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36-721: The Salzkammergut ( Austrian German: [ˈsaltskamɐɡuːt] , Northern German: [ˈzaltskamɐɡuːt] ; Central Austro-Bavarian : Soizkaumaguad ) is a resort area in Austria , stretching from the city of Salzburg eastwards along the Alpine Foreland and the Northern Limestone Alps to the peaks of the Dachstein Mountains . The main river of the region is the Traun ,

72-648: A hundred homesteads each, further divided into vici (villages or farmsteads). Charlemagne , by his capitulary legislation, adopted the comitatus subdivision and appointed local rulers as deputies of the central Imperial authority. In the German-speaking lands of East Francia , the Gau formed the unit of administration of the realm during the 9th and 10th centuries and ruled by a gaugrave ( Gaugraf i.e. "gau count"). Similar to many shires in England, during

108-558: A recreational area not only to its landscape and climate but also to its many spas . It remains a major tourist area despite its age. Since 2002, the tourism region has marketed itself with the Salzkammergut Tourismus-Marketing GmbH ( salzkammergut.at ), a holding company of the 54 municipalities of the Salzkammergut that are entitled to use the name “Salzkammergut” as a brand according to

144-720: A right tributary of the Danube . The name Salzkammergut translates to " salt demesne " (or "salt domain"), Kammergut being a German word for territories held by princes of the Holy Roman Empire , in early modern Austria specifically territories of the Habsburg monarchy . The salt mines of Salzkammergut were administered by the Imperial Salzoberamt in Gmunden from 1745 to 1850. Parts of

180-533: A tourist region includes 58 municipalities in three Austrian states, the majority within Upper Austria ( Gmunden and Vöcklabruck districts), besides smaller portions of Styria and Salzburg . Salzkammergut Tourismus-Marketing GmbH divides the Salzkammergut region into ten sub-regions, as follows: Archaeological findings in the area date back to the Neolithic era, especially the stilt houses of

216-673: Is documented about 100, affected by several Germanic invasions after the Marcomannic Wars , until the province was finally evacuated at the behest of the Italian king Odoacer in 488. From about 530, Bavarii tribes settled the region from the west, they encountered Alpine Slavs who had moved northwards through the Enns Valley and across the Dachstein Mountains. From 900 salt trade is again documented along

252-555: Is not an official administrative division of Austria and as such has no clear borders. The historical term referred not to a region but to specific possessions (salt mines) of the Habsburg monarchy within the region. Since 2002, however, there has been a well-defined Tourismusregion Salzkammergut , marketed by Salzkammergut Tourismus-Marketing GmbH , a company located in Bad Ischl . As defined by this company, Salzkammergut as

288-763: The Reichsgau of Sudetenland , with territory to the south annexed to the Reichsgaue of Lower and Upper Danube. Following the Axis invasion of Poland in 1939, territories of the Pomeranian and Poznań voivodeships as well as the western half of Łódź voivodeship were reannexed to Germany as the Reichsgaue of Danzig-Westpreussen (which also incorporated the former Free City of Danzig ) and Wartheland . Other parts of Nazi-occupied Poland were incorporated to pre-existing bordering gaus of East Prussia (as in

324-788: The Reichstag election districts of the Weimar Republic , based on the constituent states ( Länder ) and the provinces of Prussia . Following the suppression of the political institutions of the Länder in the course of the Nazi Gleichschaltung process and the appointment of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governors) in 1933, the Gaue became the de facto administrative regions of the government and each individual Gauleiter had considerable power within his territory. With

360-709: The Mondsee group culture, who settled the region from about 3800 BC onwards. The Germanic name hall of several settlements refers to the region's numerous salt mines , which had been in use at least since the days of the Celtic Hallstatt culture , centered at the mining town of Hallstatt. These operations were continued by the Romans , after the area had been incorporated into the Noricum province in 15 BC. A Roman settlement and salt evaporation pond at Hallstatt

396-615: The Salzkammergut-Lokalbahn formerly ran from Salzburg to Bad Ischl , but it closed in 1957. A standard gauge railroad continues to run through the region, as well as the Schafbergbahn rack railway in St. Wolfgang. Recreational facilities include swimming and water sports at the many lakes, mountaineering , cycling and horse riding holidays, winter sports and cultural events. The region owes its reputation as

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432-457: The 18th and 19th centuries, and was considered an ancient administration structure of Germanic peoples . It was adopted in the 1920s as the name given to the regional associations of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Each Gau denoted an administrative region, created by a party statute dated 22 May 1926. Each Gau was headed by a Gauleiter . The original 33 Gaue were generally coterminous with

