87-486: Sargur (also known as Saragur pronounced Saraguru in the Kannada language, as Kannada words end in vowels, which are lost in their Anglicization), is a small town located about 80 km from the town of Chamarajanagar And a Taluk of Mysore district of Karnataka , India . H D Kote (Heggadadevanakote) is about 12 km north of Sargur. It is 55 km from the city of Mysore . Bangalore International Airport
174-491: A Champu work in pure Kannada using only indigenous ( desya ) Kannada words and the derived form of Sanskrit words – tadbhavas , without the admixture of Sanskrit words. He succeeded in his challenge and proved wrong those who had advocated that it was impossible to write a work in Kannada without using Sanskrit words. Andayya may be considered as a protector of Kannada poets who were ridiculed by Sanskrit advocates. Thus Kannada
261-473: A Palagannada (Old Kannada) of much ancient times, which is nothing but the Pre-Old Kannada and also warns aspiring Kannada writers to avoid its archaisms, as per R. S. Hukkerikar. Regarding earlier poems in Kannada, the author of " Kavirajamarga " states that old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in contemporaneous works as per R. Narasimhacharya. Gunanandi (900 AD), quoted by
348-486: A 3rd-century AD Tamil inscription there is usage of oppanappa vIran . Here the honorific appa to a person's name is an influence from Kannada. Another word of Kannada origin is taayviru and is found in a 4th-century AD Tamil inscription. S. Settar studied the sittanavAsal inscription of first century AD as also the inscriptions at tirupparamkunram , adakala and neDanUpatti . The later inscriptions were studied in detail by Iravatham Mahadevan also. Mahadevan argues that
435-478: A Satavahana king Sire Polemaios, who is identified with Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi), whose name is derived from the Kannada word for Puli , meaning tiger. Some scholars indicate that the name Pulumayi is actually Kannada's ' Puli Maiyi ' or ' One with the body of a tiger ' indicating native Kannada origin for the Satavahanas. Pai identifies all the 10 cities mentioned by Ptolemy (100–170 AD) as lying between
522-449: A complex series of metasediments and basic igneous rocks . The garnets illuminate gneiss and the associated norites occurring as patches within the genesis of southern Mysore represent the remnants of the older khondalite – charnockite system. While the town has a number of important old Hindu shrines, it is also known for the Jain temples. Jainism has acquired a special place in
609-711: A few coins of the Kadambas of Hangal are also available. The oldest known existing record of Kannada poetry in Tripadi metre is the Kappe Arabhatta record of 7th century AD. Kavirajamarga by King Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I (850 AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King Durvinita of
696-739: A number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as Kuvempu , Bendre , and V K Gokak . Works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards , the highest number awarded to any Indian language. Kannada–Kannada dictionary has existed in Kannada along with ancient works of Kannada grammar. The oldest available Kannada dictionary was composed by the poet 'Ranna' called 'Ranna Kanda' (ರನ್ನ ಕಂದ) in 996 AD. Other dictionaries are ' Abhidhana Vastukosha' (ಅಭಿದಾನ ವಾಸ್ತುಕೋಶ) by Nagavarma (1045 AD), 'Amarakoshada Teeku' (ಅಮರಕೋಶದ ತೀಕು) by Vittala (1300), 'Abhinavaabhidaana' (ಅಭಿನವಾಭಿದಾನ) by Abhinava Mangaraja (1398 AD) and many more. A Kannada–English dictionary consisting of more than 70,000 words
783-616: A populace of about 300,000 comprising, both tribals and non-tribals in the region. SVYM runs the Vivekananda Memorial Hospital, the Viveka School of Excellence and Viveka Tribal Center for Learning and Creation of rural infrastructure – building of low cost houses, toilets, borewells, etc., in Saragur. One of the recent applications of space technology initiated by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
870-739: A private hunting lodge of the Maharaja of Mysore, Kabini was a popular shikar hotspot for British Viceroys and Indian royalty. There are around 120 tigers, more than 100 leopards, four types of deer, Sloth bear, Indian Gaurs and elephants in the Nagarahole National Park. The river originates in the Pakramthalam hills at Kuttiady - Mananthavady road. Makkiyad river and Periya river join it near Korome and Valad respectively. After flowing through Mananthavady town, Panamaram river joins Kabini near Payyampally. One branch of
957-462: Is 200 km away. To be more elaborate, Sargur is 33.8 km from Nanjangud town (Karnataka), 35.1 km from Gundlupet town (Karnataka), 137.8 km from Udagamandalam town ( Ooty ) Valley ( Tamil Nadu ) and 38.8 km from Hunsur town (Karnataka). Sargur is located at latitude 11° 58' 60'N and longitude 76° 25' 0 E. It has an average elevation of 686 metres (2253 ft). The Kabini river flows through this town which provides for
