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58-581: The complex, which ranges over 6,500 m² , includes two churches, the main one is dedicated to the Holy Archangels (where Dušan's tomb lied), and the second one is dedicated to St. Nicholas , both built in the Rascian architectural style . The monastery was looted and destroyed after the Ottomans arrived in 1455, and in 1615 it was razed to the ground and its material was used for the construction of

116-598: A tent container that KFOR provided. After that, local Serbs again helped with the restoration, finishing the southeastern part of the dormitory by November the same year. On 26 July 2005, the celebration of the Monastery Slava (patron saint protector) and the 650th anniversary of the Emperor's death was organized with the protection of KFOR forces. The celebration was attended by hundreds of Serbs, among whom were present church dignitaries and state officials, and

174-645: A letter from a Venetian merchant from Trepča , dated 24 March 1348, where he complained that he could not sell the lead from the Trepča mine, since the head of the mine received direct order that he, by the cost of his life, could not sell lead to anyone, except the abbot of the Monastery to cover the roof. The founding charter accompanied the Dušan's Code , upon its promulgation at a state council on May 21, 1349, in Skopje. It

232-488: A month to bury his remains. The monastery refectory was restored with the help of local Serbs from Sredska and Sirinić , so that the celebration of the 650th anniversary of the monastery could take place, on 26 July 2002, attended by almost 1,000 Serbs. This milestone was not without incident, since Albanians in Prizren organized protests against their arrival, and a bomb exploded in the fortress of Višegrad. During

290-553: A number of craftsmen, including goldsmiths. The households and communities which were to pay taxes to the monastery lived in an area that stretched from the Šar Mountains to the Adriatic Sea . Although the number of granted villages were less than those of King Milutin to his endowment at Banjska , the Archangels' Monastery had a territory that was richer and more advanced. The Prizren customs and market's revenue belonged to

348-528: A paradise and a haven of salvation for those seeking to be saved"). From that moment the mountain was consecrated as the garden of the Mother of God and was out of bounds to all other women. Historical documents on ancient Mount Athos history are very few. Monks have certainly been there since the fourth century, and possibly since the third. During Constantine I 's reign (324–337) both Christians and followers of traditional Greek religion were living there. During

406-476: A small fort of Višegrad with a church dedicated to Saint Nicholas, Bishop of Prizren. It was donated as a refuge in case of war, as, later, Maglič was a shelter of the Serbian archbishop from Žiča . Later, Dušan gave three villages to a bishop of Prizren in return from the fortress of Višegrad, which was subsequently submitted to a monastery, connecting them into a whole with a defensive wall . The Monastery

464-481: Is 10 (one thousand ) times the length of 1 metre, but 1 square kilometre is (10 ) (10 , one million ) times the area of 1 square metre, and 1 cubic kilometre is (10 ) (10 , one billion ) cubic metres. The square metre may be used with all SI prefixes used with the metre. Unicode has several characters used to represent metric area units, but these are for compatibility with East Asian character encodings and are not meant to be used in new documents. Instead,

522-592: Is believed that the construction of the monastery church, supporting facilities and protective walls ended in 1352, and at the time of its establishment, it housed some 200 monks and the Metropolitan. In the founding charter, Dushan gave to the monastery tax farming rights over 93 villages, 7 churches and their congregation and property (fertile land, vineyards , and oil-lamps), an iron mine in Toplica , 467 Vlach households (shepherds), 8 Albanian katund , and

580-683: Is built in the smaller plateau in the Prizrenska Bistrica canyon, approximately 2.5 km southeast of Prizren. The plateau is in a peninsula, surrounded by the river from the three sides, while on the fourth southeastern side it is surrounded by sharp rocks , on top of which is the fortified citadel of Višegrad . At the time of its construction there was a caravan road nearby the Prizrenska Bistrica, which connected Skopje with Prizren (then capital of Serbia ), over Kačanik , Sirinićka Župa and Sredačka Župa , and it

638-519: Is covered with mixed broadleaf deciduous and evergreen forests. Black pine ( Pinus nigra ) forests are found at higher elevations. Sclerophyllous scrub vegetation is also found throughout Mount Athos. Typical forest trees are sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ), holm oak ( Quercus ilex ), kermes oak ( Quercus coccifera ), Hungarian oak ( Quercus frainetto ), oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis ), black pine ( Pinus nigra ), and cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens ). Other common plant species include

