29-469: The Sambuvarayar (Tamil: சம்புவராயர்) chieftains once ruled the Tondaimandalam region of South India. Among them was Edirili Chola Sambhuvaraya , a vassal under Rajadhiraja Chola II and Kulotunga Chola III , who ruled the northern part of Tondaimandalam, now comprising the districts of Vellore , Tiruvannamalai , Kancheepuram , Cuddalore , Tiruvallur , Nellore , and Chittoor . Later during
58-582: A "conventional" one). The 22 known kōṭṭam s of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam are as follows: Neolithic burial urns, cairn circles and jars with burials dating to the very dawn of the common era have been discovered near Mamallapuram. The area was part of the Dravida kingdom mentioned in the Mahabharata . It then came under the rule of Early Cholas during first century CE with the capital of Tondai Nadu as Kanchipuram . Historian S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar and
87-442: A major catalyst for agricultural expansion. Once implemented, the agricultural innovations that were originally intended to sustain large populations in brahmadeyas and temple centres were expanded to other villages not affiliated with any sort of grant because there was a major economic incentive to do so. By the 9th century, commercial exchange among the ūr s had grown to a point where new market centres were needed. Commerce from
116-743: A significant proportion of the local population was engaged in animal husbandry. It was under the early medieval Pallavas that intensive agriculture and urbanisation began to spread in Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam. The process continued well into the Chola period. The first phase was one of "agrarian expansion", where irrigation works, crop rotation, increased organisation, and an expansion in cultivated area were employed to convert subsistence-agriculture villages into surplus-oriented ones (called ūr s). This process appears to have initially begun with brahmadeya villages, i.e. villages given as tax-free grants to Brahmins , in
145-439: Is a historical region located in the northernmost part of Tamil Nadu and southernmost part of Andhra Pradesh . The region comprises the districts which formed a part of the legendary kingdom of Athondai Chakravarti . The boundaries of Tondaimandalam are ambiguous – between the river basins of Penna River and Ponnaiyar River . During the reign of Rajaraja I , this region was called as Jayankonda Cholamandalam . In general,
174-595: Is a river in India . It is the second longest river in Tamil Nadu , with a length of 497 km, after the Kaveri . Chandapura , Anekal , Hosur , Bagalur and Chengam are the major industrial settlements on its banks. The river is severely polluted by industrial waste as it flows through major industrial areas in the eastern suburbs of Bangalore and the industrial parks of Hosur and Chengam. The river originates in
203-638: Is near Tiruvannamalai. The Moongilthuraipattu Sugar Factory is also situated on the bank of river. The river is dry most of the year. Water flows during the monsoon season when it is fed by the south-west monsoon in the catchment area and the northeast monsoon in Tamil Nadu. This water flow raises the water table throughout the river basin and feeds numerous reservoirs/tanks. The old river Dakshina Pinakini no longer exists. A substantial part of Bangalore 's sewage enters this river via Bellandur and Varthur Lakes and other channels. The sand buildup in
232-469: Is the Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai , a poem written c. 190-200 CE and counted as part of the classical Sangam literature . Its description of the region "points to large tracts of unsettled land, forest and hilly regions, with few settlements and still fewer big ones". On the other hand, Pallava-era inscriptions frequently mention cattle, either as gifts to temples or as the target for raids, indicating that
261-406: Is the site of the popular Sri Renukambal Temple. The vassal had constructed a hill fort, Rajagambhiram, at present day Padaveedu, to watch and control the movements of the northern enemies. The fort has four gates in four directions. The northern gate was now called as Shanta gate. The other gates were damaged. While the eastern gate was in a dilapidated condition, the western gate on which was found
290-403: Is used to irrigate Chikkaballapur district , Bengaluru Rural district , Bengaluru Urban district , Kolar district Krishnagiri district , Dharmapuri district , Tiruvannamalai , Viluppuram district , and Cuddalore district . It splits into a delta on which Cuddalore town is located. The river is now looted for its rich abundance of sand. As the water flow will be only in monsoon seasons,