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#17327734067971044-971: Is a South Dravidian language and a descendant of Tamil-Kannada , from which it derives its grammar and core vocabulary. Its history can be divided into three stages: Old Kannada, or Haḷegannaḍa from 450 to 1200 AD, Middle Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa ) from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Kannada ( Hosagannaḍa ) from 1700 to the present. Kannada has it been influenced to a considerable degree by Sanskrit and Prakrit , both in morphology, phonetics, vocabulary, grammar and syntax. The three principle sources of influence on literary Kannada grammar appear to be Pāṇini 's grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly Katantra and Sakatayana schools, and Prakrit grammar. Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times. Speakers of vernacular Prakrit may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada
1131-501: Is a classical Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India , with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a second or third language for around 15 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. The official and administrative language of the state of Karnataka, it also has scheduled status in India and has been included among
1218-504: Is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle. This period saw the advent of Haridasa Sahitya ( lit Dasa literature) which made rich contributions to Bhakti literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the Father of Carnatic music . The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as Hosagannaḍa or Modern Kannada. Most notable among
1305-433: Is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic ( Tatwartha-mahashastra ). Other sources date Chudamani to the 6th century or earlier. An inscription of 1128 AD quotes a couplet by the famous Sanskrit poet Dandin (active 680–720 AD), highly praising Srivaradhadeva, for his Kannada work Chudamani, as having "produced Saraswati (i.e., learning and eloquence) from the tip of his tongue, as Siva produced
1392-796: Is about 75,000. Ethnologue also classifies a group of four languages related to Kannada, which are, besides Kannada proper, Badaga , Holiya , Kurumba and Urali . The Golars or Golkars are a nomadic herdsmen tribe present in Nagpur , Chanda , Bhandara , Seoni and Balaghat districts of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh speak the Golari dialect of Kannada which is identical to the Holiya dialect spoken by their tribal offshoot Holiyas present in Seoni, Nagpur and Bhandara of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. There were around 3,600 speakers of this dialect as per
1479-501: Is almost identical to that of other Indian languages . The Kannada script is almost entirely phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottakshara) . Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable , as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English—the Kannada script
1566-558: Is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script. Kannada inscriptions are discovered in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in addition to Karnataka. This indicates the spread of the influence of the language over the ages, especially during the rule of large Kannada empires. The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to
1653-445: Is in the field of telemedicine to provide expert medical services to the rural and remote areas. Under the telemedicine project, hospitals/health centres in remote locations are linked via INSAT satellites with super specialty hospitals at major towns/cities, bringing in connectivity between patients at remote end with the specialist doctors for medical consultations and treatment. Telemedicine pilot projects are undertaken by ISRO with
1740-1120: Is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka. The Ethnologue reports "about 20 dialects" of Kannada. Among them are Kundagannada (spoken exclusively in Kundapura, Brahmavara, Bynduru and Hebri), Nador-Kannada (spoken by Nadavaru ), Havigannada (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmins ), Are Bhashe (spoken by Gowda community mainly in Madikeri and Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada ), Malenadu Kannada (Sakaleshpur, Coorg, Shimoga, Chikmagalur), Sholaga , Gulbarga Kannada , Dharawad Kannada etc. All of these dialects are influenced by their regional and cultural background. The one million Komarpants in and around Goa speak their own dialect of Kannada, known as Halegannada. They are settled throughout Goa state, throughout Uttara Kannada district and Khanapur taluk of Belagavi district, Karnataka. The Halakki Vokkaligas of Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka speak in their own dialect of Kannada called Halakki Kannada or Achchagannada. Their population estimate
1827-580: Is of 350 AD and is also older than the Halmidi inscription. Current estimates of the total number of existing epigraphs written in Kannada range from 25,000 by the scholar Sheldon Pollock to over 30,000 by Amaresh Datta of the Sahitya Akademi . Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543 AD Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I
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#17327734067971914-445: Is one of the most popular wildlife destinations of Karnataka, due to its accessibility, green landscape surrounding a large lake, and sightings of herds of elephants and tigers. It is 61 km (38 mi) away from Mysuru and 205 km (127 mi) from Bengaluru , and comprises the south-eastern part of Nagarahole National Park . The reserve is spread over 55 acres (22 ha) of forestland, steep valleys, and water bodies. Once