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696-560: Is known for its long Christian presence and historical monastic traditions, which date back to at least 800 AD during the Byzantine era . Because of its long history of religious importance, the well-preserved agrarian architecture within the monasteries, and the preservation of the flora and fauna around the mountain, the monastic community of Mount Athos was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1988. In

754-498: Is likely that the road was passing right through the monastery. During archeological excavation of the monastery complex, the oldest findings are dated from the Eneolithic age , while it is evident that in the early Iron Age there was a settlement. During classical period , settlement was disbanded, and later during the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries was again founded and it was late classical period or early Byzantine village, which

812-588: Is more commonly found in the northern part of the peninsula. Broadleaf maquis is found further south. Deciduous broadleaf forest dominated by sweet chestnut lies above the broadleaf maquis zone. There are also mixed forests consisting of deciduous oak trees, as well as limes , aspen , hop hornbeam , and maple . Black pine and stinking juniper can be found at higher elevations. Some herbaceous plants with tubers and bulbs include crocus , anemone , cyclamen , and fritillary species. At least 35 plant species are endemic to Mount Athos, most of which are found in

870-508: Is not known where the other artifacts which are mentioned in Grujić's reports are, thus they are today considered permanently lost, In addition, parts of mosaic floor were further damaged during the transport to Skopje. Shortly before the 1926 excavations, the first Hydroelectric power plant in Kosovo and Metohija , Prizrenka , was built next to the monastery complex, completed in 1928, which

928-807: Is the name of one of the Gigantes that challenged the Greek gods during the Gigantomachia . Athos threw a massive rock at Poseidon which fell in the Aegean Sea and became Mount Athos. According to another version of the story, Poseidon used the mountain to bury the defeated giant. Homer mentions the mountain Athos in the Iliad . Herodotus writes that during the Persian invasion of Thrace in 492 BC,

986-560: The 2004 unrest in Kosovo , the monastery complex was again under attack by Albanian extremists, despite the fact that it was secured by the nearby KFOR base. The entire residence was burned and destroyed, including the bell tower and the woodcut workshop, a panel was badly damaged and the tomb of Emperor Dušan was broken and desecrated. The monastic brotherhood of the Monastery was previously evacuated, but returned in April and continued to live in

1044-491: The Aegean Sea at a width of between 7 and 12 km (4.3 and 7.5 mi) and covers an area of 335.6 km (130 sq mi). The actual Mount Athos has steep, densely forested slopes reaching up to 2,033 m (6,670 ft). The Athos peninsula, unlike Sithonia and Kassandra , is a geological continuation of the Rhodope Mountains of northern Greece and Bulgaria. The surrounding seas, especially at

1102-597: The International Bureau of Weights and Measures ) or square meter ( American spelling ) is the unit of area in the International System of Units (SI) with symbol m . It is the area of a square with sides one metre in length. Adding and subtracting SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples; however, as the unit is exponentiated , the quantities grow exponentially by the corresponding power of 10 . For example, 1 kilometre

1160-649: The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), after the Kosovo Force (KFOR) arrived. During the 2004 unrest in Kosovo , the monastery was burned and looted again. The entire complex is under protection of the Republic of Serbia , as a Monument of Culture of Great Importance . The monastery houses one priest and is under protection by the Kosovo police in a special protection zone Square metre The square metre ( international spelling as used by

1218-421: The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), after the Kosovo Force (KFOR) arrived. During the 2004 unrest in Kosovo , the monastery was burned and looted again. The entire monastery complex is under protection of the Republic of Serbia , as a Monument of Culture of Great Importance . One priest lives in the monastery which is under constant protection of Kosovo police in a special protection zone. The monastery complex

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1276-696: The Sinan Pasha Mosque, Prizren . The entire complex was archeologically explored in 1927, and its remains were conserved after the Second World War . During the last decade of the 20th century, work on the reconstruction was continued, and in 1998 it again became an active male monastery. After the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and retreat of the Yugoslav army forces, reconstructed objects were burned and looted in June 1999, by members of

1334-572: The Unicode superscript U+00B2 ² SUPERSCRIPT TWO can be used, as in m². One square metre is equal to: Mount Athos Mount Athos ( / ˈ æ θ ɒ s / ; Greek : Ἄθως [ˈa.θos] ) is a mountain on the Athos peninsula in northeastern Greece directly on the Aegean Sea. It is an important center of Eastern Orthodox monasticism . The mountain and most of