319-620: The Andhra and Madras states. Chennai was part of the region. The core area covers the present day areas of Nellore , Chittoor , Tirupati , Annamayya , Vellore , Ranipet , Tirupattur , Tiruvannamalai , Villupuram , Tiruvallur , Kanchipuram , Chengalpattu ,and Chennai districts of modern-day Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu . Historically, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was divided into 24 kōṭṭam s — smaller districts that were further subdivided into smaller agricultural districts called nāḍu s, which were groupings of several agricultural villages. At
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#1732779543040348-654: The Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka and flows through Tamil Nadu before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. It has a catchment area of 1,424 square miles (3,690 km ) located in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states. The small Kelavarapalli and Krishnagiri Dams were built across this river near Hosur and Krishnagiri. The largest dam on this river, Sathanur Dam with 7.3 Tmcft Gross Capacity
377-596: The Proceedings of the First Annual Conference of South Indian History Congress note: The word Tondai means a creeper and the term Pallava conveys a similar meaning. In the 3rd century CE, Tondai Nadu was ruled by Ilandiraiyan , the first king with the title " Tondaiman ", whom P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar identifies with a Pallava prince. Pallavas moved southwards, adopted local traditions to their own use, and named themselves as Tondaiyar after
406-802: The Rashtrakutas . The province was renamed Jayamkonda Cholamandalam during the reign of King Raja Raja Chola I (985–1014), In about 1218, the Pandya king Maravarman Sundara Pandyan (1216–1238) invaded the kingdom. It was stopped by the intervention of the Hoysala king Vira Narasimha II (1220–1235), who fought on the side of the Chola king Kulothunga Chola III . Pandyan emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I conquered Tondaimandalam till Nellore including Kadapa after defeating Nellore Choda ruler Vijaya Gandagopala and Ganapati II of Kakatiyas in 1258 CE. Tondaimandalam came under Madurai Sultanate after
435-717: The 14th century when the Telugu Cholas , Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms went into decline, the Sambuvarayas ruled their regions independently. Two chiefs of the family namely, Venrumankonda Sambuvaraya (1322 CE) and Rajanarayana Sambuvaraya (1337 CE), issued records in their own regnal years. The Sambuvarayas were chiefs who rose to power under the imperial Cholas. The Sambhuvaraya capital was at Marudaraya Padaveedu, now known as Padavedu in Polur taluk , Tiruvannamalai district , Tamil Nadu . Padaveedu (also spelt Padavedu)
464-585: The 7th through 9th centuries was mostly designed to serve the royal court at Kanchipuram, and was mostly done at Kanchipuram and its royal port of Māmallapuram . It was captured by the Medieval Chola king Aditya I (ruled c. 871–907 CE), who defeated the armies of the Pallava ruler Aparajitavarman (880–897) in about 890. and claimed all of Tondai Nadu as Chola territory. During the reign of Uttama Chola most of Tondaimandalam had been recovered from
493-445: The 7th through 9th centuries. These grants were "invariably accompanied by irrigation works" and involved "elaborate arrangements for their upkeep by sabhā s or Brahmin assemblies". Inscriptions from this period record details like demarcation of land boundaries, provision of desilting or repair works for irrigation facilities, and the number and type of crops to be grown. In the 9th and 10th centuries, land grants to temples also became
522-927: The Carnatic period in 1724 and 1740, and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1742. It was formally annexed by the British East India Company as per the Doctrine of Lapse after the death of Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan . During the British Rule, the whole region was a part of the Madras Presidency . Ponnaiyar River The South Pennar River (also known as Dakshina Painakini in Kannada and Thenpennai or Ponnaiyar or Pennaiyar in Tamil )
551-722: The Vijayanagara Empire, but the kingdom relapsed into confusion after his death and rapidly fell apart after the Vijayanagara king Sriranga III 's defeat by the Golconda and Bijapur sultanates in 1646. The Nawabdom of the Carnatic was established by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , who in 1692 appointed Zulfiqar Ali Khan as the first Nawab of the Carnatic . The area saw Maratha rule during
580-516: The area, appointed chieftains known as Nayaks who ruled over the different regions of the province almost independently. Throughout the second half of the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the Aravidu Dynasty tried to maintain a semblance of authority in the southern parts after losing their northern territories in the Battle of Talikota . Venkata II (1586–1614) tried to revive