2001-585: Is probable that they wrote in Kannada also. Samantabhadra is placed in 2nd century AD by Jain tradition. Old Kannada commentaries on some of his works exist. He was said to have born in Utkalikagrama and while performing penance in Manuvakahalli, he was attacked by a disease called Bhasmaka . Pujyapada also called Devanandi, was the preceptor of Ganga king Durvinita and belonged to the late 5th to early 6th century AD. Kaviparameshthi probably lived in
2088-796: Is roughly 1.23 million, which is 2.2% of Tamil Nadu's total population. The Malayalam spoken by people of Lakshadweep has many Kannada words. In the United States, there were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008, a number that had risen to 48,600 by the time of the 2015 census. There are 4,000 speakers in Canada (according to the 2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census), 22,000 in Singapore (2018 estimate), and 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 estimate). Kannada, like Malayalam and Tamil ,
2175-833: Is scarcity of water, there are toilets which can suit their respective problems and are environment-friendly also. The park also gives information on the different systems of collection and distribution of waste. In organic farming, this waste is re-utilised in the form of manure and medicine. The emblem of Swami Vivekananda Youth Movement symbolizes the organization in letter and spirit, reflecting its basic tenet of 'Serving God in Man', as propounded by Swami Vivekananda. The comprehensive Kabini Reservoir Project exists close to Sargur. The project comprises a) Reservoir across Kabini River near Bidarahally and Beechana villages in Heggadadevanakote Taluk, Mysore with canals on both
2262-708: Is syllabic. Additionally, Kannada included the following phonemes, which dropped out of common usage in the 12th and 18th century respectively: Kabini The Kabini River (Kapila River) is one of the major tributaries of the river Cauvery in southern India , It originates near Kavilumpara in Kozhikode district of Kerala state by the confluence of the Panamaram River and the Mananthavady River . It flows eastward through Wayanad district , entering Mysore district of Karnataka , to join
2349-412: Is the only Dravidian language which is not only capable of using only native Kannada words and grammar in its literature (like Tamil), but also use Sanskrit grammar and vocabulary (like Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu, etc.) The Champu style of literature of mixing poetry with prose owes its origins to the Kannada language which was later incorporated by poets into Sanskrit and other Indian languages. During
2436-421: Is written using the Kannada script , which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script . Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia and literary Old Kannada flourished during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Empire . Kannada has an unbroken literary history of around 1200 years. Kannada literature has been presented with eight Jnanapith awards , the most for any Dravidian language and
2523-846: The Kaveri River in Mysore district of Karnataka . Close to the town of Sargur it forms the huge Kabini Reservoir . The backwaters of the Kabini reservoir are very rich in wildlife especially in summer when the water level recedes to form rich grassy meadows. The Kabini dam is 2,284 ft (696 m) in length with an original gross storage of 19.52 tmcft. The Kabini Dam is situated between villages Bichanahalli and Bidarahalli having distance of 17 km (11 mi) 6 km away from Sargur town in Heggadadevana kote taluk, Mysore district, Karnataka. The Kabini Forest Reserve
2610-517: The Mysore district of Karnataka, was among the first nine Tiger Reserves created in India at the launch of Project Tiger in 1973. It is contiguous to Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu state to south and Wynad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala state to the south-west. To the north-west lies Nagarhole National Park . Bandipur Tiger Reserve was formed by including most of the forest area of
2697-764: The Old Kannada Gunabhushitana Nishadi inscription discovered on the Chandragiri hill, Shravanabelagola , is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period AD 350–400. The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Shettar is of the opinion that an inscription of the Western Ganga King Kongunivarma Madhava ( c. 350 –370) found at Tagarthi (Tyagarthi) in Shikaripura taluk of Shimoga district
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2784-463: The "Prabhrita", and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), who wrote the "Chudamani" ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic. The Karnateshwara Katha , a eulogy for King Pulakesi II , is said to have belonged to the 7th century; the Gajastaka , a lost "ashtaka" (eight line verse) composition and a work on elephant management by King Shivamara II , belonged to