1392-752: The Vardar architectural style . After his death on 20 December 1355, Emperor Dušan was buried in a separate tomb, located in the southwestern part of the nave of the Church of the Saint Archangels, which is a unique solution of the Serbian architecture. During the fall of the Serbian Empire , the monastery served as a refuge for Ragusan merchants from Prizren, who left town in fear of Nikola Altomanović (1366–1373), and two years later it came to

1450-615: The classical era , Mount Athos was called Athos and the peninsula Acté or Akté ( Koinē Greek : Ἀκτή ). In modern Greek, the mountain is Oros Athos ( Greek : Όρος Άθως ) and the peninsula Hersonisos tou Atho ( Greek : Χερσόνησος του Άθω ), while the designation Agio Oros ( Greek : Άγιο Όρος ) translating to 'Holy Mountain' is also used. Some languages of Orthodox tradition use names that translate to 'Holy Mountain', including Bulgarian , Macedonian and Serbian ( Света Гора , Sveta Gora ), and Georgian ( მთაწმინდა , mtats’minda ). However, not all languages spoken in

1508-544: The prayer welcomed the dawn. The first archaeological excavations of the site were carried out in 1927 by Dr Radoslav Grujić, with help of the Ministry of Religion and the army and navy. During that research, several objects were detected in the area of the Bistrica : In the area of Višegrad , only a small research was conducted, in which the church dedicated to St. Nicholas and several other buildings were found. Inside

1566-411: The Švanjski Bridge , which is located at old fort , as in the middle of broad daylight. Local Serb population is gathered twice a year in the monastery ruins in summer (26 June) and autumn (21 November) on monastery Slava day (Holy Archangels). According to one travel writers, the service began during the night and so that only Light provided the burning candles , while the people and clergy in

1624-655: The Athos peninsula are governed as an autonomous region in Greece by the monastic community of Mount Athos , which is ecclesiastically under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople . The remainder of the peninsula forms part of the Aristotelis municipality. Women are prohibited from entering the area governed by the monastic community by Greek law and by religious tradition. Mount Athos has been inhabited since ancient times and

1682-585: The Eastern Orthodox world use this name: in the East Slavic languages ( Russian , Ukrainian , and Belarusian ) it is simply called Афон ( Afon , meaning "Athos"), while in Romanian it is called "Mount Athos" ( Muntele Athos or Muntele Atos ). The peninsula, the easternmost "leg" of the larger Chalkidiki peninsula in central Macedonia , protrudes 50 km (31 mi) into

1740-550: The Kosovo Liberation Army burned and looted the restored residence, and one of the monks, Father Chariton, was kidnapped in Prizren, in mid-June 1999. His decapitated body was found in the summer of 2000 in Prizren, and he was buried in the Crna Reka monastery , where he had become a monk, while his head was never found. The remaining monastic brotherhood left the monastery after his kidnapping, but returned after

1798-609: The Monastery on this site, as a place of healing and in gratitude to Christ and the Archangels Michael and Gabriel. It was consecrated in the fall of 1347, as Dušan prepared a trip on 1 August to attend the consecration, and in December he was at Mount Athos . The church construction began in 1348, supervised by Metropolitan Jacob, who later became a bishop in Serres . The main work was finished early in 1348, as known from

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1856-453: The Monastery, and cooking oil arrived from Bar and fish from Skadar and Plav , as well as salt , silk , wine , honey and wax . Master builders such as Petros, Vojislav, Srđan, Noš and Vojihna were given to the Monastery, and are believed to have participated in the building of the Monastery. A hospital was also built within the complex. The charter stated the provision of compulsory treatment of sick people. The Monastery represented

1914-496: The Serbian state at the time. After the capture of Prizren and its surroundings in 1455 by the Ottoman Empire , the monastery was looted and destroyed. The monastic community did not stop, but the complex had lost its old glory and was in constant decline. At the beginning of the 17th century, a systematic demolition was conducted on the monastery churches as to obtain construction material for Sofi Sinan Pasha 's Mosque in

1972-696: The area of the main summit in the south. Isatis tinctoria ssp. athoa , a woad subspecies, and Viola athois are named after Mount Athos. Mount Athos is also home to 350 species of mushrooms. Mammals include the grey wolf ( Canis lupus ), wild boar ( Sus scrofa ), red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), jackal ( Canis aureus ), European badger ( Meles meles ), beech marten ( Martes foina ), stoat ( Mustela erminea ), weasel ( Mustela nivalis vulgaris ), European hedgehog ( Erinaceus concolor ), shrews ( Crocidura spp.), and Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ). Other mammal species include roe deer , hares , and red squirrels . Birds include

