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71-556: On 17 August 1956 the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union authorized plans for an experimental facility for missile defence located at Sary Shagan, on the west bank of Lake Balkhash . The first missile launched from the facility was a V-1000 on 16 October 1958, but the facilities for full-scale testing were not ready until 1961. Sary Shagan remains in use, with the latest known launch on 2 December 2022. The town of Sary Shagan

142-590: A "great overlap" between the responsibilities and functions of the Central Committee , Secretariat and the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. However, Schapiro was not sure of the Presidium's membership or if the Presidium had any meetings. It is unknown whether the Presidium had any importance for ordinary policy-making during the 1950s and 1960s. Soviet works from that period make no mention of

213-727: A 1980 TIME Magazine article citing analysts from RAND Corporation , Soviet non-Slavs were generally barred from joining the Strategic Missile Forces because of suspicions about the loyalty of ethnic minorities to the state. Those who served in the Strategic Rocket Forces had better quality of living, food and also higher salaries than the ones paid to those serving in the Soviet Army . The majority of new recruits has, since its inception, consisted of mainly college and university graduates. In 1989

284-524: A Central Committee plenum which forbade any single person to have the two most powerful jobs in the country: First Secretary (renamed General Secretary during 1966) and Premier of the Council of Ministers. Kosygin, the Premier of the Council of Ministers, was in charge of economic administration while Brezhnev, the General Secretary, cared for other domestic matters. During the later part of

355-671: A Presidium of the Council of Ministers. Professor T.H. Rigby believes that the duties and responsibilities of the Presidium were at the time largely assumed by the Current Affairs Commission of the Council of Ministers and from 1956 possibly by the State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers with both Commissions directed by Mikhail Pervukhin . During his visit to the USSR, political scientist Robert C. Tucker asked Mansur Mirza-Akhmedov ,

426-471: A ministry and a state committee could be obscure as for the case of the Committee for State Security (KGB). State committees were instrumental in keeping the vast Soviet economic system coherent and integrated. The Presidium of the Council of Ministers was established during March 1953 as a result of the reorganisation of a special bureau formed during 1944 for the purpose of supervising and coordinating

497-629: A network of regional and local sovnarkhoz supervised by the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy . Khrushchev's economic reform proved disastrous as it severed regional economic relations and was abandoned by the Soviet Government after Khrushchev's ousting in 1964. The year later twenty-eight industrial ministries, eleven All-union and seventeen Union ministries were reestablished. The second attempt at decentralising

568-564: A training target at the test site. In 2016, the Russian-Kazakh agreement was ratified, which established new boundaries of the landfill, excluding some sections. At the beginning of 2017, the modernization of the experimental test base of the test site began. The ground-based optical-electronic systems "Beret-M", optical-electronic stations of the trajectory-measuring complex "OES TIK", optical-electronic stations "Sazhen-TM", receiving antenna complexes were delivered. On 2 December 2022

639-402: A vast network of government committees, commissions, and other institutions that reported directly to the Council of People's Commissars . Throughout its existence, the Presidium of the Council of Ministers was a mysterious institution. First World observers knew little of the Presidium's activities and functions, or even the frequencies of its meetings. In Soviet textbooks and by officials it

710-645: Is provided. In 1998, the Sary-Shagan test site was withdrawn from the troops AD and reassigned to 4th State Central Interspecific Test Site (administered by the Strategic Rocket Forces ). In the 1990s, most of the test site facilities were decommissioned and abandoned; in subsequent years, they were looted by marauders, and the equipment was dismantled. As of 2014, due to the controversial legal status of abandoned test sites, these territories have not been cleaned up: they are cluttered with

781-577: Is the RT-2UTTH Topol-M / SS-27 Sickle B with single warhead, of which 60 are silo-based and 18 are mobile. Some new missiles will be added in the future. The first upgraded Topol-M called RS-24 Yars , carrying three warheads, was commissioned in 2010. In July 2011 the first mobile regiment with nine missiles was completed. From 2012 to 2017, about 80 ICBMs were placed in active duty. The RF Defense Minister said in December 2022 that 91.3% of

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852-402: Is the silo-based R-36M2 / SS-18 Satan . It carries ten warheads. The last missile will be in service until 2020. The second system is the silo-based UR-100NUTTH / SS-19 Stiletto . The last Stiletto missiles in service with six warheads each will be removed by 2019. Two UR-100NUTTH missiles are still believed to be active with Avangard HGVs as of 2024. A new missile entering service