2871-476: The "gadyakatha", a mixture of prose and poetry, the " chattana " and the " bedande ", poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument. Amoghavarsha Nripatunga compares the puratana-kavigal (old Kannada poets) who wrote the great Chattana poems in Kannada to the likes of the great Sanskrit poets like Gunasuri, Narayana, Bharavi, Kalidasa, Magha, etc. This Old Kannada work, Kavirajamarga , itself in turn refers to
2958-722: The 10th century AD (in the commentary on Neminatham , a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the BC 4th century. Around the beginning of the 9th century, Old Kannada was spoken from Kaveri to Godavari . The Kannada spoken between the rivers Varada and Malaprabha was the pure well of Kannada undefiled. The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including Ragale (a form of blank verse) and meters like Sangatya and Shatpadi . The works of this period are based on Jain and Hindu principles. Two of
3045-673: The 1901 census, spoke a Kannada dialect called Kurumvari. The Kurumbas or Kurubas, a nomadic shepherd tribe were spread across the Nilgiris , Coimbatore , Salem , North and South Arcots , Trichinopoly , Tanjore and Pudukottai of Tamil Nadu, Cuddapah and Anantapur of Andhra Pradesh , Malabar and Cochin of Kerala and South Canara and Coorg of Karnataka and spoke the Kurumba Kannada dialect. The Kurumba and Kurumvari dialect (both closely related with each other) speakers were estimated to be around 11,400 in total as per
3132-646: The 1901 census. Matthew A. Sherring describes the Golars and Holars as a pastoral tribe from the Godavari banks established in the districts around Nagpur, in the stony tracts of Ambagarh , forests around Ramplee and Sahangadhee. Along the banks of the Wainganga , they dwell in the Chakurhaitee and Keenee subdivisions. The Kurumvars of Chanda district of Maharashtra, a wild pastoral tribe, 2,200 in number as per
3219-781: The 1901 census. There were about 34,250 Badaga speakers as per the 1901 census. Nasik district of Maharashtra has a distinct tribe called 'Hatkar Kaanadi' people who speak a Kannada (Kaanadi) dialect with lot of old Kannada words. Per Chidananda Murthy, they are the native people of Nasik from ancient times, which shows that North Maharashtra's Nasik area had Kannada population 1000 years ago. Kannada speakers formed 0.12% of Nasik district's population as per 1961 census. The language uses forty-nine phonemic letters, divided into three groups: swaragalu (vowels – thirteen letters); vyanjanagalu (consonants – thirty-four letters); and yogavaahakagalu (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: anusvara ಂ and visarga ಃ ). The character set
3306-528: The 4 monsoon months from the foreshore of Kabini Dam to the combined system of Sagaredoddakere and Upper Nugu Dams. This project also provides for the irrigation needs of the villagers of Sargur town. Nugu Reservoir , in Beerwal village in H.D. Kote Taluk, has a catchment area of 984.00 km with a reservoir water spread of 1410 ha. The Nugu High Level Canal provides irrigation to an area of 20,899 acres (84.58 km). Bandipur Tiger Reserve , situated in
3393-845: The 4th century AD. He may possibly be the same as the Kaviswara referred to in the Kavirajamarga, and the Kaviparameswara praised by Chavunda Raya (978 AD) and his spiritual teacher, Nemichandra (10th century AD), all the names possibly being only epithets. Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient Kannada texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are Prabhrita (650 AD) by Syamakundacharya, Chudamani (Crest Jewel—650 AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which
3480-617: The 4th century, i.e., 338 AD. The Kannada Lion balustrade inscription excavated at the Pranaveshwara temple complex at Talagunda near Shiralakoppa of Shivamogga district, dated to 370 AD is now considered the earliest Kannada inscriptions replacing the Halmidi inscription of 450 AD. The 5th century poetic Tamatekallu inscription of Chitradurga and the Siragunda inscription from Chikkamagaluru Taluk of 500 AD are further examples. Recent reports indicate that
3567-572: The 6th century and Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 AD. Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of Kannada grammar and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier. An early extant prose work, the Vaḍḍārādhane (ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ) by Shivakotiacharya of 900 AD provides an elaborate description of
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3654-485: The 8th century, this served as the basis for 2 popular folk songs Ovanige and Onakevadu, which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit (" Ovam "). The Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of emperor Amoghavarsha I , is ascribed to the early 9th century. His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550 AD) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025 AD). During
3741-431: The 9th century AD. Around 900 AD, Gunavarma I wrote "Sudraka" and "Harivamsa" (also known as "Neminatha Purana"). In "Sudraka" he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II (c. 907–921 AD), to a noted king called Sudraka. Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950 AD) as the author of "Pujyapada Charita", had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra". Tamil Buddhist commentators of