2030-474: The beauty beyond Church of Christ Pantocrator in Dečani, and especially emphasizes it is covered under the mosaics the highest reach of the Serbian medieval architecture in this field. The same record states that are then discussed to no longer anywhere to be found Pathos of Prizren, Dečani church, Peć narthex, Banjska gold and Resava writings , which are symbolically represented the most significant limits of

2088-436: The black stork ( Ciconia nigra ), short-toed snake-eagle ( Circaetus gallicus ), golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ), lesser kestrel ( Falco naumanni ), capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus ), eagle owl ( Bubo bubo ), yelkouan shearwater ( Puffinus yelkouan ), and Audouin's gull ( Larus audouinii ). Other bird species include swifts , swallows , martins , nightingales , and hoopoes . In Greek mythology , Athos

2146-421: The center of Prizren , which was finished in 1615, and is part of Serbia 's Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance -heritage list, added in 1990. During the following centuries I site was further destroyed the remaining delivery of construction materials for the building, as buildings in the Prizren, and ordinary houses and time are the remains of former buildings buried layers of the country. Nonetheless,

2204-526: The cities of Dion (Dium) and Akrothoon. Eretria also established colonies on Akte. At least one other city was established in the Classical period: Akanthos (Acanthus). Some of these cities minted their own coins. The peninsula was on the invasion route of Xerxes I , who spent three years excavating the Xerxes Canal across the isthmus to allow the passage of his invasion fleet in 483 BC. After

2262-511: The culmination of the Serbian ecclesiastical architectural style that led to the birth of the Morava school style. Inside the complex, which ranges over approximately 6,500 m² , are two churches, dedicated to the Holy Archangels (which was Dušan's tomb), and Saint Nicholas , both built in the Rascian architectural style , although, like Visoki Dečani monastery, regarding time of the construction, and some architectural elements, it may belong to

2320-551: The death of Alexander the Great , the architect Dinocrates (Deinokrates) proposed carving the entire mountain into a statue of Alexander. Pliny the Elder stated in 77 AD that the inhabitants of Mount Athos could "live to their four hundredth year" due to the fact that they eat the skin of vipers. The lack of historical accounts shrouds the history of the peninsula during the later ages. Archaeologists have not been able to determine

2378-401: The dining room. Upon completion of works, a marble slab was placed on the site of Dušan's tomb. The head of the subsequent research team, Mihailo Milinković, presented serious objections to the methods of research in this period, which in his opinion, were only of the architectural character and were not in accordance with the principles of archaeological practice. In addition, he pointed out that

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2436-547: The end of the peninsula, can be dangerous. In ancient Greek history, two fleet disasters in the area are recorded: Herodotus claimed that in 492 BC, Darius , the king of Persia , lost 300 ships under general Mardonius . In 411 BC the Spartans lost a fleet of 50 ships under the admiral Epicleas. Mount Athos has an extensive network of footpaths , many of which date back to the Byzantine period . Many are typically not accessible to motor vehicle traffic. Much of Mount Athos

2494-431: The entire monastery complex emerged, for which one of the prerequisites for carrying out was further archaeological research in this area. During the 1992, the excavations were carried out, after which, over the next two years, an extensive systematic protection research was done, led by Dr Milinković. Restoration of the monastery guest house with a workshop and a chapel dedicated to St. Nikolaj of Žiča , began in 1995, and

2552-604: The exact location of the cities reported by Strabo. It is believed that they must have been deserted when Athos's new inhabitants, the monks, started arriving sometime before the ninth century AD. According to the Athonite tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary was sailing accompanied by St John the Evangelist from Joppa to Cyprus to visit Lazarus . When the ship was blown off course to then-pagan Athos, it

2610-449: The fleet of the Persian commander Mardonius was wrecked with losses of 300 ships and 20,000 men, by a strong North wind while attempting to round the coast near Mount Athos. Herodotus also states that Pelasgians from the island of Lemnos populated the peninsula, then called Akte, and names five cities thereon, Sane , Kleonai (Cleonae), Thyssos (Thyssus), Olophyxos (Olophyxus), and Akrothoon (Acrothoum). Strabo also mentions

2668-651: The main church they found the remains of the imperial tomb, in which were supposedly the bones of Emperor Dušan. Two years later Dušan's remains were transferred to Belgrade and buried in a separate coffin in the St. Mark's Church , up until the full restoration of the monastery. The found parts of the famous mosaic flooring, decorative plastic and paintings were transferred to the Museum of Southern Serbia (now Museum of Macedonia) in Skopje , where they are still located, but it