923-639: The 50th Rocket Army were formed from the previous 43rd and 50th Air Armies of the Long Range Aviation . During a test of the R-16 ICBM on October 24, 1960, the test missile exploded on the pad, killing the first commander of the SRF, Chief Marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin . This disaster, the details of which were concealed for decades, became known as the Nedelin catastrophe . He

994-865: The 53rd Scientific Research Proving Ground in 1963. From 1959 the Soviets introduced a number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) into service, including the R-12 (SS-4 'Sandal'), the R-7 (SS-6 'Sapwood'), the R-16 (SS-7 'Saddler'), the R-9 (SS-8 'Sasin'), the R-26 (given the NATO reporting name SS-8 'Sasin' due to incorrect identification as the R-9), the R-36 (SS-9 'Scarp'), and

1065-699: The Brezhnev era the job of Premier of the Council of Ministers lost its rank as the second-most powerful in the USSR to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . Nikolai Podgorny 's dismissal as chief of state during 1977 had the effect of reducing Kosygin's role in day-to-day management of government activities as Brezhnev strengthened his control over the government apparatus. Kosygin resigned during 1980, to be succeeded by his First Deputy Chairman Nikolai Tikhonov . After five-years service, by

1136-647: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs , and Andrei Grechko and Dmitriy Ustinov , the defence ministers . USSR state committees were different from the ministries in that a state committee was primarily responsible for several parts of government as opposed to the one specific topic for which a ministry was solely responsible. Therefore, many state committees had jurisdiction over certain common activities performed by ministries such as research and development, standardisation, planning, building construction, state security, publishing, archiving and so on. The distinction between

1207-465: The Navy's Bulava missile). After only a year, Lieutenant General Andrey Shvaichenko, appointed on August 3, 2009, by President Dmitry Medvedev , was replaced. The current commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, Colonel General Sergei Karakayev, was appointed to the post by a presidential decree of June 22, 2010. The RVSN headquarters has a special sledgehammer that can be used to gain access to

1278-600: The Premier of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic , if the Presidium still functioned as an inner policy-making body. The answer he received was yes, and that the Presidium consisted of the Premier , two first deputy chairmen , four deputy chairmen , the Minister of Finance and the Minister of Agriculture . During the 1970s Soviet authorities officially defined

1349-646: The RT-21 (SS-16 'Sinner'), which was possibly never made fully operational. By 1990 all early types of missiles had been retired from service. In 1990, the Strategic Missile Forces were officially established as a service branch of the Armed Forces under the direct control of the Defense Ministry. The date of its formal foundation, December 17, is celebrated as Strategic Missile Forces Day. Two rocket armies were formed in 1960. The 43rd Rocket Army and

1420-795: The Russian Aerospace Forces ' Long Range Aviation and the Russian Navy 's ballistic missile submarines . Together the three bodies form Russia's nuclear triad . The first Soviet rocket study unit was established in June 1946, by redesignating the 92nd Guards Mortar Regiment at Bad Berka in East Germany as the 22nd Brigade for Special Use of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command . On October 18, 1947,

1491-656: The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, assets of the Strategic Rocket Forces were in the territories of several new states in addition to Russia, with armed nuclear missile silos in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine . The three of them transferred their missiles to Russia for dismantling and they all joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . Complementary strategic forces within Russia include

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1562-687: The Soviet of Ministers , was the de jure government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), comprising the main executive and administrative agency of the USSR from 1946 until 1991. During 1946 the Council of People's Commissars was reorganized as the Council of Ministers. Accordingly, the People's Commissariats were renamed as Ministries . The council issued declarations and instructions based on and in accordance with applicable laws, which had obligatory jurisdictional power in all republics of

1633-583: The 1960s and functioned as part of the Russian missile warning network until 2020. Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union The Council of Ministers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Совет министров СССР , romanized : Sovet Ministrov SSSR , IPA: [sɐˈvʲet mʲɪˈnʲistrəf ˌɛsˌɛsˌɛsˈɛr] ), sometimes abbreviated as Sovmin or referred to as

1704-479: The Central Committee at the 25th Party Congress . Nikita Khrushchev 's attempt during the late 1950s to decentralise decision-making by reforming the chain of command that was in use since the early times of the Council of People's Commissars to manage local industries and enterprises resulted in major reorganisation of the USSR ministries. A large number of ministries were eliminated and replaced by