3828-544: The 9th century period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, "Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya" and "Varadamana Charitra". His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today. "Gunagankiyam", the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to 10th century or earlier ("Yapparungalakkarigai" by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose, flourished in
3915-827: The Ananthanatha Swami Jain temple and a Chowmukha which have been recently renovated (The Panchakalyana Pratishta Mahotsav) was held in July 2005). Many of the Hindu temples are in a dilapidated state. In fact, the deity of Srinivasa in an old temple was shifted quite some years back to Jayanagar in Bangalore SVYM, a NGO founded in 1984 by a group of medicos from Mysore Medical College led by Dr. R. Balasubramaniam, has undertaken various institution-based and community-based health and education projects and also several Community Development initiatives, catering to
4002-661: The Ganges from the tip of his top-knot." Bhattakalanka (1604 CE), the great Kannada grammarian, refers to Srivaradhadeva's Chudamani as the greatest work in Kannada, and as incontestable proof of the scholarly character and value of Kannada literature. This makes Srivaradhadeva's time earlier than the 6th–7th century AD. Other writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references such as Indranandi's "Srutavatara", Devachandra's "Rajavalikathe", Bhattakalanka's "Sabdanusasana" of 1604, writings of Jayakirthi are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored
4089-765: The Indian-language passages in the ancient Greek play known as the Charition mime . The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription ( śilāśāsana ) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of proto-Kannada in Haḷe Kannaḍa ( lit Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription , usually dated c. 450 AD , indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language at that time. The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about
4176-570: The Kannada inscription Vira and Skandha were found in Satara collectorate. A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of Sri and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called bhagi (c. 390–420 AD) in old Kannada exists. A Kadamba copper coin dated to the 5th century AD with the inscription Srimanaragi in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, Uttara Kannada district . Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning
4263-743: The Panamaram river starts from the Banasura Sagar reservoir near Padinjarethara and the other branch of the river start from Lakkidi hills. After traversing 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the confluence of Panamaram river kabini forms an island called Kuruva Island , spreading over 520 acres (2.1 km ) with diverse flora and fauna. Within 20 km (12 mi) it reaches the kabini reservoir bordering Kerala and Karnataka for some distance. Between kabini reservoir and Kuruva island Kalindi river joins kabini. Kalindi river originates from Brahmagiri hills which on reaching near Thirunelli Temple
4350-816: The Sanskrit style of Kannada literature was Margi (formal or written form of language) and Desi (folk or spoken form of language) style was popular and made his people aware of the strength and beauty of their native language Kannada. In 1112 AD, Jain poet Nayasena of Mulugunda, Dharwad district, in his Champu work Dharmamrita (ಧರ್ಮಾಮೃತ), a book on morals, warns writers from mixing Kannada with Sanskrit by comparing it with mixing of clarified butter and oil. He has written it using very limited Sanskrit words which fit with idiomatic Kannada. In 1235 AD, Jain poet Andayya, wrote Kabbigara Kava - ಕಬ್ಬಿಗರ ಕಾವ (Poet's Defender), also called Sobagina Suggi (Harvest of Beauty) or Madana-Vijaya and Kavana-Gella (Cupid's Conquest) ,
4437-543: The Satavahanas, with a high degree of civilisation [...] There is, therefore, no reason to believe that these languages had less rich or less expressive oral traditions than Tamil had towards the end of its pre-literate period. The Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri (dated to 250 BC) has been suggested to contain words ( Isila , meaning to throw, viz. an arrow, etc.) in identifiable Kannada. In some 3rd–1st century BC Tamil inscriptions, words of Kannada influence such as Naliyura , kavuDi and posil were found. In
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#17327734067974524-565: The banks – 732 m long dam was constructed in 1974 for the twin purpose of irrigation and hydel power generation. At full reservoir level, the lake has a water spread of 6,020 ha and storage capacity of 553 million m. b) Reservoir across Bandigadu stream near Sagaredoddakere in Heggadadevanakote taluk with canals on both the banks, c) Reservoir across river Nugu upstream of the existing Nugu Dam with Right Bank High Level Canal and d) Lifting arrangement for lifting 28.00 TMC of water in
