederik's parents had received as a wedding present from the people of Denmark in 1898. In 1914, the King also built the villa Klitgården in Skagen in Northern Jutland . Christian IX died on 29 January 1906, and Frederik's grandfather Crown Prince Frederik succeeded him as King Frederik VIII. Frederik's father became crown prince, and Frederik moved up to second in line to
7209-430: Was done uniformly. Poverty was seen as more of an individual affliction of laziness and immorality. Work was viewed as a calling. As such these societies banned begging and created workhouses to force the able-bodied to work. These uniform state actions paved the way for comprehensive welfare benefits, as those who worked deserved assistance when in need. When social assistance was delivered for those who had never worked, it
7298-407: Was expected that the king's younger brother, Prince Knud , would inherit the throne, in accordance with Denmark's succession law (Royal Ordinance of 1853). However, in 1953, an Act of Succession was passed, changing the method of succession to male-preference primogeniture (which allows daughters to succeed if there are no sons). This meant that his daughters could succeed him if he had no sons. As
7387-590: Was in the context of the uniform welfare provision. The concept of Predestination is key for understanding welfare assistance in Reformed Protestant states. Poor people were seen as being punished, therefore begging and state assistance was non existent. As such churches and charities filled the void resulting in early social assistance and late welfare benefits. The USA still has minimal welfare benefits today, because of their religious roots, according to Kahl. Also from 2005, Jacob Hacker stated that there
7476-486: Was no onus for change placed onto the poor. These factors, coupled with the power of the church meant that state provided benefits did not arise until late in the 20th century. Additionally, social assistance was not done at a comprehensive level, each group in need had their assistance added incrementally. This accounts for the fragmented nature of social assistance in these countries. Lutheran states were early to provide welfare and late to provide social assistance but this
7565-813: Was officially spelled Friðrik). However, as a national referendum established the Republic of Iceland on 17 June 1944, he never succeeded as king of Iceland. Frederik was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy (breaking with Danish royal tradition by choosing a naval instead of an army career) and the University of Copenhagen . Before he became king, he had acquired the rank of rear admiral and he had had several senior commands on active service. He acquired several tattoos during his naval service including dragons, birds, and other traditional tattoo motifs that were popular among sailors of
7654-466: Was pulled by two DSB class E steam engines. Once in Roskilde, the coffin was pulled through the city by a group of seamen to Roskilde Cathedral where the final ceremony took place. Previous rulers had been interred in the cathedral, but it was the King's wish to be buried outside. Queen Ingrid survived her husband by 28 years. She died on 7 November 2000. Her remains were interred alongside him at
7743-486: Was rushed to the Copenhagen Municipal Hospital . After a brief period of apparent improvement, the King's condition took a negative turn on 11 January, and he died three days later, on 14 January, at 7:50 pm surrounded by his immediate family and closest friends, having been unconscious since the previous day. He was succeeded by his eldest daughter, Margrethe II . Following his death,
7832-557: Was seen as a "middle way" between the extremes of communism on the left and unregulated laissez-faire capitalism on the right. In the period following World War II, some countries in Western Europe moved from partial or selective provision of social services to relatively comprehensive "cradle-to-grave" coverage of the population. Other Western European states did not, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain and France. Political scientist Eileen McDonagh has argued that
7921-697: Was the first child of Prince Christian of Denmark and Princess Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (later King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine). He became crown prince when his father succeeded as king in 1912. As a young man, he was educated at the Royal Danish Naval Academy . In 1935, he married Princess Ingrid of Sweden . They had three daughters: Margrethe , Benedikte and Anne-Marie . During Nazi Germany's occupation of Denmark , Frederik acted as regent on behalf of his father from 1942 until 1943. Frederik became king on his father's death in April 1947. During Frederik's reign, Danish society changed rapidly,
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