1775-714: The Communist Party's Politburo . Article 132 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution and Article 17 of the 1978 USSR Law that regulated the activities of the Soviet Government state that the Premier, the First Deputy, Deputy Chairmen, and other members of the USSR Council of Ministers were members of the Presidium. Regardless, the actual names of its members (other than the Premier) were never disclosed to

1846-592: The Council of Ministers during March 1946. At the same time The People's Commissariats were transformed into Ministries . Joseph Stalin 's death began a power struggle within the Soviet government between the Government apparatus managed by Georgy Malenkov as Premier, and the Party apparatus managed by Nikita Khrushchev as General Secretary (a job which was named First Secretary from 1953 until 1966). Malenkov lost

1917-409: The Council of Ministers was the collective decision-making body of government. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers, his First Deputy Chairmen , Deputy Chairmen , ministers, State Committee chairmen, Soviet Republican Council of Ministers chairmen and other unspecified personnel were members of the Presidium . The Council of People's Commissars , the Soviet Government , was transformed into

1988-752: The Peter the Great Strategic Missile Forces Academy. In the past, only men were allowed to serve in the Missile Forces. RVSN institutes also exist at Serpukhov and Rostov-on-Don . An ICBM test impact range is located in the Far East, the Kura Test Range . This has been under Aerospace Defence Forces ' command since 2010. The Strategic Missile Forces operate four distinct missile systems. The oldest system

2059-436: The Presidium's responsibilities and membership. The 1977 Soviet Constitution referred to the Presidium as a "permanent" organ of the Council of Ministers, which was established to secure good economic leadership and assume other administrative responsibilities. The few documents published provide evidence that the Presidium emphasised economic planning and decision-making as well as making important decisions lesser than those of

2130-755: The Russian Federation';) is a separate-troops branch of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). It was formerly part of the Soviet Armed Forces from 1959 to 1991. The Strategic Rocket Forces was created on 17 December 1959 as part of the Soviet Armed Forces as the main force for operating all Soviet nuclear ground-based intercontinental , intermediate-range ballistic missile , and medium-range ballistic missile with ranges over 1,000 kilometers. After

2201-629: The Russian army announced that they had successfully tested a new missile defence system in Sary Shagan. In the 1970s the Vympel NPO , Geofizika , Phazotron , MNIIRE Altair, others; built the Terra-3 laser testing centre at Sary Shagan. The Sary Shagan site has hosted a number of radar prototypes such as the Don-2NP. Also there is Balkhash-9 radar station a few km away which started in

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2272-631: The SMT. In doing so, 'nearly 60' military units and establishments were dissolved. However, four years later, on June 1, 2001, the Russian Space Forces were reformed as a separate branch of service from the SMT. Minister of Defence Marshal of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeev , a former commander of the SMT from August 19, 1992 – May 22, 1997, played a major role in assuring funding for his former service. He

2343-564: The SRF and in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Strategic Rocket Forces began to field the new UR-100 (SS-11 'Sego') and UR-100N (SS-19 'Stilleto') ICBMs beginning with the 43rd Rocket Army in the Ukrainian SSR , providing them with longer range and more accurate missiles. He was succeeded by General of the Army Yury Pavlovich Maksimov, who was in command from July 10, 1985, to August 19, 1992. According to

2414-900: The Soviet Union had seven types of operational ICBMs. About 50% were heavy R-36M (SS-18 'Satan') and UR-100N (SS-19 'Stiletto') ICBMs, which carried 80% of the country's land-based ICBM warheads. By this time it was producing new mobile, and hence survivable ICBMs, the RT-23 (SS-24 'Scalpel') and RT-2PM (SS-25 'Sickle'). In 1990, with the R-12 apparently fully retired, the IISS reported that there were 350 UR-100s (SS-11 'Sego,' Mod 2/3), 60 RT-2s (SS-13 'Savage') still in service in one missile field, 75 UR-100MRs (SS-17 'Spanker,' Mod 3, with 4 MIRV), 308 R-36Ms (mostly Mod 4 with 10 MIRV), 320 UR-100Ns (mostly Mod 3 with 6 MIRV), some 60 RT-23s (silo and rail-mobile), and some 225 RT-2PMs (mobile). Composition of