4611-516: The centre, Moyar towards the south and the Kabini between Bandipur and Nagarahole are the rivers that feed this area perennially. Numerous natural and artificial pools are found in Bandipur. The Gopalaswamy hill (1,454.5 m), which houses the famous Venugoplaswamy temple, is one of the highest peaks and Kannegals at 680m is the lowest. Bandipur is also known as elephant country. It is one of
4698-564: The country's designated classical languages . Kannada was the court language of a number of dynasties and empires of South , Central India and Deccan Plateau , namely the Kadamba dynasty , Western Ganga dynasty , Nolamba dynasty , Chalukya dynasty , Rashtrakutas , Western Chalukya Empire , Seuna dynasty , Kingdom of Mysore , Nayakas of Keladi , Hoysala dynasty and the Vijayanagara Empire . The Kannada language
4785-661: The early 8th century AD, are associated with Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu (the Dakshina Kannada district), and display the double crested fish, his royal emblem. The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in Old Kannada is that of Dhavala . It dates to around the 9th century and is preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink. Some early Kadamba Dynasty coins bearing
4872-551: The early writers of this period are Harihara and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the Ragale form of composition while Raghavanka popularised the Shatpadi (six-lined stanza) meter. A famous Jaina writer of the same period is Janna , who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works. The Vachana Sahitya tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and
4959-1072: The few reserves that has survived and flourished. Forest Types are dry deciduous scrub, Southern Tropical/Dry Deciduous & Southern Tropical Moist Mixed deciduous forests cover the reserve area. Major Fauna comprises Tiger, Leopard, Elephant, Gaur, Sambar, Spotted deer, Sloth bear, Mouse deer, Wild dog, Four horned Antelope and the Endangered Species Tiger, Four horned Antelope, Gaur, Elephant, Panther, Sloth bear, Crocodiles, Mouse deer, Python, Osprey, Pea fowl. Kannada Vijayanagara : ( Origin . Empire . Musicological nonet . Medieval city . Military . Haridasa . Battle of Raichur . Battle of Talikota ) Sultanate : Dialects: ( Kundagannada . Havigannada . Arebhashe ) Jainism : ( In Karnataka . In North Karnataka . Jain Bunt ) Kannada ( / ˈ k ɑː n ə d ə , ˈ k æ n -/ ; ಕನ್ನಡ , IPA: [ˈkɐnːɐɖa] ), formerly also known as Canarese ,
5046-764: The first ten books of the Mahabharata . During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms. During this period, several Hindi and Marathi words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia. Hindu saints of the Vaishnava sect such as Kanakadasa , Purandaradasa , Naraharitirtha , Vyasatirtha , Sripadaraya , Vadirajatirtha , Vijaya Dasa , Gopala Dasa , Jagannatha Dasa , Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period. Kanakadasa's Rāmadhānya Charite (ರಾಮಧಾನ್ಯ ಚರಿತೆ)
5133-643: The grammarian Bhattakalanka and always addressed as Bhagawan (the adorable), was the author of a logic, grammar and sahitya . Durvinita (529–579 AD), the Ganga king, was the pupil of the author of Sabdavatara, i.e., Devanandi Pujyapada. Durvinita is said to have written a commentary on the difficult 15th sarga of Bharavi's Kiratarjuniya in Kannada. Early Kannada writers regularly mention three poets as of especial eminence among their predecessors – Samanta-bhadra, Kavi Parameshthi and Pujyapada. Since later Kannada poets so uniformly name these three as eminent poets, it
5220-585: The history and culture of Karnataka. A set of five copper plate inscriptions discovered in Mudiyanur, though in the Sanskrit language, is in the Pre- Old Kannada script older than the Halmidi edict date of 450 AD, as per palaeographers. Followed by B. L. Rice , leading epigrapher and historian, K. R. Narasimhan following a detailed study and comparison, declared that the plates belong to
5307-473: The history of the region, of the Ganga, Rashtrakuta , Chalukya and other dynasties, who have ruled Karnataka. Shravanabelagola ( Gommateshwara )and other equally important places, mostly in the coastal regions endowed with a rich cultural heritage and Jain legacy are well known. Sargur, which has a large number of resident Jains, also attracts not only Jains, but people of all religions who come here not only for religious reasons but also as tourists to visit
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#17327734067975394-474: The involvement of selected super specialty hospitals located in major cities and smaller health centres in distant and rural areas. Vivekananda Memorial Hospital at Saragur has undertaken this project in cooperation with Narayana Hrudayalaya, a super specialty Hospital for heart care in Bangalore. The Karnataka Task Force on Health and the Government of Karnataka have extended cooperation and support. Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (KSRSAC), which
5481-438: The irrigation needs of the villagers through the Kabini – Nugu River irrigation system. Kabini reservoir and Nugu reservoir and the Bandipur Tiger Reserve are the tourist attractions for people visiting Sargur One of the oldest rock types of the state of Karnataka is named after Sargur. In geological terms it is called " Sargur supracrustals " or "Sargur schist" (about 3,300 to 3,000 million years old), an older formation of