2726-472: The material were not singled out and preserved, but with the rest of the material thrown into the Bistrica. On the western entrance to the monastery complex, a stone bridge was built in 1968 which connected the monastery plateau with the main road that passes the second bank of the river, and during 1970's work on conservation and restoration were continued. In early 1990s, an idea about the restoration of

2784-511: The position remained famous monasteries in the surrounding people, so that the entire area to be hit occasionally found robbery from which ruins were dig up in search of hidden treasures of the monastery. Some of the folk traditions of the monastic treasures are crossing the border fantasy and the other recorded the legend of gemstone that decorated the top of cross and the central dome. According to her, he sparkled so great, that man could by dark night thirty kilometers to go to North but, to

2842-479: The reign of Julian (361–363), the churches of Mount Athos were destroyed, and Christians hid in the woods and inaccessible places. Later, during Theodosius I 's reign (379–395), the temples of the traditional Greek religion were destroyed. The lexicographer Hesychius of Alexandria states that in the fifth century, there was still a temple and a statue of " Zeus Athonite". After the Islamic conquest of Egypt in

2900-545: The settlement of the Serbian and Ecumenical Patriarch . Then the grave of Dušan Serbian and Greek priests performed a joint service and remove the Anathema from the Dušan, and the monastery dwelt at one time and Serbian Patriarch Ephraim (1375–1380, 1389–1392). In one Chronicle were mentioned fields from other quarters 15th century and, according to the monastery's church there under the sun straight to her artistic process and

2958-434: The strawberry tree ( Arbutus unedo and Arbutus andrachne ), cypress ( Cupressus sempervirens ), laurel ( Laurus nobilis ), lentisk ( Pistacia lentiscus ), phillyrea ( Phillyrea latifolia ), wild olive ( Olea europea ), and heather ( Erica spp.). Deciduous trees that are primarily found alongside streams include white willow , laurel , Oriental plane , and alder trees. Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis )

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3016-414: The whole celebration was broadcast live by Serbian State Television (RTS) . In addition, a large reproduction of Paja Jovanović 's "Crowning of Emperor Dušan", and a Serbian flag were added to the renovated guest house. In May 2007, a published study on reconstruction of the entire monastery complex estimated about 10 years and 8.326 million EUR for the completion of the Monastery. The entire complex

3074-506: The work was completed in 1998 when the monastery again became an active male monastery. Restoration of one dormitory was the beginning of the reconstructional project and its complete conversion to the seat of Eparchy of Raška and Prizren . The following year, after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , Yugoslavia recalled security forces from the southern Serbian province . Only a few days after German KFOR units had been dispatched, members of

3132-400: Was archaeologically explored in 1927, and its remains were conserved after the Second World War . During the last decade of the 20th century work on the reconstruction was continued, and in 1998 it again became an active male monastery. After the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and retreat of the Yugoslav army forces, reconstructed objects were burned and looted in June 1999, by members of

3190-413: Was active until the 1960s, while today it is under state protection as a monument . After World War II , research on the complex was continued from 1961 to 1965, with parallel conservation work undergone. The research team was headed by Dr Slobodan Nenadović. During this period he researched the eastern and northeastern part of the plateau near the Bistrica river, which revealed most of the dormitory, and

3248-453: Was forced to anchor near the port of Klement, close to the present monastery of Iviron. The Virgin walked ashore and, overwhelmed by the mountain's wonderful and wild natural beauty, she blessed it and asked her Son for it to be her garden. A voice was heard saying, " Ἔστω ὁ τόπος οὗτος κλῆρος σὸς καὶ περιβόλαιον σὸν καὶ παράδεισος, ἔτι δὲ καὶ λιμὴν σωτήριος τῶν θελόντων σωθῆναι" (Translation: "Let this place be your inheritance and your garden,

3306-403: Was surrounded by a late antique wall, but that still has not been scientifically confirmed. After this period, there are findings from the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries, when it is considered that the original medieval fortress (which then included only the five-cornered citadel on the hill above the monastery) was built in the 12th century. Dušan's grandfather, King Milutin (1282–1321), donated

3364-424: Was the pious endowment of Emperor Dušan, built at the site of an older church dedicated to the Holy Archangels, that had been known for its miraculous powers. Metropolitan Jacob (Jakov Serski) was responsible for the construction of the monastery, which began planning in 1343, according to Dušan's St. Peter of Koriša-charter dated 19 May the same year. After Dušan's recovery from a serious illness, he decided to raise

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