2485-439: The Soviet economy was in 1965, with Premier Alexei Kosygin initiating a new economic reform aimed at giving enterprises more economic freedom and incentives to be profitable. Certain major ministries had more influence over the national and international politics of the USSR, with their ministers being full members of Politburo. Among them were notables such as Leon Trotsky , Vyacheslav Molotov and Andrei Gromyko , heads of

2556-540: The Strategic Missile Forces 1960–1991 RSVN training establishments included: Like most of the Russian Armed Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces had limited access to resources for new equipment in the Yeltsin era. However, the Russian government made a priority of ensuring that the Missile Forces received new missiles to phase out older, less-reliable systems, and to incorporate newer capabilities in

2627-404: The Strategic Missile Forces had over 1,400 ICBMs, 300 launch control centers, and twenty-eight missile bases. The SMT operated RSD-10 (SS-20 'Saber') intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) and R-12 (SS-4 'Sandal') medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs). Two-thirds of the road-mobile Soviet RSD-10 force was based in the western Soviet Union and was aimed at Western Europe. One-third of

2698-616: The Strategic Missile Forces in 1966. Together with NI Krylov, he visited a missile division in Novosibirsk, and then at the invitation of Leonid Brezhnev participated in a demonstration missile launch at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR . Chief Marshal of Artillery Vladimir Fedorovich Tolubko commanded the SRF from April 12, 1972, to July 10, 1985. Tolubko emphasised raising the physical fitness standards within

2769-514: The Union. However, the most important decisions were made by joint declarations with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU), which was de facto more powerful than the Council of Ministers. During 1991 the Council of Ministers was dissolved, and replaced by the newly established " Cabinet of Ministers ", which itself disappeared only months later when the USSR

2840-623: The brigade conducted the first launch of the remanufactured former German A-4 ballistic missile, or R-1 , from the Kapustin Yar Range. In the early 1950s the 77th and 90th Brigades were formed to operate the R-1 (SS-1a 'Scunner'). The 54th and 56th Brigades were formed to conduct test launches of the R-2 (SS-2 'Sibling') at Kapustin Yar on June 1, 1952. The 5th Scientific Research Proving Ground

2911-477: The car, and state number  [ ru ] ; since 2009, the data of the majority of cars entering are not recorded. 24 October 2012 and a conditional target at the test site destroyed a prototype of a new Russian ballistic missile with a mobile launcher RS-26 , launched from Kapustin Yar in Astrakhan areas Russia. On 4 March 2014, the RS-12M Topol intercontinental ballistic missile launched from Kapustin Yar test site in Astrakhan Region Russia struck

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2982-492: The council's relationships with subordinate organs were defined in the Soviet constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR . During 1946, the All-Union Council of People's Commissars became the Council of Ministers ( Russian : Совет Министров , tr.: Sovet Ministrov SSSR ), whilst People's Commissars and People's Commissariats became Ministers and Ministries. Ministers were important for ordinary decision-making, with 73 percent of them elected full-members of

3053-491: The country's nuclear forces was modern. 3 missile regiments rearmed in 2023. According to the RF MoD, the new super-heavy ICBM RS-28 Sarmat has entered service, it's designed to replace the aging R-36. A new IRBM named Oreshnik was launched at Dnipro, Ukraine in 2024. The composition of missiles and warheads of the Strategic Missile Forces previously had to be revealed as part of the START I treaty data exchange. The most recently reported (January 2020) order of battle of

3124-463: The decrees and resolutions issued by the All-Union Council of Ministers. The All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all mandates and decrees issued by itself or organisations subordinate to it. The Council coordinated and directed the work of the union republics and union ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to it. The competence of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium with respect to their procedures and activities and

3195-402: The desert. On June 9, 1960, and at the test site General Designer OKB-301 S. A. Lavochkin died of a heart attack (during the test of the air defense system “ Dal  [ ru ] ”). On March 4, 1961, for the first time in the world a ballistic missile warhead was hit by an experimental complex missile defense System A (missile defense)  [ System A ; Система «А» ] at

3266-400: The discovery of remnants of weapons by the population, for example, those found in 2005 in abandoned barrels with napalm (the Soviet military name is “ ognesmes  [ ru ] ”). In connection with the collapse of the Soviet defence industry and in connection with the reduction of Russian missile defense programs and FFP  [ ru ] since the late 1990s, missile tests at