5568-481: The language and culture) in the southern Kuntala region during the reign of Vasishtiputra Pulumayi ( c. 85 -125 AD, i.e., late 1st century – early 2nd century AD) who was ruling from Paithan in the north and his son, prince Vilivaya-kura or Pulumayi Kumara was ruling from Huvina Hipparagi in present Karnataka in the south. An early ancestor of Kannada (or a related language) may have been spoken by Indian traders in Roman-era Egypt and it may account for
5655-457: The life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola . Some of the early writers of prose and verse mentioned in the Kavirajamarga, numbering 8–10, stating these are but a few of many, but whose works are lost, are Vimala or Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu, Durvinita (6th century), and poets including Kaviswara, Srivijaya, Pandita, Chandra, Ravi Kirti (c. 634) and Lokapala. For fragmentary information on these writers, we can refer
5742-427: The middle of the 5th century AD, but there are a number of earlier texts that may have been influenced by the ancestor language of Old Kannada. Iravatam Mahadevan, a Brahmin, author of a work on early Tamil epigraphy, argued that oral traditions in Kannada and Telugu existed much before written documents were produced. Although the rock inscriptions of Ashoka were written in Prakrit, the spoken language in those regions
5829-593: The modern port city of Mangaluru , upon its mouth. Many of these are Kannada origin names of places and rivers of the Karnataka coast of 1st century AD. The Greek geographer Ptolemy (150 AD) mentions places such as Badiamaioi (Badami), Inde (Indi), Kalligeris (Kalkeri), Modogoulla (Mudagal), Petrigala (Pattadakal), Hippokoura (Huvina Hipparagi), Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Tiripangalida (Gadahinglai), Soubouttou or Sabatha (Savadi), Banaouase (Banavasi), Thogorum (Tagara), Biathana (Paithan), Sirimalaga (Malkhed), Aloe (Ellapur) and Pasage (Palasige). He mentions
5916-468: The modernists was the poet Nandalike Muddana whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern movable type printing of "Canarese" appears to be the Canarese Grammar of Carey printed at Serampore in 1817, and the " Bible in Canarese " of John Hands in 1820. The first novel printed
6003-932: The native Kannada words found in Prakrit inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a broad and stable population. Kannada includes many loan words from Sanskrit. Some unaltered loan words ( Sanskrit : तत्सम , romanized : tatsama , lit. 'same as that'') include dina , 'day', kōpa , 'anger', sūrya , 'sun', mukha , 'face', and nimiṣa , 'minute'. Some examples of naturalised Sanskrit words ( Sanskrit : तद्भव , romanized : tadbhava , lit. 'arising from that') in Kannada are varṇa , 'colour', pūrṇime , and rāya from rāja , 'king'. Some naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are baṇṇa , 'colour' derived from vaṇṇa , huṇṇime , 'full moon' from puṇṇivā . The earliest Kannada inscriptions are from
6090-435: The needs of around 22 villages and 14 hamlets and also a prominent source of drinking water to Mysuru and Bengaluru . Further significant amount of water is discharged to the Mettur reservoir in Tamil Nadu to fulfill the state's needs. The dam is spread over an area of 55 hectares covering forests, rivers, lakes and valleys . This dam also provides water to the combined system of Sagaredoddakere and Upper Nugu Dams. There
6177-402: The period between the 15th and 18th centuries, Hinduism had a great influence on Middle Kannada ( Naḍugannaḍa - ನಡುಗನ್ನಡ) language and literature. Kumara Vyasa , who wrote the Karṇāṭa Bhārata Kathāman̄jari (ಕರ್ಣಾಟ ಭಾರತ ಕಥಾಮಂಜರಿ), was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native Bhamini Shatpadi (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of
6264-488: The period between the first century BC and fourth century AD. These are some examples that are proof of the early usage of a few Kannada origin words in early Tamil inscriptions before the common era and in the early centuries of the common era. Pliny the Elder , a Roman historian, wrote about pirates between Muziris and Nitrias ( Netravati River ), called Nitran by Ptolemy. He also mentions Barace (Barcelore), referring to
6351-505: The river Benda (or Binda) or Bhima river in the north and Banaouasei ( Banavasi ) in the south, viz. Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde ( Indi ), Tiripangalida ( Gadhinglaj ), Hippokoura ( Huvina Hipparagi ), Soubouttou ( Savadi ), Sirimalaga ( Malkhed ), Kalligeris ( Kalkeri ), Modogoulla ( Mudgal ) and Petirgala ( Pattadakal ), as being located in Northern Karnataka which signify the existence of Kannada place names (and
6438-619: The rivulet Papanasini joins it. Taraka and Nugu are the two small rivers in Heggadadevana kote taluk that join the Kapila (Kabini river). The Kabini dam is built on the River Kapila in the district of Mysore . The dam is 696 meters in length and was built in 1974. The exact location of the dam is near village Beechanahally, in Taluk Heggadadevanakote . The catchment area of the dam is 2,141.90 km . It caters to