468-692: The German state of Bavaria along the Danube river, on the northern side of the Eastern Alps . They are spoken in the ' Old Bavarian ' regions of Upper Bavaria (with Munich (see Munich German)), Lower Bavaria and in the adjacent parts of the Upper Palatinate region around Regensburg , in Upper and Lower Austria , in Vienna (see Viennese German ), in the state of Salzburg , as well as in

504-566: The Gmunden Salzoberamt was the administrative seat of all salt mines in the region, with subordinate offices at Ischl, Ebensee am Traunsee, Stadl, Lambach, Wels, Zizlau, Enghagen, Mauthausen and Linz. The Salzämter were dissolved in the 19th century. Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1850 transformed the Gmunden Salzoberamt into the k.k. Salinen- und Forstdirektion , the predecessor of the modern Salinen Austria AG (a joint-stock company since 1979, fully privatised in 1997). During

540-585: The Habsburg King of the Romans and mining part of his princely regalia . The salt mines were administered by the financial aulic chamber at Vienna , represented by the salt chamber ( Salzamt ) in Gmunden , established in the 15th century. The Salzkammer in Gmunden was made Salzoberamt by a decree of empress Maria Theresia of 22 May 1745. The term Salzkammergut dates to this period, during which

576-469: The Middle Ages, many such Gaue came to be known as counties or Grafschaften , the territory of a Graf ( count ) within the Holy Roman Empire . Such a count or Graf would originally have been an appointed governor , but the position generally became an hereditary vassal princedom, or fief in most of continental Europe. The term Gau was revived in German historical research in

612-744: The Old High German gaumann . However, the Oxford English Dictionary connects the etymology of yeoman to young instead. In the Carolingian Empire , a Gau was a subdivision of the realm, further divided into Hundreds . The Frankish gowe thus appear to correspond roughly to the civitas in other barbarian kingdoms ( Visigoths , Burgundians , or the Italian Kingdom of the Lombards ). After

648-732: The Traun River, when the area was part of the Traun gau region of the German stem duchy of Bavaria , held by the comital dynasty of the Otakars , who from 1056 also ruled over the neighbouring March of Styria . While most of the Traungau fell to the Babenberg duchy of Austria upon the deposition of the Bavarian duke Henry the Lion in 1180, the southeastern Ausseerland remained with

684-468: The annexation of Austria in 1938, the country, briefly renamed " Ostmark " between 1938 and 1942, was sub-divided into seven Reichsgaue . These had boundaries broadly the same as the former Austrian Länder (states), with the Tyrol and Vorarlberg being merged as "Tyrol-Vorarlberg", Burgenland being divided between Styria and "Lower Danube" ( Niederdonau , the renamed Lower Austria ). Upper Austria

720-414: The beginning of the annexation of neighbouring territories by Nazi Germany in the late 1930s, a new unit of civil administration, the Reichsgau , was established. German-speaking territories annexed to Germany from 1938 were generally organised into Reichsgaue . Unlike the pre-existing Gaue , the new Reichsgaue formally combined the spheres of both party and state administration. Following

756-430: The border between Bavaria and Austria . In all subgroups, hard consonants such as p, t, k are softened to become b, d, g . Gau (country subdivision) Gau ( German : [ɡaʊ] ; Dutch : gouw [ɣʌu] ; West Frisian : gea [ɡɪə] or goa [ɡoə] ) is a Germanic term for a region within a country, often a former or current province . It

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792-598: The case of Zichenau ) and Upper Silesia (as in the case of the Silesian voivodeship with the counties of Oświęcim and Biała ). After the successful invasion of France in 1940, Germany re-annexed Alsace-Lorraine . The former département of Moselle was incorporated into the Gau of Saar-Palatinate, while Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin became part of the Gau Baden . Similarly, the formerly independent state of Luxembourg

828-410: The core of interdisciplinary research and is helping to contribute to the understanding of socio-ecological systems and how these might help to address future challenges and the role that archaeologists can play in communicating and engaging with climate change and its impacts. Central Bavarian Central or Middle Bavarian form a subgroup of Bavarian dialects in large parts of Austria and

864-551: The end of the Migration Period , the Hundred ( centena or hunaria , Old High German huntari ) had become a term for an administrative unit or jurisdiction, independent of the figure hundred. The Frankish usage contrasts with Tacitus' Germania , where a pagus was a subdivision of a tribal territory or civitas , corresponding to the Hundred, i.e. areas liable to provide a hundred men under arms, or containing roughly

900-568: The influence of languages spoken by people moving to Vienna from many areas of Austria-Hungary during the 19th century. A characteristic of Central Bavarian is the vocalization of l and r after e or i . E.g. the standard German viel becomes either vui (in Western Central Bavarian) or vüü (in Eastern Central Bavarian). The border between the western and eastern subgroups roughly coincides with