3337-461: The face of international threats to the viability of the nuclear deterrent effect provided by their missiles. In particular the development of missile defense systems in the United States. In 1995, the "Strategic Missile Forces Day" and "Military Space Forces Day" were created. On July 16, 1997, President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree incorporating the Russian Space Forces and the Space Missile Defence Forces (Russian: Ракетно-космической обороны) into

3408-415: The force was located east of the Ural Mountains and was targeted primarily against China. Older R-12 missiles were deployed at fixed sites in the western Soviet Union. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , signed in December 1987, called for the elimination of all 553 Soviet RSD-10 and R-12 missiles within three years. As of mid-1989, over 50% of RSD-10 and R-12 missiles had been eliminated. By 1990

3479-423: The forces was as follows: The Strategic Missile Forces have: Kristensen and Korda (2020) list the UR-100N (SS-19) , as retired from deployment, while noting that UR-100N UTTH being deployed with the Avangard . According to the Federation of American Scientists , for the foreseeable future, all new Russian ICBM deployments will be based on the MIRVed version of the solid-fueled Topol-M "RS-24 Yars" and

3550-415: The launch codes if the commander feels the need to use it or if ordered directly, but does not have normal access to the safe. In 2020, the Strategic Missile Forces completed switching to digital information transmission technology. The main RVSN command post is at Kuntsevo in the suburbs of Moscow. The alternate command post is at Kosvinsky Mountain in the Urals . Female cadets have started to join

3621-411: The opposition of Defense Minister Marshal Igor Sergeyev. Solovtsov was dismissed in July–August 2009. Speculation over why Solovtsov was dismissed included opposition to further cuts in deployed nuclear ballistic missile warheads below the April 2009 figure of 1,500, the fact that he had reached the retirement age of 60, despite that he had recently been extended another year's service, or the failure of

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3692-582: The period between convocations of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of Ministers was accountable to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work, as well as being tasked with resolving all state administrative duties in the jurisdiction of the USSR which were not the responsibility of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the Council of Ministers had responsibility for: The Council of Ministers could also issue decrees and resolutions and later verify their execution. All organisations were obliged to obey

3763-433: The power struggle, and during 1955 he was demoted from his office as Chairman of the Council of Ministers. He was succeeded in his job by Nikolai Bulganin , who was dismissed and replaced by Khrushchev because of his assistance to the Anti-Party Group , which had tried to oust Khrushchev during 1957. After Khrushchev's dismissal from power, the collective leadership organized by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin had

3834-445: The presence of sparsely populated lowland woodland, a large number of cloudless days, and the lack of valuable farmland. Marshal Nedelin recalled: This is a very harsh desert region, uninhabited, unsuitable for grazing flocks. Stony barren and waterless desert. But the main dwelling of the missile defense ground can be tied to Lake Balkhash. It has fresh, though harsh, water, and the town will be blissful if you can apply this word to

3905-420: The public. Strategic Rocket Forces The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation ( RVSN RF ; Russian : Ракетные войска стратегического назначения Российской Федерации (РВСН РФ) , romanized :  Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii , lit.   'Strategic Purpose Rocketry Troops of

3976-400: The remnants of buildings and structures, and are polluted by military waste. After the proclamation in 1991 of the independence of Kazakhstan, its sovereignty extends to the test site. In 1996, an agreement was signed between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the lease of the Sary-Shagan testing ground, under which Russia leased part of

4047-414: The rules established by Leonid Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko , Tikhonov was compelled to retire by Mikhail Gorbachev on 27 September 1985. Tikhonov was succeeded by Nikolai Ryzhkov . Ryzhkov was a half-hearted reformer, and was skeptical about de-nationalisation and the monetary reform of 1989; however, he did endorse the creation of a "regulated market" economy. During 1991 Ryzhkov

4118-420: The state committees and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Republics . The Premier of the Council of Ministers could also recommend people who he found suitable for membership of the Council of Ministers to the Supreme Soviet . The Council of Ministers ended its functions on each first-convocation of a newly elected Supreme Soviet. Responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet and during

4189-624: The test site (10 GNIIP Air Defense Forces) was awarded the Order of the Red Star. All Soviet and Russian complexes PRO and air defense long-range, many promising radar , experimental complexes based on combat laser high power (including the program “ Terra ”, “ Omega ”). In total, the following was tested at the test site: 6 antimissile systems; 12 anti-aircraft missile systems; 7 types of anti-missile; 12 types of anti-aircraft guided missiles; 14 types of measuring equipment; 18 radar systems and several systems on new physical principles. Testing of 15 strategic missile systems and their modifications