6525-1142: The rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty , the Badami Chalukyas , the Alupas , the Western Chalukyas , the Rashtrakutas , the Hoysalas , the Vijayanagar Empire , the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi, the Keladi Nayakas and the Mysore Kingdom , the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery. The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,
6612-521: The second highest for any Indian language. In July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore to facilitate research related to the language. Kannada had 43.7 million native speakers in India at the time of the 2011 census. It is the main language of the state of Karnataka , where it is spoken natively by 40.6 million people, or about two thirds of
6699-420: The state's population. There are native Kannada speakers in the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu (1,140,000 speakers), Maharashtra (993,000), Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (533,000), Kerala (78,100) and Goa (67,800). It is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9 million non-native speakers in Karnataka. Kannadigas form Tamil Nadu's third biggest linguistic group; their population
6786-468: The sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include Basavanna , Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi . Emperor Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I of 850 AD recognised that
6873-538: The then Venugopala Wildlife Park and its sanctum sanctorum at Bandipur, in the year 1973 and named Bandipur National Park . All the forests included in the Reserve are reserved forests notified prior to independence. Notification for the proposed Bandipur National Park was issued in 1985. This park is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve – the first 'Biosphere Reserve' of India. The Nugu in
6960-589: The two Precambrian craton formations, the other younger formation is the Dharwar Supracrustal rock (about 3,000 to 2,600 million year old). The Sargur schist (within the Peninsular gneiss ) belt in H. D. Kote taluk extends from Sargur to Mysore city for about 40 km. This belt was named as Sargur series and it may be the oldest suture zone in the Indian subcontinent. The series comprises
7047-436: The words erumi , kavuDi , poshil and tAyiyar have their origin in Kannada because Tamil cognates are not available. Settar adds the words nADu and iLayar to this list. Mahadevan feels that some grammatical categories found in these inscriptions are also unique to Kannada rather than Tamil. Both these scholars attribute these influences to the movements and spread of Jainas in these regions. These inscriptions belong to
7134-658: The work Karnataka Kavi Charite . Ancient indigenous Kannada literary compositions of (folk) poetry like the Chattana and Bedande which preferred to use the Desi metre are said to have survived at least until the date of the Kavirajamarga in 850 AD and had their roots in the early Kannada folk literature. These Kannada verse-compositions might have been representative of folk songs containing influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit metrical patterns to some extent. "Kavirajamarga" also discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada,
7221-520: Was John Bunyan 's Pilgrim's Progress , along with other texts including Canarese Proverbs , The History of Little Henry and his Bearer by Mary Martha Sherwood , Christian Gottlob Barth 's Bible Stories and "a Canarese hymn book." Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably Navodaya , Navya , Navyottara , Dalita and Bandaya . Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced
7308-530: Was Kannada as the case may be. He can be quoted as follows: If proof were needed to show that Kannada was the spoken language of the region during the early period, one needs only to study the large number of Kannada personal names and place names in the early Prakrit inscriptions on stone and copper in Upper South India [...] Kannada was spoken by relatively large and well-settled populations, living in well-organised states ruled by able dynasties like
7395-545: Was composed by Ferdinand Kittel . G. Venkatasubbaiah edited the first modern Kannada–Kannada dictionary, a 9,000-page, 8-volume series published by the Kannada Sahitya Parishat . He also wrote a Kannada–English dictionary and a kliṣtapadakōśa (ಕ್ಲಿಷ್ಟಪಾದಕೋಶ), a dictionary of difficult words. There is also a considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form
7482-407: Was established in 1989, is coordinating the telemedicine project. The 'Sanitation Park,' a unique park of its kind in the country, has also been developed by SVYM. Located in the premises of Vivekananda Memorial Hospital, various models of toilets are on demonstration – whose construction costs are affordable – for people to choose the kind of toilet that best suits their budget. At places where there
7569-417: Was used for administrative or liturgical purposes. The scholar K. V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages which are now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language, with lesser influence from other languages. The work of scholar Iravatham Mahadevan indicates that Kannada was already a language of rich spoken tradition by the 3rd century BC and that and based on
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