609-486: The beginning of the historical period, the kōṭṭam s were mostly pastoral , but they gradually became more agricultural over time. From the 7th through the 12th centuries in particular, the number of attested nāḍu s in Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam steadily increases, corresponding with an expansion in irrigation works in the area. Although Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was stated (in later records) to have 24 kōṭṭam s, only 22 are actually attested from contemporary sources (the number 24 may just be
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#1732779543040638-630: The construction of the fort walls. The Sambuvarayas lost power and went into decline with the rapid expansion of the Vijayanagar empire in the 14th century. Rajanarayana Sambuvaraya allied with the Vijayanagar ruler Harihara I against the Sultanate of Madura but was later killed by Harihara's brother Bukka Raya I who sought to bring most of South India under his rule. Tondaimandalam Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam , also known as Toṇḍai Nāḍu ,
667-638: The fall of Pandyan Empire in 1323 CE. This region was then a part of Vijayanagara Empire , first ruling from Hampi and then headquartered at Chandragiri in present-day Andhra Pradesh . The earliest inscriptions attesting to Vijayanagara rule are those of Kumara Kampana , who defeated the Madurai Sultanate in 1361. from 1364 and 1367, which were found in the precincts of the Kailasanathar Temple and Varadharaja Perumal Temple respectively. The Vijayanagara rulers who controlled
696-504: The inscription has been completely damaged. This gate was named after Puvandai alias Cholakon, one of the soldier in the military service of Edhirili Chola Sambhuvaraya. One hero stone has been erected on the plains, north of the Shanta gate. The fort was constructed with granite with a perimeter extending to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). This fort once had residences and `pandals' for warriors who were posted for duties. Holes had been made on
725-554: The land called Tondai. The medieval Pallavas ruled Andhra and Northern Tamil Nadu , from the 4th to the 9th centuries, with their seat of capital at ancient Kanchipuram. In early historical times, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam appears to have been a predominantly pastoral region, with comparatively little settled agriculture. Large hilly tracts and dense forests broke the countryside up into smaller pockets of farmland, which could only support relatively small, dispersed settlements. The main source on Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam's geography during this early period
754-527: The northwest. South of Perumbāṇappāḍi, a portion of the region known as Pangaḷanaḍu was also included as part of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam. To the southwest, south of Pangaḷanaḍu, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the Vāṇakōppāḍi chieftaincy. In the south, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam bordered the region of Naḍuvilnāḍu . In today's terms, Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam covers the Nellore , Chittoor , North and South Arcot and Chingleput districts of
783-685: The region of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam comprised the drainage basins of three main river systems: the Arani in the north, the Kortallaiyar in the middle, and the Palar - Cheyyar - Veghavati system in the south. The northern border of Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam was roughly around Pulicat Lake , while its southern border was somewhere north of the Peṇṇai river . Toṇḍaimaṇḍalam also included the Perumbāṇappāḍi chieftaincy in
812-510: The river is quite impressive, suggesting that it may have been a perennial river with much larger water flow in the past. Mentions of the river are found in Sangam and medieval ( Tevaram - Bhakti cult era) literature, where it is depicted as rich with lush vegetation on its banks. There are Famous temples on its banks like Penneswaraar Temple , Shree Venkateshwara Swamy temple, Dakshina Tirupati , Veerateshwarar Temple and Kabilar Kundru . It
841-486: The rock surface in such a way as to erect round tents. One could see nine tent areas on the top of the hill. Besides, four water tanks had been created to provide drinking water. Two natural water ponds were also available in the fort. Near the big tank a mortar with one foot depth and one foot diameter was dug and used. The area also revealed clear traces of Shiva and Vinayaka temples. Stone blocks, bricks each measuring 10 inches x 7 inches, lime mortar and sand were used in
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