936-478: The later Duchy of Austria . That means that the distinct languages of Vienna and Munich are very different from each other, but the dialects of any two neighbouring towns in between will be quite similar. However, due to influences of the corresponding political centres, discontinuous change is nowadays noticeable along the national border between Austria and Germany . Generally, Viennese has some characteristics differentiating it from other Bavarian dialects due to

972-432: The local economy. The forest industry is now more important. Industrial sites include Ebensee , Gmunden , Laakirchen and Steyrermühl . The Salzkammergut also profits from its tradition of small businesses and trade companies, many of which originated due to the salt mining. The unemployment rate was approximately 4.8% in 2005, compared to an overall figure of 7.3% for Austria. A well-known narrow-gauge railway ,

1008-683: The newly-established Duchy of Styria , which nevertheless from 1192 was held in personal union by the Austrian Babenbergs. In 1278 King Rudolph I of Germany , a scion of the Swabian House of Habsburg , finally seized both duchies from King Ottokar II of Bohemia , whom he defeated in the Battle on the Marchfeld . Rudolph's son King Albert I of Germany defended his hegemony against the rival Prince-Archbishops of Salzburg to

1044-573: The northern and eastern parts of Styria and Burgenland . Before 1945 and the expulsions of the Germans , it was also spoken in Hungary and southern Bohemia and Moravia. It also influenced Austrian German . There are noticeable differences in the language within the group, but changes occur along a west-east dialect continuum on both sides of the historic border of the Bavarian stem duchy with

1080-714: The region were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. The lands on the shore of the Traun River comprise numerous glacial lakes and raised bogs , the Salzkammergut Mountains and the adjacent Dachstein Mountains , the Totes Gebirge and the Upper Austrian Prealps with prominent Mt. Traunstein in the east. The towering mountain slopes are characterized by bright limestone ( karst ) and flysch rocks. Salzkammergut

1116-576: The stem suffix gaw, gao , and with motion to the feminine as gawa besides gowo (from gowio ). Old Saxon shows further truncation to gâ, gô . As an equivalent of Latin pagus , a gau is analogous with a pays of the Kingdom of France , or of Lotharingia . Old English , by contrast, has only traces of the word, which was replaced by scire (modern English shire ) from an early time, in names such as Noxga gā, Ohtga gā and perhaps in gōman, ġēman " yeoman ", which would then correspond to

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1152-480: The time of Emperor Franz Joseph I , the Salzkammergut area was a hub of cultured life. The Emperor spent his summer holidays in Bad Ischl in the Kaiservilla , from which he governed his empire in the warmer months. This was also where he signed the declaration of war with Serbia that started World War I . The salt mining industry is the namesake of the region, but is today a relatively minor contributor to

1188-464: The tourism regulations of the three provinces. UNESCO designated "Hallstatt–Dachstein/Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape" ( Kulturlandschaft Hallstatt–Dachstein/Salzkammergut ) a World Heritage Site in 1997, with the description The area designated was defined on an area of 284 square kilometres, with a "buffer zone" of another 200 square kilometres. The core zone includes the towns Hallstatt , Obertraun , Gosau and Bad Goisern . The site sits at

1224-532: The west and in 1298 made the lands of Ischl a present to his wife Countess Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol . Emperor Maximilian I added to the territory the estates of Mondsee Abbey in 1506. The Habsburg officials resided at Wildenstein Castle near Ischl and the surrounding estates were designated a Kammergut , as first documented in a 1656 deed. In the 17th century, Ischl and Hallstatt were considered separate Kammergüter . The salt mines were immediate domains of

1260-467: Was also renamed "Upper Danube" ( Oberdonau ), thus eliminating the name of "Austria" ( Österreich in German) from the official map. A small number of boundary changes also took place, the most significant of which was the massive expansion of Vienna 's official territory, at the expense of "Lower Danube". Northern and eastern territory annexed from the dismembered Czechoslovakia were mainly organised as

1296-794: Was used in the Middle Ages , when it can be seen as roughly corresponding to an English shire . The administrative use of the term was revived as a subdivision during the period of Nazi Germany in 1933–1945. It still appears today in regional names, such as the Rheingau or Allgäu . The Germanic word is reflected in Gothic gawi (neuter; genitive gaujis ) and early Old High German gewi, gowi (neuter) and in some compound names -gawi as in Gothic (e.g. Durgawi " Canton of Thurgau ", Alpagawi " Allgäu "), later gâi, gôi , and after loss of

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