4260-415: The test site area. The areas to which the rent did not apply were transferred to the use of the Republic of Kazakhstan. However, no specific steps have been taken, the property has not yet been taken to the balance of the relevant departments of Kazakhstan. The territory of the test site is not protected. In practice, the site is open to all who wish to visit it. There are no designations of the boundaries of

4331-403: The test site have been performed only once or twice a year . In particular, in December 2010 and training exercises were conducted with a Topol rocket. The military units of the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan. From 2005, entry into the city of Priozersk is carried out without a permit. Until 2009, the Kazakhstan Road police at security checkpoint KPP recorded the time of entry, the model of

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4402-458: The test site, no information signs and shields on which it would be explained what the risk of unauthorized visitors to the site and the responsibility they may incur for it. To obtain the same official permission, subject to the availability of all the necessary documents , it takes many months. Without any permits at the site, the local population earns a living by collecting scrap and "mining" building materials. Media reported several cases of

4473-437: The test site. In October 1961 and October 1962, five nuclear explosions at altitudes from 80 km to 300 km were carried out over the test site during Soviet Project K nuclear tests . July 15, 1966 and by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the test site was awarded the Order of Lenin for successfully completing the tasks of developing and mastering new military equipment. On April 20, 1981,

4544-461: Was State Research and Testing Site No. 10 USSR Ministry of Defense . The test site occupied 81,200 km (including 49,200 km in the Karaganda region Kazakh SSR ). The construction of the test site and the city began in 1956 in connection with the development of a missile defense system called System A . The main criteria for selecting a site for the test site, like when creating the Kapustin Yar and NIIP-5 rocket ranges ( Baikonur ), were

4615-412: Was a closed city until 2005. The administrative centre, Priozersk remained a closed city. The length of the site is 480 km. The Sary Shagan range was the intended landing site for the sample return canister of the Russian Fobos-Grunt mission. The first and only one in Eurasia test site for the development and testing of anti-missile weapons . In USSR , the official name of the test site

4686-451: Was described as an internal organ of the government. Churchward noted in his 1975 book that it was impossible to determine the importance of the Presidium in comparison with other organs of the Council of Ministers. British historian Leonard Schapiro , writes in his book The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union , that the Presidium worked somewhat as an "Inner Cabinet" for policy-making. Historians Hough and Fainsod believed there to be

4757-456: Was disbanded . There were seven Chairmen of the Council of Ministers between 1946 and early 1991, who were in effect the Premier of the USSR . After Nikita Khrushchev 's dismissal from the jobs of First Secretary of the Communist Party and Premier, to be replaced by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin respectively, a Central Committee plenum forbade any person to hold the positions of First Secretary and Premier concurrently. The Presidium of

4828-408: Was established in 1955 in Kzyl-Orda Oblast at the town of Zarya later Leninsk, and finally in 1995 Baikonur . Also established that year was the 43rd Independent Scientific Experimental Station ( Klyuchi , Kamchatka Krai ) as an outstation of the Baikonur test site. Two years later "Object Angara" was formed at Plesetsk , Arkhangelsk Oblast, which after another name change in 1959 eventually became

4899-412: Was succeeded as Premier by Valentin Pavlov . The Council of Ministers was dissolved and replaced with the newly established Cabinet of Ministers . The Council of Ministers was the manager of the government's executive part. Formed at a joint meeting of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities , it consisted of a Premier , several First Deputies , Deputies , ministers , Chairmen of

4970-569: Was succeeded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Kirill Moskalenko who was in turn quickly succeeded by Marshal Sergey Biryuzov . Under Marshal Вiryuzov the SRF deployed missiles to Cuba in 1962 as part of Operation Anadyr . 36 R-12 intermediate range ballistic missiles were sent to Cuba, initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis . The 43rd Guards Missile Division of 43rd Rocket Army manned the missiles while in Cuba. Marshal Nikolai Krylov took over in March 1963 and served until February 1972. During this time French President Charles de Gaulle visited

5041-418: Was succeeded by General of the Army Vladimir Yakovlev , who commanded the SMT from June 1997 until April 27, 2001. Yakovlev was succeeded by Colonel General Nikolay Solovtsov . In the early 2000s, Chief of the General Staff Army General Anatoly Kvashnin decided to downgrade the status of the Strategic Missile Forces from a branch of the armed forces to an independent combat arm. This was completed despite

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